POU/POE Devices POU/POE Devices as Final Barriersas Final Barriers

Joseph F. Harrison, P.E., CWS-VIJoseph F. Harrison, P.E., CWS-VITechnical DirectorTechnical Director

Water Quality Association Water Quality Association jharrison@wqa.orgjharrison@wqa.org

     

Barriers against Contaminants Barriers against Contaminants in Waterin Water

Sanitary SurveySanitary SurveySource Water ManagementSource Water ManagementCentral Water TreatmentCentral Water Treatment

PretreatmentPretreatmentFiltrationFiltrationDisinfectionDisinfection

Distribution System ManagementDistribution System Management andandPOE/POU Devices in Homes?POE/POU Devices in Homes?

Why the Final Barrier? Why the Final Barrier?

Product Usage HabitsProduct Usage Habits

10%

9%

11%

23%

28%

68%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Other

Have a water softener intalled in the home

Boil tap water

Have a refrigerator with water filter

Have any type of water filtration product installed in the home

Use bottled water

Other (n=196) %None of the above 28%Have a Brita-filter 23%Pitcher with filter 19%Use tap water 12%

Percentages do not add to 100% because of multiple response

POU/POE as a Final POU/POE as a Final BarrierBarrier

Aesthetic ConcernsAesthetic ConcernsTreatment EffectsTreatment Effects• DBP Levels DBP Levels • Process Changes, Lead & Copper LevelsProcess Changes, Lead & Copper Levels

Distribution Related EffectsDistribution Related Effects• Corrosion ProductsCorrosion Products• Microbial IntrusionsMicrobial Intrusions• Endemic DiseasesEndemic Diseases• Security IssuesSecurity Issues

MCL Vs MCLGMCL Vs MCLG

POU/POE TechnologiesPOU/POE Technologies

POU & POE technologies –mostly POU & POE technologies –mostly miniaturized versions of central miniaturized versions of central treatmenttreatment

Several different technologies usually Several different technologies usually available for the treatment of any available for the treatment of any contaminantcontaminant

Many small & large companies involved Many small & large companies involved in POU and POE water treatmentin POU and POE water treatment

Standards & Certification programs Standards & Certification programs provide higher level of confidence and provide higher level of confidence and credibility now than in prior yearscredibility now than in prior years

History of POU and POE History of POU and POE ProductsProducts

Aesthetic enhancement – Aesthetic enhancement – historicalhistorical

Slow evolution to health related Slow evolution to health related claimsclaims

ANSI/NSF Standards in 1980’sANSI/NSF Standards in 1980’sANSI accredited testing and ANSI accredited testing and

certification – NSF, UL, WQAcertification – NSF, UL, WQAState certifications – IA, WI, CAState certifications – IA, WI, CAAutomatic water quality monitors Automatic water quality monitors

and end of life indicators– 1990’sand end of life indicators– 1990’s

NSF/ANSI American NSF/ANSI American National StandardsNational Standards

Std. 42: Aesthetic EffectsStd. 42: Aesthetic EffectsStd. 44: POE softeners – Hardness, Std. 44: POE softeners – Hardness,

Barium, RadiumBarium, RadiumStd. 53: Health effects – Lead, Cysts, Std. 53: Health effects – Lead, Cysts,

TTHM, VOC, MTBE, Arsenic, etc, TTHM, VOC, MTBE, Arsenic, etc, Std. 55: Ultraviolet light (UV) – POE & Std. 55: Ultraviolet light (UV) – POE &

POU Class A & BPOU Class A & BStd. 58: Reverse Osmosis SystemsStd. 58: Reverse Osmosis SystemsStd. 62: Distillers Std. 62: Distillers All: Structural Integrity, Material All: Structural Integrity, Material

Safety, Treatment Performance, and Safety, Treatment Performance, and Approval of Labeling and LiteratureApproval of Labeling and Literature

Today’s Manufacturers Today’s Manufacturers and Product Variationsand Product Variations

70+ manufacturers, large and small70+ manufacturers, large and small

Product types: pitchers, faucet attached, under Product types: pitchers, faucet attached, under sink, counter top, whole-housesink, counter top, whole-house

State-of-the-Art Technologies: Carbon Block, State-of-the-Art Technologies: Carbon Block, Fine Filters, Specialty Media, RO, UV, Ozone, Fine Filters, Specialty Media, RO, UV, Ozone, DistillationDistillation

