population ecology. population characteristics population density: –the number of organisms per...
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Population Ecology
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Population Characteristics
Population Density: – The number of organisms
per unit area
Spatial Distribution:– Dispersion: The pattern of
spacing a population within an area
– 3 main types of dispersion• Clumped• Uniform/Even• Random
– The primary cause of dispersion is resource availability
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• Aside from the examples listed, give me an example of each of the types of dispersion–Clumped–Uniform–Random
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Population Limiting FactorsPopulation growth rate
– How fast a given population grows– Factors that influence this are:
• Emigration: the number of individuals moving out of a population
• Immigration: the number of individuals into a population
• Natality: Birth rate• Mortality: Death rate
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• Give me a factor that influences population growth and explain what that factor is.
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Population Limiting Factors• Density-independent factors
– Factors that limit population size, regardless of population density.
– These are usually abiotic (non-living) factors
– They include natural phenomena, such as weather events
• Drought, flooding, extreme heat or cold, tornadoes, hurricanes, fires, etc.
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• Give some examples of density-independent factors.
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Population Limiting Factors• Density-dependent factors
– Any factor in the environment that depends on the number of members in a population per unit area
– Usually biotic factors– These include
• Predation• Disease• Parasites• Competition
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• What are some differences between density-dependent and density-independent factors?
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Understanding Exponentials• Think about this:
– An employer offers you two equal jobs for one hour each day for fourteen days.
– The first pays $10 an hour.– The second pays only 1 cent a day, but the
rate doubles each day.– Which job will you accept?
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Understanding ExponentialsPopulation Ecology: Population Growth Rate
Job 2 lags for a long time before
exponential growth kicks in!
Now, how much would your employer owe you if you stayed at this job for another 2 weeks?
What would happen if this type of growth took place
within a population?
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Population Limiting Factors• Population growth models
– Exponential growth model• Also called geometric growth or J-shaped growth.
– Limits to exponential growth• Population Density (the number of individuals per unit of
land area or water volume) increases as well• Competition follows as nutrients and resources are used
up
– The limit to population size that a particular environment can support is called carrying capacity
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• What are some limits to population growth?
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What population do you think this is?
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So, what do you think is going to happen to the human population?
• We will probably reach our carrying capacity.• Our growth rate will start to look like most
organisms, which is the Logistic Growth Model
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Population Limiting Factors• Population growth models
– Logistic Growth Model• Often called the S-shaped growth curve• Occurs when a population’s growth slows or
stops following exponential growth.• Growth stops at the population’s carrying
capacity• Populations stop increasing when:
– Birth rate is less than death rate(Birth rate < Death rate)
– Emigration exceeds Immigration (Emigration > Immigration)
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• What causes the logistic growth model to form?
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Population Limiting Factors• Population growth models
– Logistic Growth ModelThe S-curve is not as pretty as the image looks1. Carrying capacity can be raised or lowered.
How?Example 1: Artificial fertilizers have raised kExample 2: Decreased habitat can lower k
2. Populations don’t reach k as smoothly as in the logistic graph.• Boom-and-Bust Cycles• Predator-Prey Cycles
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• Species that follow this pattern usually1. Have a Boom-and-Bust Life
Cycle2. Have short life spans3. Produce many offspring4. Smaller organisms
• i.e., fruit flies, mice, locusts
5. Don’t maintain a population near carrying capacity
6. Controlled by density-independent factors
• They are called r-strategists (for rate of increase)
Population Limiting Factors
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• What animals are r-strategists?
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• Species that follow this pattern usually1. Have long life spans2. Produce few offspring
that have a better chance of living to a reproductive age
3. Are larger organisms• i.e., elephants
4. Maintain a population at or near k
5. Controlled by density-dependent factors
• They are called k-strategists (for karrying kapacity)
Population Limiting Factors
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• What type of animals are k-strategists?
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