Represented by SHAHID HUSSAIN Reg no# 2k8-PT-128 B.Sc (Hons) Agri. (Entomology) SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY

TANDO JAM

PATTERNS OF RESISTANCE OF CEREAL APHID GREENBUG, SCHIZAPHIS

GRAMINUM (RONDANI) AMONG WHEATS (TRITICUM ASTIVUM)

Triticum aestivium L. is the leading food grain and staple diet in Pakistan.

It contributes 18% of value added in agriculture and 2.4% in GDP.

It is cultivated on area of 8578 thousands hectares with production of 21 metric million metric tons.

Wheat is attacked by different species of aphids.

Introduction of wheat

Green bug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) Bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L),Corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis(F), Wheat grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius)

Most prevalent aphid species reported on wheat include

Acting as vector for viral diseases Honey dew secretion, a media for

development of sooty mould Continuous pumping out sap which

results in yellowing and drying of plant

Toxic action of salivary glands secretions, results in stunting, deformation and gall formation

MODES OF APHID DAMAGE

To evaluate the resistance of cereal crop varieties (Wheat) against Aphids Schizaphis graminum R, and Rhopalosiphum padi L.

Wheat lines are screened for their resistance against aphids Schizaphis graminum R, and Rhopalosiphum padi L.

Objectives;-

Randomly wheat varieties were sown in the pots. When the seedling was about 5-7 cm in height field collected aphids species were released on it. They were allowed to reproduce unchecked, and there they established colonies. From these rearing pots aphids were obtained in desired number to be used for the particular experiment.

REARING OF APHIDS

Flat Tests Methodology Twenty-five seeds per

genotype of wheat lines were sown in furrow.

When the seedlings attained height of 5-6 cm, aphids were released

Damage rating (DR) was noted on visual damage rating scale of 0-9

After 10-15 days of infestation data were recorded.

Components of host plant resistance are,1. Antixenosis2. Antibiosis3. Tolerance

Components:

Toxic or other detrimental effect of plant on insect that plant releases chemicals which are deterrents and insects not even come near to plant.

Antixenosis:-

A toxic or detrimental effect of host plant on insects, They invade plants but after consumption of host plant contents physiological and morphological prevail in them.

Antibiosis:-

It is ability of host plant that it can sustain against the a-biotic and biotic factors stress of environment i.e. insects are utilizing their body contents but they sustain against it.

Tolerance:-

Materials: 1. About 35 NUWYT (NORMAL) Line seeds.2. soil about 40kg mixed with clay, sand and

FYM in the ratio of 1:1:1. 3. plastic pots 30cm diameter and 20cm height, 4. aphid nymphs. 5. plastic cages of 29cm diameter and 30cm

height.6. muslin cloth.7. camel hair brush,stool and hand lens.

ANTIXENOSIS TASTE

NUWYT (N) were planted in a circular pattern about 3cm from the edge of 30cm diameter plastic pots.

Five replication of each variety . When seedlings were about 5-8 cm in height,

50 aphids were released . The seedling were covered with a plastic

cages. After 24 , 48 and 72 hours reading was taken. With DR scale of 3-9

Methodology:

1. least preferred (LP), 2. moderately preferred (MP) 3. highly preferred (HP)

According to the average of aphids attracted towards them.

Damage rating

Materials: 1. About 35 NUWYT-NORMAL (N) Line seeds2. soil about 40kg mixed with clay, sand and FYM

in the ratio of 1:1:13. plastic pots 7cm diameter and 5cm height,

aphid nymphs 4. plastic cages of 6cm diameter and 30cm height,5. muslin cloth, 6. camel hair brush,7. stool and hand lens.

: ANTIBIOSIS TEST

2 seeds of NUWYT (N) were sown and 5 replicates were made.

seedlings attend height of 5-6 cm ,one seedling were thinned and other one was remained.

One adult of aphid released to each seedling. pot was covered with plastic cage . When aphids started reproduction leaves two

nymphs and other remove. Daily aphid were counted and extra aphids

removed Data was collected 10 days continuously.

Methodology:

The entries were categorized as1. Least fecund (LF) 2. Moderately fecund (MF) 3. highly fecund (HF) Having numbers of nymphs per seedling.

Damage rating

Materials: 1. About 35 NUWYT-NORMAL (N) Line seeds2. soil about 40kg mixed with clay, sand and FYM

in the ratio of 1:1:13. plastic pots 7cm diameter and 5cm height,

aphid nymphs 4. plastic cages of 6cm diameter and 30cm height,5. muslin cloth, 6. camel hair brush,7. stool and hand lens.

