Policy Framework for

Space Security Activities

in the European Union

Frank Asbeck

Principal Advisor

European External Action Service

30 April 2015

EEAS1

“Space Security in the 21st Century”

Overview

30 April 2015

EEAS2

• The Development of the

Policy Framework

• Earth Observation

• Navigation

• Security for Space

30 April 2015

European Space Actors

• European States

EU MS and European organizations own and operate some 150 satellites (civilian, military and dual-use space systems)

• The European Space Agency (22 Member States)

• The European Union (28 Member States)

3EEAS

European Union and ESA

30 April 2015

EEAS4

The European Framework

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EEAS5

Space in Europe before 1990

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• Bipolar system US-USSR

• Military space usage by both superpowers

• NATO as the framework for security coperation

• Europeans participated in military space activities

via NATO

• Bilateral intelligence cooperation with the US

• European space ativities R&D – oriented

• French / British interest in space / space security

• Emerging Security Identity

European Space Activities

30 April 2015 7

1960: COPERS

1962: ELDO, ESRO, ESRIN

1965: Diamant (France)

1971: Black Arrow (GBR)

1975: ESA

• Research / development - oriented

• French / (British) lead

• Parallel intergovernmental (ESA)

and national activities

ESA Convention 1975

30 April 2015

EEAS8

Article II

Purpose

The purpose of the Agency shall be to provide for

and to promote, for exclusively peaceful purposes,

cooperation among European States in space

research and technology and their space

applications, with a view to their being used for

scientific purposes and for operational space

applications systems ...

The Evolution of

EU Space Security

3. Februar 2015 9

1989 – 1991

• Collapse of the bipolar system

• Uncertanties about the Balkans

• European participation in the

Gulf War

• Requirement for European

decision-making in security

matters

• New Role for WEU

Maastricht Declaration

of 10 December 1991

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EEAS10

• Develop a genuine European

security and defence identity

• Strengthen the role of WEU

• WEU as the Defence component

of the European Union

• Perspective of a common defence policy within

the European Union which might in time lead to a

common defence, compatible with that of the

Atlantic Alliance

• WEU moves to Brussels

WEU Satellite Centre

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EEAS11

WEU Ministerial 27 June 1991 Vianden (LUX):

„With the aim of intensifying space cooperation within the WEU

and giving concrete expression to that cooperation, Ministers

decided to:

• Set up a satellite data interpretation Centre whose immediate

task would be to train European experts in the photo-

interpretation of satellite-derived data, to compile and process

accessible data and to make those data available to Member

States, particular within the framework oft he verification of

arms control agreements, crisis monitoring and environmental

monitoring. ...

• task the ad-hoc group on space to pursue studies on the

possibilities for medium- and long-term cooperation on a

European satellite observation system.“

3. Februar 2015

EEAS12

COMMON VISION

FOR

FOR COMMON DECISIONFOR

COMMON ACTION

Presidency Report on strengthening the Common European

Policy on Security and Defence

… 3. Decision Making

“Furthermore, the EU will need a capacity for analysis of

situations, sources of intelligence, and a capability for

relevant strategic planning. This may require in particular:

• regular (or ad hoc) meetings of the General Affairs

Council, as appropriate including Defence Ministers;

• a permanent body in Brussels (Political and Security

Committee) … ;

• an EU Military Committee … ;

• a EU Military Staff including a Situation Centre;

• other resources such as a Satellite Centre, … .”

Cologne European Council

3-4 June 1999

The Evolution of

EU Space Security

3. Februar 2015 14

New

Imagery

Governmental Satellite Imagery

Helios 2Helios 1a

Cosmo-SkyMed 1 to 4

SAR-Lupe 1 to 5 Pleiades 1 Pleiades 2

Helios 2B

World View 1

Cartosat 2Eros 1B

Formosat

Kompsat 2

IRS P6

Spot 5

Quickbird

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

4,5

5

5,5

6

6,5

7

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Launch Year

Reso

luti

on

(m

ete

rs)

Terrasar-X

Radarsat 2

Topsat

Ikonos

Eros 1A

Cartosat 2A

2010 2011 2012

Cartosat 1

Cosmo SkyMed

Sentinel 3 (300m)

Pleiades 1/2

GeoEye 1 World View

2

Eros 1C

Rapid Eye 1 - 5

TanDEM-X

Sentinel 1

Sentinel 2 (10m+)

GeoEye 2

Theos

Alos

Kompsat 3

Kompsat - 5

Astroterra

DMC Nigeriasat 2

Seosat

Satellite Sensors:

