PolyMETREXplus

Towards European urban balance

Consideration of the findings and conclusions of the ESPON 111 Study

Potentials for Polycentric development in Europe PolyMETREXplus Workshop in

Athens on Thursday 30 September and Friday 1 October 2004

Discussion Note 3a

Nye Bevan House, 20 India Street GLASGOW, G2 4PF

T. +44 (0) 1292 317074 F. +44 (0) 1292 317074 secretariat@eurometrex.org http://www.eurometrex.org

Discussion Note 3a PolyMETREXplus Towards European urban balance Consideration of the findings and conclusions of the ESPON 111 Study Potentials for Polycentric development in Europe PolyMETREXplus Workshop in Athens on Thursday 30 September and Friday 1 October 2004 CONTENTS 1 Some implications of the ESPON 111 Study for Discussion Note 3 2 Outcomes for Discussion Note 3 3 The concept of the Pentagon and PUSH/PINA’s 4 Extracted diagrams from the ESPON Preliminary Results/ESPON 111 Study

Diagram and table

Diagrammatic representation of the outcome of the ESPON PUSH/PINA analysis when applied to balancing areas

Table 5.7 from the ESPON 111 Study showing the largest PUSH/PINA areas (population of 1m plus)

Extracted diagrams from the ESPON Preliminary Results/ESPON 111 Study

RR/23/9/2004

Discussion Note 3a PolyMETREXplus Towards European urban balance Consideration of the findings and conclusions of the ESPON 111 Study Potentials for Polycentric development in Europe PolyMETREXplus Workshop in Athens on Thursday 30 September and Friday 1 October 2004 1 Some implications of the ESPON Study 111 for Discussion Notes 1-3 ESPON has now published the Preliminary Results of the first phase of its Interreg programme (Autumn 2003) together with the various supporting studies that have been completed (see www.espon.lu). The Preliminary Results provided an input into the Third Cohesion Report that introduced the concept of territorial into the European constitution (see extracted diagram). The interim findings and conclusions of ESPON Study 111 are reflected in PolyMETREXplus Discussion Notes 1-3. The final report, on Potentials for polycentric development in Europe, takes the concepts of Functional Urban Areas (FUA’s) and Metropolitan European Growth Areas (MEGA’s) and adds to these the concepts of PUSH and PINA areas. FUA’s are urban areas with a core population of at least 20k and a total labour market/travel to work catchment population of over 50k. There are 1596 FUA’s. MEGA’s are the larger FUA’s with recognised growth potential, as assessed against a number of economic indicators. 76 MEGA’s are now defined, as against the 64 in the Interim Report. The additional 12 MEGA’s were actually reflected in and included in Discussion Notes 2 and 3. PUSH areas are Polycentric Urban Strategic Horizon areas. They approximate to municipal areas that have at least 10% of their population within 45 minutes travel time of a FUA. In effect they are those areas with significant links to the core, or periphery, of a FUA. They are thus regarded as having the potential to develop polycentric relationships with a FUA. They are the strategic horizon of the FUA. PINA areas are Polycentric Integration Areas. These are FUA’s that have overlapping catchment areas of at least 33%. The implication of this is that they also have significant potential to develop polycentric relationships. The ESPON Study identifies 87 areas with PUSH populations over 1m and a potential PIA population well beyond this (see extracted Table 5.7).

• The point of the PUSH/PINA analyses is to take account of the travel to work/commuting inter relationships that exist across Europe, beyond FUA’s and between FUA’s. The analyses also seek to identify areas where a polycentric approach could increase the population weight of a wider polycentric area and hence its potential competitiveness and ability to specialize

• However, the Diagram overleaf shows the location of the major PUSH/PIA areas and that

very few are not already identified as MEGA or FUA’s with polycentric potential in Discussion Notes 2 and 3

2 Outcomes for Discussion Note 3 On this basis the 23 PUSH/PIA areas that might now be added to the Discussion 3 Diagrams are (see attached Diagram),

UK – Belfast, Leicester and Bristol France – Rouen, Metz and Strasbourg Netherlands – Groningen Germany - Würzberg, Nürnberg, Regensburg, Ravensburg, Bielfeld, Hannover, Magdeburg and Erfurt (Amburg in der, not located) Poland – Bydgoszcz Austria – Linz Italy – Rimini, Bari, Catania, Palermo, Messina Greece – Thessaloniki Czech republic – (Decin not located) Hungary – (Rackeve not located)

• A number of these locations lie between the GIZ core area and the inner core. The nature

and strength of their relationships with both these areas is a matter for consideration through PolyMETREXplus

• A number are locations, such as those in southern Italy and Greece, would naturally be part

of any view of European polycentric metropolitan relationships

• The analysis in ESPON Table 5.7 may be misleading when it reveals potential PINA populations in the 5-10m range. Such areas are clearly part of wider overlapping European urban networks (e.g. Lille with a PINA population of 10.9m and Frankfurt 14.9m)

3 The concept of the Pentagon and PUSH/PINA’s

ESPON Study 111 suggests that, on the basis of the PUSH/PINA analysis, the Pentagon (London, Paris, München, Milano, Hamburg) might be extended, for example to include Genova, Manchester and Copenhagen. The concept of the Pentagon is questioned by the findings and conclusions of Discussion Notes 1-3.

• It seems more realistic, in terms of European Urban balance, to recognize the core GIZ

(London, Paris, Rhine/Ruhr) and a number of related but distinct outer areas, such as the northern Alpine space.

• Including Milano and, by implication, related areas of influence in the Po valley seems unhelpful to the concept of better urban balance. Milano and northern Italy seem more appropriately thought of as key components of the Mediterranean balancing area.

4 Extracted diagrams from the ESPON Preliminary Results/ESPON 111 Study The ESPON Preliminary Results report and the ESPON 111 Study (Annex b – Profiles of polycentricity in European countries) contain a number of Diagrams that are relevant to PolyMETREXplus Discussion Note 3 – Connectivity. They have been abstracted as indicators of national approaches to polycentricity that will be relevant to PolyMETREXplus.

• The extracted diagrams have implications for the 18 inter regional “tiles” identified in Discussion Note 2

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ay analysis, European connectivity and European urban balance

4 Extracted daigrams from the ESPON Preliminary Results / ESPON 111 Study