Post-Katrina Homeless Camps in New Orleans

A monumental humanitarian achievement essential to the

recovery of New Orleans

- A Community Wide Re-Housing Initiative -

July 29, 2008

Unity of Greater New Orleans, 2475 Canal Street, Suite 300, New Orleans Louisiana, 70119 Tel: (504) 821-4496 Ext. 103 Fax: (504) 821-4704 Web: www.unitygno.org

A community-wide campaign is ongoing to resettle each person in his or her own apartment:• 319 camp residents have already been resettled in their own apartments

• 117 are currently in temporary housing (medical respite hotel beds, emergency shelter) while waiting for apartments to be found

•13 were placed in temporary settings but have disappeared (outreach workers plan to find them and assist them to resettle in permanent housing)

• 8 are in the hospital or in jail (outreach workers plan to assist them to resettle in permanent housing)

New Orleans Has Accomplished What Seemed to Be ImpossibleIn eight months beginning Nov. 21, 2007, UNITY of

Greater New Orleans street outreach workers have assisted 457 people suffering in two large squalid homeless camps in the heart of downtown New Orleans to leave them for permanent housing. Outreach workers closed the first camp between Nov. 21 and Dec. 20 (the city and state then fenced it off) , and closed the second camp between Feb. 29 and July 17 (the camp remains empty despite the lack of any physical barrier).

Homelessness in Post-KatrinaNew OrleansHomelessness in New Orleans and neighboring Jefferson Parish is estimated to have doubled since the hurricane to a total of about 12,000 meeting HUD’s definition of homelessness (those living in abandoned buildings or in houses without utilities, on the street, in cars, in housing designated for the homeless, and those being evicted by judicial process or by family or friends or being released by institutions with nowhere to go). As a result of the devastation of 51,000 units of rental housing following the levee failures, there is an epidemic of people squatting in abandoned housing in New Orleans.

In the past 12 months, agencies in the UNITY network have provided services and housing to over 16,000 adults and children experiencing homelessness – a 60 percent increase since Katrina in the number of unduplicated clients served by the same number of agencies.

The Rise of Homeless CampsIn the summer of 2007, the homeless crisis suddenly became very visible as two homeless camps formed in downtown New Orleans – a camp eventually numbering about 300 people a night formed at Duncan Plaza just outside City Hall and a second camp eventually numbering about 250 people a night formed under Interstate 10 along Claiborne Avenue.

UNITY has documented 975 different individuals who lived in one or both of these camps over the period of Nov. 2007 - July 2008. 64 percent of camp residents reported they came there from one of the thousands of abandoned buildings in the city.

Primary Factors Causing Post-Katrina Homeless Crisis in New Orleans Devastation of rental housing stock and

skyrocketing rents

Increases in mental and physical illness and substance addiction while healthcare infrastructure for the poor has not been rebuilt

Displacement of extended family network on which so many vulnerable people once relied

How Did We Do It?1. Highly skilled street outreach team passionate about re-housing

people

2. Use of two national best practices for re-housing the street homeless.

For clients with serious mental or physical disabilities: Permanent Supportive Housing = affordable apartments coupled with ongoing tenant-based services proven in research studies to be cost-effective solution to

homelessness for vulnerable people services aimed at stabilizing clients, keeping them housed, improving

their health and self-sufficiency

For homeless clients without disabilities: Rapid Re-housing = short-term rent assistance coupled with case

management aimed at achieving self-sufficiency (job search, housing search, budgeting)

Claiborne Camp SurveyFebruary 20 – 21, 2008

46-question survey designed by Common Ground, leading national non-profit developer of housing for the homeless.

Includes Vulnerability Index to find those who are at highest risk of dying on the street. Surveys administered by Common Ground, UNITY, Louisiana Public Health Institute, and

NOPD Homeless Assistance Collaborative. Surveys administered 6 -9 am February 20 and 5-8 am February 21 Woke each person up and asked to

participate in survey. 118 of 150 persons participated

in survey (79% response rate) 32 persons who did not participate are

believed to have an even higher rate of disability then those who did participate. For example, 2 non-participants

lacked capacity to speak

82 percent male 86 percent from New Orleans

area pre-Katrina 60 percent said they were

homeless due to Katrina 31 percent lost FEMA trailer or

FEMA rental assistance 64 percent slept in an abandoned building before coming to

the Claiborne Camp 16 percent are U.S. Military Veterans Only 1 person sleeping in the Claiborne camp is a UNITY

client from the Duncan Plaza camp

Claiborne Homeless Camp Demographics

80 percent have at least one disability 31 percent have more than one disability 19 percent are tri-morbid (have mental illness, physical disability, and

substance addiction) 40 percent have mental illness 58 percent have substance addiction 14 percent have heart disease 10 percent have diabetes 4 percent have HIV/AIDS 4 percent have cancer 3 percent have liver disease 91 persons visited ER in past