Capacities: 35 to over 100,000 gallonsCapacities: 35 to over 100,000 gallons @1 to 20 gallons per min @1 to 20 gallons per min

Types of ProductsTypes of Products

Personal water bottlePersonal water bottlePour through pitcherPour through pitcherCountertop Units connected to sink Countertop Units connected to sink

faucetfaucetFaucet attached filtersFaucet attached filtersPlumbed-in unitsPlumbed-in unitsPlumbed-in units with separate faucetPlumbed-in units with separate faucetShower FiltersShower FiltersWhole-house water treatment Devices Whole-house water treatment Devices

(POE)(POE)

Contaminants Reduced Contaminants Reduced by these Devicesby these Devices

ParticulatesParticulatesInorganicsInorganicsRadium & Other RadionuclidesRadium & Other RadionuclidesVolatile Organic ChemicalsVolatile Organic ChemicalsSynthetic Organic ChemicalsSynthetic Organic ChemicalsMicrobialsMicrobials

INORGANICSINORGANICS

POU/POE Technologies for POU/POE Technologies for InorganicsInorganics

Water Softener – Barium & Radium Water Softener – Barium & Radium OnlyOnly

Media Filters – Arsenic, Asbestos, Media Filters – Arsenic, Asbestos, Lead, & MercuryLead, & Mercury

RO – All InorganicsRO – All InorganicsDistillers – All Inorganics (Except for Distillers – All Inorganics (Except for

Asbestos, Radium, & Nitrites not Asbestos, Radium, & Nitrites not covered presently in Std 62)covered presently in Std 62)

POU Reverse Osmosis POU Reverse Osmosis systems and Filterssystems and Filters

Inorganics Included in Inorganics Included in NSF/ANSI StandardsNSF/ANSI Standards

Arsenic, Asbestos, Barium, Arsenic, Asbestos, Barium, Cadmium, Copper, Fluoride, Cadmium, Copper, Fluoride, Chromium (Hexavalent & Chromium (Hexavalent & Trivalent), Lead, Mercury, Trivalent), Lead, Mercury, Nitrite & Nitrate, Perchlorate, Nitrite & Nitrate, Perchlorate, Radium 226/228, SeleniumRadium 226/228, Selenium

Lead Level Survey for Lead Level Survey for Systems>50K (USEPA 2000-Systems>50K (USEPA 2000-

2004)2004)Range of Lead (90Range of Lead (90thth

%),ppb%),ppbNumber of SamplesNumber of Samples

0-50-5 936936

6-156-15 443443

16-2516-25 2727

26-5026-50 1212

50-20050-200 66

POU & POE Products Certified POU & POE Products Certified for Inorganic Reduction for Inorganic Reduction

TypeType # of Companies# of Companies # of Products# of Products

Softeners (POE)Softeners (POE) 1515 282282

Media FiltersMedia Filters

VOCs & SOCsVOCs & SOCs

Asbestos Asbestos

LeadLead

MercuryMercury

3232

1616

3434

1414

160160

158158

163163

64 64

RO Units for most RO Units for most InorganicsInorganics

3131 119119

Distillers(Plumbed) Distillers(Plumbed) 33 2424

NSF 58 Test of Arsenic Removal with Kinetico Drinking Water System +VX (TFC Reverse Osmosis)

050

100150200250300350400

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Hours of Operation

Ars

eni

c C

onc

ent

ratio

n (

g/l)

Influent Effluent

Sample maximum =

Figure 6: Arsenic V Reduction Plymouth Products, Inc. Granular Ferric Hydroxide - GFHTM

Total Arsenic Concentration vs. Gallons of Water at pH = 8.5

0

25

50

75

100

0 75 150 225 300 375 450 525 600 675 750 825

Gallons of Water with a 50/50 Cycle at 0.60gpm#01211-1

Ars

enic

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

ug

/l)

Feed, Total As

Unit #1, Total As

Unit #2, Total As

10 ppb Line

EBCT = 10.6 sec.

