power electronics overview - curent education & outreach
TRANSCRIPT
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YSP Power Electronics Overview
Prof. Daniel Costinett June 10, 2014
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Voltage Levels
1V 10V 100V 10kV 1MV
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The War of the Currents
AC + Simple control of
power flow + Zero-crossings + Easy to step
convert voltage + Used by motors,
generators, heaters ° Can kill an
elephant ‒ Increased losses in
transmission ‒ Requires
synchronization ‒ 3-wire transmission
DC + Low-loss
transmission + Asynchronous + Used by
electronics, batteries, PV
+ 2-wire transmission ° Can kill an
elephant ‒ Difficult to control
power flow ‒ Requires power
electronics for voltage conversion !
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Introduction to Power Conversion
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Example Server Power Distribution
3Φ 16kVac
3Φ 400Vac 3Φ
400Vac
380Vdc48Vdc 12Vdc
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A High Efficiency Converter
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US Energy Usage
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Power Loss in an Ideal Switch
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Buck Converter: Basic SMPS Operation
9
Loa d
Ts
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Buck Converter: Basic SMPS Operation
10
Vs
Vs
D0 1
Vg !!!!
0
Low-Pass Filter
Loa d
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Implementation of Power Electronics
11
!Low-Pass
Filter
!!
SPDT Switch
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Interfacing AC
12
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018
0 2dcV
2dcV
sf1
aov
Low-Pass Filter
Loa d
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Control System for Voltage Regulation
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Switch ImplementationRealization of switch requires consideration of: • Magnitude and polarity
of current and voltage • Frequency of switching
actions • Operating temperature • Cost • Control circuitry
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SMPS Topologies
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Power Electronics Overview
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Design of Power Electronics
• To meet the demands of future applications, power electronics need to be designed with multi-objective tradeoffs and multi-function operation in mind
• Two example applications in Evs: • Drivetrain DC-DC converter • Battery management system
J.W. Kolar et al, “Extreme efficiency power electronics,” IEEE CIPS 2012
Inverter Systems
Rectifier Systems
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Applications of Power Electronics
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Grid Applications of Power Electronics
AC SST
Wind Photovoltaic
Energy Storage
HVDC
STATCOM
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$63.5B Industry 2009 with 25% AAGR last 5 years
Wind Power
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Airborne Wind Turbines
Kolar, J.W.; et al. "Conceptualization and multi-objective optimization of the electric system of an Airborne Wind Turbine,"
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Solar Photovoltaic
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Earth Orbiting Spacecraft
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Future EVs
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EV Power and Drive System
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Example: 2010 Prius
Power electronics (2 inverters and a boost DC-DC)
HEV drive train
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ICE vs. Electric Motor
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Conventional Vs. Electric VehicleTank + Internal Combustion
EngineElectric Vehicle (EV)
Battery + Inverter + AC machine
Regenerative braking
NO YES
Tank-to-wheel efficiency
≈ 20%
1.2 kWh/mile, 28 mpg
≈ 85%
0.17 kWh/mile, 200 mpg equiv.
Energy storage Gasoline energy content 12.3 kWh/kg, 36.4 kWh/gallon
LiF0.1 kWh/kg, 0.8 kWh/gallon
Refueling 5 gallons/minute 11 MW, 140 miles/minute
Level I (120Vac): 1.5 kW, <8 miles/hour Level II (240Vac): 6 kW, <32 miles/hour Level III (DC): 100 kW, <9 miles/minuteCost 12 ¢/mile [$3.50/gallon] 2 ¢/mile [$0.12/kWh]
C(tailpipe, total)
≈ ( !(0![current U.S. electricity mix]
(Prius-sized vehicle example)
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A Vision: Renewable Sources + Battery Electric Vehicles
• Zero GHG emissions, no petroleum • High efficiencies are feasible: 80% grid-to-wheel • Challenges
• Battery technology: cost, cycle life, power and energy density • Efficient, reliably and cost-effective drivetrain components • Need for charging infrastructure • Limited charging power, long charge-up times
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Future Applications: Hyperloop
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Proposed Power Conversion Architecture
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Power management in mobile electronics
µP/DSP core
Antenna
I/OAudio
Interface
A/D
D/ALO
Baseband digital Analog/RF
PA
LNA
Display
PS PS PS PS
PS
PS PS PS
Battery ChargerBattery example: single-cell Lithium-Ion Power distribution: Vbat = 2.7-4.5 V
1 V 0.5-Vbat
2.5 V 2.5 V 2.5 V
2.5 V
2.7-4.5 V
3.6 V
• Major power consumers: baseband digital, display, multiple radio channels
• Power supply demands: small footprint area & integration, high efficiency over wide range of loads, power management interface
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IPhone 5 Internal Circuitry
33
RFPA, LNA
Power Mgmt IC
Power Semiconductors, Inductors
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Lighting Technologies
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HID Lighting Ballast
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Energy Harvesting
EnergyTransducer
DC-DCAC-DC
DC-DCDC-DC
SensorLoad
Energy Storage
Power Monitoring and Control
Power Management
Goal – Enable long life, low maintenance, wireless operation and miniaturization where not possible before
Application – medical & military devices, structural & industrial monitoring, ubiquitous remote devices; Power range: 1 µW – 1 mW
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Implantable Biomedical Sensor
~40 mm
~15 mm
Integrated Energy
Harvesting
Integrated Sensor
Electronics
System is powered entirely from commercial 2.4 GHz WiFi Adapter
• RF energy harvesting used as an enabling technology for long lifetime, low power, high data throughput implantable devices ! Pincident
(µW/cm2)Pin(µW)
Vin(mV)
Rem(Ω)
Pout(µW)
ηboost(%)
1.29 0.89 20.90 489 0.16 18.05
1.74 1.48 26.85 489 0.52 35.13
2.51 2.73 36.45 488 1.29 47.36
3.55 4.80 48.40 487 2.57 53.58
6.92 13.51 81.60 493 8.81 65.16
12.9 33.54 132.4 523 23.86 71.14
24.6 80.13 202.7 513 60.66 75.70
41.6 156.3 283.9 516 123.6 79.06
Pincident(µW/cm2)
Pin(µW)
Vin(mV)
Rem(Ω)
Pout(µW)
ηboost(%)
1.29 0.89 20.90 489 0.16 18.05
1.74 1.48 26.85 489 0.52 35.13
2.51 2.73 36.45 488 1.29 47.36
3.55 4.80 48.40 487 2.57 53.58
6.92 13.51 81.60 493 8.81 65.16
12.9 33.54 132.4 523 23.86 71.14
24.6 80.13 202.7 513 60.66 75.70
41.6 156.3 283.9 516 123.6 79.06
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Power Electronics Applications
1µW 1 W 1 kW 1 MW
RF Energy Harvesting Laptop Power Supply
Drivetrain Power Electronics
Future EVs