1. 1. OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME. RESEARCHER:BALKEE J KAUR CON,AIMS SRI
2. 2. Obesity :It refers to the condition in which the natural energy reserve, stored in the fatty tissue of humans is increased to a point where it is associated with certain health conditions or increased mortality(death rate).
3. 3. OBESE Adole scents with a BMI over 30 are consid ered to be obese .
4. 4. OVERWEIGHT Adolesc ents with a body mass index(B MI) over 25 are conside red to be overwei ght.
5. 5. CAUSES Inactivity. If you're not very active, you don't burn as many calories. With a sedentary lifestyle, you can easily take in more calories every day than you use through exercise and normal daily activities. One reason for this is that many people spend hours in front of TVs and computers doing work, schoolwork, and leisure activities. In fact, more than 2 hours a day of regular TV viewing time has been linked to overweight and obesity.
6. 6. Unhealthy diet and eating habits. Having a diet that's high in calories, lacking in fruits and vegetables, full of fast food, missing breakfast, and laden with high-calorie beverages and oversized portions all contribute to weight gain.
7. 7. ENVIRONMENT Lack of neighborhood sidewalks and safe places for recreation. Not having area parks, trails, sidewalks, and affordable gyms makes it hard for people to be physically active.
8. 8. WORK SCHEDULES-PEOPLE DON'T HAVE TIME TO BE PHYSICALLY ACTIVE BECAUSE OF LONG WORK
9. 9. OVERSIZED Oversized food portions- Eating large portions means too much energy IN. Over time, this will cause weight gain if it isn't balanced with physical activity.
10. 10. ACCESS Lack of access to healthy foods such as fresh fruits and vegetable s. Or, for some people, these healthy foods are too costly.
11. 11. Adolescents are surrounded by ads from food companies. Often adolescents are the targets of advertising for high-calorie, high-fat snacks and sugary drinks. The goal of these ads is to sway people to buy these high-calorie foods, and often they do.
12. 12. GENESANDFAMILYHISTORY- genes have a strong influence on a person's weight. Overweight and obesity tend to run in families. Your chances of being overweight are greater if one or both of your parents are overweight or obese.
13. 13. MEDICINES- Certain medicines may cause you to gain weight. These medicines include some antidepressants(prevent from depression),and seizure medicines.Certain diabetes and hypertension (high blood pressure) controlling medications also cause weight gain.
14. 14. EMOTIONAL FACTORS- Emotional Factors- Some people eat more than usual when they're bored, angry, or stressed. Over time, overeating will lead to weight gain and may cause overweight or obesity.
15. 15. LACK OF SLEEP People who sleep fewer hours also seem to prefer eating foods that are higher in calories and carbohydrates, which can lead to overeating, weight gain, and obesity.Sleep also affects how your body reacts to insulin, the hormone that controls your blood glucose (sugar) level. Lack of sleep results in a higher than normal blood sugar level, which may increase your risk for diabetes.
16. 16. INFERTILITY((UNABLE TO REPRODUCE) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(a condition in which fat builds up in the liver and can cause inflammation or scarring)
17. 17. BREATHING PROBLEMS
18. 18. THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS IN FEMALE ARE THOSE WHICH ARE CONCERNED WITH FERTILIZATIONCOPULATION GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF FETUS AND ITS SUBSEQUENT EXIT IN THE OUTER WORLD
19. 19. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS BROADLY DIVIDED INTO EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE AND INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. External reproductive organs:
20. 20. The external genitalia also called the vulva includes the mons pubis -a fatty mound ,the labia majora -outer lips of the vagina, the labia minora -the inner lips of the vagina, the vaginal opening and hymen- in virgin and the opening is closed by the labia minora.opening of the urethra, a tube which carries urine from the bladder outside of the body, the clitoris -a small structure with sensitive nerve endings located within the labia minora, and the perineum -the space between the anus [the rectal opening]and the vaginal opening.
21. 21. INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS:
22. 22. Vagina constitutes the excretory channel for the menstrual blood. It is the organ of copulation and forms the birth canal of parturition. The uterus is a hollow pyriform muscular organ The three layers of body are endometrium(an inner lining which builds ups and sheds monthly in response to hormonal stimulation)
23. 23. myometrium(middle layer) and parametrium(outer layer). The lower portion of the uterus is called the cervix, which contains a small opening called the os. Menstrual blood flows through the os into the vagina during menstruation. cervix endometrium myometrium parametrium os Semen travels through the os into the uterus and the fallopian tubes. (The cervical os dilates (opens) during childbirth.)
