post modernism
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POSTMODERNISMPOSTMODERNISM
AN OVERVIEWAN OVERVIEW
POSTMODERN WAS FIRST USED TO POSTMODERN WAS FIRST USED TO DESCRIBE A STYLE OF ARCHITECTUREDESCRIBE A STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE
ART AND SCULPTUREART AND SCULPTURE
Oklahoma City Bombing Oklahoma City Bombing MemorialMemorial
POSTMODERN IS A POSTMODERN IS A GENERAL TERM TO GENERAL TERM TO DESCRIBE CERTAIN DESCRIBE CERTAIN PHILOSOPHICAL PHILOSOPHICAL
INTELLECTURALINTELLECTURAL AND AND CULTURAL CULTURAL
PERSEPCTIVESPERSEPCTIVES
POSTPOSTMODERNISM IS A MODERNISM IS A REACTIONREACTION AGAINST AGAINST
THE THE RATIONALITYRATIONALITY OF OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT THE ENLIGHTENMENT
(Modern)(Modern)
LOSS OF CONFIDENCE IN ACCEPTED LOSS OF CONFIDENCE IN ACCEPTED TRUTH CLAIMS AND RATIONAL AND TRUTH CLAIMS AND RATIONAL AND
SCIENTIFIC MODELSSCIENTIFIC MODELS
IT IS SKEPTICAL OF IT IS SKEPTICAL OF REASON REASON
LOGICLOGICEMPIRICISM EMPIRICISM
SCIENCE SCIENCE REASON IS A “MYTH”REASON IS A “MYTH”
““EXISTENTIALISMEXISTENTIALISM IS IS THE PHILOSOPHICAL THE PHILOSOPHICAL
BASE OF BASE OF POSTMODERNISM.” POSTMODERNISM.”
James SireJames Sire
It questions It questions rationality rationality
ItIt challenges traditional challenges traditional ways of knowing ways of knowing (epistemology) (epistemology)
It is It is relativisticrelativistic
Its main focus is on the Its main focus is on the SUBJECTIVESUBJECTIVE
rather than the objectiverather than the objective
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF POSTMODERNISM POSTMODERNISM
THERE IS THERE IS NONO UNDERLYING UNDERLYING OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE REALITY (no prime objective reality- REALITY (no prime objective reality- either physical or spiritual) either physical or spiritual)
EVERYTHING IS EVERYTHING IS SUBJECTIVE SUBJECTIVE
EVERYTHING ISEVERYTHING IS RELATIVERELATIVE TO TO INDIVIDUAL VIEWS, PERCEPTIONS, INDIVIDUAL VIEWS, PERCEPTIONS, AND VALUESAND VALUES
THERE IS THERE IS NO ABSOLUTENO ABSOLUTE REFERENCE POINT TO JUDGE REFERENCE POINT TO JUDGE BETWEENBETWEEN– TRUE AND FALSETRUE AND FALSE– RIGHT AND WRONGRIGHT AND WRONG– REAL AND UNREAL (Illusion)REAL AND UNREAL (Illusion)– GOOD AND EVILGOOD AND EVIL– BEAUTIFUL AND BASEBEAUTIFUL AND BASE– Etc. Etc.
POSTMODERNISM POSTMODERNISM PROPOSES THAT THERE PROPOSES THAT THERE IS NO ULTIMATE ORDER IS NO ULTIMATE ORDER
TO THE UNIVERSETO THE UNIVERSE
Reality and time are not Reality and time are not fixed realities fixed realities
Natural laws are not Natural laws are not fixedfixed
Universe is an Universe is an OPENOPEN systemsystem
The MatrixThe Matrix
KEY VOCABULARY ASSOCIATED KEY VOCABULARY ASSOCIATED WITH POSTMODERNISM WITH POSTMODERNISM
META-NARRATIVEMETA-NARRATIVE– A “BIG” A “BIG” STORYSTORY THAT HOLDS HUMAN THAT HOLDS HUMAN
CULTURE TOGETHERCULTURE TOGETHER– UNIVERSAL STORYUNIVERSAL STORY THAT IS TRUE FOR THAT IS TRUE FOR
ALL PEOPLE, CULTURES, AND TIME ALL PEOPLE, CULTURES, AND TIME PERIODSPERIODS
POSTMODERNISM POSTMODERNISM REJECTSREJECTS THE NOTION THE NOTION OF A META-NARRATIVEOF A META-NARRATIVE
IN POSTMODERNISM THERE IS IN POSTMODERNISM THERE IS NO NO UNIVERSAL STORY UNIVERSAL STORY – SUCH AS THE BIBLE OR THE IDEAS AND SUCH AS THE BIBLE OR THE IDEAS AND
CONCEPTS EXPRESSED IN THE SCRIPTURES CONCEPTS EXPRESSED IN THE SCRIPTURES
EACH GROUP OR CULTURE HAS ITS OWN EACH GROUP OR CULTURE HAS ITS OWN UNIQUE STORYUNIQUE STORY– ALL STORIES (narratives) ARE VALIDALL STORIES (narratives) ARE VALID
RELATIVISMRELATIVISM THERE IS NO THERE IS NO SINGLE SINGLE
– TRUTHTRUTH– KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGE– MORALITY (ethics)MORALITY (ethics)– VALUESVALUES– REALITYREALITY– BELIEFBELIEF– RELIGIONRELIGION– ALL ARE ALL ARE RELATIVERELATIVE TO THE INDIVIDUAL OR TO THE INDIVIDUAL OR
GROUP GROUP – FOCUS IS ON THE SUBJECTIVE FOCUS IS ON THE SUBJECTIVE OVER THE OVER THE
OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE
DECONSTRUCTIONDECONSTRUCTION
THE THE REINTERPRETATIONREINTERPRETATION OF OF LITERATURE AND ARTLITERATURE AND ART
THE AUTHOR’S OR ARTIST’S THE AUTHOR’S OR ARTIST’S INTENDED MEANING AND PURPOSE INTENDED MEANING AND PURPOSE ARE IRRELEVANTARE IRRELEVANT
EACH INDIVIDUAL BRINGS HIS/HER EACH INDIVIDUAL BRINGS HIS/HER OWN MEANING TO THE TEXT – STORYOWN MEANING TO THE TEXT – STORY
SUBJECTIVE SUBJECTIVE OVER OBJECTIVE OVER OBJECTIVE
REVISIONISTREVISIONIST
