POPULATION &

LIVING STANDARDS

CH. 11 & 12

CH. 11POPULATION TRENDS

AND GROWTH

POPULATION

HOW MUCH IS A BILLION?

76 MILLION PEOPLE ARE ADDED PER YEAR

THE POPULATION CLOCK

POPULATION CONTROL

INDIA CHINA1952 – Family Planning

- Rhythm Method / Abstinence1962 – Awareness – Songs / Radio1970 – Sterilization Programs & Targets

- Vasectomies => need for sons!!

1975 – Coercion & Reward Tactics - > 3 = X Schooling / Firings / Demotions

1977 – New gov’t Ends Coercion- Ed. / Vol. Birth Control

1983 – Programs Not Working!!2000 – Female Sterilization2010 – BR down but

still too high!

1949 – BR encouraged = power1970 – Promoted ‘Two-Child’1979 – One Child Policy

- Cash / Ed. / Medical / Housing> 1 = No Ed./Fines /Med.

PROBLEMS- Rural areas = workers- Pressure abortions- Pressure sterilizations- Infanticide ( Boys #1)- Too many men- Lower pop. = no tax $ =>relaxed policies

Proud Family??

Why Sons??

Mao “Every stomach = 2 arms”

DEMOGRAPHY

THE CENSUS CANADA – By law all Canadians to complete.

Why???- Major = 10 yrs (yrs.ending in 1)- Minor = 5 yrs (ending in 6)

DECIPHERING DATA- Developed vs Developing Countries- Calcutta vs Vancouver

CALCULATING POPULATION CHANGE- Four basic components - birth rate, death rate, immigration rate, emmigration rate

- Natural Increase = Birth Rate – Death Rate

- used to compare dev. vs developing countries

- Exponential Growth - Doubling Time = 70 % of Natural Increase

- Net Migration = Immig. – Emmig.

- Population Growth Rate = Natural Increase + Net migration

Calcutta Vancouver

Country POP. BR /

1000

DR /

1000

NI /

1000

INDIA 1.2 BILLION 23.0 8.5 14.5

RUSSIA 140MILLION

10.8 15.1 -4.3

CANADA 34MILLION

10.6 7.4 3.2

GABON 1.5MILLION

27.5 9.8 17.7

THE STUDY OF POPULATION TRENDS AND ISSUES

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

CANADAINDIA/ CHINA

NOTE – China adopted a ‘one child’ / reward policy / India = sterilization & penalty programs.

POPULATION PROFILES

AGE COHORTS

DEPENDENCY RATIO

EARLYEXPANDING

EXPANDING STABLE CONTRACTING

POPULATIONPYRAMIDS

(FOUR STAGES)

WHY IMMIGRATION ???

WORLD POPULATIONDISTRIBUTION

WORLD POPULATIONDENSITY POPULATION

AREA /SQ. KM

ECUMENE – The populated area of the world.

NEOMALTHUSIANS

CORNUCOPIANS

PHYSICAL FACTORS

ClimateLandscapeResouces

SoilsVegetation

WaterAccessibility

HUMAN FACTORS

Government PolicyDisease

DevelopmentCulture

Communication

THE FUTURE ??

POPULATION TIDBITS-On the average, 12 newborns will be given to the wrong parents daily.

-Michael Jordan makes more money from Nike annually than the entire Nike factory workers in Malaysia combined.

-The three most valuable brand names on earth: Marlboro, Coca-Cola, and Budweiser, in that order.

-The three wealthiest families in the world have more assets than the Combined wealth of the forty-eight poorest nations.

-The world's youngest parents were 8 and 9 and lived in China in 1910.

-If the population of China walked past you in single line, the line would never end because of the rate of reproduction

-China has more English speakers than the United States

-An average person uses the bathroom 6 times per day.

CH 12

LIVING STANDARDSIN A CHANGING WORLD

THE ‘HAVES’ THE ‘HAVE-NOTS’

MEASURING DEVELOPMENTHUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) The HDI measures standard of living.The three HDI indicators.

