positive and negative feedback in climate change it can all get pretty complicated cloud example …...
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Positive and negative feedback in climate change
It can all get pretty complicated
CLOUD EXAMPLE …
1 more thing …. (giving back test took up so much time)
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IR Greenhouse effectpositive feedback
Back-Scattered
reflected
VIS
Albedo effectnegative feedback
sunlight
HEATING
COOLING
H20
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reflected
VIS
Albedo effectnegative feedback
sunlight
HEATING
H20
More H2O More clouds
More sunlightreflected
T decreasesLess H2O
Less heating
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IR Greenhouse effectpositive feedback
Back-Scattered
COOLING
H20
More H2OMore clouds
Less IR Transmitted
T increases More H2O
Less cooling
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More clouds
More sunlightreflected
T decreasesLess H2O
Less heating
More H2O
More clouds
Less IR Transmitted
T increases More H2O
Less cooling
Both processes together
Who’s gonna win?
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The Jovian planets
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Gas giants “Ice giants”
All formed beyond the frost line …
Q1: Why are Uranus and Neptune smaller?Q2: Why is Jupiter twice as dense as Saturn?
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Accretion of planetesimals (now mostly icy)Recall how a Jovian planet developed ….
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Ices more abundant… Planetesimals can form that are much more massive than the terrestrials
Accretion disk
At some point the planetesimal becomes massive enough to start capturing H and He gas!
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As gas becomes captured, planet’s mass increases further…
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More gas is attracted and captured, so that the process accelerates …
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More gas is attracted and captured, so that the process accelerates …
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This continues until the background gas supply is exhausted
Massive solar wind from young sun removes background gas
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Ice, rocks and
metals
H and He
The finished product …
(failed sun)
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Why the mass differences ….Protoplanetary disk
density
Protosun
Frost line
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Why the mass differences ….
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Further out you are …• Density of material less• Stuff moves slower
Proto-planets grow faster the closer in they
are
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Why the mass differences ….
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Sun ignites
Slow growers
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Why the mass differences ….
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Young solar wind scours away the dust
and gas
Stuck with what they
had acquired so far
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Neptune Uranus Less H and He …. Higher densities 1.67 g/cc
1.24 g/cc
Inw
ard
Less
den
se?
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Neptune Uranus Less H and He …. Higher densities 1.67 g/cc
1.24 g/cc
Saturn Jupiter Lots of H and He …. low densities
0.71 g/cc1.33 g/cc
Inw
ard
Less
den
se?
?
Gasses are a lot more compressible than solids
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Increase in mass, more compression
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water
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Strong magnetic fields due to fast rotation and huge metallic H cores
magnetic fields due to ?
Like terrestrial mag fields
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Fields pretty well-correlated with rotation axis
Not at allLocalized
phenomena?
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Appearances ?
0.4 days! 0.7 days!
Rotation periods fast (from large contractions?)
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Global weather patterns
Rotation + convection global weather belts
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Jupiter’s belts
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Jupiter’s colors
(Saturn’s clouds are similar, but lie deeper in its atmosphere)
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Uranus and Neptune’s colors
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ALL those MOONS !
As of march 2015:
Jupiter 67Saturn 62Uranus 27Neptune 14Pluto 5
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Galileo saw four moons thru his little telescope
The “Galilean moons”
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Jupiter’s known moons
Pink – Galilean moons
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Saturn’s known moons
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The Galilean moons of Jupiter
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Io
Most volcanically active world in solar systemWhere does the heat come from?
Yellow: Sulfur deposits
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Synchronous orbit (1.8 days)
Tidal Heating
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Eccentric orbit a consequence of orbital resonance