power grid failure project

8/12/2019 POWER GRID FAILURE Project

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POWER GRID FAILURE

CAUSES AND LOSSES

SUBMITTED BY:

IMRAN AKHTAR

NITIN PUNIAAKASH TYAGI

PROJECT GUIDE:

DR. FOUZUL AZIM SHAIKH


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WHAT IS AN ELECTRICAL GRID?

A power grid is an interconnected network oftransmission lines for supplying electricity from powersuppliers to consumers.

Any disruptions in the network causes power outages.

India has five regional grids that carry electricity frompower plants to respective states in the country.

THERE ARE 5 GRIDS IN INDIA:

1. NORTHERN GRID

2. EASTERN GRID3. WESTERN GRID

4. SOUTHERN GRID

5. NORTHEASTERN GRID


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In India, generation ,transmissionand distribution is very complex.

India has 95,009 circuit km

transmission network;1,36,358

MVA transformation capacity and

28,000 MW inter regional powertransfer capacity.


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CAUSES OF POWER FAILURE

Weak Monsoon lead to this failure by lowering

hydroelectric generation and kept temperature

high.

Farmers using energy-intensive water pumps

for irrigation to save their recently sown crops

may also have pushed up the demand.

Overdraw power by U.P. and Haryana is one of

the main cause of grid failure which leads to

tripping and ultimate collapse of northern grid.


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Continued..

The permissible limits of frequency defined by

INDIAN ELECTRICITY GRID CODE is 49.5 HZ to 50.5

HZ. the escalation in the frequency ultimately

caused the colossal power failure in north India.Outage of 400 KV BINA-GWALIOR-AGRA line likely

the main cause of grid failure on two consecutive

days. NATIONAL LOAD DISPATCH CENTRE has now

revised the limit of inter regional powertransmission from different 765 and 400 KV

transmission line in view of recent grid failure.


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Continued..

There was heavy power flow on 400 KV BINA-GWALIOR-AGRA single circuit section crossing 1000MW on the single circuit available . However , theavailable stretch was equipped enough to bear a

load of only 691 MW. Tripping in grid is also due to fog and pollution. Fog

makes transmission line moist, atmosphericpollution then stick to line; therefore line become

cake in dust resulting in short circuit that triggertripping resulting collapse of grid.

Cascading effects of eastern grid and northerneastern grid leads to this failure.


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Continued..

This tripping is mainly due to overdraw ofpower by some states like scheduled quota ofU.P. was 2,500 MW by POWER SYSTEM

OPERATION CORPORATION LTD. But U.P. waswithdrawing around 4,000 MW power at thetime of tripping of grid . But this claim ofPOSCL was refused by the U.P. government.

The other cause is there was no auto switchoff system in the grids.


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Methods of Over Voltage Limitation

Over/under excitation generators.

Switching in/out of shunt reactor.

Switching out of overhead line and undergroundcable network.

Tap staggering of both super grid and gridtransformer .

Under/over excitation of synchronous condenser Manually switched capacitor bank de clutching

open cycle gas turbine into synchronouscompensation mode.


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Effects of grid failure

This grid failure effects the 600 million peopleacross the nation.

300 trains were cancelled or delayed over 8

states due to failure of northern and easterngrid , which affects the 3,00,000 passenger.

Failure of 3 grid northern and collapse ofexternal and north eastern grid carry about

50,000 MW electricity. This failure leads to 14000 MW generation loss

in only 2 days(NTPC).


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Steps to be taken/

Ways to prevent Grid failure Use of SMART GRID .A smart grid is a grid

having the application of digital processing and

communications to the power grid, making data

flow and information management central tothe smart grid.

Use of more renewable sources of energy(solar

,wind energy) to be less dependent on thebigger plants situated near fossil fuel reserves

like coal mines or hydro generators near dams.


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Features of Smart Grid

Reliability

Fault Detection

Self Healing

Bi-directional energy flow

Greater Efficiency

Load Adjustment


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Cascading failure

A cascading failure is a failure in a system ofinterconnected parts in which the failure of a part cantrigger the failure of successive parts.

Such a failure may happen in many types of systems,

including power transmission, computer networking,finance and bridges.

Cascading failures usually begin when one part of thesystem fails. When this happens, nearby nodes mustthen take up the slack for the failed component.

This overloads these nodes, causing them to fail aswell, prompting additional nodes to fail in a viciouscycle.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicious_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicious_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicious_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicious_cycle


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Cascading failure in Power Transmission

Cascading failure is common in powergridswhen one of the elements fails

(completely or partially) and shifts its

load to nearby elements in the system.

Those nearby elements are then pushed

beyond their capacity so they becomeoverloaded and shift their load onto

other elements.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_grid


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Continued..

Cascading failure is a common effect seenin high voltagesystems, where a single pointof failure(SPF) on a fully loaded or slightly

overloaded system results in a sudden spikeacross all nodes of the system.

This surge current can induce the alreadyoverloaded nodes into failure, setting offmore overloads and thereby taking down theentire system in a very short time.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_point_of_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_point_of_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_point_of_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_point_of_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltage


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Continued..

For example, under certain conditions a large

power grid can collapse after the failure of a

single transformer.


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Monitoring the operation of a system, in real-time, and judicious disconnection of parts canhelp stop a cascade.

Another common technique is to calculate asafety margin for the system by computersimulation of possible failures, to establish safeoperating levels below which none of thecalculated scenarios is predicted to cause

cascading failure, and to identify the parts of thenetwork which are most likely to causecascading failures.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computing


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THANK YOU

power grid failure project

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