RADIONUCLIDESRADIONUCLIDES

Radium Reduction By Ion Radium Reduction By Ion ExchangeExchange

Relative affinity of ions for cation Relative affinity of ions for cation resins:resins:

Radium 13.0Radium 13.0

Barium 5.8Barium 5.8

Calcium 1.9Calcium 1.9

Magnesium 1.67Magnesium 1.67

Sodium 1.0Sodium 1.0

Radium & Barium ReductionRadium & Barium Reduction

33 Water Softeners made by 3 companies 33 Water Softeners made by 3 companies have been certified for such reduction by have been certified for such reduction by Certifiers Certifiers

A steady state of operation is achieved for A steady state of operation is achieved for Radium sorption when a Softener is operated Radium sorption when a Softener is operated in normal fashionin normal fashion

Radium never breaks through before Hardness Radium never breaks through before Hardness in all of the experiments conducted by Dennis in all of the experiments conducted by Dennis Clifford and his coworkers. This has also been Clifford and his coworkers. This has also been substantiated by Vern Snoeyink’s work at substantiated by Vern Snoeyink’s work at University of Illinois University of Illinois

POE Water SoftenersPOE Water Softeners

POU Products For POU Products For Radionuclides ReductionRadionuclides ReductionPOU RO & POU IE recognized by EPA as Available POU RO & POU IE recognized by EPA as Available

Compliance Technologies for Small Systems for the Compliance Technologies for Small Systems for the Reduction of Radium and many other RadionuclidesReduction of Radium and many other Radionuclides

Many POU RO have been certified for Radium Many POU RO have been certified for Radium Reduction (147 products by 33 companies)Reduction (147 products by 33 companies)

Some POU products have been certified for Radon Some POU products have been certified for Radon reductionreduction

No Known POU IE Products currently in the Market. No Known POU IE Products currently in the Market. Also No Protocol in Std 53 or Std 44Also No Protocol in Std 53 or Std 44

No Protocol for other Radionuclides in any of the No Protocol for other Radionuclides in any of the Standards at this time Standards at this time

ORGANICSORGANICS

Disinfection ByproductsDisinfection Byproducts

Range of DBPs in Large Range of DBPs in Large Surface Water Plants (USEPA Surface Water Plants (USEPA

2000)2000)ContaminantContaminant Range of plant Means Range of plant Means

((µg/L)µg/L)

TTHMTTHM 0 -1770 -177

HAA5HAA5 0 - 1040 - 104

TOXTOX 0 - 3050 - 305

TTHM & HAA5 Levels in Small TTHM & HAA5 Levels in Small Plants (USEPA 2001)Plants (USEPA 2001)

Contaminant Contaminant Range of Plant Means Range of Plant Means ((µg/L)µg/L)

TTHMTTHM 0-3280-328

HAA5HAA5 0-2620-262

Volatile OrganicsVolatile Organics

EPA’s limitation is to use only POE for VOC EPA’s limitation is to use only POE for VOC Reduction from a compliance point of view due Reduction from a compliance point of view due to concerns about dermal and inhalation related to concerns about dermal and inhalation related risksrisks

There are no POE unit however tested and There are no POE unit however tested and certified for VOC Reduction by any of the testing certified for VOC Reduction by any of the testing and certification organizations at this timeand certification organizations at this time

Use of Certified POU units while not fully Use of Certified POU units while not fully protective, does reduce at least that portion of protective, does reduce at least that portion of the risk associated with consumptionthe risk associated with consumption

Synthetic Organics Synthetic Organics Reductions Included in Reductions Included in

Standard 53Standard 53 Chloroform Reduction has been Chloroform Reduction has been

substantiated as a surrogate for these substantiated as a surrogate for these synthetic organics:synthetic organics:

Alachlor, Atrazine, Carbofuron, 2,4-D, Alachlor, Atrazine, Carbofuron, 2,4-D, Dibromochloropropane, Dinoseb, Endrin, Dibromochloropropane, Dinoseb, Endrin, Ethylene Dibromide, Heptachlor, Heptachlor Ethylene Dibromide, Heptachlor, Heptachlor Epoxide, Hexachlorocyclopentadiene, Epoxide, Hexachlorocyclopentadiene, Lindane, Methoxychlor, Pentachlorophenol, Lindane, Methoxychlor, Pentachlorophenol, Simazine, 2,4,5-TP (Silvex) --Plus 34 other Simazine, 2,4,5-TP (Silvex) --Plus 34 other Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs)Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs)

The following can be tested by themselves The following can be tested by themselves separately: Chlordane, PCBs, Toxapheneseparately: Chlordane, PCBs, Toxaphene