Tolerance

2 seeds of each variety of NUWYT (N) were sown in pots

5 replicates were made. When seedling attends height of 5-6 cm and

one seedling e thinned and other one remained.

10 adults were released to each seedling and covered with plastic cage

maintained the population at 10 adults on each entry every day.

Methodology:

After 10 days of release data was recovered on visual damage rating scale of 3-9, where 3 stands for healthy and 9 stands for dead.

1. Highly tolerant (HT) By the DR of 3-5,2. moderately tolerant (MT) by DR of 5-7 .3. least tolerant (LT) by DR of 7-9.

Damage rating

1: Seedling bulk test of NUWYT (N) 2012-13:

out of 35 varieties 12 were resistant with DR range from 2-3.

3 varieties were were susceptible with DR of 7-9.

20 varieties were moderately resistance.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

s/no Line/entries 1st damage rating

(09.03.13)

2nd damage rating

(11-03-13) Remarks

1 PR-1034 4 MR

2 WL-81693 3 R

3 CT-090955 5 MR

4 NN-GANDAM-24 4 MR

5 NN-GANDAM-13 3 R

6 V-0763465 5 MR

7 V-076422 (N1)5 5 MR

8 V-1093846 5 MR

9 DN-844 3 R

10 DN-934 5 MR

11 TW-960094 3 R

TABLE 1: SEEDLING BULK TEST OF NUWYT (N) 2012-13:

12 TW-960105 5 MR

13 V-08BT0165 5 MR

14 V-090823 3 R

15 V-103063 3 R

16 V-091363 4 MR

17 V-090873 3 R

18 V-082034 3 R

19 WARIS-124 2 R

20 NR-4214 4 MR

21 NR-4094 4 MR

22 NR-4084 7 S

23 NR-3994 3 R

24 NR-4002 5 MR

TABLE : SEEDLING BULK TEST

25 V-7/20114 6 MR

26 SD-9985 7 S

27 NIA-MN-85 6 MR

28 NARC-20114 5 MR

29 FSD-20084 3 R

30 V-070965 6 MR

31 FAKHRE SARHAD3 5 MR

32 SEHER-064 3 R

33 AAS-20117 7 S

34 NIA-SUNEHRI5 5 MR

35 PIR-086 6 MR

TABLE : SEEDLING BULK TEST

Combined Result of Antixenosis test shows that 18 entries were least preferred(LP),

9 entries were moderately preferred (MP) 8 entries were highly preferred (HP).

Antixenosis test of NUWYT (N)

s/no Line/entries After 24 hours After 48 hours After 72 hours Total Remarks

1 PR-1032.4 1.8 2 6.2 MP

2 WL-81691.4 1.2 1.2 3.8 LP

3 CT-090951.2 0.4 1.4 3 LP

4 NN-GANDAM-2 0.2 1 1.4 2.6 LP

5 NN-GANDAM-1 2 0.8 1.6 4.4 LP

6 V-0763462 1.2 1.6 4.8 LP

7 V-076422 (N1)1.6 3 2.8 7.4 HP

8 V-1093842 2.4 2.6 7 HP

9 DN-841.6 3.2 2.2 7 HP

10 DN-931.6 1.4 1.8 4.8 LP

11 TW-960091 1.8 2 4.8 LP

Antixenosis test of NUWYT (N)

12 TW-960102.2 1.6 2.2 6 MP

13 V-08BT0162 2.2 2.2 6.4 MP

14 V-090821.2 1 2.2 4.4 LP

15 V-103061.2 1.6 2 4.8 LP

16 V-091361.6 1.8 2.6 6 MP

17 V-090871.6 1.6 2.2 5.4 MP

18 V-082031.4 2.6 3.4 7.4 HP

19 WARIS-121.6 3 3.6 8.2 HP

20 NR-4211.2 0.4 1.4 3 LP

21 NR-4091 1 1 3 LP

22 NR-4082 2 2 6 MP

23 NR-3991.6 1.2 1.8 4.6 LP

Antixenosis test of NUWYT (N)

24 NR-4002.8 1.2 1.6 5.6 MP

25 V-7/20111.6 2.2 1.8 5.6 MP

26 SD-9981.2 2.2 1.6 5 MP

27 NIA-MN-82 1.2 1.6 4.8 LP

28 NARC-20111.6 1.4 1.4 4.4 LP

29 FSD-20082 1 1.6 4.6 LP

30 V-070960.6 1.2 2 3.8 LP

31 FAKHRE SARHAD 1.2 2 2.6 5.8 MP

32 SEHER-062.8 1.4 1.6 5.8 MP

33 AAS-20111.4 1.4 1.8 4.6 LP

34 NIA-SUNEHRI0.6 1.2 1.4 3.2 LP

35 PIR-081 1.4 1.4 3.8 LP

Antixenosis test of NUWYT (N)

 Combined result of Antibiosis test shows that 10 entries, were least fecund (LF)

23 varieties were moderately fecund (MF). Two varieties were highly fecund (HF)

respectively.

