powerpoint til ole [skrivebeskyttet]€¢ uensartet huld • rektal eller vaginal prolaps •...
TRANSCRIPT
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MYCOTOXINDETECTION
37+ applied in Denmark
By Ole Jensen
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Welcome Established in 1980 by Dr. Pearse Lyons
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The Alltech Advantage
Top 5 animal health company
Only company that is:- Privately-held
- Non-pharmaceutical
Growing consistently over 36 years
Moving towards a $4bn company
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OPTIONAL HEADEROur Core is FERMENTATION
Yeast:BIO-MOS, INTEGRAL A+, NUPRO
YEA-SACC, MYCOSORB A+
LIQUI-PLEX
Enzymes:ALLZYME SSF
ALLZYME VEGPRO
Bacteria: ALL-LAC, LACTO-SACC
SOIL-SET
Beer & Spirits: KENTUCKY ALE Range including KENTUCKY BOURBON BARREL ALE
LYONS SPIRITS including
TOWN BRANCH BOURBON, PEARSE LYONS RESERVE
Algae:ALL G-RICH
AGRO-MOS
YEAST
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First Kentucky Ale brewed in 2000 Kentucky Bourbon Barrel Ale available across the U.S.
and in Ireland and China
Spirits include Pearse Lyons Reserve malt whiskey, Bluegrass Sundown and Town Branch Bourbon
Beverage Division13. juni 2016
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Alltech: Growth
through acquisition
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Hvis ikke afgrden nedtrres kan flgende bl.a. forekomme:
Hj temperatur: Beskadigelse af spireevne, ca. 40C
Marksvampe: Fusarium svampe fra vd hst over 18-20% Fusarium toxiner (kan ikke fjernes ved nedtrring)
Lagersvampe: Penicillum gruppen Ochratoxin svampe m.fl. Mykotoksiner: Giftstoffer dannet af svampe.
Skadedyr: KornsnudebillerKornmider
HVORFOR TRRING?
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Skadedyr
Kornsnudebiller
Bemrk de gnavede huller
Mider i rapsfr
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Ochratoxin
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Zearalenone
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bortions and stillborn piglets
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Rectal and vaginal prolapses
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Tjekliste
Reduceret foderudnyttelse Reduceret tilvkst
Reduceret libido Uforklarlig ndring i fertilitet
Opkast Frre levendefdte
Aborter Ringere malkning
Drlig immunitet get sygdomsfrekvens
Uensartet huld Rektal eller vaginal prolaps
Pludselige ddsfald
Hvis du kan svare JA til en af ovennvnte pstande kan mykotoxiner
vre forklaringen.
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Analyses is key
what do we test for ? Aflatoxins Vomitoxin, & T-2 toxin Zearalenone and fumonisin B1
Using ELISA or TLC methodologies
Need for a more accurate way to identify and
quantify mycotoxins in feed, grains and forages
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Yes
No
FIA
GC-MS
GC
-UV
HP
LC-U
V
LC-MS
Na
no
-Bio
sen
sors
Qu
ali
tati
ve
te
st K
it
Se
mi-
Qu
an
tita
tiv
e t
est
Kit
RIA
ELI
SA
HP
LC-E
CD
HP
LC-P
DA
LC/LC-MS/MS >300 pesticides
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Time, min
0.00
1.00e5
2.00e5
3.00e5
4.00e5
5.00e5
6.00e5
7.00e5
8.00e5
9.00e5
1.00e6
Inte
nsi
ty,
cps
INCREASE ANALYTICAL PRECISION / MULTI-DETECTION
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AflatoxinsAflatoxicolAflatoxin B1,B2,B2
Aflatoxin G1,G2,G2Aflatoxin M1Austocystin AAverufin
5-MethoxysterigmatocystinDihydroxysterigmatocystinMethoxysterigmatocystinSterigmatocystin
Norsolorinic acidParasiticol
Trichothecenes
