political map of southwest asia physical map of southwest asia
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Political Map of Southwest Asia
Physical Map of Southwest Asia
Physical SW AsiaArabian Peninsula Anatolian Peninsula
Map of North Africa
Waterways of SW AsiaRed Sea Black Sea
Waterways of SW AsiaDead Sea: so salty you cannot sink
Jordan River: natural boundary b/w Israel and Jordan
Cradle of Civilization - MesopotamiaTigris River Euphrates River
Deserts, Oasis’, & Salt FlatsRub al-Khali: Empty Quarter. “place no one comes out”, most of SW Asia is Arid & Semiarid
Salt Flat: Dasht-e Lut & Dsaht-e Kavir in Iran
Ethnic and Religious GroupsEthnic Groups Religious Groups
Climates & EcosystemsClimates of SW Asia Ecosystems of SW Asia
Physical Characteristics of N. Africa
• Mediterranean coastal climates--- hot, sunny summers, cool, rainy winters
• Need to live near a water source
• Ppl along coast have easier contact with ppl than those in the interior
• No connecting navigable rivers
1. Largest desert in the world, 3,000 miles2. 134 degrees in the day and below freezing at
night3. 20% sand4. Camels can go up to 17 days without water5. Rely on aquifers and oasis’
Ottoman Empire
European Influence on N. AfricaFrench Colonies: Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco.
English Colonies: Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Iraq, Palestine
European Influence on SW. Asia
Early MovementThe Berbers were the original inhabitants of N. Africa & were farmers and herders
Camels were introduced during Roman rule from Central Asia & were very well adapted to desert climate
1st time reg. trade was est. crossed desert in caravans
Settlement Patterns½ of pop lives in rural villages
Sm. Houses of sun-dried brick
rise at dawn, nap midday b/c too hot, work until dusk
still use wooden plows
Settlement Patterns: Desert Nomads in Africa
Tuareg --- speak own language, only Berber language with a written form, means “free men”, severe drought has caused some to resort to farming, mostly located in Burkina Faso and Libya
The Water Solution1. Iceberg Project
abandoned in 19812. National Water
Carrier Project in Israel– carries water from N. to central & S.
3. Desalination Plants: removes salt from ocean water, very expensive, still too salty for irrigation so used for sewage systems
4. Fossil Water: old water from deep underground aquifers
Water Systems 1. Irrigation Canal: deliver water to arid regions, evaporates quickly, used in Oman
2. Noria: waterwheel run by flow water or animal power used to lift water from the river to the fields (Syria)
3. Drip Irrigation: reduces evaporation, used in the Negev Desert in Israel
4. Qanat: system of underground brick-lined tunnels and wells that collect runoff water from the mountains
Nile RiverWorld’s longest river – 4,160 miles, flows North
Empties into Nile Delta (extremely fertile)
The Fellaheen (Egyptian peasants) grow impressive crops without modern machinery
Population – 68 million (99% live along Nile R.)
High population density (2,700 ppl per sq mi)
2 major cities: Cairo & Alexandria
Controlling the NileBasin Irrigation: long walls built around fields to trap water and silt (didn’t work yr round)
Reservoir: Lake Nasser (300 mi.) on the Aswan Dam, caused an increase in Malaria, but provides steady water supply
Perennial Irrigation System
Aswan High Dam- stopped flooding of Nile, 35 % of Egyptian farmland have a high salt content, but increased farmland by 50%. However, b/c flooding stopped so did the deposit of new silt
Suez Canal links Med. Sea and Red Sea opened in 1869 – made Egypt vital link
About 105 mi long
Reduces the 12,300 mi long trip between London and Mumbai to 7,200 mi
Oil from the Sand1.Petroleum = Oil2.Discovered in SW
Asia in 1920s3.World’s largest
oil field is al-Ghawar in Saudi Arabia in the Rub al-Khali desert and contains ¼ of Saudi Arabia’s oil reserves
4.OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Counties
Processing Petroleum1. Drills pump out
the crude oil into storage tanks
2. Natural gas, water, and sediments are removed and oil is sent to a pumping station
3. Crude oil is sent to refineries either in tankers or by pipelines
4. At the refinery crude oil is converted into useful products like gasoline
5. Products are transported worldwide
More Oil FactsOil Consumers Oil Producers
Oil: A Strategic Commodity
1. 64 % of world’s oil deposits
2. 34% of natural gas reserves
3. 44.5 million barrels a day – 50% of world’s demand
4. Oil prices unstable5. Use oil profits to
modernize and industrialize
6. Use oil profits to diversify economy
7. Kuwait: free public education
EconomiesSubsistence Farming and Nomadic Herding
Oil, hydroelectricity, natural gas, minerals, need for other resources
IslamMuhammad as 1 true prophet, but belief in other prophets
Qur’an – words of God; Hadith – words of Muhammad
5 pillars of Faith6 Articles of Faith
Effects of Islam on SW Asia1. Major religion for
Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Syria, Lebannon, Jordan, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Yemen – many are theocratic govts.