3 months 75 percent have no

health insurance

12%

17%

26%

22%

4%5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

TulaneHospital

RebuildCenter

Nowhere UniversityHospital

Healthcarefor the

Homeless

VA

Disabilities of Claiborne Residents

Based on Dr. Jim O’Connell research from Boston’s Healthcare for the Homeless

A 40% mortality rate over 7 years if: More than 6 months street homeless AND at least one of the

following: End Stage Renal Disease History of Cold Weather Injuries Liver Disease or Cirrhosis HIV+/AIDS Over 60 years old Three or more emergency room visits in prior three months Three or more ER or hospitalizations in prior year Tri-morbid (mentally ill+ abusing substances+ medical

problem)

One Third of the Residents are at High Risk of Dying

Risk indicator # of people

Tri-morbid 23

3x hospital last year 20

> 60 years old 6

Liver Disease 4

3x ER last 3 months 10

Frostbite/Cold Weather 10

Kidney Disease 2

HIV+/AIDS 5

39 (33%) of those surveyed met at least one High-Risk Criteria

Claiborne Encampment Risk Indicators

Due to Katrina, 60%Recent Arrivals,

14%

Pre-Katrina, 26%

Due to Katrina

Recent Arrivals

Pre-Katrina

Claiborne Encampment - Three Distinct Cohorts

22%

53%

41%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

% of Cohort Vulnerable

Due to Katrina

Pre-Katrina

Recent Arrivals

Claiborne Encampment - Vulnerability

10%

29%

9%

13%

5% 5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

Lost FEMA Trailer Lost FEMA Rent Assistance

Due to Katrina

Pre-Katrina

Recent Arrivals

31% lost FEMA trailer or Rental Assistance

Claiborne Encampment - FEMA

64%

36%

58%

42%

35%

47%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

African American White

Due to Katrina

Pre-Katrina

Recent Arrivals

Claiborne Encampment – Race/Ethnicity

• 19 (15.6%) are veterans– 8 have VA insurance – 3 have VA benefits

• 83% have been in jail

• 37% have been in prison

• 9% were in foster care

Institutional History

67%

38%

33%

62%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

% population % hospitalizations

Non-Vulnerable Vulnerable

61 hospitalizations reported by 118 respondents

Hospital Use by Claiborne Encampment Residents

67%

31%

33%

69%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

% population % hospitalizations

Non-Vulnerable Vulnerbale

91 reported ER visits in past 3 months

Emergency Room Visits by Claiborne Encampment Residents

12%

17%

26%

22%

4%5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

TulaneHospital

RebuildCenter

Nowhere UniversityHospital

Healthcarefor the

Homeless

VA

Where Claiborne Residents go for Routine Health Care Needs

13%

5.00%

26%

42%

3%1%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

TulaneHospital

RebuildCenter

Nowhere UniversityHospital

Healthcarefor the

Homeless

VA

Claiborne Encampment – Emergency Health Care Services

Medicaid, 10%Medicare, 2%

None, 75%

VA, 7%

Private, 2%

Medicaid

Medicare

None

VA

Private

Claiborne Encampment - Insurance

• 42 year old man

• New Orleans resident for 26 years

• lived in a shelter before Katrina

• 5 years on the streets

• HIV+/AIDS

• History of Hypothermia/Frostbite

• 4 trips to the ER in last 3 months

• “Tri-morbid” = mentally ill + abusing substances + medical problem

• Surveyor suspected developmentally disabled

• No reported income or insurance

Profile of a Claiborne Resident

How New Orleans Used the Vulnerability Survey

•To Determine Who to Rescue First, Given Scarce Resources

•To Determine Appropriate Housing Placement

•To Galvanize State and Local Government (Especially Agencies Dealing with Medical Care and Disability) to Immediately Fund Housing and Services

•To Wage Successful Nationwide Campaign for 3000 Supportive Housing vouchers for Louisiana’s Hurricane-Devastated Areas

•To Demonstrate that Medical Respite rather than Emergency Shelter was Appropriate Interim Housing For Most Residents While Case Managers Search for Apartments

•To Recruit Landlords to House Camp Residents

•To Mobilize a Community-Wide Drive for Furniture, Appliances and Household Supplies for the Camp Residents

•To Counter Negative Attitudes & Stereotypes About Camp Residents

•To Defeat Proposed Ordinance to Re-Criminalize Homelessness

For More Information on Ways to Use the Vulnerability Index and on Humanitarian Closures of Homeless Camps:Martha Kegel, Esq., Executive Director UNITY of Greater New Orleansmkegel@unitygno.org

Angela Patterson, M.S.W.Director UNITY Welcome Home (our awesome street outreach team)apatterson@unitygno.org

Mike Miller, M.S.W.Director of Supportive Housing PlacementUNITY Welcome Homemmiller@unitygno.org