NivalenolFusarenone XDeoxynivalenol3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol
15-O-Acetyl-4-DONScirpentriol15-AcetoxyscirpenolDiacetoxyscirpenol
3 -DASNeosolaniolT-2 TriolHT-2 Toxin
T-2 ToxinIso-T-2 toxinAcetyl-T-2 toxinTrichodermin
Trichodermol7-a-HydroxytrichodermolVerrucarol4,15-Diacetylverrucarol
TrichothecinTrichothecolone
Macrocyclic trichothecens
Isosatratoxin FRoridin A,E,H,L-2Satratoxin G,HTrichoverrin A,B
Trichoverrol A,BVerrucarin A,J
OchratoxinsOchratoxin A,B,Ochratoxin A,B,-ethyl esterOchratoxin A,B,-methyl ester
Sphinganin myotoxinsAAL toxin TA1,TA2AAL toxin TB1,TB2
Fumonisin B1,B2,B3,B29
CytochalasinsChaetoglobosin A,C
CytochalasinA,B,C,D,E,H,JDihydrocytochalasin BDihydrocytohalasin B lactone
Zeralenons,-Zearalanol
Zearalanone,-ZearalenolZearalenone
Roquefortines, ergot amines and alkaloidsAgroclavine-IAuranthine
Aurantiamine (alkaloid 302)AurantioclavineChanoclavine-I
CostaclavineCyclopeninCyclopenolCyclopeptin
DihydroergotaminElymoclavineEpoxyagroclavine-IErgocristine
ErgometrinErgotaminFumigaclavine B,CMarcfortine A,B
MeleagrinOxalinPyroclavineRoquefortine A,B,C,D
RugulosuvineRugulovasine A,BSecoclavine-Ergocryptin C
Atranone & precursorsAtranone A,B,E,F,H,J6-Hydroxydolaballa-3,7,12--trien-14-one3,4-Epoxy-6-hydroxy-dolabella--7,12-diene-one
TremorgensFumitremorgen BLolitrem B
LolitriolTerritrem A,B,CPenitrem APenitremone A
19-AcetoxypaxillinDeoxypaxillinPaxillina-Paxitriol
b-Paxitriol CJanthitrem B
Peptides
Alamethicin-AmanitinAntimycin A1,A2,A3,A4,A5Apicidin
Cyclo(Phe-Ser)CyclosporinDistamycin AEnniatin A1,A2,B,B1
Malformin A1,A2,B1,B2,CPhalloidinValinomycin
Others2-(4-Hydroxyazobenzene)-benzoic acid2,4,6-Trihydroxytoluene
2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid3,5-Dihydrotoluene3,7-Dimethyl-8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-isochroman
3-Methylsalicylic acid5-Methylbenzene-1,2,3 triol6-MethylcitreoisocumarinAbscisic acid
2-Acetyl-4(3H)-quinazolone-Acetyl-g-methyltetronicacidAflatrem
AlizarinAltenueneAlternariolAlternariol-methyl etherAltersolanol AAltertoxin IAmphotericin BAnacineAnhydrofusarubinp-AnisaldehydeAntibiotic YArabenoic acid (Verrucolone)Aurofusarine
AscochitineAspergillic acidAspergillic acid-polymer
AsperthecinAsteltoxinAsterric acidAustamide
AustdiolBaccatin IIIBarnolBeauvericin
1,3-BenzendiolBenzoic acidBikaverinBis-dethio-bis(methylthio)-gliotoxin BostrycinBostrycoidinBrassicasterolBrefeldin A
Brevianamide AButenolideByssochlamic acidCaffeic acid
CaffeineCalphostin CCanadensolideCandidusin C
CanescinCarlosic acidCarolic acidCatenarin
ChaetocinChetominChromanol 1, 2, 3Chrysazin
ChrysogineChrysophanolCinnamic acidCircumdatin A, B, C
CitreoisocumarinCitreomontaninCitreoviridin A, XCitrinin
CitromycetinCladofulvinCladosporinClerocidinCommunesin A, BCompactinCulmorinCurvularinCyclochlorotineCyclopaldic acidCyclopiazonic acidCynodontinDaldinin D
Bis-dechlorogeodinDechlorogriseofulvinDehydrocarolic acid
DehydrocurvularinDeoxybostrycinDermoglaucinDes-acetylpebrolide
Desertorin A,B, CDes-methoxyviridiolDesmosterolDethiosecoemestrin
DiaporthinDiaportin acidDiaportinolDichlorodiaportin
cis-Dihydrofusarubintrans-DihydrofusarubinDihydrojasmonic acid29,39-Dihydrosorbicillin
Dihydroxyaflavinine3,5-Dimethyl-6-hydroxyphthalideDimethylphthalate
Dipicolinic acidDithiosilvatinDuclauxinDustanin
EchinulinEmestrinEmestrin BEmindole DA,DB
EmodinEpicorazine AEpi-dechlorogriseofulvinEpoxysuccinic acid
EquisetinErgosterolErythroglaucinEthisolide
ExpansolideFerulic acidFlavoglaucinFormyl-xanthocillin X