Resolution and Availability

The Evolution of

EU Space Security

3. Februar 2015 16

New Customers:

• CSDP struc-

tures in EEAS

• ESS as tasking

framework

• EU Missions

and Operations

• Organised Crime

• Regional Conflicts

• Proliferation

• Terrorism

• Failed States

The European Security Strategy

“Key Threats” (2003)

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EEAS18

EU CSDP Missions and Operations (Completed)

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EEAS19

Current EU Missions and Operations

• 16 EU CSDP

Missions and

Operations ongoing

• + 16 completed

• Some 3000

personnel currently

involved

The Evolution of

EU Space Security

3. Februar 2015 20

The Lisbon Treaty:

• EU Mandate for a

Space Policy

• The High

Representative is

responsible for

CFSP and CSDP

The Treaty on the Functioning of

the European Union

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EEAS21

Article 189

1. To promote scientific and technical progress, industrial

competitiveness and the implementation of its policies, the Union

shall draw up a European space policy. To this end, it may

promote joint initiatives, support research and technological

development and coordinate the efforts needed for the

exploration and exploitation of space.

2. ... the European Parliament and the Council, ... shall establish

the necessary measures, which may take the form of a

European space programme, excluding any harmonisation of the

laws and regulations of the Member States.

3. The Union shall establish any appropriate relations with the

European Space Agency.

30 April 2015 22

Council HR/VP

EEAS

•Space Task Force

•Security Policy Dir

•EU Military Staff

•IntCentre

•Situation Room

•…

European

Commission

European

Parliament

• DG GROW

• DG JRC

• …

EU Agencies:

Space Policy

TFEU Art. 189CFSP and CSDP (TEU Title V, Chapter 2)

Committees

Space Actors within the EU

SatCen

EDA

GSA

30 April 2015 23

Council HR/VP

EEAS

•Space Task Force

•Security Policy Dir

•EU Military Staff

•IntCentre

•Situation Room

•…

European

Commission

European

Parliament

• DG GROW

• DG JRC

• …

Space Policy

TFEU Art. 189

Committees

Space Policy Decisions (Art. 189)

SatCen

EDA

GSA

Regulations

Directives

Decisions

The Commission proposes

30 April 2015 24

Council HR/VP

EEAS

•Space Task Force

•Security Policy Dir

•EU Military Staff

•IntCentre

•Situation Room

•…

European

Commission

European

Parliament

• DG GROW

• DG JRC

• …

EU Agencies:

Space Policy

TFEU Art. 189CFSP and CSDP (TEU Title V, Chapter 2)

Committees

CFSP Decisions (TEU Title V)

SatCen

EDA

GSA

Council Decisions

Overview

30 April 2015 25

• The Development of the

Policy Framework

• Earth Observation

• The EU Satellite Centre

• GMES / Copernicus

• Navigation

• Security for Space

The EU Satellite Centre (1)

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EEAS26

Article 2

Mission and activities

1. SATCEN shall support the decision making and actions of the

Union in the field of the CFSP and in particular the CSDP,

including European Union crisis management missions and

operations, by providing, at the request of the Council or the HR,

products and services resulting from the exploitation of relevant

space assets and collateral data, including satellite and aerial

imagery, and related services, ...

2. ...

The EU Satellite Centre (2)

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EEAS27

2. And In the framework of SATCEN's mission, the HR shall also,

Upon request …, direct SATCEN to provide products or services

to:

i. a Member State, the European External Action Service

(EEAS), the Commission, or Union agencies or bodies with

which SATCEN cooperates pursuant to Article 18;

ii. Third States having agreed to the provisions set out in the

Annex on the association with SATCEN's activities;

iii. if the request is relevant in the field of the CFSP, in

particular of the CSDP, international organisations such as

the United Nations, the Organisation for Security and

Cooperation in Europe and the North Atlantic Treaty

Organisation (NATO).

The EU Satellite Centre (3)

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EEAS28

SatCen users 2013

• Budget ca. 14 Mio. €

• Ca. 110 staff

• The HR issues operational

direction

• Political and Security

Committee exercises

political control

• Ca. 1000 products p.a.

• Imagery: commercial and

governmental data (Member

States‘ military satellites)

• Security environment

Copernicus

30 April 2015

EEAS29

• 6 Services

• Ca. 3.8 billion € for the

time period 2014-2020

• Ca. 60% for space

component, ca 40% for

ground component and

services

• “GMES-Global Monitoring for Environment and Security”

• The European programme for Earth Observation

and Monitoring.

