University of St. Cyril and St. Methodius of TrnavaUniversity of St. Cyril and St. Methodius of Trnava

Institute of Social and Political SciencesInstitute of Social and Political Sciences

Department of Political ScienceDepartment of Political Science

REPORTREPORT

OnOn

Aspects of Political Interference withinAspects of Political Interference within International Marketing International Marketing

Academic subjectAcademic subject: : Elements of International Marketing Elements of International Marketing

By student: By student: Principal of the subject:Principal of the subject: Yanko Iliev Yanko Iliev Ing. Ing. Jana Koprlová, PhD.Jana Koprlová, PhD.yanko.ivanov.iliev@gmail.comyanko.ivanov.iliev@gmail.com

Trnava, November 2011Trnava, November 2011

ContentsContents::

I.I. Introduction…………………………………………………………Introduction……………………………………………………………. 3…. 3

II.II. Global marketing and state Global marketing and state politics………………………………… 4politics………………………………… 4

1. Government 1. Government policy……………………………………………….. 4policy……………………………………………….. 4

2. Non-government 2. Non-government issues…………………………………………... 7issues…………………………………………... 7 III. Geopolitical overview III. Geopolitical overview ……………………………………………….. 9……………………………………………….. 9 1. Regional and local specifics 1. Regional and local specifics …………………………………….. 9…………………………………….. 9

2. International organisations 2. International organisations …………………………………….. 11…………………………………….. 11 IV. Conclusion…………………………………………………………….. IV. Conclusion…………………………………………………………….. 1212 V. References……………………………………………………………… V. References……………………………………………………………… 1313

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I. IntroductionI. Introduction

According to the Oxford English language According to the Oxford English language dictionary, the subject “International dictionary, the subject “International marketing” is described as “marketing” is described as “the action or the action or business of promoting and selling products or business of promoting and selling products or servicesservices internationally internationally, including market , including market research and advertisingresearch and advertising”. ”. Provided by that, it is assumed that any Provided by that, it is assumed that any business which is present in at least two business which is present in at least two different countries could be entitled as a part different countries could be entitled as a part of global marketing. Global means powerful of global marketing. Global means powerful and agile. Global though means also vulnerableand agile. Global though means also vulnerable to different aspects of political originating to different aspects of political originating damage which can occur at anytime and damage which can occur at anytime and anyplace resulting into a worsening or even anyplace resulting into a worsening or even stopping a certain firm, business or the whole stopping a certain firm, business or the whole industry. We’ve witnessed quite a lot of similar industry. We’ve witnessed quite a lot of similar cases not only in the developing countries but cases not only in the developing countries but also in regions which are treated as also in regions which are treated as secure secure likelike for example mainland Europefor example mainland Europe. . This is actually a small part of a whole system This is actually a small part of a whole system within which politics, state policy, economy within which politics, state policy, economy and social issues are inter-related and tend to and social issues are inter-related and tend to affect each other quite at the same time.affect each other quite at the same time.The purpose of the current report is to point The purpose of the current report is to point out some of the main issues of interference out some of the main issues of interference between politics and international marketing between politics and international marketing within the perspective of the current stream of within the perspective of the current stream of events which shape the overall understanding events which shape the overall understanding about the economy for instance, so called about the economy for instance, so called free free marketmarket and the examples of state (and state- and the examples of state (and state-organisational) interference into it or the organisational) interference into it or the major rivalry between the different regional major rivalry between the different regional economic masters fueled by the overgrowing economic masters fueled by the overgrowing and evolving and evolving consumers’ society. consumers’ society.

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II. Global market and state II. Global market and state politics. politics.

Within the perspective of the global market, Within the perspective of the global market, the so called the so called marketing planning marketing planning is crucial for is crucial for the overall success of any company. Politics, the overall success of any company. Politics, including inner affairs and diplomacy, are key including inner affairs and diplomacy, are key features when it comes to adjusting a certain features when it comes to adjusting a certain business to the specific regional requirements business to the specific regional requirements without making any compromise with the without making any compromise with the firm’s traditional policy or demands.firm’s traditional policy or demands.Since the business is already an international Since the business is already an international one, international affairs and diplomacy also one, international affairs and diplomacy also take a great effect. That is why, in most cases ittake a great effect. That is why, in most cases it is more than important to have good and long-is more than important to have good and long-lasting connections with the other (or others) lasting connections with the other (or others) country within whose borders the newly country within whose borders the newly established branch of the company would be established branch of the company would be existing. If this fact is underestimated then theexisting. If this fact is underestimated then the branch’s branch’s future or even the future of the whole future or even the future of the whole company’s business could be put to the company’s business could be put to the question. We had a fresh example when, after question. We had a fresh example when, after officially not admitted to the officially not admitted to the Schengen areaSchengen area Romania have made certain symbolic attempts Romania have made certain symbolic attempts (of course not officially) in order to try to (of course not officially) in order to try to slower down Nederland’s import/export of tulipslower down Nederland’s import/export of tulip flowers as the Dutch government was one of flowers as the Dutch government was one of the first to confirm its attitude towards the the first to confirm its attitude towards the Romanian admission to the Schengen. Such Romanian admission to the Schengen. Such maneuvers are a clear example of state maneuvers are a clear example of state interference within the private sector.interference within the private sector.