24. 24. Fallopian tube help in the transport of the gametes and to facilitate fertilization
25. 25. In the case of human ovaries located alongside the lateral wall of the uterus.Ovaries are paired sex glands which are concerned for producing female hormones called estrogen and progesterone. Usually each ovary takes turns releasing an egg every month. if there was a case where one ovary was absent or dysfunctional then the other ovary would continue providing eggs to be released. Two other hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH)are made by the pituitary gland.
26. 26. Under the influence of FSH ,follicles develop which contain egg and under the influence of LH egg is released from the ovary called ovulation. So every month inner layer of the uterus that is endometrium get shred and menstrual blood comes out from the uterus,cervix and vagina If copulation is there ,fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube and implantation in the uterus
27. 27. and there fetus grow and after nine months fetus comes out from the uterus,cervix and vagina into the outer world.
28. 28. INTRODUCTION OF POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME: Adolescents with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) have abnormalities in the metabolism of androgens [male hormone] and estrogen [female hormone].There is a increase level of male hormones in PCOS case and physical sign and symptoms of males are develop. Egg is not released from the ovary.
29. 29. because follicles are not properly developed and cysts are formed
30. 30. and they do not get regular menstrual periods. Ovaries are enlarged due to multiple cyst formations within the ovaries. The cysts are egg-containing follicles that have not developed properly because of a hormone imbalance .PCOS is associated with overweight and obesity
31. 31. Obese and overweight adolescent girls are at more risk of developing PCOS.There are two main reasons for the increase of PCOS among adolescent girls, are to adopt the unhealthy eating and a sedentary lifestyle. UNHEALTHY EATING
32. 32. SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE.
33. 33. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF POLYCYSTIC OVARIES:
34. 34. POLYCYSTIC OVARY Two female hormones produced by ovary called estrogen , progesterone. In adolescents with PCOS, multiple small follicles (small cysts) may develop due to disturbances in female hormones.
35. 35. IN NORMAL CASE EGG IS RELEASED FROM OVARY BUT IN PCOS SMALL FOLLICLES (4 TO 9 MM IN DIAMETER) ACCUMULATE IN THE OVARY AND TRIGGER OVULATION AND CYSTS ARE FORMED IN OVARIES. NORMAL OVARY POLYCYSTIC OVARY
36. 36. CAUSE OF POLYCYSTIC OVARIES No one knows the exact cause of PCOS, adolescents with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) have abnormalities in the metabolism of androgens[male hormone] and estrogen[female hormone] A medicine used to treat seizures that is Valproate may cause or worsen the symptoms of PCOS
37. 37. Other causes are low level of chronic (from long time)inflammation(swelling) in the body. Hyperinsulinemia (increased level of insulin) Obesity aggravate the degree of PCOS.
38. 38. family history of PCOS family history of diabetes
39. 39. nutritional deficiencies high glucose load diet Sedentary lifestyle
40. 40. COMMON SIGN AND SYMPTOMS ARE : growth of hair in male pattern on the face, back, chest, lower abdomen,arms,legs and inner thighs called Hirsutism 1.Face
41. 41. 2.BACK
42. 42. 3.CHEST
43. 43. 4.LOWER ABDOMEN
44. 44. 5.INNER THIGHS hairs
45. 45. 6. ARMS
46. 46. 7.LEGS
47. 47. development of male features including balding of the frontal portion of the scalp called virilization
48. 48. failure of the ovaries to release an egg called Anovulation absence of a menstrual period called Amenorrhea presence of menstrual cycles greater than 35 days apart,scanty and less than 6 periods called Oligomenorrhea.
49. 49. OTHER SIGN AND SYMPTOMS ARE: no periods, Painful periods, chronic pain in the lower abdomen. Acne
50. 50. OILY SKIN
51. 51. DANDRUFF
52. 52. Waist measurement greater than 35 inches, or waist bigger than hips (apple shape), obesity and weight gain
53. 53. darker patches of skin in neck folds , armpits, abdomen, or groin called Acanthosis nigricans
54. 54. NECK FOLDS
55. 55. ARMPITS
56. 56. ABDOMEN,GROIN
57. 57. increased insulin levels and increase levels of androgens (male hormones)specifically testosterone. androgenic alopecia (male-pattern baldness) enlarged ovaries generally 2-3 times larger than normal skin tags which are excess flaps of skin in the armpit or neck area
58. 58. ANXIETY OR DEPRESSION voice deepening, atrophy of breast tissue, increased muscle mass clitoromegaly(increase in size of clitoris) is rare
59. 59. DIAGNOSIS OF HYPERANDROGENISM:The modified Ferriman-Gallwey (mFG) score grades 10 body areas from 0 (no hair) to 4 (frankly virile), including the upper lip, chin, upper chest and lower chest, upper abdomen and lower abdomen, upper and lower back, arm, forearm. A total score of 7 or more is considered abnormal . The range of score is given below