FrequentinFructigenineFucosterolFulvic acidFumagillinFumagillolFumiguinazoline FFusaproliferinFusaric acidFusarin CFusarochromanone CFusarubinFusicoccinFusidic acid
FusoxysporoneGallic acidGentisylalcohol
Gibberellic acidGibepyrone A,FGliotoxinGliovirin
GriseofulvinGriseophenone CHelminthosporinHelvolic acid
Histamin59-Hydroxyasperentinp-Hydroxybenzoic acidp-Hydroxycinnamic acid
5-Hydroxymaltol4-Hydroxymellein-Hydroxypachybasinp-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid
Indolacetic acidInsulicolide A,BInsulicolide BIodinine
IslandicinIsoemodinIsomarticinItalicic acid
Italicic acid-methyl esterItalinic acidJasmonic acidJasmonic acid-methyl ester
JavanicinKojic acidKotaninLactone 1,2
LambertellinLanosterolAscorbic acidLeucyltryptophanyldiketopiperazineLichexanthoneL-PhenylalaninL-tyrosin
LuteoskyrinMacrosporinMaculosinMarticin3-Methoxyviridicatin6-Methylsalicylic acidMevinolinMitomycin CMitorubrinMitorubrinic acidMitorubrinolMitorubrinol acetate CMizoribine
MollisinMoniliforminMonorden
Mycophenolic acidMyriocinNectriafuroneNidulin
Nigragillin3-Nitropropionic acidNominineNorjavanicin
NorlichexanthoneNortryptoquivalineOleic acidOosporein
Ophiobolin GOrsellinic acidOxalic acidPachybasic acid
PachybasinPalitantinParacelsinPaspaline
PaspalininPenicillic acidPenicillin GPhaseic acid
PhoenicinPhomarinPhyscionPI-3
PR-1635PreechinulinPR-iminePropyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoatePR ToxinPuberulinePuberulonic acid
PurpurinPurpurogenonePyrogallol2-PyruvoylaminobenzamideQuestinQuestinolRadicininRavenelinRiboflavinRoseopurpurinRubratoxin A,BRugulosinSalicinSalicyclic acidSclerotigeninScytalidineScytalone
Secalonic acid DShikimic acidSkyrin
SMTP-6,-7,-8SolaniolSoranjidiolSorbicillin
SpinulosinStaplabinSteckiinStemphone
Stipitatic acidSulochrinTaxolTentoxin
Tenuazonic acidTerreinTerrestric acidTerretonin
Thiamin, hydrochlorideToluhydroquinoneTomatineTorreyol
3,4,5-Trihydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methylanthraquinoneTrisdechloronornidulin
TrypacidinTryptophanTryprostatin BTyramine
Usnic acidVermiculinVerrucine A,BVerrucofortine
VerrucosidinVerrucosineVerruculogenVerruculotoxin
10-Epi-verruculotoxinVertinolideViolaceic acidViomellein
VioxanthinViridamineViridicatic acidViridicatinViridicatumtoxinViridiolViriditoxinVisoltricinWalleminolWalleminoneWortmanninXanthocillin XXanthomegnin
IT ENDS-UP BEING A BIASED DECISION
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Commercial setting:Binary Acquity UPLC coupled to:
TQD MS/MS System
EXTENDED LC-ESI-MS/MS CAPABILITIES
Research setting:Dual Acquity UPLC H-class coupled to:
Xevo TQD MS/MS System
FLD/UV Systems
PROGRAM
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What is ISO/IEC 17025:2005
1. International Standard designed to recognize the competence of Testing
Laboratories. This accreditation is accepted worldwide by Governments,
businesses and laboratories.
2. Objective third-party assessment of the managerial and technical requirements of
the lab ensuring the accuracy and impartiality of analytical results.
3. Technical competence of personnel and availability of technical resources. This
ensures personnel are qualified for their positions and are provided with proper
training, instrumentation and environment to perform their duties.
4. Quality system that continually improves ability to consistently produce valid test
results. Includes review and updating of work instructions and forms. Includes an
established process for corrective and preventive actions within the lab.
