power point bio ethical 2

8/9/2019 Power Point Bio Ethical 2

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BioethicsBioethics itit is the philosophical study of theis the philosophical study of the

ethicalethical controversies broughtcontroversies broughtabout by advances inabout by advances in biologybiology andand

medicinemedicine.. Bioethicists are concerned withBioethicists are concerned with

the ethical questions that arise inthe ethical questions that arise inthe relationships amongthe relationships among

life scienceslife sciences,, biotechnologybiotechnology,,medicinemedicine,, politicspolitics,, lawlaw,, philosophyphilosophy,,andand theologytheology..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics


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AbortionAbortion

abortionabortion is the termination of ais the termination of a pregnancypregnancy bybythe removal or expulsion of anthe removal or expulsion of an embryoembryo ororfetusfetus from thefrom the uterusuterus, resulting in or caused, resulting in or causedby its death.by its death.

An abortion can occur spontaneously due toAn abortion can occur spontaneously due to

complicationscomplications during pregnancy or can beduring pregnancy or can beinduced.induced.

AbortionAbortion as a term most commonly refers toas a term most commonly refers tothe induced abortion of athe induced abortion of a human pregnancyhuman pregnancy

While spontaneous abortions are usuallyWhile spontaneous abortions are usually

termedtermed miscarriagesmiscarriages..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_%28mammals%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_%28mammals%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complication_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complication_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscarriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscarriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscarriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complication_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_%28mammals%29


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CloningCloning

The term cloning can be applied toThe term cloning can be applied tothe copying of pieces of DNA, formsthe copying of pieces of DNA, formsof asexual reproduction in plants,of asexual reproduction in plants,the development of a line of cells orthe development of a line of cells or

tissue from a single cell, sub-tissue from a single cell, sub-dividing an embryo in the earlydividing an embryo in the earlystages of development to form twostages of development to form twoembryos, as well as to the cellembryos, as well as to the cell

nuclear replaceient technique usednuclear replaceient technique usedto create tha first cloned sheep,to create tha first cloned sheep,Dolly.Dolly.


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Catholic perspectivesCatholic perspectives

on Cloningon Cloning Catholic teaching opposes reproductiveCatholic teaching opposes reproductive

cloning for a number of reasons. Itcloning for a number of reasons. Itoffends against the personal and uniqueoffends against the personal and uniqueidentity given to each individual by God. Itidentity given to each individual by God. Itdenies an individual the right to have twodenies an individual the right to have twoparents, and confuses familyparents, and confuses familyrelationships. There are also seriousrelationships. There are also seriousquestions concerning our right to soquestions concerning our right to sofundamentally alter the manner in whichfundamentally alter the manner in whichwe come into existence, and the effectswe come into existence, and the effects

these actions could have on futurethese actions could have on futuregenerations and on individuals producedgenerations and on individuals producedby cloning.by cloning.


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EuthanasiaEuthanasia

Euthanasia (literally "good death" inEuthanasia (literally "good death" in

Ancient GreekAncient Greek) refers to the practice of) refers to the practice of

ending a life in a painless manner.ending a life in a painless manner.

Euthanasia may be conducted withEuthanasia may be conducted withconsent (voluntary euthanasia) orconsent (voluntary euthanasia) or

without consent (involuntarywithout consent (involuntary

euthanasia). Involuntary euthanasia iseuthanasia). Involuntary euthanasia is

conducted where an individual makes aconducted where an individual makes adecision for another person incapabledecision for another person incapable

of doing so.of doing so.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek


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Euthanasia may be conducted passively, non-Euthanasia may be conducted passively, non-actively, and actively.actively, and actively.

Passive euthanasia entails the withholding ofPassive euthanasia entails the withholding ofcommon treatments (such as antibiotics, paincommon treatments (such as antibiotics, painmedications, or surgery) or the distribution of amedications, or surgery) or the distribution of amedication (such as morphine) to relievemedication (such as morphine) to relieve painpain,,knowing that it may also result in death (knowing that it may also result in death (principle of double effectprinciple of double effect).).

Passive euthanasia is the most accepted form,Passive euthanasia is the most accepted form,and it is a common practice in most hospitals.and it is a common practice in most hospitals.

Non-active euthanasia entails the withdrawingNon-active euthanasia entails the withdrawingof life support and is more controversial.of life support and is more controversial.

