ppt chapter 53


Introduction to the Respiratory System

Introduction to the Respiratory System

Chapter 53


Anatomy of the Respiratory SystemAnatomy of the Respiratory System

• Components

– Upper respiratory tract

– Lower respiratory tract

• Function

– Brings oxygen into the body

– Allows for the exchange of gases

– Expels carbon dioxide and other waste products


The Respiratory TractThe Respiratory Tract


CiliaCilia


Structures of the Upper Respiratory TractStructures of the Upper Respiratory Tract

• Nose and Nasal Cavity

• Sinuses

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchi


Protective Features of the Upper Respiratory Tract

Protective Features of the Upper Respiratory Tract

• Hairs filter the air

• Goblet cells produce mucus to trap material

• Cilia move the trapped material toward the throat for swallowing

• The blood supply close to the surface warms air and adds humidity to improve gas movement and gas exchange

• The cough and sneeze reflexes clear the airways


Layers of the Bronchial TubesLayers of the Bronchial Tubes

• Cartilage

• Muscle

• Epithelial Cells


Cough ReflexCough Reflex

• The walls of the trachea and conducting bronchi are highly sensitive to irritation.

• When receptors in the walls are stimulated, a central nervous system reflex is initiated.

• Cough causes air to be pushed through the bronchial tree under tremendous pressure, clearing the airway of foreign irritant.


Sneeze ReflexSneeze Reflex

• Initiated by receptors in the nasal cavity

• Forces foreign materials directly out of the system


QuestionQuestion

Please answer the following statement as true or false.

The purpose of the cough and sneeze reflexes are to clear the airways.


AnswerAnswer

True

Rationale: The cough and sneeze reflexes clear the airways.


Lower Respiratory TractLower Respiratory Tract

• Composed of the smallest bronchioles and the alveoli

• Considered the functional unit of the lungs

• Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli - ventilation


Components of the Respiratory MembraneComponents of the Respiratory Membrane

• Capillary Endothelium

• Capillary Basement Membrane

• Interstitial Space

• Alveolar Basement Membrane

• Alveolar Epithelium

• Surfactant Layer


Structures in the Respiratory MembraneStructures in the Respiratory Membrane


Process of RespirationProcess of Respiration

• Controlled through the medulla in the central nervous system

• Depends on a balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

• Depends on a functioning muscular system


Controls Over the Respiratory SystemControls Over the Respiratory System

• Parasympathetic nerve stimulate the diaphragm contraction and inspiration

• Vagal stimulation leads to bronchoconstriction

• Sympathetic stimulation leads to increased rate and depth of respiration and dilation of the bronchi to allow free flow of air through the system


Upper Respiratory Tract ConditionsUpper Respiratory Tract Conditions

• The Common Cold

• Seasonal Rhinitis

• Sinusitis

• Pharyngitis and Laryngitis


QuestionQuestion

Sympathetic stimulation of the respiratory system leads to what?

A. Decreased respiratory rate

B. Decreased depth of respirations

C. Increased respiratory rate

D. Increased perfusion of lungs


AnswerAnswer

C. Increased respiratory rate

Rationale: Sympathetic stimulation leads to increased rate and depth of respiration and dilation of the bronchi to allow free flow of air through the system.


Lower Respiratory Tract ConditionsLower Respiratory Tract Conditions

• Atelectasis

• Pneumonia

• Bronchitis


AtelectasisAtelectasis

• Definition

– The collapse of once-expanded lung tissue

• Occurrence

– Result of outside pressure against the alveoli

– Most commonly occurs as a result of blockage of the airway


PneumoniaPneumonia

• Definition

– Inflammation of the lungs

• Causes

– Bacterial or viral invasion of the tissue

– Aspiration of foreign substances into the lower respiratory tract

• Manifestations

– Localized swelling, engorgement, and exudation of protective sera


BronchitisBronchitis

• Definition

– Narrowed airway during the inflammation

• Causes

– Occurs when bacteria, virus, or foreign material infect the inner lining of the bronchi


Obstructive Pulmonary DiseasesObstructive Pulmonary Diseases

• Asthma

• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

• Cystic Fibrosis

• Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)


AsthmaAsthma


Distended and Destroyed Alveoli Versus Normal Alveoli

Distended and Destroyed Alveoli Versus Normal Alveoli


Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

• Definition

– Permanent, chronic obstruction of airways

• Causes

– Often related to cigarette smoking

– Emphysema and chronic bronchitis

• Manifestations

– Airflow obstruction on expiration

– Overinflated lungs and poor gas exchange


QuestionQuestion

An elderly Native American woman has tested positive for tuberculosis. The woman refers to TB by another name. What is that name?

A. Bronchiectasis

B. Emphysema

C. COPD

D. Consumption


AnswerAnswer

D. Consumption

Rationale: Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection. Once known as consumption, this disease has been responsible for many respiratory deaths throughout the centuries.

ppt chapter 53

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