ProductsProducts Certified for Certified for OrganicsOrganics

For such VOC & SOC Reduction Claims:For such VOC & SOC Reduction Claims:

25 companies and 115 POU 25 companies and 115 POU productsproducts

For Chlordane, PCBs, & Toxaphene For Chlordane, PCBs, & Toxaphene Reduction Claims:Reduction Claims:

7 companies and 45 POU products7 companies and 45 POU products

Surrogate Testing With Surrogate Testing With ChloroformChloroform

300 ppb chloroform in the influent water 300 ppb chloroform in the influent water to be reduced to below 15 ppb in the to be reduced to below 15 ppb in the effluent water during the entire test.effluent water during the entire test.

A unit with an end of life indicator is A unit with an end of life indicator is tested to remove contaminants for 120% tested to remove contaminants for 120% of its claimed life.of its claimed life.

A unit without an end of life indicator is A unit without an end of life indicator is tested to remove contaminants for 200% tested to remove contaminants for 200% of its claimed life.of its claimed life.

An example of an actual test of a unit An example of an actual test of a unit with a claimed life of 500 gal with a shut with a claimed life of 500 gal with a shut off device is shown here next:off device is shown here next:

Actual Life TestActual Life Test Chloroform surrogate VOC reduction for 500 Chloroform surrogate VOC reduction for 500 gallons allowed claimgallons allowed claim

0

100

200

300

4000 50 100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

Gallons Treated

Con

cen

trat

ion

(p

pb

)

Influent

Effluent

MICROBIOLOGICAL MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTSCONTAMINANTS

Estimate of number of cases of Estimate of number of cases of AGI in USA attributable to AGI in USA attributable to

Drinking WaterDrinking WaterBy Colford et al, J. Water & Health 4, Suppl 02, 2006 (Based on By Colford et al, J. Water & Health 4, Suppl 02, 2006 (Based on

studies funded by CDC & USEPA)studies funded by CDC & USEPA)

With an assumption of 90% risk being associated with With an assumption of 90% risk being associated with source water contamination or inadequate treatmentsource water contamination or inadequate treatment

ESTIMATED NUMBER – 4.26 to 11.69 million per year ESTIMATED NUMBER – 4.26 to 11.69 million per year

With an assumption of 90% risk being associated with With an assumption of 90% risk being associated with contamination in the distribution systemcontamination in the distribution system

ESTIMATED NUMBER – 10.87 to 11.69 million per yearESTIMATED NUMBER – 10.87 to 11.69 million per year

Microbiological PurificationMicrobiological Purification

New Comprehensive ANSI/NSF Standard New Comprehensive ANSI/NSF Standard for all Microbial Issues in Developmentfor all Microbial Issues in Development

Cyst Reduction Covered in Std 53Cyst Reduction Covered in Std 53Std 55 & Std 62 Cover Specific Aspects of Std 55 & Std 62 Cover Specific Aspects of

Microbial IssuesMicrobial IssuesStd 55 recently updated using MS2 as a Std 55 recently updated using MS2 as a

surrogate for validation of UV Unitssurrogate for validation of UV UnitsStd 62 uses B.Std 62 uses B.subtiles subtiles as a surrogate to as a surrogate to

validate the capability of a distillervalidate the capability of a distiller

EPA Guide Standard & EPA Guide Standard & ProtocolProtocolDrafted in 1987. Covers Halogenated Drafted in 1987. Covers Halogenated

Resin, UV, and Ceramic Filters. Has Resin, UV, and Ceramic Filters. Has become the reference Guide in this areabecome the reference Guide in this area

Uses Uses Raoultella terrigena, Raoultella terrigena, a mixture of a mixture of polio & simian rota viruses, and Giardia polio & simian rota viruses, and Giardia (Crypto) Cysts as Test Organisms(Crypto) Cysts as Test Organisms

Requires reduction of 6 logs of bacteria, 4 Requires reduction of 6 logs of bacteria, 4 logs of viruses, and 3 logs of cysts under a logs of viruses, and 3 logs of cysts under a set of operating conditions of water quality set of operating conditions of water quality and sequence of cycles and sampling and sequence of cycles and sampling