2. Mecca: holiest city of Islam (where Muhammad spend much of his life)
3. 5 Pillars of Faith: (Faith, Prayer 5x a day, Charity, Fasting- Ramadan, Pilgrimage to Mecca)
4. Mosques: Muslim place of worship
Islam in North AfricaMost N. Africans are Muslim
1st brought to Africa in 632 CE
All N. African coast Muslim by 750 CE
By 1500 extended through the Sahara
Mostly Sunni
Jerusalem: Holy for 3 Religions
Basic Beliefs of JudaismOne God, no form, creator, pray to him alone
Moses as chief prophet
Torah as Law from God, passed down through Moses, can’t be changed
Coming of the MessiahRewards good, punishes bad
Food must be Kosher
Jerusalem: Holy for Jews
1. Capital of Israel
2. Temple Mount: site of King Solomon’s 1st temple and the spot where Abraham was prepared to sacrifice his son to God
3. Site of the 2nd temple
4. Western Wall: Wailing Wall- last pieces of the 2nd wall that was destroyed by Romans in 70 CE
Christianity Breakaway sect of Judaism, followers of Jesus Christ
12 disciples, Virgin Mary, son of God, original sin
Bible – Old (before Jesus) & New (after Jesus) Testament
Beliefs:1. God2. Trinity3. Bible4. Death & Resurrection of Jesus
5. Return of Jesus6. Salvation & Punishment
Jerusalem: Holy for Christians
1. Crusades: Christians fought for control of the city from Muslims – lost
2. Site of Jesus’ crucifixion
Jerusalem: Holy for Muslims
1. Dome of the Rock: houses the spot where Muhammad ascended to heaven, located on the Temple Mount
2. Al-Aqsa: mosque
Creation of the State of Israel
1. Balfour Declaration: UN divides Palestine into 2 states: 1 for the Jews and 1 for the Arabs
2. Arabs did not agree, but Israel was formed anyway in 1948
3. Surrounding Arab nations launched war against Israel and lost b/c Israel was supported by the UN (aka USA & UK)
Palestinian Mandate
Who does the land belong to?1. Ottoman Empire: 1520 –
1922, Muslim based, Turkish govt., fell at the end of WWI, lands split between France and England
2. French: Syria (1946) & Lebanon (1943)
3. British: Israel & Jordan (called Palestine)
4. Zionism: goal to create a Jewish homeland
5. By 1914: 12% of Palestine was Jewish
6. Jews poured into Palestine to escape the Holocaust
7. British stopped immigration in 1939
Palestinian Loss of Land
West Bank and the Gaza Strip1. The West Bank and
Gaza Strip were under Israeli control until 1960s
2. Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was formed to regain the land for the Arabs
3. West Bank and Gaza Strip are now under Arab control and are a safe zone for Palestinian Arabs
Palestinian Refugees
1. In 1949 the UN created 53 Palestinian refugee camps
2. They were supposed to be temporary
3. Each camp holds b/w 35,000 – 50,000 people
4. Israeli govt. controls all movement in and out of the camps
5. Education, money, food, health care provided by the UN
Life in Israel Today1. School from 5-15 years2. At 15 choose b/w tech
school or academic school or the workforce
3. Drive & get married at 17 yrs
4. Enter the military at 18: 3 yrs for men; 2 years for women, but women no active combat
5. Some restaurants have separate dining areas for men and women (Arab)
6. Most ethnically diverse country in the world
Kurds1. Stateless nation2. 1988 Iraq dropped
mustard gas bombs on Kurdish settlements killing 5,000 ppl
3. Kurdistan: in parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria
4. Kurds make up 20% of Turkey are majorly repressed
Sunni vs Shi’iteSunni: 83 % of Muslims Shi’ite: most Iranians
Persian Gulf War1. War for control over
the oil fields2. 1990 Iraq (under
Saddam Hussein) invaded Kuwait
3. US and 32 other countries fought to expel Iraq
4. Iraq set fire to 700 oil wells
5. US and UN won
Cyprus1. Inhabited since 6000
BCE2. Has been occupied by
Phoenicians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Ottoman Turks, and Great Britain
3. Independence in 19604. Tensions b/w Greek-
Cypriot majority and Turkish-Cypriot minority
5. Only Turkey recognizes Northern Cyprus as the independent country – the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Arab vs. Muslim (they are NOT synonymous!)Arabic is a cultural group.