1.1. Government policy.Government policy.

In the countries with a working democracy theIn the countries with a working democracy the interference in the private sector is either noneinterference in the private sector is either none or at its minimum. That is provided by theor at its minimum. That is provided by the

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principle of principle of free enterprise free enterprise which is treated aswhich is treated as a vital part of democracy and a clear sign ofa vital part of democracy and a clear sign of transition towards democracy for thetransition towards democracy for the developing countries. developing countries. Government interference though is not onlyGovernment interference though is not only direct one. There are certain techniques whichdirect one. There are certain techniques which can offer great power to the ruling politicalcan offer great power to the ruling political class, especially if the government is made upclass, especially if the government is made up from one party or the civil society is veryfrom one party or the civil society is very active.active.That could be viewed in almost all of theThat could be viewed in almost all of the countries, no matter the political orientation ofcountries, no matter the political orientation of the ruling party, the regional specifics or thethe ruling party, the regional specifics or the public reaction. For the business though apublic reaction. For the business though a stable government with a strict, fair and steadystable government with a strict, fair and steady policy towards the free market is the optimalpolicy towards the free market is the optimal thing to expect. thing to expect. Even though, if we have to be precise, far notEven though, if we have to be precise, far not all of the governments are stable and businessall of the governments are stable and business friendly. Actually, even if they are stable andfriendly. Actually, even if they are stable and friendly initially, that does not mean that thisfriendly initially, that does not mean that this would continue for the future. We havewould continue for the future. We have witnessed lately a major change in a greatwitnessed lately a major change in a great number of governments when their nationalnumber of governments when their national economy was struck by the economy was struck by the internationalinternational economic crisiseconomic crisis. For example, the Hungarian. For example, the Hungarian government has introduced a new tax labeledgovernment has introduced a new tax labeled crisis tax crisis tax whose main effect fell onto foreignwhose main effect fell onto foreign investors and multinational companies.investors and multinational companies.

Another factor which affects the governmentAnother factor which affects the government policies is the acting of other political parties,policies is the acting of other political parties, lobbyists or so called pressure groups. Similarlobbyists or so called pressure groups. Similar to this is the case withto this is the case with Finland whose Finland whose government is now facing a lack of support ingovernment is now facing a lack of support in parliament and so, it is now more or lessparliament and so, it is now more or less influenced by the far-right nationalistic partyinfluenced by the far-right nationalistic party True Finns True Finns whose 39 MPs are enough for awhose 39 MPs are enough for a majority within parliament.majority within parliament.

One of the most wide-spread reasons forOne of the most wide-spread reasons for destabilisation of a national government is thedestabilisation of a national government is the results of an election. This could distort notresults of an election. This could distort not only the government but also it could be aonly the government but also it could be a reason for its resignation. This action of coursereason for its resignation. This action of course

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is not directly linked with marketing and stateis not directly linked with marketing and state economy but in certain circumstances, it couldeconomy but in certain circumstances, it could be dangerous as some political parties orbe dangerous as some political parties or lobbyists are more or less influenced bylobbyists are more or less influenced by economic, historical or other issues and thuseconomic, historical or other issues and thus could target the profit of specific foreigncould target the profit of specific foreign companies through their economic policycompanies through their economic policy which often does not fulfil the legal regulationwhich often does not fulfil the legal regulation and the principle of free enterprise inand the principle of free enterprise in particular.particular.