5. Ensures confidentiality and impartiality of analytical results. Parent company has
no influence on results.
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1 Aflatoxin B1
2 Aflatoxin B2
3 Aflatoxin G1
4 Aflatoxin G2
5 Sterigmatocystin
6 Gliotoxin
7 Ochratoxin A
8 Ochratoxin B
9 Deoxynivalenol
10 3-AcDon
11 15-AcDon
12 DON-3-Glucoside
13 Nivalenol
14 Fusarenon X
15 T2 toxin
16 HT2 toxin
17 Diacetoxyscirpenol
18 Neosolaniol
19 Fumonisin B1
20 Fumonisin B2
21 Fumonisin B3
22 Zearalenone
23 -Zearalanol
24 -Zearalanol
25 Zearalanone
26 Patulin
27 Mycophenolic Acid
28 Roquefortine C
29 Penicillic Acid
30 Wortmannin
31 Alternariol
32 Verruculogen
33 2-Br--ergocryptine
34 Ergocornine
35 Ergometrine/Ergonovine
36 Ergotamine
37 Lysergol
38 Methylergonovine
PROGRAM: MYCOTOXIN SELECTION
Coming soon
39 Fusaric acid
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RISK ANALYSIS
Aflatoxin (B1)
Aflatoxins (B1+B2+G1+G2)
Ochratoxins (A+B)
Type B Trichothecenes*
Type A Trichothecenes**
Fumonisins (B1+B2+B3)
Zearalenone Group
Fusaric Acid
Other Penicillium Mycotoxins***
Other Aspergillus Mycotoxins****
Ergot Toxins
REQ (Risk Equivalent Quantity)
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Poultry Swine Dairy
Mycotoxins Groups High risk (ppb) TEFs High risk (ppb) TEFs High risk (ppb) TEFs
Aflatoxins B1 20 1 20 1 20 1
Total Aflatoxins 40 0.5 40 0.5 40 0.5
Ochratoxins 100 0.2 50 0.4 250 0.08
Other Aspergillus Toxins 100 0.2 100 0.2 100 0.2
Trichothecenes B 1000 0.02 900 0.022222222 1000 0.02
Trichothecenes A 250 0.08 1000 0.02 250 0.08
Fumonisins 10000 0.002 5000 0.004 30000 0.000666667
Zearalenones 1000 0.02 100 0.2 500 0.04
Penicillium Toxins 3000 0.006666667 3000 0.006666667 3000 0.006666667
Ergot Alkaloids 9000 0.002222222 6000 0.003333333 3000 0.006666667
WHAT ARE TEF AND TEQ?Toxic Equivalency compare to a single reference: Aflatoxin B1
INTERPRETATION: RISK EVALUATION TEF/TEQ
Evaluate the total toxicity given mycotoxin mixture, based on amount
and TEF: TEQtotal = Ctox 1 TEF tox 1 + Ctox 2 TEF tox 2 + + Ctox n TEF tox n
TEQ: TOXIC EQUIVALENT QUANTITIES
TEF: TOXIC EQUIVALENT FACTORS
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Sows/Gilts/Boars Feed, ppb (g/kg feed)
Mycotoxin Low
Moder
ate High
Aflatoxin B1 20 35 50
FDA = 100ppb for Corn in breeding pigs, for feed it will
be 50% of 100ppb
Aflatoxins 20 35 50 Aflatoxin B1 and G1 are additive (Bonomi et al., 1996)
Ochratoxins 20 35 50 EU, 50ppb
Type B
Trichothecenes 250 500 750 EU, 900ppb
Type A
Trichothecenes 50 100 150 Canada/Russia, 1000/50ppb
Fumonisins 1000 2000 3000
EU, 5000ppb; LOAEL is 5000ppm (EFSA, 2005), based on
Sa/So ratio
Zearalenone Group 25 50 75 EU,100ppb
Other Penicillium
mycotoxins 40 70 100 two times ochratoxins
Other Aspergillus
mycotoxins 40 60 80 two times total aflatoxins
Ergot alkaloids 500 1000 2000Canada, 6000ppb
Pratical Limits
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Available regulatory limits or guidance or
practical limits according to scientific literature
Safe
Mycotoxins
Levels Proportion Risk Assessment
(ppb) (%) very low high very high
Aflatoxins 0.24 0 20
Ochratoxins 25 0.0 0
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Low
HighMedium
European grains 2014:Risk tosows
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Main moulds and mycotoxins
Field Origin Storage Origin
FusariumDeoxynivalenolZearalenoneT-2 Toxin FumonisinMoniliforminNivalenolFusaric Acid
