power system fundamentals
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Power SystemFundamentals
S D Varwandkar
Former Professor & Principal, VJTI
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Power System Structure &
Representation
Transformers, Circuit Breakers
Concerns
Studies Required
Design Challenges
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Generation
0.4/44, 6.6, 0.5, 11, 13.8, 15.75, 21, 33 kV
EHV Transmission
220, 400, 500
750, 765, 800, 1200 kV
HV Transmission
33, 66, 110, 132 kV
HV PrimaryDistribution
3.3, 6.6, 11, 22,
33, 66, 132, 220 kV
SecondaryDistribution
415/240, 433/ 250 V
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Power Network
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Long Distance AC Power Transfer
Region 1
Region 2
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Bottlenecks in AC Systems
Surge Impedance Control
HVDC
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Worlds
Largest UHVDC
6400 MW
2000 kms
+/- 800 kV
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SUMMARY TILL NOW.
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Power Network
A power network connects generators toloads, at times over long distances via
transmission, subtransmission anddistribution networks.
It also interconnects regional networks.
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Structure
Transmission & Subtransmission
EHV & HVDC
Distribution
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Frequency and Voltages 50/ 60 Hz
Generation: 0.4/44, 6.6, 0.5, 11, 13.8,15.75, 21, 33 kV
EHV Transmission: 220, 400, 500, 750,765, 800, 1200 kV
HV Transmission: 33, 66, 110, 132 kV
HV PrimaryDistribution: 3.3, 6.6, 11,22,
33, 66, 132, 220 kV
SecondaryDistribution: 415/240, 433/
250 V
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Advanced Technologies
EHV AC
HVDC
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Power Apparatus Transformers
Reactors Shunt/ Current Limiting
Circuit Breakers
Static VAR Controllers
HV Bushing
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Normal Operation Voltage control
Frequency control
Voltage control
Voltage stability
Power trading
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Phenomena Short circuit faults
Transients Switching &Lightning
Unbalance operation
Angle stability and voltage collapse
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Concerns Protection Network and Equipment
Power Quality
Reliability
Condition monitoring & assessment
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Power System Studies Generation and Network Planning
Normal and emergency operating
conditionsVoltage control/ SVC/ stability/ voltageswells and sags
Abnormal &Extreme events
Short circuits/ Switching transients/
Overvoltage transients/ Unbalancedoperation/ Stability/
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E
quipment Related studies Insulation technology
High voltage phenomena, partialdischarge
Testing & Instrumentation for HV
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Grounding
System/ Substation/ Networkgrounding
Equipment grounding
Effect on transients and fault currents
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Transformers Design Features
Impact of system conditions normal/emergency operation, abnormal conditionssuch as short circuits, transients, unbalance
operations, sequence networks andimpedances, core forms and parameter/performance evaluation through advancedanalytical techniques FEM/ BEM/
Designing for performance, robustness andreliability
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SVC
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Design challenges in EHVTransformers/ Reactors
EHV & UHV AC Designs
Materials
Partial Discharges &
Insulation
Transients & EMC
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Advanced Manufacturing
Technologies & Automation Materials & Manufacturing
Substation Automation
Time Synchronization - PMUs
Standards
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Back to Fundas
Knowledge about
Short circuit currents impact design.
How?
Overvoltages affects design. How?
How does system study influencedesign?