Another point on which a government couldAnother point on which a government could fail in protecting the economic certainty isfail in protecting the economic certainty is when the government itself is week in terms ofwhen the government itself is week in terms of economic initiative. For example, if a countryeconomic initiative. For example, if a country has a weak government but strong tradehas a weak government but strong trade unions and civil society, then the result couldunions and civil society, then the result could be overwhelmingly bad for the foreignbe overwhelmingly bad for the foreign companies whose profit would be stronglycompanies whose profit would be strongly affected by the implementation of new laws oraffected by the implementation of new laws or other generally binding regulations. other generally binding regulations. Often similar cases emerge when a newOften similar cases emerge when a new government is supposed to be leftist but ingovernment is supposed to be leftist but in those cases the general situation (at least inthose cases the general situation (at least in developed countries) tends to remain the same,developed countries) tends to remain the same, of course with minimum differences when itof course with minimum differences when it comes to acts provoked by party’s politicalcomes to acts provoked by party’s political orientation and pre-election promises. Thisorientation and pre-election promises. This very same situation happened in Bulgaria notvery same situation happened in Bulgaria not long ago when the national government, afterlong ago when the national government, after making political promises, managing the statemaking political promises, managing the state budget and (or) according to lobbyists’budget and (or) according to lobbyists’ recommendation has shut down most of therecommendation has shut down most of the fuel depots of the international fuel depots of the international NeftochimNeftochim oil oil company. company.

In general, in developed countries, where theIn general, in developed countries, where the main international trade takes place, themain international trade takes place, the supreme legal regulations and Constitutions ofsupreme legal regulations and Constitutions of different states tend to share one singledifferent states tend to share one single characteristic – full support over freecharacteristic – full support over free enterprise and prosecution of any acts whichenterprise and prosecution of any acts which tend to abolish or weaken it either politicallytend to abolish or weaken it either politically or economically.or economically.

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Along with state interference, we can alsoAlong with state interference, we can also mention multi-national (or supranational)mention multi-national (or supranational) political communities’ interference whichpolitical communities’ interference which could be various and often quite difficult tocould be various and often quite difficult to evade. For example, in multi-nationalevade. For example, in multi-national organisations, like the EU for example, thereorganisations, like the EU for example, there are certain things which have to be pre-are certain things which have to be pre-negotiated along with all the other members ofnegotiated along with all the other members of the union. That could be quite a burden forthe union. That could be quite a burden for international companies which have to wait forinternational companies which have to wait for the political implementation of certainthe political implementation of certain economic regulations. economic regulations. People argue whether these supranationalPeople argue whether these supranational organisations are an accelerator or a heavyorganisations are an accelerator or a heavy burden for the international trade. From oneburden for the international trade. From one point of view, the abolishment of certainpoint of view, the abolishment of certain economic boundaries is good for theeconomic boundaries is good for the multinational firms, but on the other side,multinational firms, but on the other side, political implementation of laws andpolitical implementation of laws and bureaucracy tend to slower down the economicbureaucracy tend to slower down the economic growth especially when it comes to developinggrowth especially when it comes to developing companies which are in a process ofcompanies which are in a process of enlargement of their business by establishingenlargement of their business by establishing branches abroad.branches abroad.

2.2. Non-government issues.Non-government issues.

Interference within the multinational businessInterference within the multinational business could not only be initiated by the governmentcould not only be initiated by the government but also by non-government subjects. Thesebut also by non-government subjects. These are quite different by their source and couldare quite different by their source and could hardly be defined as a certain group. hardly be defined as a certain group. Speaking roughly, we can identify two differentSpeaking roughly, we can identify two different approaches of defying non-governmentalapproaches of defying non-governmental subjects.subjects.

The first could generally be defined asThe first could generally be defined as organisational and official (by law). In otherorganisational and official (by law). In other words, these are the various trade unions,words, these are the various trade unions, pressure groups, members of the civil society,pressure groups, members of the civil society, political parties in opposition, lobbyists (if it ispolitical parties in opposition, lobbyists (if it is legal), NGOs or individuals. These, judging bylegal), NGOs or individuals. These, judging by the impact they make to government issues,the impact they make to government issues, are moderately capable of inflicting aare moderately capable of inflicting a

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sometimes significant damage to companies,sometimes significant damage to companies, especially when it comes to business whichespecially when it comes to business which deals with utilities, heavy machinery, mining,deals with utilities, heavy machinery, mining, banking, etc. banking, etc. The techniques they use are non-violent butThe techniques they use are non-violent but rather they stress on verbal and symbolicrather they stress on verbal and symbolic influence, mainly protests and media influence, mainly protests and media warfarewarfare. .