Standard 55 – UV UnitsStandard 55 – UV Units

Uses MS2 Bacteriophage and Verifies the UV Uses MS2 Bacteriophage and Verifies the UV Dose at the set point to be no less than 40 Dose at the set point to be no less than 40 mJ/sqcm for Class A Performance. Requires the mJ/sqcm for Class A Performance. Requires the use of UV Sensors for sounding an alarm when use of UV Sensors for sounding an alarm when not effectivenot effective

This Dose level has been universally accepted This Dose level has been universally accepted as capable of yielding more than 4 log as capable of yielding more than 4 log Inactivation of Viruses (except adeno), 6 logs Inactivation of Viruses (except adeno), 6 logs of bacteria, and 3 logs of Crypto & Giardiaof bacteria, and 3 logs of Crypto & Giardia

Units certified for Class B are to be offered Units certified for Class B are to be offered only for Aesthetic Improvementonly for Aesthetic Improvement

UV Units Certified by NSF UV Units Certified by NSF IntlIntl

17 POE products made by 5 17 POE products made by 5 companies have been listed as of now.companies have been listed as of now.

3 POU Products by one company carry 3 POU Products by one company carry such certificationsuch certification

Certified POE Products have been Certified POE Products have been verified to be operable at flow rates verified to be operable at flow rates ranging from 8 to 18 gpm, appropriate ranging from 8 to 18 gpm, appropriate for single home point of entry for single home point of entry applications applications

Purifier Protocol TestingPurifier Protocol Testing

Outside the Standard Related Activity, NSF Outside the Standard Related Activity, NSF and many Universities such as U of AZ and and many Universities such as U of AZ and U of S FL offer Performance Tests using U of S FL offer Performance Tests using the Guide Protocol as the general Basisthe Guide Protocol as the general Basis

Shown are the Actual Data from tests Shown are the Actual Data from tests done by U of AZ on a POU Distiller Product done by U of AZ on a POU Distiller Product & a POU UV Product& a POU UV Product

Purifier Test Data- DistillerPurifier Test Data- Distiller

BACTERIABACTERIA E.coli, S.typhimurium, E.coli, S.typhimurium,

S.dysentariae, C.jejuni, S.dysentariae, C.jejuni, Y.enterocolitica, Y.enterocolitica, V.cholerae, M.fortutium, V.cholerae, M.fortutium, R.terrigenaR.terrigena

VIRUSESVIRUSES

HAV, Adeno type2, HAV, Adeno type2, Polio, Simian rotaPolio, Simian rota

CRYPTO CRYPTO

>99.9999>99.9999

>99.9999>99.9999 >99.99>99.99 >99.9 >99.9

Purifier Test Data- UV UNITPurifier Test Data- UV UNIT

BACTERIABACTERIA E.coli, E.coli,

S.typhimurium, S.typhimurium, S.dysentariae, S.dysentariae, V.cholerae, V.cholerae, R.terrigenaR.terrigena

VIRUSESVIRUSES Polio & simian rotaPolio & simian rota

CRYPTO & GIARDIACRYPTO & GIARDIA

>99.9999>99.9999

>99.999>99.999

>99.9>99.9

Newer Microbial DevicesNewer Microbial Devices

POE Ultrafiltration unitsPOE Ultrafiltration units

POU RO Systems with/without added POU RO Systems with/without added Microbial filtersMicrobial filters

Combination Filter systems with Combination Filter systems with

Microbial filtersMicrobial filters

MCL Vs MCLGMCL Vs MCLG

MCL, MCLG, TTMCL, MCLG, TT

Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) - The highest level of a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) - The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to MCLGs as feasible using the best available as close to MCLGs as feasible using the best available treatment technology and taking cost into consideration. treatment technology and taking cost into consideration. MCLs are enforceable standards. MCLs are enforceable standards.

Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) - The level of a Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) - The level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin known or expected risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety and are non-enforceable public health goalsof safety and are non-enforceable public health goals

Treatment Technique - A required process intended to Treatment Technique - A required process intended to

reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water. reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water.