RELATES TO THE RE-EVALUATION AND RELATES TO THE RE-EVALUATION AND REWRITING OF REWRITING OF HISTORYHISTORY
HISTORY IS SEEN AS THE HISTORY OF HISTORY IS SEEN AS THE HISTORY OF ONE GROUP ONE GROUP OPPRESSINGOPPRESSING ANOTHER ANOTHER
HISTORY IS ABOUT HISTORY IS ABOUT OPPRESSION OPPRESSION AND AND THE QUEST FOR THE QUEST FOR POWERPOWER
EACH GROUP HAS A UNIQUE HISTORY EACH GROUP HAS A UNIQUE HISTORY AND MUST TELL ITS OWN STORYAND MUST TELL ITS OWN STORY
POSTMODERNISM’S POSTMODERNISM’S VIEW OF EPISTEMOLOGYVIEW OF EPISTEMOLOGY
HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW? KNOW?
HUMAN BEINGS HUMAN BEINGS CONSTRUCTCONSTRUCT MEANING THROUGH MEANING THROUGH LANGUAGELANGUAGE– THERE IS NO KNOWLEDGE APART FROM THERE IS NO KNOWLEDGE APART FROM
LANGUAGELANGUAGE
HUMAN BEINGS MUST HUMAN BEINGS MUST CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT THEMSELVES THROUGH LANGUAGE THEMSELVES THROUGH LANGUAGE (STORIES)(STORIES)– ““WE ARE ONLY WHAT WE DESCRIBE WE ARE ONLY WHAT WE DESCRIBE
OURSELVES TO BE.”OURSELVES TO BE.”
MORAL ETHICSMORAL ETHICSRight and WrongRight and Wrong
MORALITY IS WHATEVER A GROUP MORALITY IS WHATEVER A GROUP OR SOCIETY AGREES UPONOR SOCIETY AGREES UPON
NO ABSOLUTE OR UNIVERSAL NO ABSOLUTE OR UNIVERSAL MORALITY OR MEASURE OF RIGHT MORALITY OR MEASURE OF RIGHT AND WRONGAND WRONG
IT IS A HUMAN CONSTRUCT BASED IT IS A HUMAN CONSTRUCT BASED ON NEEDS AND DESIRED OUTCOMESON NEEDS AND DESIRED OUTCOMES
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF POSTMODERNISM IN CULTUREPOSTMODERNISM IN CULTURE
imageimage has become more important has become more important than the written word than the written word
-- loss of universal stories loss of universal stories that relate that relate
universal themes and truths universal themes and truths
emphasis on theemphasis on the present present not the past not the past– ((history is not importanthistory is not important) )
- - disembodied communication – internet (cyberspace)internet (cyberspace)– TextingTexting– Instant messaging Instant messaging – FacebookFacebook– ““Twitter”Twitter”
- - uncertainty uncertainty about the individual about the individual person person – ( what is a human being?) ( what is a human being?) – Is an embryo a human being?Is an embryo a human being?– Is cloning right?Is cloning right?– What is it that makes us human? What is it that makes us human? – Questions human life and value Questions human life and value
everythingeverything is open to interpretation is open to interpretation – each person brings his/her own meaning each person brings his/her own meaning
to something to something – Truth is what “I” say it is. Truth is what “I” say it is.
glorification of glorification of personal rightspersonal rights
Lady Gaga in her own wordsLady Gaga in her own words "I struggle with my feelings about the church in "I struggle with my feelings about the church in
particular, but I guess it's quite honestly completely particular, but I guess it's quite honestly completely separate, isn't it? Religion and the church are two separate, isn't it? Religion and the church are two completely separate things. In terms of religion, I'm completely separate things. In terms of religion, I'm very religious. I was raised Catholic I believe in Jesus, I very religious. I was raised Catholic I believe in Jesus, I believe in God, I'm very spiritual -- I pray very much. believe in God, I'm very spiritual -- I pray very much. But at the same time there's no one religion that But at the same time there's no one religion that doesn't hate or speak against or be prejudiced against doesn't hate or speak against or be prejudiced against another racial group or religious group or sexual another racial group or religious group or sexual group and for that I think religion is also bogus. So I group and for that I think religion is also bogus. So I suppose you could say I'm a quite religious woman suppose you could say I'm a quite religious woman that is very confused about religion. I dream of and that is very confused about religion. I dream of and envision a future where we have a more peaceful envision a future where we have a more peaceful religion or a more peaceful world a more peaceful religion or a more peaceful world a more peaceful state of mind for the younger generation."state of mind for the younger generation."
Larry King LiveLarry King Live, June 1, 2010 , June 1, 2010
Time and space are not clearly definedTime and space are not clearly defined virtual realityvirtual reality
..