Active euthanasia entails the use of lethalActive euthanasia entails the use of lethal

substances or forces to kill and is the mostsubstances or forces to kill and is the mostcontroversial means.controversial means.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_double_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_double_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_double_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain


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Organ DonationOrgan Donation

Organ donationOrgan donation is the removalis the removalof theof the tissuestissues of theof thehuman bodyhuman body from a person whofrom a person who

has recentlyhas recently dieddied, or from a, or from aliving donor, for the purpose ofliving donor, for the purpose oftransplantingtransplanting. Organs and. Organs andtissues are removed intissues are removed in

procedures similar toprocedures similar to surgerysurgery,,and all incisions are closed atand all incisions are closed atthe conclusion of the surgery.the conclusion of the surgery.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_tissue


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Organs that can be procured includes theOrgans that can be procured includes the heartheartcan be donated from living donors include partcan be donated from living donors include part

of the liver orof the liver orpancreaspancreas and the kidney.and the kidney. ,, intestinesintestines,, kidneyskidneys,, lungslungs,, liverliver,, pancreaspancreas..

These are procured from aThese are procured from a brain deadbrain dead donor ordonor ora donor where the family has given consent fora donor where the family has given consent fordonation after cardiac death, known asdonation after cardiac death, known asnon-heart-beating donationnon-heart-beating donation..

The following tissues can be procured:The following tissues can be procured: bonesbones,,tendonstendons,, corneascorneas,, heart valvesheart valves,, femoral veinsfemoral veins,,greatgreatsaphenoussaphenousveinsveins,, smallsmallsaphenoussaphenousveinsveins,, pericardiumpericardium,, skin graftsskin grafts, and the, and the sclerasclera (the(thetough, white outer coating surrounding thetough, white outer coating surrounding the

eye). These are only procured aftereye). These are only procured afterdeathdeath.. Organs that can be donated from living donorsOrgans that can be donated from living donorsinclude part of the liver orinclude part of the liver orpancreaspancreas and the kidney.and the kidney.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas_transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas_transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-heart-beating_donationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-heart-beating_donationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_graftinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_graftinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoral_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoral_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_saphenous_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_saphenous_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_saphenous_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_saphenous_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_saphenous_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_saphenous_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_saphenous_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_saphenous_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_saphenous_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_saphenous_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_saphenous_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_saphenous_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_graftinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_graftinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas_transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas_transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas_transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_graftinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_saphenous_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_saphenous_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_saphenous_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_saphenous_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_saphenous_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_saphenous_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoral_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_graftinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-heart-beating_donationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas_transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart


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SuicideSuicide SuicideSuicide ((LatinLatinsuicidiumsuicidium, from, from sui caederesui caedere,,

to kill oneself) is the act of terminatingto kill oneself) is the act of terminatingone's own life.one's own life.

Many dictionaries also note theMany dictionaries also note themetaphoricalmetaphorical sense of "willful destruction ofsense of "willful destruction ofone's self-interes. Suicide may occur for aone's self-interes. Suicide may occur for a

number of reasons, includingnumber of reasons, including depressiondepression,,shameshame, guilt, desperation, physical pain,, guilt, desperation, physical pain,pressure, anxiety, financial difficulties, orpressure, anxiety, financial difficulties, orother undesirable situations.other undesirable situations.

The World Health Organization noted thatThe World Health Organization noted that

someone commits suicide every 39someone commits suicide every 39seconds, making it one of the leadingseconds, making it one of the leadingcauses of death in the worldcauses of death in the world
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_%28mood%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_%28mood%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_%28mood%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin


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TranssexualismTranssexualism

TranssexualismTranssexualism is a condition in which ais a condition in which apersonperson identifiesidentifies with a physicalwith a physical sexsex differentdifferentfrom the one with which they were born.from the one with which they were born.

A medical diagnosis can be made if a personA medical diagnosis can be made if a personexperiences discomfort as a result of a desireexperiences discomfort as a result of a desireto be a member of the opposite sex, or if ato be a member of the opposite sex, or if a

person experiences impaired functioning orperson experiences impaired functioning ordistress as a result of that genderdistress as a result of that genderidentificationidentification

Transsexualism is stigmatized in many partsTranssexualism is stigmatized in many partsof the world and has become more widelyof the world and has become more widelyknown in Western cultures in the mid to lateknown in Western cultures in the mid to late20th century, concurrently with the20th century, concurrently with thesexual revolutionsexual revolution and the development ofand the development ofsexual reassignment surgeriessexual reassignment surgeries..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_reassignment_surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_reassignment_surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_reassignment_surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity


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TranssexualismTranssexualism

It remains controversial, however.It remains controversial, however.

