Popes and Rulers 01.25.12• Charlemagne set out to improve the

Church• Many advisors were members of the clergy• 799, receives visit from Pope Leo III

– Wanted protection from Charlemagne

• In thanks, Pope crowned Charlemagne emperor in a coronation

1. Strengthened power of the Church in Europe

2. Showed only Pope could crown Emperors

• Charl. thinks GOD made him Emperor• Pope thinks CHURCH made C. Emperor• After Charlemagne, Otto the Great was

chosen to lead– Crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962– Used Church to support his authority

• 1073, Pope Gregory VII becomes Pope– Issued list of rules over the supreme authority over

secular leaders and church leaders– Only Pope chose bishops, remove Emperors

• Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor is NOT pleased, felt attacked

Popes and Rulers 01.25.12

• Henry names his own bishop, Gregory appoints a rival

• Henry tries to remove Pope, Pope excommunicates Henry– Frees Henry’s subjects from their

oaths of loyalty to their emperor

• Divides the clergy and secular leaders– Henry begs in the snow for 3 days for

forgiveness from the Pope

• Pope gives in, forgives! • Henry then marches his army to

Rome and forces the Pope out of office

• 1122 sign Concordat of Worms– Church appoints bishops, Emperors

gives fiefs to bishops

Kings, Nobles, and the Magna Carta 01.27.12

Do Now:

1. What rights did Pope Gregory VII claim as pope?

2. Why was the power to chose the bishops such a big factor in the conflict between the pope and the emperors?

• Vikings settled in Normandy, France as great feudal lords– Called Normans

• England ruled by weak king, Edward the Confessor

• Harold Godwin or William the Conqueror of Normandy both want to be king– Harold named King but is killed by William

in 1066 in the Battle of Hastings– English have inferior weapons– End of Anglo-Saxon rule in England

• England changes• Now about 180 feudal lords, not 5000• Power held by Normans, led to

creation of English language• http://www.phschool.com

Kings, Nobles, and the Magna Carta 01.27.12

• 1199 King John claims to rule Normandy as well as England– Has to raise taxes to pay for conquering,

angers his lords/barons• Force him to sign the Magna Carta (Great

Charter) in 1215– Says no one is above the law, even King– trials by jury in court cases,– Need council of barons to raise taxes

• English common law comes from local customs and judges’ decisions– ex. Habeas corpus: right to a trial– Must produce a writ: court order– Magna Carta leads to English

Parliament• Assembly of representatives to pass laws• House of Lords – nobles• House of Commons – knights, peasants

Do Now:

Complete your vocabulary words for this chapter. This is still part of Unit 7, so you may continue on where you previously have “UNIT 7 VOCABULARY”.

Words can be found on starting p. 413 in blue

WORDS:

Clergy

Coronation

SecularExcommunicate

Common lawHabeas corpus

Writ

Parliament

Pilgrim

Crusade

Heresy

Inquisition

Reconquista

• Christians traveled as pilgrims to the Holy Land in Jerusalem and Palestine

• Muslim Turks conquered Jerusalem, started harassing pilgrims– Byzantine Emperor (a Christian) asked

Pope for help• 1095 Pope Urban II called for “soldiers of

Christ” to defend Constantinople, free Jerusalem

– Slogan “God wills it!” (Deus Vult!)

• Success, took back Jerusalem!• Pope compared Crusades to feudalism with

God as feudal lord needing protection• Difficult journey with disease, robbers, etc.• Four Crusades in all, 1st was greatest

– Muslims treated with no respect– 4th Crusade attacked Constantinople,

destroyed icons, attacked women

What’s the problem with the 4th Crusade attacked Constantinople? 1 sentence in your book, please!

Religious Crusades 01.31.12

Effects of the Crusades:

1. Opened Europeans’ eyes to the rest of the world

2. Encouraged trade with the East– Brought home silk, spices, ideas

3. Inspired the great voyages of discovery• Crusades used as an excuse for

violence against non-Christians– Jews persecuted, killed, kicked out of

countries (England, France)

• Crusades also targeted heretics– Christians must believe in what the Church

says

• Pope Gregory IX created the Inquisition to investigate/judge heretics– Excommunication, no food, whipping, fines,

imprisonment all punishments– If you did not confess, execution

• Muslims in Spain = Moors, mainly in S. Spain

• Modern, advanced city of Cordoba• Rulers very tolerant of Jews and

Christians, very multicultural– Home of famous philosophers, Ibn Rushd

and Moses Maimonides

• Non-Muslims had to pay special tax• By 1050, the Pope encouraged

Christians in N. Spain to drive the Muslims from S. Spain– Reconquista (reconquest)

• 1139, Portugal becomes independent• 1236, Cordoba fell, only Granada stays

Muslim• 1469: Ferdinand marries Isabella,

unites different parts of Spain

Christians and Muslims in Spain 02.01.12 Christians and Muslims in Spain 02.01.12

• Granada falls in 1492• Anti-Jewish attacks start

– Isabella and Ferdinand are very religious

– Bring in Torquemada (a monk) to head the Spanish Inquisition

– Uses torture and terror against Jews and Muslims

• 1492, rulers order all Jews to leave Spain and Portugal

• Many moved to Italy, Ottoman Empire• Muslims eventually ordered out as well• Loss of two groups harms Spain’s

economy and culture– Loss of intellectual/cultural contributions