power quality - college of engineering, trivandrum
TRANSCRIPT
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Power Quality
Dr. Francis M. Fernandez
Department of Electrical Engg.College of Engineering Trivandrum
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Interruptions
Voltage Regulation
Voltage Sag/Swell
Flicker
Transients
Harmonics
Notching
Frequency Variations
Power Quality Issues
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Interruptions
Voltage Regulation
Voltage Sag/Swell
Flicker
Transients
Harmonics
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Notching
Frequency Variations
Power Quality Issues
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Impact of Sag/Swell
Drive systems may trip on occurrence of sag/swell.
Stored energy is not used or properly handled under such conditions
Ride through methods are developed manage these conditions
Duration:
0.5 to 30 Cycles
Voltage variation:
0.1 to 0.9 pu
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Flicker Rapid on-off sensation of
lamps as perceived by human eye
Related to voltage fluctuations
Caused by Arc furnaces
Welding sets
Rapidly cycling loads
Adjustable speed drives with inadequate dc-link filters
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Flicker Generation with VFD
50 Hz Rectifier
60 Hz Drive
DC Link50 Hz supply
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Notching
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Periodic voltage disturbance
Caused by power electronic drives
Usually occurs when power is commutated from one phase to another
Results in
Frequency detection errors
Zero crossing errors
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Impact of Notching
• Multiple dc drives operating at different speeds complicating maloperation and potential failure issues resulting from notches
• Appropriate filters are to be installed to reduce the effect of notching
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Harmonics Defined as sinusoidal voltages and currents at frequencies other than the fundamental frequency.
Harmonic frequencies are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency
Caused by
Nonlinear components in system
Power electronic controllers
0
0 )]sin()cos([)(n
nn nxbnxaaxf
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..7sin7
45sin
5
43sin
3
4sin
4)( xxxxxf
22
Phasor-waveform relation
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Sources of Harmonics
DC power supplies including SMPS
Transformer magnetisation nonlinearities
Rotating machine harmonics
Arcing devices
Three phase adjustable speed drives
Thyristor controlled reactors
AC Regulators
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How harmonics is generated in drives?
DC
ACM
Control
Output voltageis not pure sinewave
Input currentis not pure sinewave
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Grid
Harmonic Flows in Drive Systems
Converter Motor
Other Loads
Converters generate harmonics in the supply line and also in the motor current
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Single Phase Power Quality Monitor
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Three PhasePower Quality Monitor
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Effects of Harmonics ….1
Motor efficiency reduces with harmonics
Transformer efficiency reduces with harmonics
Harmonics may cause circulating current in delta side of transformers
Harmonics results in de-rating of generator & transformer
Harmonics may damage capacitors
PF correction becomes ineffective with harmonics
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Effects of Harmonics …2
Harmonics causes increased heat loss in conductors due to skin effect
Harmonics may result in resonant conditions and result in excessive current and voltage in system
Overloads the distribution system
Overloads the neutral conductor
De-rating of system
Disturbance on communication networks
Nuisance tripping of circuit breakers due to harmonics
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Harmonics Created by Single phase rectifier
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Third order harmonic is predominant
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Rectifier with unsymmetrical current
Even order harmonics are also present
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Three phase rectifier V and I
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Harmonics Created by Three phase rectifier
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THD and TDD
Total Harmonic Distortion (Current)
1
2
2
I
I
THD
n
hh
I
Total Demand Distortion
Where IMD is current corresponding to Max. Demand
MD
n
hh
I
I
TDD
2
2
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Distortion Power
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Power factor under harmonic conditions
Power equation takes into account a distortion power also
S2 = P2 + Q2 + D2
The effective power factor P/S decreases due to harmonics
P
SD
Q
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Standards Available
IEEE 1433 Power Quality definitions
IEEE 519 Harmonic control
IEEE P 1453 Voltage flicker
IEEE 1409 Distribution and custom power
ANSI-IEEE C62 Guide for surge voltage
IEEE 1459 Definitions for the measurement of power quantities
IEC 61000 Power quality monitoring
EN 50160 Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems
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IEEE Std 519 -2014
Sets limits for voltage and current harmonics in terms of Total Harmonic Distortion
List out recommended practices for reduced level of harmonics
Limits on Voltage THD
Upto 1 kV 8%
1kV to 69 kV 5 %
69kV to 161 kV 2.5 %
Above 161 kV 1.5%
1
2
2
V
V
THD
N
n
n
V
1
2
2
I
I
THD
N
n
n
I
Limits on Current TDDFor systems upto 69kV
ISC / IL Current
Below 20 5 %
20 to 50 8 %
50 to 100 12 %
100 to 1000 15 %
Above 1000 20 %
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Zero Sequence Harmonics
H3
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Negative Sequence Harmonics
H5
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Positive Sequence Harmonics
H7
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Neutral current in Y connection
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Line Voltage with Harmonics
VRY = VR - VY
Zero sequence harmonics cancel in line voltage
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Harmonic order classification
Positive sequence: 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, …
Negative sequence: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, …
Zero sequence: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, … (called triplen)
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K Factor
Is an indication of possible heating up and de-rating of transformers due to harmonics
Specified by the equation:
Where Ih is in PU
K rated transformers have design modifications to meet the harmonic conditions
2
22
h
h
I
hIK
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Resonance
Parallel Resonance
SeriesResonance
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Interharmonics
Noninteger multiple of the fundamental frequency is commonly known as an interharmonic frequency
Sum of Interharmonic frequencies does not necessarily result in a periodic waveform
It is possible to have interhamonics in variable speed drives and rapidly changing loads
Longer sampling interval is required to capture interharmonics. Sampling 10 cycles of 50 Hz result in a resolution of 5 Hz
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Interharmonics Example
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Factors affecting impact of drives
Pulse number of the front-end rectifier of the VSD
Compensation circuits
Magnitude of the power system (source) impedance at PCC
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Mitigation Methods for Harmonics
Method Schematic THD Range
No mitigation THD > 80%
DC Inductor THD < 40%
AC Inductor THD < 40%
Passive Filter THD < 10%
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Mitigation Methods for Harmonics
Method Schematic THD Range
Multi-pulse Rectifier THD < 10%
Active Filter THD < 5%
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Zigzag Transformers
• Phase Shifting in different angles possible• Can selectively block certain harmonic order
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6 Pulse converter
6 pulse inverter has considerable amount of waveform distortion in the input current
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Phase Multiplication
3 P
hase
AC
Inp
ut
DC
Outp
ut
12 pulse Series Connected
Converter
Input harmonics in much less compared to 6 pulse converter
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Converter Types and Harmonics
6 Pulse 12 Pulse 24 Pulse
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Harmonics in input current
hNumber of Rectifier Pulses, p
6 12 18 24
5 X
6 X
11 X X
13 X X
17 X X
19 X X
23 X X X
25 X X X
1 pnh ...,3,2,1p
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Remedies for Harmonic Problem Harmonic filters
Active, passive or hybrid
Selection of nonpolluting equipment
Good distribution network
Stipulate power quality standards for consumer equipment
Already introduced in many countries
Implementation may be difficult
Introduce a penalty/incentive scheme
Good PQ monitoring System
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Thank you