Antibiosis Test of NUWYT (N)

S/NO Line/entry Total Average Remarks

1 PR-103 64 5.81 MF

2 WL-8169 61 5.54 MF

3 CT09095 55 5.00 MF

4 NN.GANDAM-2 53 4.81 MF

5 NN.GANDAM-1 49 4.45 LF

6 V076346 59 5.36 MF

7 V076422 (NI) 67 6.09 MF

8 V109384 60 5.45 MF

9 DN-84 61 5.54 MF

10 DN-93 65 5.90 MF

11 TW-96009 47 4.27 LF

Combined Data of Antibiosis Test

12 TW-69010 50 4.54 LF

13 V08BT016 50 4.54 LF

14 V-09082 71 6.45 MF

15 V-10306 54 5.90 MF

16 V-09136 49 4.45 LF

17 V-09087 64 5.81 MF

18 V-08203 65 5.90 MF

19 WRIS-12 70 6.36 MF

20 NR-421 60 5.45 MF

21 NR-409 76 6.90 HF

22 NR-408 52 4.75 MF

23 NR-399 74 6.72 HF

Combined Data of Antibiosis Test

24 NR-400 61 5.54 MF

25 V7/2011 50 4.54 LF

26 SD-998 55 5.00 MF

27 NIA-MN-8 64 5.81 MF

28 NARC-2011 61 5.54 MF

29 FSD-2008 77 7.00 HF

30 V-07096 63 5.72 MF

31 Fakhre Sarhad 87 7.90 HF

32 SEHER-06 63 5.72 MF

33 AAS-2011 69 6.27 MF

34 Nia-Sunehri 54 4.90 MF

35 PIR-08 71 6.45 MF

Combined Data of Antibiosis Test

Combined result of Tolerance test shows that 4 varieties were highly tolerant (HT)

27 varieties moderately tolerant (MT) 4 varieties least tolerant (LT).

Tolerance test of NUWYT (N) 2012-13

1st damage rating 2nd damage rating

s/no Line/entries Total Average Remarks Total Average Remarks

1 PR-103 19 3.8 HT 21 4.2 MT

2 WL-8169 24 4.8 MT 31 6.2 MT

3 CT-09095 21 4.2 MT 22 4.4 MT

4 NN-

GANDAM-2

21 4.2 MT 22 4.4 MT

5 NN-

GANDAM-1

26 5.2 MT 29 5.8 MT

6 V-076346 32 6.4 MT 35 7.0 MT

7 V-076422

(N1)

22 4.4 MT 24 4.8 MT

8 V-109384 22 4.4 MT 25 5.0 MT

9 DN-84 16 3.2 HT 17 3.4 HT

10 DN-93 22 4.4 MT 25 5.0 MT

11 TW-96009 39 7.8 LT 42 8.4 LT

TOLERANCE TEST of NUWYT (N)