MCL Vs MCLG MCL Vs MCLG (Microorganisms)(Microorganisms)ContaminantContaminant MCLGMCLG MCL or TTMCL or TT

CryptoCrypto ZeroZero TT – 99%TT – 99%

GiardiaGiardia ZeroZero TT – 99.9%TT – 99.9%

LegionellaLegionella ZeroZero TTTT

Coliforms (inclColiforms (incl

E.Coli &Fecal E.Coli &Fecal C)C)

ZeroZero 5%5%**

VirusesViruses ZeroZero TT- 99.99%TT- 99.99%

MCL Vs MCLG (Disinfection MCL Vs MCLG (Disinfection Byproducts)Byproducts)

ContaminantContaminant MCLG (mg/L)MCLG (mg/L) MCL (mg/L)MCL (mg/L)

BromateBromate ZeroZero 0.0100.010

ChloriteChlorite 0.80.8 1.01.0

Haloacetic AcidsHaloacetic Acids

(HAA5)(HAA5)------**

Some Individual Some Individual Ones have MCLG Ones have MCLG

valuesvalues

0.0600.060

Total Total Trihalomethanes Trihalomethanes (TTHM)(TTHM)

------**

Some Individual Some Individual Ones have MCLG Ones have MCLG

valuesvalues

0.0800.080

MCL Vs MCLG (Inorganics)MCL Vs MCLG (Inorganics)

ContaminantContaminant MCLG (mg/L)MCLG (mg/L) MCL (mg/L)MCL (mg/L)

ArsenicArsenic ZeroZero 0.0100.010

Copper Copper 1.31.3 TT (Action TT (Action Level=1.3)Level=1.3)

LeadLead ZeroZero TT (Action TT (Action Level=0.015) Level=0.015)

ThalliumThallium 0.00050.0005 0.0020.002

MCL Vs MCLG (Organics)MCL Vs MCLG (Organics)

ContaminantContaminant MCLG MCLG (mg/L)(mg/L)

MCL (mg/L)MCL (mg/L)

AcrylamideAcrylamide ZeroZero TT(0.05%doseTT(0.05%dose))

AlachlorAlachlor ZeroZero 0.0020.002

BenzeneBenzene ZeroZero 0.0050.005

PAHsPAHs ZeroZero 0.00020.0002Carbon Carbon tetrachloridetetrachloride

ZeroZero 0.0050.005

ChlordaneChlordane ZeroZero 0.0020.002

DBCPDBCP ZeroZero 0.00020.00021,2 Dichloroethane1,2 Dichloroethane ZeroZero 0.0050.005

MCL Vs MCLG (Organics) MCL Vs MCLG (Organics) Cont.Cont.

ContaminantContaminant MCLG (mg/L)MCLG (mg/L) MCL (mg/L)MCL (mg/L)DichloromethanDichloromethanee

ZeroZero 0.0050.005

1,2-1,2-DichloropropaneDichloropropane

ZeroZero 0.0050.005

Di(2-Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalateethylhexyl)phthalate ZeroZero 0.0060.006

DioxinDioxin ZeroZero 0.000000030.00000003

EpichlorohydriEpichlorohydrinn

ZeroZero TT(0.01%DosTT(0.01%Dose)e)

EthylenedibromiEthylenedibromidede

ZeroZero 0.000050.00005

HeptachlorHeptachlor ZeroZero 0.00040.0004HeptachlorepoxiHeptachlorepoxidede

ZeroZero 0.00020.0002

MCL Vs MCLG (Organics) MCL Vs MCLG (Organics) Cont.Cont.

ContaminantContaminant MCLG (mg/L)MCLG (mg/L) MCL (mg/L)MCL (mg/L)HexachlorobenzeneHexachlorobenzene ZeroZero 0.0010.001

PCBsPCBs ZeroZero 0.00050.0005PentochlorophePentochlorophenolnol

ZeroZero 0.0010.001

TetrachloroethylenTetrachloroethylenee

ZeroZero 0.0050.005

ToxapheneToxaphene ZeroZero 0.0030.0031,1,2-1,1,2-TrichloroethaneTrichloroethane

0.0030.003 0.0050.005

TrichloroethylenTrichloroethylenee

ZeroZero 0.0050.005

VinylchlorideVinylchloride ZeroZero 0.0020.002

MCL Vs MCLG MCL Vs MCLG (Radionuclides)(Radionuclides)ContaminantContaminant MCLG MCLG MCLMCL