Discrimination and negative attitudesDiscrimination and negative attitudes

towards transsexualism oftentowards transsexualism often

accompany certain religious beliefsaccompany certain religious beliefsor cultural values. There are otheror cultural values. There are other

cultures, however, that have not onlycultures, however, that have not only

held a place for transsexuals butheld a place for transsexuals but

even culturally sanction them, sucheven culturally sanction them, suchas theas the two-spirittwo-spirit people in somepeople in some

native American tribes.native American tribes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-spirit


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XENOTRANSPLANTATIONXENOTRANSPLANTATION

AND TRANSGENICAND TRANSGENIC

Xenotransplantation refers toXenotransplantation refers to

the transplantation of animalthe transplantation of animal

tissues and organs into humantissues and organs into human

recipients, either without or withrecipients, either without or with

genetic modification of thegenetic modification of the

animal to minimise tissueanimal to minimise tissue

rejection.rejection.


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Transgenics refers to the mixingTransgenics refers to the mixing

of human and animal genes.of human and animal genes.

For example, human genes canFor example, human genes can

be introduced into sheep so thatbe introduced into sheep so that

certain valuable human proteinscertain valuable human proteins

will be expressed in the sheepswill be expressed in the sheeps

milk.milk.


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SURROGACY

Surrogacy involves a woman (theSurrogacy involves a woman (the

surrogate mother) carrying a childsurrogate mother) carrying a child

for someone else, usually anfor someone else, usually an

infertile couple or sometimes a gayinfertile couple or sometimes a gaycouple. Before she becomescouple. Before she becomes

pregnant the surrogate motherpregnant the surrogate mother

agrees to give the child to theagrees to give the child to the

couple shortly after birth.couple shortly after birth.


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DIFFERENT TYPES OFDIFFERENT TYPES OF

SURROGACYSURROGACY

Traditional surrogacy:Traditional surrogacy: The surrogateThe surrogatemother provides the egg for fertilization,mother provides the egg for fertilization,and the intended father provides theand the intended father provides thesperm. Fertilization can occur as the resultsperm. Fertilization can occur as the resultof intercourse, in vitro fertilization (IVF), orof intercourse, in vitro fertilization (IVF), or

artificial insemination. The surrogateartificial insemination. The surrogatemother is the genetic mother of the child.mother is the genetic mother of the child.At birth the child is surrendered by theAt birth the child is surrendered by thesurrogate mother to the intended parents,surrogate mother to the intended parents,with the female partner effectivelywith the female partner effectively

becoming the step mother of the child.becoming the step mother of the child.


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Gestational surrogacy:Gestational surrogacy:

In gestational surrogacy the surrogateIn gestational surrogacy the surrogatemother is not related genetically to themother is not related genetically to thechild. An egg from the intended motherchild. An egg from the intended motheror from another female donor is fertilizedor from another female donor is fertilizedby the sperm of the intended father,by the sperm of the intended father,using IVF. The resulting embryo is thenusing IVF. The resulting embryo is thentransferred to the uterus of the surrogatetransferred to the uterus of the surrogatemother. If the IVF process has resultedmother. If the IVF process has resultedin a number of embryos the remainingin a number of embryos the remainingembryos may be frozen andembryos may be frozen and storedstored forfor

use at a later date.use at a later date.


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CommercialCommercial

surrogacysurrogacy takes place when the contracttakes place when the contract

between the surrogate mother andbetween the surrogate mother and

the intended parents involvesthe intended parents involves

payment for the services of thepayment for the services of thesurrogate mother. Some countriessurrogate mother. Some countries

have legislation which outlawshave legislation which outlaws

commercial surrogacy, but allowcommercial surrogacy, but allow

reasonable expenses to be paid toreasonable expenses to be paid tothe surrogate mother.the surrogate mother.


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Catholic PerspectiveCatholic Perspective

on Surrogacyon Surrogacy

The Catholic Church opposesThe Catholic Church opposestraditional and gestational surrogacytraditional and gestational surrogacyprimarily because it offends againstprimarily because it offends againstthe dignity of the child, thethe dignity of the child, theuniqueness of the mother-childuniqueness of the mother-childrelationship, and the sanctity ofrelationship, and the sanctity ofmarriage. It also treats women andmarriage. It also treats women and

children as commodities.children as commodities.

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