AspergillusAflatoxinOchratoxinSterigmatocystinFumitremorgensFumigaclavinesFumitoxinsGliotoxin
PenicilliumOchratoxinPR Toxin PatulinPenicillic AcidCitrininPenitremCyclopiazonic acid
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Maksimal sikker lagringstid (dgn) m.h.t. tilvkst af lagersvampe
Temperatur
C
Antal dgn ved afgrdens vandindhold %
17 18 20 22 24 26
25 15 9 4 2,5 1,7 1,3
20 26 15 7 4 3 2,5
15 50 30 11 8 5 4
10 100 56 23 12 8 6,5
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trring
Luften (evt. opvarmet) anvendes for at transportere vandet bort
Mngde vand (ton) at trre bort ved forskellige mngder korn (ton):
Vandindhold%
100 400 800 1200
18-14 4,7 18,6 37,2 55,8
20-14 7 27,9 55,8 83,7
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Ligevgtstabel mellem relativ luftfugtighed ogvandindhold i korn og frafgrder
Relativ luftfugtighed i %
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
Byg 10,5 11,1 11,8 12,6 13,4 14,3 15,2 16,3 17,3 19 21,9
Hvede 10,6 11,3 12,3 13,1 13,5 14,3 15,2 16,3 17,4 19,1 20,5
Havre 9,7 10,3 11,3 11,9 12,5 13,3 14,2 15,4 16,7 18,5 21
Rug 10,3 10,9 11,6 12,4 13,2 13,9 14,9 16 17,3 19 21,5
Raps 5,7 6,1 6,6 7 7,5 8 9 10 11,3 12,7 14,3
rter 10,3 11 11,9 12,7 13,5 14,3 15 16 17,1 19 22
Rajgrs 8,6 9,3 10,1 11 11,9 13 14,2 15,6 17,4 19,8 23,3
Opvarmning af luften med 1C = 4% reduktion af relativ luftfugtighed
Plantrring: max. 6C opvarmning af udeluften inkl. blserensegenopvarmning (ca. 1C)
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Betydning af varmetilstning 750 ton hvede, 6,5 meter lagringshjde i silo med
omrrer Nedtrring 18-14 %
giver 35 ton vand at trre bort 22 kW blser og Jumbo 200 olieovn 18C og 70% luftfugtighed
Betyder flgende: Trretid uden varme, ca. 30 dgn Trretid med varme, ca. 6 dgn
Samme omkostning til energi,men meget kortere trretid!
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Kondens p indersiden af siloen drligt/muggent korn
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Skidt (stv) under silogulv?Stv kan lgge sig under silogulvene i mindre omfang.
Billeder fra 5 r gammelsilo.
Stvet vil ved en tt silo vre meget trt, da al anvendt trreluft er passeret forbi.
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Rengring under silogulv?Mulig lsning: Udtagning af silogulv Rengring Fugning af
silo/fundament Montering af gulv igen
I nye siloer fuges der i dag p indvendig sidemellem silovg ogfundament.
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Fugning af silo / fundament
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Storage Contamination
Score 1 clean silo with no
accumulated crusts on its walls.Score 2 Silo with crusts
accumulated on its walls.Score 3 Many old crusts
On the walls of the silo.
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dligopbevaring
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HUSK ALTID:
1. TILSTRKKELIG LUFTMNGDE
2. (OMRRING)
3. TRRING STRAKS AFGRDEN ER HSTET
4. VARME (HVIS NDVENDIGT)
5. KOLD LUFT EFTER TRRING = NEDKLING
Jo bedre en rvare, der kommer ind, des bedre en frdigvare fr man ud i den anden ende.
Evt. rensning inden lagring glder for bde planlager og siloer.
Afgrderne er plejet og passet optimalt ssonen igennem s srg for at gre arbejdet frdigt.
GENERELT TRRING
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Hvad gr man hvis man har problemer?