1. Life expectancy2. Literacy Rate3. GDP per capita

RANK COUNTRY LIFE EX. LITERACY GDP ($US)

1 NORWAY 80.5 99% $53, 433

4 CANADA 80.6 99% $35, 812

181 NIGER 50.8 29% $627

CATAGORIZING NATIONS1.Developed (Canada)2.Newly Industrializing Countries (Brazil)3.Developing (Niger)

CLOSING THE GAP:GOALS

HUNGEREDUCATIONEQUALITYCHILD MORTALITYMATERNAL HEALTH

HIV/AIDSENVIRONMENTDEVELOPMENT

INFRASTRUCTURE

GDP Per Capita• The higher the GDP per capita - the higher

the life expectancy - Canada GDP $1.3 Trillion

• The more education the female population has the lower the birth rate

Country Life Ex. GDP

Mexico 72.1 $874 Billion

Botswanna 51.7 $11.8 Billion

CountrySecondary

SchoolBirth Rate

/1000

Afghanistan 8% 52

Canada 100%11

USA GDP$14.1 Trillion

Education

MEASURING LIVING STANDARDS

BARTER VS. CURRENCY

GLOBALIZATION(PROS/CONS)

QUALITY OF LIFE(HEALTH, LITERACY, EQUALITY,

SHANTYS, FREEDOMS,)

URBAN LIVING

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS(Control resources, indusrty => debt)

POVERTY LINEBasic Needs

Can. Poverty = 70% income on daily needsDev’ing = $1.25 / day

THE POVERTY TRAPINTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

WORLD BANKMEGAPROJECTS (World Price drops???)

BURDEN OF DEBTHEAVILY INDEBTED POOR COUNTRIES

(HIPC) – Loan forgiveness CAN. + $ to Environment

THE VULNERABLE ONES

THE POSITION OF WOMEN-Male domination – legal rights-Honour Killings- Family obligations – men search for work.- Low literacy – Men only ed.

- Ed. Is the Solution – Low BR & IMR- Polygamy

CHILDREN- Famine, disease, war, sanitation- No ed.- U5MR (13 x more likely to die)- Ethnic cleansing, land mines, soldiers- Child labour, begging, stealing.- Working Conditions- Bonded Labour – Family Debts

THE HEALTH CRISIS-LACK OF CLEAN WATER

-WHO = 1.2 Billion = no water.-Clean water & sanitation = cure 10 % of disease

- EPEDEMICS-Malaria – on the rise (1 Million/yr.)- HIV/AIDS – (33 Million world wide; 2 Million died per Year) (See next slide)

WORLD AIDS

HELPING TO IMPROVELIVING STANDARDS

FOREIGN AID1.OFFICIAL DEV’T ASSISTANCE (ODA)

- Aid by Gov’ts2.NON-GOV’T ORGANIZATIONS

- Churches, Rotary, Oxfam, Red Cross3.MULTILATERAL AID

- Aid from a # of Gov’ts.- Usually big projects (Damns)

4.BILATERAL AID- From one country to another- Often = strings attached Tied Aid (‘Buy Canadian’)

FACTS TO PONDER– World military = $1.5 Trillion / All Dev’t Goals= $143 Billion. - UN target = .7 % of GNP / Canada = .32% GNP

- Dictators have leached Aid from the poor – NGOs working to end abuse.- small local projects have helped leaching – water pumps to rural areas

CAN. FOREIGN AIDCIDA Goals – water, infrastructure, women’s poverty, rights, jobs, & environment. - Partnerships Criticisms - 80% of funds on 20 priority countries (Africa???)

CANADA’S 20 PRIORITY COUNTRIES

LINKING AID TO HUMAN RIGHTS

THE CASE FOR DENYING AID -Gov’ts must change ways first.- deny aid when human rights are violated- will aid get to those in need? Army??- Human rights are key in Canada, must

Also be key to aid

THE CASE FOR GIVING AID-Different cultures = different rights;

Who are we to judge?Women’s rights vary from culture to culture.

- Good causes should not be confusedwith rights.

-Poverty = breeding ground for violations.

Many of those in need often live under regimes that abuse human rights.

The Allocation Problem1. Who does each represent?2. Is there enough food for both?3. What happens to the food production in Africa?

(Cash Crops)4. How would you break the hunger cycle?

MATH PROBLEMIf the world produces 12,500KJ/person of food daily and 10,000KJ/person is needed, is there a food shortage?

Yes/ No

WORLD AIR TRAFFICThe “Haves” & “The Have Nots”