Muslims are a religious group
Characteristics of an Arab
1. Arabic is a language of many dialects
2. Many, NOT ALL, are Muslim
3. They feel a responsibility to care for the poor
4. Strong family loyalty5. Use heavy spices when
cooking and many meals feature wheat or rice
6. Tend to be VERY conservative
7. Reject Western culture because of the fear they will loose their values
Terrorism1. Taliban- held
Afghanistan from 1996-2001
2. Launched 9/11 attacks
3. Believe in VERY strict Sharia Law
4. TV, internet & music banned
5. Men MUST wear a beard
6. Osama bin Laden and al-Queda
Taliban Control of Women1. Women cannot go to
school2. Women may not work
outside of the home3. Women may not leave
their homes without a male escort
4. Women must be fully covered by a Burka
5. Women may not wear fingernail polish
6. All of this was to safeguard women’s honor
Women in North Africa most women are housewives
In Tunisia it is illegal to have more than 1 wife, divorce is possible, no more arranged marriage before 13, equal pay
Rai• 1st used to communicate Algerian resentment of the French govt.
• Islamic fundamentalists have tried to ban Rai
• Still used in rebellion especially by women against Islamic fundamentalism
Directions: Choose a song from the last 30 years (1980 –
present) that you feel is a protest song. It can be protesting anything, but you must identify what the song is protesting. You must provide: 1.Name of the song and artist of the song (15 points)2.Provide the lyrics of the song (school censored please!) (35 points)3.Write at least one paragraph explaining what the song is protesting and if you agree or disagree with what the song is protesting. (50 points)
Afghanistan ConflictWanted by Russia and the UK – UK won, but USA also had interest
Taliban took over in 1990s – Bin Laden in control
2001 – 9/11 attacks on the US – go to war with USA
2011- Bin Laden found and killed
Egyptian Revolution1. Jan. 2011: protest against poverty, unemployment, government corruption and the rule of president Hosni Mubarak, who has been in power for three decades.2. Internet, cell service, schools, stock market – all shut down.3. Feb. 2011 – Hosni resigns – new democratic elections are in play
The SudanNorth – desert, Muslim Arabs
South – clay plains & a lg swamp called “The Sudd”, diff. ethnic groups, practice animalism or Christianity
N & S cont. at war since independence in 1956
Millions in danger of starvation
Sudan TodayGeorge Clooney and the Enough Project
Darfur DiscriminationIn July 2011 – Sudan officially split into North Sudan and South Sudan
Future is uncertain – world maps have not been updated and most countries do not yet recognize the split
LibyaOil is 99% of exports, imports 2/3 of its food
Muammar Gaddafi est. unique form of socialism that combines with strict Islam fundamentalismGoal: equal distribution of wealth
Goal: root out Western influence
Banned jeans for men and any pants or short skirts for women
Libyan Revolution Revolution to oust Gaddafi
NATO attacks Libya (US is a member of NATO)
Oct 2011 – Gaddafi is killed
Democratic elections of a new Prime Minister