post-soviet russia
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Post-Soviet Russia. Politics. Mikhail Gorbachev was the first and last president of the Soviet Union On Dec. 21 st , 1991, he dissolved the USSR and then resigned from his position on Christmas night. Boris Yeltsin. Yeltsin became the first elected president of Russia in June, 1992 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Post-Soviet Russia
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Politics
• Mikhail Gorbachev was the first and last president of the Soviet Union
• On Dec. 21st, 1991, he dissolved the USSR and then resigned from his position on Christmas night
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Boris Yeltsin
• Yeltsin became the first elected president of Russia in June, 1992
• Barely a year later he was already having problems with the Parliament, who was blocking, overturning, and ignoring his initiatives to expand democracy and draft a new constitution.
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• In September of 1993, Yeltsin dissolved the Parliament and called for new elections
• In December, a new Parliament was elected and a new constitution approved
• By mid-96, Russians had participated in 3 elections: 2 legislative and 1 presidential
• When Yeltsin was re-elected to office, this was a big step for him and the Russian voters: this was the first time a head of state had been subjected to public scrutiny and still approved for a second term.
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• By this point, the government was still a strange mixture of Soviet and Western governance
• Yeltsin resigned on Dec. 31st, 1999, and Vladimir Putin was elected in March 2000.
• This election, along with the Parliament election of ’99, was judged as being free and fair by the international community
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Economic Situation• The economy has undergone tremendous stress during the
transition to a free market system
• While democracy introduced new freedoms to Russians, they also lost the social security net provided by Marxism-Leninism, which had guaranteed employment, basic medical care, and government subsidies for food, clothing, shelter, and transportation
• This loss caused social and economic downturns for many Russians
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• The gap widen between the richest and the poorest. By ’95, 56% of respondents in a survey had replied that their material situation had declined; only 17% replied as having improved
• In ’98, Russia faced a serious financial crisis due to the implementation of fiscal reforms and a large dependence on short-term borrowing
• In the following year, however, Russia was able to raise it’s real GDP to the highest it had been since the fall of the Soviet Union
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• In 2000-01, Russia met its external debt services and made large advance repayments on IMF loans and still remains current on its foreign debt
• Since ’99, the standard of living has been on the rise but almost one-third of the population still did not meet the minimum subsistence level of money income
• The Ministry of Economic Development estimates that the number of people under the subsistence will gradually decrease by 23-25% by 2005
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Foreign Relations
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Russia has taken steps to participate fully on the international stage
• Dec. 27th, 1991- Russia assumes the USSR’s seat in the UN Security Council as one of the P5
• 1994- signed the NATO Partnership for Peace and a partnership and cooperation agreement with the EU
• 1997- signed NATO-Russia Founding Act; this paved the way for a smoother partnership between Russia and the Alliance
• Russia has also become a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC)
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General Info• Human rights have improved, but there are still reports of
beatings and torturing of detainees and inmates by law enforcement and correctional officers. A “human rights ombundsman” has been appointed by the Parliament in ’97
• Judicial system In ’01, the Parliament passed the Criminal Procedural Code which helped align Russia’s judicial system with that of the West
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• HIV/AIDS Russia and the Ukraine are said to have the highest growth rates of HIV infection the world; it seems to be mostly due to IV drug use
• Industry Russia is one of the most industrialized nations of the former Soviet Union; years of very low investment, however, have left most industry antiquated and highly inefficient