The legal authorities like the various levels ofThe legal authorities like the various levels of the state court could also be added to thisthe state court could also be added to this group because nevertheless they are not a partgroup because nevertheless they are not a part of the government but they are quite capableof the government but they are quite capable of interference in the economic issues, ofof interference in the economic issues, of course when it is needed to, according to statecourse when it is needed to, according to state and/or international laws.and/or international laws.Non-governmental interference has one singleNon-governmental interference has one single feature which surfaces every time and that isfeature which surfaces every time and that is the fact that non-government authorities andthe fact that non-government authorities and organisations have no power by law, soorganisations have no power by law, so everything they achieve is a reaction toeverything they achieve is a reaction to something which has influenced a lot ofsomething which has influenced a lot of individuals and thus, provoked by public’sindividuals and thus, provoked by public’s attitude, either the government or some otherattitude, either the government or some other authorities or subjects make the desiredauthorities or subjects make the desired changes, of course not always as it is quitechanges, of course not always as it is quite subjective when these changes should andsubjective when these changes should and when they should not be made.when they should not be made.

We have labeled this group We have labeled this group official (by law)official (by law) as as its members are registered and recognised byits members are registered and recognised by the state authorities. That is because theythe state authorities. That is because they differ from the other group which, in one waydiffer from the other group which, in one way or another, is made up of groups andor another, is made up of groups and organisations which are illegal and oftenorganisations which are illegal and often prosecuted by law.prosecuted by law.

The so called second group, as we have alreadyThe so called second group, as we have already mentioned, is made up of various organisationsmentioned, is made up of various organisations starting from unofficial scout clubs and animalstarting from unofficial scout clubs and animal keepers to terrorist sects. Not only becausekeepers to terrorist sects. Not only because this group is very wide in its range, but alsothis group is very wide in its range, but also because it could not be described by a singlebecause it could not be described by a single word or term, it would be better to identify theword or term, it would be better to identify the two major types which could be put within thetwo major types which could be put within the boundaries of this group. boundaries of this group.

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A major part of the non-governmental issues isA major part of the non-governmental issues is caused by violent and often offensive (in bothcaused by violent and often offensive (in both mind and acts) organisations. These could bemind and acts) organisations. These could be described by a lot of different names like fordescribed by a lot of different names like for example anarchists, antiglobalists, terrorists,example anarchists, antiglobalists, terrorists, political radicals, secret organisations etc. political radicals, secret organisations etc. A common feature between these is the factA common feature between these is the fact that, in one way or another, their goal is tothat, in one way or another, their goal is to change (radically) the political, economic andchange (radically) the political, economic and social social status quostatus quo by any means necessary. by any means necessary. In their roots, these social and politicalIn their roots, these social and political movements are violent, aggressive and provokemovements are violent, aggressive and provoke social injustice. That is the reason why they aresocial injustice. That is the reason why they are prosecuted by law. prosecuted by law. And how do they affect internationalAnd how do they affect international marketing? Mainly psychologically (becausemarketing? Mainly psychologically (because these movements tend to wage propagandathese movements tend to wage propaganda warfare by which they are trying to convertwarfare by which they are trying to convert ordinary citizens and make them believe theordinary citizens and make them believe the things they want) but also occasionally directlythings they want) but also occasionally directly – through, as they call them – through, as they call them direct actions,direct actions, which virtually all of the cases are violent andwhich virtually all of the cases are violent and pursue a certain political goal which often liespursue a certain political goal which often lies hidden for the ordinary participants. hidden for the ordinary participants.

The second sub-group has more limited rangeThe second sub-group has more limited range of interest. These are also sometimes politicalof interest. These are also sometimes political organisations (or such with political goals) butorganisations (or such with political goals) but it is not directly linked with marketing and itsit is not directly linked with marketing and its environment but rather it is a subsequence ofenvironment but rather it is a subsequence of their acts, like for example terrorist acts and/ortheir acts, like for example terrorist acts and/or different aspects of political, social, racial etc.different aspects of political, social, racial etc. violence.violence.

Generally speaking, non-governmental issuesGenerally speaking, non-governmental issues have moderately weaker effect that thehave moderately weaker effect that the governmental but their intensity is higher andgovernmental but their intensity is higher and thus their impact seems more influential thatthus their impact seems more influential that the other. It is hard to make any suitablethe other. It is hard to make any suitable conclusion whether its influence onconclusion whether its influence on international marketing is considerablyinternational marketing is considerably remarkable or it’s within the so called remarkable or it’s within the so called spheresphere of risk of risk when it comes to marketing planningwhen it comes to marketing planning and the future development of the business.and the future development of the business.