• Coordinated, funded and managed by the European

Commission (Regulation 377/2014 of 4 April 2014).

Atmo-

sphereLand

Climate Marine

Emergen-

cy

Security

Copernicus: Legal Basis

30 April 2015

EEAS30

REGULATION (EU) No 377/2014 OF THE EUROPEAN

PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL

of 3 April 2014 establishing the Copernicus Programme

Sensitive Copernicus Services

EEAS31

Article 5

Copernicus service component

1. The Copernicus service component shall consist of the following

services:

...

e) the emergency management service, which is to provide information

for emergency response in relation to different types of disasters,

including meteorological hazards, geophysical hazards, deliberate

and accidental man-made disasters and other humanitarian

disasters, as well as the prevention, preparedness, response and

recovery activities;

f) the security service, which is to provide information in support of the

civil security challenges of Europe improving crisis prevention,

preparedness and response capacities, in particular for border and

maritime surveillance, but also support for the Union's external

action, ...

Copernicus security aspects

30 April 2015

EEAS32

Article 25

Protection of security interests

1. The Commission shall evaluate the security framework of

Copernicus, ... . To that end, the Commission shall assess the

necessary security measures which shall be designed to avoid any

risks or threats for the interest or security of the Union or its Member

States, ... .

2. On the basis of the evaluation referred to in paragraph 1, the

Commission shall ... establish the necessary security-related

technical specifications for Copernicus. ....

3. ...

4. Notwithstanding paragraph 2, the Council shall adopt the

measures to be taken whenever the security of the Union or its

Member States could be affected by data and information provided

by Copernicus.

3. Februar 2015 33

© European Commission

30 April 2015

© European Commission34

Overview

30 April 2015

EEAS35

• The Development of the

Policy Framework

• Earth Observation

• Navigation

• Security for Space

18 June, 2015

Document Title

36

Open Service (OS)Freely accessible service for

positioning, navigation, and timing

Public Regulated Service

(PRS)

Encrypted service designed for greater

robustness and higher availability

Search and Rescue

Service (SAR)

Assists locating people in distress and

confirms that help is on the way

Commercial Service (CS)Delivers authentication and high accuracy

services for commercial applications

GALILEO: The European Satellite System for

Global Navigation, Positioning and Timing

Managed by the European Commission and the

European GNSS Agency (Prague)

4 Services:

GALILEO

© European Commission

Galileo: Legal Bases

• REGULATION (EU) No 912/2010 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL

of 22 September 2010

setting up the European GNSS Agency, repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 1321/2004 on

the establishment of structures for the management of the European satellite radio navigation

programmes and amending Regulation (EC) No 683/2008 of the European Parliament and of

the Council

• DECISION No 1104/2011/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL

of 25 October 2011

on the rules for access to the public regulated service provided by the global navigation satellite

system established under the Galileo programme

• REGULATION (EU) No 1285/2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE

COUNCIL

of 11 December 2013

on the implementation and exploitation of European satellite navigation systems and repealing

Council Regulation (EC) No 876/2002 and Regulation (EC) No 683/2008 of the European

Parliament and of the Council

• COUNCIL DECISION 2014/496/CFSP of 22 July 2014

on aspects of the deployment, operation and use of the European Global Navigation Satellite

System affecting the security of the European Union and repealing Joint Action 2004/552/CFSP

30 April 2015

EEAS37

Public Regulated Service

PRS is a navigation service:

• restricted to government-authorised users,

• for sensitive applications which require effective

access control and a high level of service continuity.

• free of charge for the Member States, the Council, the

Commission, EEAS and, where appropriate, duly

authorised Union agencies

• May be made available to international organisations

and third states, under strict conditions and with the

agreement of all EU Member States

18 June, 2015

EEASDocument TitleEEAEEE

38

30 April 2015

GALILEO Roadmap

18 June, 2015

Document Title

39

Galileo System Testbed v1

Validation of critical algorithms

GIOVE A/B

2 test satellites

In-Orbit Validation

4 fully operational satellites

and ground segment

Initial Operational Capability

Early services for OS, SAR, PRS

and demonstrator for CS

2003

2005/2008

2013

2015-2016

Full Operational Capability

Full services, 30 satellites

2020

© European Commission

Status:

• Today 8 satellites in orbit

• Latest Launch: 27 March 2015

• 4 more satellites to be launched

in 2015

Galileo Control Centres

18 June, 2015

Document Title

40

30 April 2015

© European Commission

"Threats"

Usage of Galileo timing and

geopositioning information for terrorist

attacks or by unfriendly forces against

EU or Member State operations

41

Jamming of the Galileo Satellites

(uplinks and downlinks) leading to the

loss of satellites, degradation or

suspension of Galileo services and

ultimately the loss of the Galileo system.

