Kingdom: Protista

Protists are unicellular

organisms that have a

nucleus.

Similar to Bacteria

Unicellular One of the first groups of living things on

Earth. (1.5-2.1 billion years ago.)

Microscopic

Can cause disease. Can be parasites

Difference from Bacteria

Has a nucleus.

Live in watery environment.

Generally live as individual cells.

Protists vary greatly in appearance and

function.

3 Categories

I. Animal-like Protists.

II. Plant-like Protists.

III. Fungus-like Protists.

I. Animal-like Protists

Protozoan means “First Animal”.

Cells contain a nucleus.

Cells lack a cell wall.

They are heterotrophs.

Most can move on their own.

They are so named because many species behave like tiny animals—specifically, they hunt and gather other microbes as food.

4 Groups of Animal-like Protists All protozoa digest their food in stomach-

like compartments called vacuoles <vac-you-ohls>. As they chow down, they make and give off nitrogen, which is an element that plants and other higher creatures can use.

Protozoa range in size from 1/5,000 to 1/50 of an inch (5 to 500 µm) in diameter.

1. Sarcodines (Amoeboids)

2. Ciliates

3. Flagellates

4. Sporozoans

1. Sarcodines (Amoeboids)

The Amoeboids and are found in the phylum Rhizopoda

Extensions of the cell membrane and cytoplasm.

Pseudopods are used for movement and to capture food.

Are split into to group those with shells and those without, testate amoebae, which have a shell-like covering, and the naked amoebae, which don't have this covering.

These shells form limestone, marble and chalk.

One type:

Most familiar Sarcodine.

Pseudopods:

Blob shaped.

Contractile Vacuoles: controls amount of water inside

Food Vacuole: where food is digested.

Split Personality

Amebas reproduce by dividing into two new cells (binary fission).

Amebas can respond to their environment.

They are sensitive to light and some chemicals.

2. Ciliates

Ciliates from the phylum Ciliophora. These are generally the largest protozoa.

Have cilia on the outside of their cells.

Tiny hair-like projections used for movement, to gather food and as feelers.

Type: Paramecium

Pellicle: tough outer wall.

Slipper shaped

Oral groove: like the mouth

Gullet: holds food.

Food Vacuole: digests food.

Anal Pore: removes wastes

2 Contractile Vacuoles

2 Nuclei

Reproduces by either binary fission or conjugation.

3. Flagellates (Zooflagellates)

Have a Flagellum: a long whip-like structure used for movement.

Many live in animals

Symbiosis a close relationship, at least one benefits.

Mutualism: when both partners benefit.

Flagellates con’t Flagellates are of the

phylum Zoomastigina.

the smallest of the protoza.

Flagellates use their flagella to move.

It is a flagellate in the intestines of termites which enable them to eat wood. Both organisms benefit

4. Sporozoans The last of the Protozoans come from the

phylum, Sporozoa

All Sporozans are parasites.

They feed on cells and body fluids.

Form from Spores (tiny reproductive cells).

Pass from one host to another.

Pass from ticks, mosquitoes or other

animals to humans.

II. Plant-like Protists

(Algae)

Unicellular and Multicellular

Colonies (groups of unicellular protists)

Can move on their own

Autotrophs: make their own food from simple

materials using light energy (photosynthesis).

70% of the Earth’s oxygen is produced by Plant-

like Protists!

Pigments: chemicals that produce color

There are three unicellular phyla of algae:

Phylum Euglenophyta (Eugelnoids)

Phylum Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)

Phylum Dinoflagellata (Dinoflagellates)

There are three multicellular phyla of algae which

are classified by color:

Red Algae

Green Algae

Brown Algae

1. Euglenoids

Green

Unicellular

Live in fresh water

Autotrophs, but can be heterotrophs under certain conditions by ingesting food from the surrounding water.

Flagella

Eyespot: sensitive to light.

Chloroplasts

Are plant like and animal like.

2. Diatoms

Unicellular 10,000 living species.

Aquatic

Glass like cell wall made of silica

Photoautotrophs

Make up a large portion oh phytoplankton, a source of Earth’s oxygen.

3. Dinoflagellates

Unicellular Cell walls are like

plates of armor.

Two flagella

Spins when it moves. Colorful (pigments)

Can glow in the dark.

Causes Red Tide

Red Algae Multicellular seaweeds

Rhodophyta are red seaweeds.

They are found in warm or cold marine environments along coast lines in deeper water.

They absorb green, violet, and blue light waves. These light waves are able to penetrate below 100 meters.

Green Algae The last of the

multicellular algae are the green algae

from the Phylum

Chlorophyta. Most are unicellular

Some form colonies

Few are multicellular

Can live in fresh and salt water and on land in damp places.

Very closely related to green plants.

Brown Algae Commonly called seaweed

Can contain brown, green, yellow, orange and black pigments.

Attach to rocks

Have air bladders

They are found in cool saltwater along rocky coasts.

Phylum Phaeophyta is made up of the brown algae.

Giant Kelp are the largest and most complex brown algae. They have hold fasts and air bladders. Giant Kelp can be 100 meters long!

III. Fungus-like Protists Heterotrophs

Have cell walls.

Many have flagella and are able to move at some point in their lives.

Three types: Slime Molds, Water & Downy Molds

Reproduce with Spores (tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism)

Fungus-like protists, Myxomycota and Oomycota are decomposers.

Phylum Myxomycota are made up of plasmodial slime molds.

Phylum Oomycota is made up of water molds and downy molds.

Water & Downy Molds Live in water or moist

places.

Tiny threads that look like fuzz.

Attack food crops

Caused the Irish Potato Famine.

Water molds from the Phylum Oomycota are classified as protists because they have flagellated reproductive cells.

Downy mildews parasitize plants and are decomposers in freshwater ecosystems.

Slime Molds

Reproduce by Fruiting Bodies:

The Fruiting Bodies contain Spores.

At first they look like ameba, then later they look like mold.

Live on moist shady places.

Feed on bacteria and other microorganisms.

Slime molds have traits like both fungi and animals. During good times, they live as independent, amoeba-like cells, dining on fungi and bacteria. But if conditions become uncomfortable—not enough food available, the temperature isn't right, etc.—individual cells begin gathering together to form a single structure. The new communal structure produces a slimy covering and is called a slug because it so closely resembles the animal you sometimes see gliding across sidewalks. The slug oozes toward light. When the communal cells sense that they've come across more food or better conditions, the slug stops