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III. Geopolitical overview.III. Geopolitical overview.

1. Regional and local specifics.1. Regional and local specifics.

The world has always been divided by a certainThe world has always been divided by a certain issue. Since the time of our human ancestors,issue. Since the time of our human ancestors, humanity has been influenced by the varioushumanity has been influenced by the various specifics of the environment – weather, terrain,specifics of the environment – weather, terrain, water sources, game and plant population etc. water sources, game and plant population etc. Similar is nowadays the case with nationSimilar is nowadays the case with nation states. They are now more or less geopoliticallystates. They are now more or less geopolitically divided according to the place or region (butdivided according to the place or region (but also to the type of policy and statealso to the type of policy and state development) in which they are situated.development) in which they are situated.We do frequently hear on the news, newspapersWe do frequently hear on the news, newspapers or at the office expressions like or at the office expressions like geopoliticalgeopolitical purpose purpose or or geopolitical settinggeopolitical setting which actually which actually refers more to the political and socialrefers more to the political and social orientation rather than to the real geopoliticalorientation rather than to the real geopolitical issues. issues. We can define, of course quite symbolically,We can define, of course quite symbolically, several several geopolitical geopolitical regions which have to doregions which have to do with international marketing and politics.with international marketing and politics. These are Western Europe, Northern AmericaThese are Western Europe, Northern America (often referred as NAFTA) Eastern Asia(often referred as NAFTA) Eastern Asia (including certain parts of China and some(including certain parts of China and some island states) Eastern Europe, Central Asiaisland states) Eastern Europe, Central Asia (incl. former states of the USSR), Southern(incl. former states of the USSR), Southern America, Australia (along with New Zealand),America, Australia (along with New Zealand), Middle East (subsequently divided intoMiddle East (subsequently divided into different regions) and Africa with its quite richdifferent regions) and Africa with its quite rich diversity when it comes to nations, economy,diversity when it comes to nations, economy, politics etc.politics etc.

Generally speaking, more or less a singleGenerally speaking, more or less a single country is influenced by its neighbour statescountry is influenced by its neighbour states and its setting in geographical aspect.and its setting in geographical aspect. International marketing is influencedInternational marketing is influenced indirectly also by the egress to internationalindirectly also by the egress to international seas and/or floatable rivers. seas and/or floatable rivers.

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For multinational business For multinational business transportation transportation is ais a crucial word. Whole economies are suspendedcrucial word. Whole economies are suspended upon delivering certain goods from one placeupon delivering certain goods from one place to another and the faster (and cheaper) it getsto another and the faster (and cheaper) it gets there, the better for the business, for the statethere, the better for the business, for the state economy and for the general public and theeconomy and for the general public and the individual consumer. If there is interferenceindividual consumer. If there is interference within the transportation process, then thewithin the transportation process, then the business would definitely have a drawbackbusiness would definitely have a drawback which in terms of free enterprise and openwhich in terms of free enterprise and open competition could be lethal for a certaincompetition could be lethal for a certain company. company. We could see how lethal exactly – during theWe could see how lethal exactly – during the eruption of the eruption of the EyjafjallajökullEyjafjallajökull volcano in volcano in Iceland almost all of Western EuropeanIceland almost all of Western European commercial and cargo flight were blocked andcommercial and cargo flight were blocked and that had a pretty much terrible result for flightthat had a pretty much terrible result for flight companies and additional ones who deal withcompanies and additional ones who deal with issues directly linked with flightissues directly linked with flight transportation. transportation.

Also, now we witness the devastating impact ofAlso, now we witness the devastating impact of geopolitical settings within the framework ofgeopolitical settings within the framework of the Eurozone crisis when economies withthe Eurozone crisis when economies with limited geographical grants (Italy, Spain,limited geographical grants (Italy, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Greece etc.) are facing quitePortugal, Ireland, Greece etc.) are facing quite a challenge in preserving their economy alivea challenge in preserving their economy alive and in one piece as the near future of the Euroand in one piece as the near future of the Euro currency and the global EU market is not quitecurrency and the global EU market is not quite secure or positive in its perspective, especiallysecure or positive in its perspective, especially for economies with a geographical setbackfor economies with a geographical setback such as the listed above.such as the listed above.