Alpha Alpha ParticlesParticles

ZeroZero 15 pCi/L15 pCi/L

Beta Particles & Beta Particles & photon emittersphoton emitters

ZeroZero 4 4 millirems/yearmillirems/year

Radium 226 & Radium 226 & Radium 228Radium 228

ZeroZero 5 pCi/L5 pCi/L

Uranium Uranium ZeroZero 30 30 µg/Lµg/L

Needs in this AreaNeeds in this Area

Actual Tests showing the reduction Actual Tests showing the reduction from MCL to MCLG for different from MCL to MCLG for different contaminantscontaminants

Protocols for use by certifiersProtocols for use by certifiers

Incorporation into present ANSI/NSF Incorporation into present ANSI/NSF standards or development of new standards or development of new StandardsStandards

Examples of POU/POE as Examples of POU/POE as Final BarriersFinal Barriers

Carbon Block FilterCarbon Block Filter

Assumption: Tested & Certified for lead, Assumption: Tested & Certified for lead, cyst, and VOC reductioncyst, and VOC reduction

Barrier to synthetic & volatile organics, Barrier to synthetic & volatile organics, lead, and protozoan cysts AND a partial lead, and protozoan cysts AND a partial barrier to bacteria and viruses even barrier to bacteria and viruses even though not claimedthough not claimed

Not a barrier to most other inorganics or Not a barrier to most other inorganics or radionuclides radionuclides

RO System with Carbon RO System with Carbon FilterFilter

Assumption: Tested & Certified for reduction of Assumption: Tested & Certified for reduction of several Inorganics, Radionuclides, Cysts, and several Inorganics, Radionuclides, Cysts, and VOCVOC

Barrier to all tested inorganics, radionuclides, Barrier to all tested inorganics, radionuclides, protozoan cysts, many synthetic and volatile protozoan cysts, many synthetic and volatile organics. Also a probable barrier to several organics. Also a probable barrier to several other inorganics, bacteria, and virusesother inorganics, bacteria, and viruses

Not a proven barrier against all microbials and Not a proven barrier against all microbials and some organics some organics

POE UV SystemPOE UV System

Assumption; Tested and certified as Assumption; Tested and certified as a purifier under ANSI/NSF std 55a purifier under ANSI/NSF std 55

Barrier to all pathogenic bacteria, Barrier to all pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoan cystsviruses, and protozoan cysts

Not a barrier to organics, inorganics, Not a barrier to organics, inorganics, radionuclides, and particulatesradionuclides, and particulates

POE SoftenerPOE Softener

Assumption: Tested for hardness reduction Assumption: Tested for hardness reduction as well as tested and certified for Radium as well as tested and certified for Radium and Barrium reductionand Barrium reduction

Barrier to Radium & Barium as well as to Barrier to Radium & Barium as well as to soluble lead, copper and other divalent soluble lead, copper and other divalent cationscations

Not a barrier to most other contaminants Not a barrier to most other contaminants

WATER SOFTENER IN WATER SOFTENER IN REGENERATION CYCLESREGENERATION CYCLES

Examples of Commonly Examples of Commonly Used CombinationsUsed Combinations

GAC filter, fine filter(with lead reducing GAC filter, fine filter(with lead reducing media)media)

Carbon block, Arsenic removal media, Carbon block, Arsenic removal media, microbial Filtermicrobial Filter

RO, carbon block, UV/Microbial FilterRO, carbon block, UV/Microbial Filter

Distiller, carbon filterDistiller, carbon filter

Other TechnologiesOther Technologies

POE Aeration for Radon and other POE Aeration for Radon and other VolatilesVolatiles

POE Anion Exchange for Nitrate & POE Anion Exchange for Nitrate & Arsenic ReductionArsenic Reduction

MTBE Reduction at POU & POEMTBE Reduction at POU & POEPOE Ozonation for MicrobialsPOE Ozonation for MicrobialsPOE Fine Filtration for MicrobialsPOE Fine Filtration for MicrobialsPOE Halogenated Resin for MicrobialsPOE Halogenated Resin for Microbials

POU/POE as a Final POU/POE as a Final BarrierBarrier

Aesthetic ConcernsAesthetic ConcernsTreatment EffectsTreatment Effects• DBP Levels DBP Levels • Process Changes, Lead & Copper LevelsProcess Changes, Lead & Copper Levels

Distribution Related EffectsDistribution Related Effects• Corrosion ProductsCorrosion Products• Microbial IntrusionsMicrobial Intrusions• Endemic DiseasesEndemic Diseases• Security IssuesSecurity Issues

MCL Vs MCLGMCL Vs MCLG