30 April 2015

Council Decision 2014/496

EEAS42

Article 1

This Decision sets out the responsibilities to be

exercised by the Council and the HR to avert a threat

to the security of the Union or one or more Member

States or to mitigate serious harm to the essential

interests of the Union or of one or more Member

States arising from the deployment, operation or use

of the European Global Navigation Satellite System,

in particular as a result of an international situation

requiring action by the Union or in the event of a

threat to the operation of the system itself or its

services.

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EEAS43

• I case of a threat, the Member States, the Commission

and/or the GSA inform the Council and the High

Representative.

• The decision-making power moves from the Commission to

the Council which issues the necessary instructions to the

GSA.

• Commission and GSA support the Council, the Political and

Security Committee provides an opinion.

• In urgent cases, the HR issues a provisionary instruction.

• Member States support the implementation of instructions

COUNCIL DECISION 2014/496/CFSP

of 22 July 2014

on aspects of the deployment, operation and use of the European Global Navigation

Satellite System affecting the security of the European Union

Council Decision 2014/496

30 April 2015

Overview

EEAS44

• The Development of the Policy

Framework

• Earth Observation

• Navigation

• Security for Space

• Space Situational Awareness / Space

Surveillance and Tracking

• Code of Conduct for Outer Space

Activities30 April 2015

Hazards

• Natural• Space weather

• Meteorites

• Ground Infrastructures

• Man Made• Debris

• Congestion

• RF Interference

• Ground Infrastructure

Hazards and Threats to

Space Assets

Threats

• Kinetics

• Cyber

• Dazzle

• RF jamming• Up Link

• Down Link

• Spoofing

• ASAT

30 April 2015

Space Debris

Size Number of objects Effect Visibility

>10cm~22,000 (16,000

catalogued)

Complete

destructionvisible

1-10cm~500,000

(statistics)

Destruction or

serious damageHardly visible

<1cm~100,000,000

(statistics)

Damage, sensor

loss Not visible

Origin (Examples)

• Fragmentation debris. Large fragments of satellites or

launchers, e.g. following explosions or collisions

• Dead satellites; ca. 2400 currently in earth orbit

• Mission-related debris; abgestoßene Objekte im Rahmen von

Missionen (Verkleidungen und Montageteile von Antennen oder

Solarpanels, Treibstoffreste, Na-/K-Kühlmittelreste etc.);

• Launcher upper stages; launch vehicle stages used to place

satellites in orbit.

• US: World-wide Space

Surveillance Network

• US provides data to space-

faring nations, incl. EU/ESA

• SSA data are sensitive and have

military importance

• Some EU Member States and

ESA have appropriate sensors

• EU initiative to pool EU

capabilities

• ESA will focus on „space

weather“ and near-earth objects

SSA: Current Situation

© http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/usspc-fs/space.htm

© Fraunhofer FHR

© www.Onera.fr

http://www.flickr.com/photos/

joerg73/ CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

SSA / SST

30 April 2015 EEAS48

Decision No 541/2014/EU of the European Parliament and

of the Council of 16 April 2014 establishing a Framework

for Space Surveillance and Tracking Support

Objectives

• ensuring the long-term availability of European and

national space infrastructure, facilities and services ;

• assessing and reducing the risks to in-orbit

operations of European spacecraft

• reducing the risks relating to the launch of European

spacecraft;

• surveying uncontrolled re-entries of spacecraft or

space debris

• seeking to prevent the proliferation of space debris.

Space Surveillance and

Tracking Support Programme

Three functions:

• sensor function consisting of a network of Member

State ground-based and/or space-based sensors, ...,

to survey and track space objects and to produce a

database thereof;

• processing function to process and analyse the SST

data at national level to produce SST information and

services for transmission to the SST service provision

function;

• function to provide SST service

. EEAS

4930 April 2015

Space Surveillance and

Tracking Support Programme

EEAS50

Governance Framework:

• Networking between existing sensors of EU Member

States in the framework of a „Consortium“

• Member States retain control of their sensors

• The Commission provides 70 Mio. € for the next 7 years,

implements the Decision and manages the Consotium

• No new sensors on the basis of this Decision

• The EU Satellite Centre is the candidate to be the

service provider;

• Data will be classified by default; data will be provided on

a need-to know basis.

30 April 2015