In particular, the setback is the distance (orIn particular, the setback is the distance (or limited share of borders) to the other memberlimited share of borders) to the other member states and thus harder and more expensivestates and thus harder and more expensive transportation of goods. transportation of goods. This fact is backed up with ranking of theThis fact is backed up with ranking of the economic environment of various states andeconomic environment of various states and also their overall economic rating. Accordingalso their overall economic rating. According to these scales, all countries which wereto these scales, all countries which were already mentioned are far than excellent foralready mentioned are far than excellent for investing according to these terms. investing according to these terms.

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2. International organisations.2. International organisations.

In this chapter I would write aboutIn this chapter I would write about international organisations on national level,international organisations on national level, but yet divided according to regionalbut yet divided according to regional characteristics. characteristics. Most of these organisations (like for example,Most of these organisations (like for example, the EU, Arabic league, CIS etc.) are primarilythe EU, Arabic league, CIS etc.) are primarily organised upon global political issues, but alsoorganised upon global political issues, but also in terms of economy and some majorin terms of economy and some major regulation for trade and enterprise issues.regulation for trade and enterprise issues.

No matter how general and not-binding theseNo matter how general and not-binding these regulations are, in certain manners they couldregulations are, in certain manners they could lead to a totally unsatisfying economiclead to a totally unsatisfying economic environment. This though has a also a certainenvironment. This though has a also a certain link to government issues but in the presentlink to government issues but in the present economic crisis there are clear examples ofeconomic crisis there are clear examples of how general regulations of supranationalhow general regulations of supranational organisations could lead to reflux of investorsorganisations could lead to reflux of investors and shivering of regional and local branches ofand shivering of regional and local branches of international firms. international firms. Similar statements were expressed by theSimilar statements were expressed by the Conservative party before the general electionConservative party before the general election last year. Their representatives stressed onlast year. Their representatives stressed on getting Britain back on its feetgetting Britain back on its feet of course by the of course by the help of foreign investment which, if we have tohelp of foreign investment which, if we have to be precise, really has shrunk during the Labourbe precise, really has shrunk during the Labour rule. rule.

Speaking roughly, when an internationalSpeaking roughly, when an international organisation tries to implement politicallyorganisation tries to implement politically motivated economic reforms that should alsomotivated economic reforms that should also be treated as supranational interference. Webe treated as supranational interference. We have a fresh and not quite finished yet case inhave a fresh and not quite finished yet case in the face of the economic reforms whose aim isthe face of the economic reforms whose aim is to to savesave the Eurozone from total collapse. In a the Eurozone from total collapse. In a certain way, this interference is [in]direct tocertain way, this interference is [in]direct to multinational business and is quite still unsuremultinational business and is quite still unsure if it would be successful. if it would be successful.

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IV. Conclusion. IV. Conclusion.

To sum up this report, I’d like to point out onceTo sum up this report, I’d like to point out once more that any more that any interference interference within the economy,within the economy, either issued by the government or by non-either issued by the government or by non-government authority, is supposed to be agovernment authority, is supposed to be a violation of the free enterprise and should notviolation of the free enterprise and should not be executed. Otherwise, any dramatic changesbe executed. Otherwise, any dramatic changes could lead to bankrupt or even to an economiccould lead to bankrupt or even to an economic crisis. crisis.

The term itself The term itself interferenceinterference tends to be a tends to be a certain certain violationviolation of the normal process of of the normal process of trade. Thus influencing the normal demand-trade. Thus influencing the normal demand-supply principle (or the free enterprise one)supply principle (or the free enterprise one) the whole chain of linked together companiesthe whole chain of linked together companies and state-governed facilities is distorted.and state-governed facilities is distorted.

References*:References*:

1.1. BBC News – EU Budget: Who pays? BBC News – EU Budget: Who pays? http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8036097.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8036097.stm

2.2. List of Economic ranking 2011 List of Economic ranking 2011 http://www.heritage.org/index/Rankinghttp://www.heritage.org/index/Ranking

3.3. Oxford Dictionary – online version Oxford Dictionary – online version http://oxforddictionaries.com/ http://oxforddictionaries.com/

4.4. Wikipedia articles (http://wikipedia.org) :Wikipedia articles (http://wikipedia.org) :- - Anti-globalization movementAnti-globalization movement-- Commonwealth of Independent statesCommonwealth of Independent states-- Global marketingGlobal marketing-- Economic freedomEconomic freedom-- EuroscepticismEuroscepticism-- International marketingInternational marketing-- NAFTANAFTA-- otherother

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* The above articles have been used within the period of 17* The above articles have been used within the period of 17thth - 27 - 27th th

November 2011. November 2011.

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