12 TW-96010 23 4.6 MT 23 4.6 MT

13 V-08BT016 30 6.0 MT 35 7.0 MT

14 V-09082 36 7.2 LT 38 7.6 MT

15 V-10306 26 5.2 MT 27 5.4 MT

16 V-09136 15 3.0 HT 17 3.4 HT

17 V-09087 22 4.4 MT 30 6.0 MT

18 V-08203 24 4.8 MT 25 5.0 MT

19 WARIS-12 15 3.0 HT 17 3.4 HT

20 NR-421 33 6.6 MT 29 5.8 LT

21 NR-409 29 5.8 MT 33 6.6 MT

22 NR-408 26 7.2 LT 33 6.6 MT

23 NR-399 22 4.4 MT 24 4.8 MT

TOLERANCE TEST

24 NR-400 21 4.2 MT 26 5.2 MT

25 V-7/2011 26 5.2 MT 30 6.0 MT

26 SD-998 20 4.0 HT 26 5.2 MT

27 NIA-MN-8 17 3.4 HT 20 4.0 HT

28 NARC-2011 34 6.8 MT 38 7.6 LT

29 FSD-2008 32 6.4 MT 35 7.0 MT

30 V-07096 25 5.0 MT 33 6.6 MT

31 FAKHRE

SARHAD

28 5.6 MT 33 6.6 MT

32 SEHER-06 40 6.0 MT 42 8.4 LT

33 AAS-2011 28 5.6 MT 29 5.8 MT

34 NIA-

SUNEHRI

36 7.2 LT 36 7.2 MT

35 PIR-08 31 6.2 MT 32 6.4 MT

TOLERANCE TEST

Reduce the aphid attack Minimize the economic losses Enhance the yield Reduce the use of pesticides against aphids environmental friendly

Advantages of resistance varieties

Brassica napus is a bright yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae. It is believed that Brassica napus originated from a fortuitous hybridization between the turnip (B. rapa) and kale (B. oleracea

acephala).

 COMPERISON OF DIFFERENT BIOPESTICIDES AGAINST CABBAGE APHID (BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE) ON BRASSICA

Different bio-pesticides and one chemical were used against cabbage aphid on brassica. These BIO-pesticides water+surf5%, neem2%, lemonin1%, lemonin2%, Naturalis1%, Naturalis2% and chemical (novastar) control in three replicates each were compared. Data was collected before and after first, second and third sprays.

BIO PESTICIDES

 R3 T3

p17

T6

p18

T7

p19

T5

p20

T8

p21

T1

p22

T4

p23

T2

p21

 R2 T3

p16

T6

p15

T2

p14

T8

p13

T5

p12

T7

p11

T4

p10

T1

p9

R1 T1

p1

T2

p2

T3

p3

T4

p4

T5

p5

T6

p6

T7

p7

T8

p8

Experimental Layout Plan

R1 R2 R3

P1T1R1 P9R2T1 P17R3T3

1.Control 1 9 22

2.water with surf 2 14 24

3.Neem 2% 3 16 17

4.Naturalis 1.0% 4 10 23

5.Naturalis 2.0% 5 12 20

6.Lamonin 1.0% 6 15 18

7.Lamonin 2.0% 7 11 19

8.Novastar 8 13 21

Application of Bio-pesticide

S.no chemical R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean

1 Control 2.3 4.66 24 10.32 16 12.66 12.66 13.77

2 Water+

surf 5%

8.66 27.6 48 28.08 14 13.33 19 15.44

3 Neem 2% 0.33 26 19 15.11 13.66 11 17.66 14.10

4 Naturalis

1.0%

0.33 21.3 9.5 10.37 6 15 1.5 7.50

5 Naturalis

2.0%

12 17 11 13.33 14.66 4.33 13 10.66

6 Lamonin

1.0%

1.66 17.66 26.6 15.30 1.66 13.66 24.66 13.32

7 Lamonin

2.0%

0.33 16 23 13.11 9 17.33 16.5 14.27

8 Novastar 10 33.5 10 17.83 1 0 0 0.33

1st data

S.no Names of bio-

pesticides and

chemical

R1 R2 R3 Mean

1 Control 25 18 15 19.33

2 Water+ surf5% 8 40 3 17.00

3 Neem 2% 30 35 15 26.66

4 Naturalis 1.0% 5 7 5 5.66

5 Naturalis 2.0% 17 10 21 16.00

6 Lamonin 1.0% 13 16 13 14.00

7 Lamonin 2.0% 14 12 8 11.33

8 Novastar 0 0 2 0.66

2nd data

S. No bio-

pesticide

R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean

1 Control 47 13 5 21.66 19 6 2 9.00

2 Water+su

rf5%

6 11 4 7.00 0 1 1 0.66

3 Neem 2% 15 9 0 8.00 0 1 2 1.00

4 Naturalis

1.0%

11 11 9 10.33 2 6 0 2.66

5 Naturalis

2.0%

10 5 13 9.33 0 13 15 9.33

6 Lamonin

1.0%

6 6 9 7.00 9 2 0 3.66

7 Lamonin

2.0%

6 6 7 6.33 4 1 3 2.66

8 Novastar 0 3 2 1.66 1 0 0 0.33

3rd data

1. Chemical novastar (1.32)2. Naturalis 1.0% (15.83)3. Lamonin 1.0% (20.98)4. Lamonin 2.0% (31.26)5. Water+ surf 5% (33.1)6. Naturalis 2.0% (35.99)7. Neem 2.0 % (41.76) 8. control (42.10).

Over all Results