MainRaw materialProcess ApproachProductKnown useMain ApplicationsReactionProcess conditionsMaturityMain commercial process?Stoichiometric Mass Yield, g prod/g COCatalystAnnual productionAnnual Production, ktonnePrice, USD/lbMarket size, MMUSDTechnical challengesEnvironmental ImpactClean COPhosgene synthesisPhosgeneIntermediateIsocyanates and polyuretane foams50-150CConventionalYes3.53Activated charcoal3000 kt 3,0000.74$4,894Because of safety issues, phosgene is often produced and consumed within the same plant, and extraordinary measures are made to contain this toxic gas.Carbonylation of MethanolMethyl formateIntermediateProduction of Formic acid and formamide80C4.5 MPaConventionalYes2.14Sodium Methoxide415 kt (@2000)415equilibrium reactionanhydrous: encrustation and blockage due to precipitation ofsodium formateAcrylic acidIntermediateProduction of acrylates. Flocculants and dispersants.200C14 MPaReplacedNo2.57NiBr-CuBr3000 kt 3,0000.9$5,952safety and pollution control of byprodAcetic acidIntermediate, ReagentProduction of vinyl acetate to obtain latex. Resins, paints, adhesives.150-200C3-6 MPaConventionalYes2.14Rh, iodide promoted8.63 MMTPA8,6300.515$9,798Waste streams from acetic acid process usuallycontain residual acetic and formic acids. Theseacids must be recycled, diluted, or treated chemically and then degraded biologically. Also possible form syngasCarbonylation of EthylenePropionic acidsBuilding Block, ReagentCellulose esters, plastic dispersions and herbicides. 250-320C10-30 MPaConventionalYes2.64Ni(CO)4377 kt (@2006)37787
Noelia Gudino Reyes: Noelia Gudino Reyes:per tonne$33Syngas (CO + H2)Low T Fischer-TropschWaxesManufacturing Adhesives, coatings, textiles200-250C1.5-5 MPaMatureNocobalt or iron based4000 kt (@2006-2020)4,0002500
Noelia Gudino Reyes: Noelia Gudino Reyes:per tonne$10,000Diesel fuelsFuelFuelMatureNo32
Noelia Gudino Reyes: Noelia Gudino Reyes:million barrels per dayhttp://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/publications/WOO_2014.pdf2.77
Noelia Gudino Reyes: Noelia Gudino Reyes:USD/Gal in US forecast for 2016$1,116,199Hight T Fischer-TropschGasolineFuelFuel300-350C1.5-5 MPaMatureNo25
Noelia Gudino Reyes: Noelia Gudino Reyes:million barrels per dayhttp://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/publications/WOO_2014.pdf2.38
Noelia Gudino Reyes: Noelia Gudino Reyes:USD/Gal in US forecast for 2016$749,254EthyleneBuilding BlockCommodity: plastics, resins, coatings, fibers, PVCMatureNo113000 kt (@2005 +4% annual)180,0000.6$238,099PropyleneBuilding BlockCommodity: plastics, resins coatings, fibers, polypropyleneMatureNo100000 kt (@2016 +4% annual)160,0000.6$211,644OxosynthesisButanalsIntermediate, reagentSolvents and plasticizers70-150C1.5-5MPaMatureYes2.57Rh based7000 kt (+3% annual)7,0000.55$8,488Syngas (CO + H2 + CO2)Low-pressure methanol processMethanolBuilding BlockFormaldehyde, MTBE, Acetic Acid MatureYes50-80% one pass conversionCu, Zn oxide, alumina and magnesia46000 kt (@2010 +9% annual)80,0001.515$267,200Fermentation (Clostridium autoethanogenum- Acetogens bacteria)EthanolFuelFuelGrowth75,0000.502
Noelia Gudino Reyes: Noelia Gudino Reyes:per tonne$37,6712,3-butanediolIntermediatenylon and rubberGrowthNo61.8 kt @2012 +3% annual720.775$123AcetoneIntermediateEmbryonic6000 kt @20077,6000.63$10,556Acetic acidIntermediate, ReagentEmbryonic8.63 MMTPA8,6300.515$9,798Lactic acidBuilding BlockEmbryonic4500.7375$732Succinic acidBuilding BlockEmbryonic250 kt @ 2018130
Noelia Gudino Reyes: Noelia Gudino Reyes:http://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/succinic-acid.html2000
Noelia Gudino Reyes: Noelia Gudino Reyes:per tonne$260,00031.511497.5

YieldsMW g/molCO28.01MW g/molCO moleProduct moleStoichiometric Mass Yield, g prod/g COPhosgeneCOCl298.92113.5315958586Methyl formateC2H4O260.05112.1438771867Acrylic AcidC3H4O272.06112.5726526241Propionic AcidC3H6O274.07854112.6447176009Acetic AcidC2H4O260.05112.1438771867WaxesC20 - C40ButanalC4H8O72.11222.5744377008Methanol11

FermentationNZ Waste Gas to Fuel Industrial Pilot Plant(1st) China Waste Gas to Fuel Demo Plant(2nd) China Waste Gas to Fuel DemoPlantTaiwan Waste Gas to Fuel Demo PlantChina Waste Gas to Fuel Commercial PlantOwnerLanzaTechLanzaTech BaoSteel New Energy Co.Beijing Shougang LanzaTech New Energy Technology Co.WBTChina Steel Corporation (CSC) and LCY Chemical Corporation formed a joint venture, White Biotech (WBT), as part of a Green Energy Alliance with LanzaTechLocationGlenbrook, NZ at Blue Scope Steel MillShanghai, China at BaoSteel Steel MillBeijing, China at Shougang Steel MillTaiwanProject InputSteel flue gasSteel flue gasSteel flue gasSteel flue gasProduct(s)Ethanol and 23BDEthanolEthanolEthanolEthanolOutput Capacity50 ton/a300 ton/a300 ton/a100 ton/a100,000 ton/aFacility TypePilotPilotPilotDemonstrationStatusOperationalDemonstrationOperationalOperationalStart-up Year2008201220132014Planed for 2016