Destruktion af rvaren Fortynde den kontaminerede rvare Brug af mykotoxinbinder
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Stabilitet ved ndringer af pH
Effekt af pH p Mycosorb absorbtion af aflatoxin B1
Devegowda et al., 1994
% A
bso
rbe
ret
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
pH 4.5 pH 6.8
0
500
1000
Mycosorb inclusion, (mg)
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Negative Control Control + Mycosorb Contaminated feed Contaminated feed +Mycosorb
Treatments
Vita
min
leve
ls
Vitamin A (IU/g)
Vitamin E (mg/g)
Mycosorb binder IKKE Mineraler og Vitaminer.
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MYCOTOXIN FORSKER RAflatoxins Stanley and Co-workers 2004Aflatoxins Diaz and Whitlow 2004Zearalenone Yiannikouris and Co-workers 2004T-2 toxin Manoj and Devegowda 1999T-2 toxin Dvorska and Surai 2001DAS Pavicic and Spring 2001Ergot alkaloids Merrill and Co-workers 2007
KOMBINATIONER AF MYKOTOXINERAflatoxin, ochratoxin Raju and Devegowda 2000& T-2 toxinDON and Zearalenone Swamy and Smith 2002DON and Zearalenone Chowdhury and Smith 2005DON and Zearalenone Raymond, Smith and Swamy 2003DON and Zearalenone Diaz and Smith 2006DON and Zearalenone Korosteleva and Smith, 2007 2007DON and Zearalenone Girish and Smith, 2007 2008
Evne til at binde en bred vifte
af mykotoxiner
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Forskellige absorbenters evne til hurtigt at binde Zearalenone
Vlkl and Karlovsky, 1998
% A
bso
rbe
ret
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
10 min 24 h
MycosorbClay AClay BClay C
Time intervals
Evne til at binde 30 minutter
Efter fodring.
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Effektivt ved lav iblanding
Clay A Mycosorb
Mahesh & Devegowda, 1996
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.10% 0.20% 0.40% 0.0125% 0.025% 0.05%
% o
f aflato
xin a
dso
rbed
50 ppb Aflatoxin
100 ppb Aflatoxin
200 ppb Aflatoxin
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Peer-reviewed in vivo data
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Krav til absorbent
Stabilitet
Ikke binde mineralet/vitaminer
Dokumenteret effekt
Hurtig binding
In vivo data
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Hel gr
Ekstrakt
Indvendig og udvendig
cellevg
Indvendig (polymer)
udvendig (manno-proteins)
Funktionelle ingredienser fra grFunktionelle ingredienser fra gr
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1026
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Glucose
Mannose
Glucosamine
Yeast Cell Wall Extract Heterotrophic Algae
THE YEAST CELL WALL AND THE ALGAE
CONTAIN VARIOUS MONOSACCHARIDES
COMPOSING THEIR CARBOHYDRATE NETWORK
+ Mannose
+ Glucose
Arabinose
+ Glucosamine
Rhamnose
Galactose
Xylose
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27
A. Yiannikouris
Critical similarity in
geometry favors the
interaction
Critical similarity in
geometry favors the
interaction
Interaction energy (kcal/mol)
Mycotoxins ZEA DON AFB1
Van der Waals - 44.6 - 16.5 - 35.7
Electrostatic - 12.3 - 14.7 - 3.5
Total - 55.9 - 31.2 - 39.2
Molecular details of the mode of action DetoxificationDetoxification
A. Yiannikouris et al, Biomacromolecules 2004; 2006
13. juni 2016
A. YiannikourisZeolite mineBentonite mine
Aluminosilicates?
Bentonite?
Zeolite?
Only effective against Aflatoxin High levels of inclusion for efficacy (10X)
No specific to mycotoxins (minerals and vitamins such as
Mn are adsorbed
Antibiotics?Contaminants (dioxins, PCBs, Pb)
13. juni 2016
13. juni 2016
28
A. YiannikourisZeolite mineBentonite mine
Aluminosilicates?
Bentonite?
Zeolite?
Only effective against Aflatoxin
High levels of inclusion for efficacy (10X)
No specific to mycotoxins (minerals and vitamins such
as Mn are adsorbed
Antibiotic Interactions EU 29 October 2013
Contaminants (dioxins, PCBs, Pb)
13. juni 2016
A. Yiannikouris
Krav til absorbent
Stabilitet
Ikke binde mineralet/vitaminer
Dokumenteret effekt
Hurtig binding
In vivo data
13. juni 2016
13. juni 2016
29
A. Yiannikouris13. juni 2016