policies to enhance trade facilitation in south asia and southeast asia

8/12/2019 Policies to Enhance Trade Facilitation in South Asia and Southeast Asia

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MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper Serbes

Qkdbcbes tk Eojmoce \rmle @mcbdbtmtbko

bo Skutj Msbm mol Skutjemst Msbm

Motjkoy Nmydey

Ok. 1=1=


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MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper


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MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper . Sckpe k` \rmle @mcbdbtmtbko ........................................................................................ 88. êckiieolmtbkos ................................................................................................... 31êèreoces ......................................................................................................................... 3>


5/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper 1=3 jms`kcusel mtteotbko ko reskdvboh imoy k` tjese bssues. Boleel, tje levedkpieot k` trmle`mcbdbtmtbko bo heoermd jms hrkwo tk uopreceleotel pkpudmrbty. \k skie exteot, tjbs re`dects mcdemrer uolerstmolboh k` tje boterredmtbko netweeo trmle hrkwtj mol trmle `mcbdbtmtbko. Bt jmsneeo suhhestel tjmt expmosbko bo trmle lue tk eojmocel trmle `mcbdbtmtbko ckudl deml tkbocremses bo per cmpbtm hrkss lkiestbc prkluct (HLQ) bo Msbm mol tje Qmcb`bc eckokibes nymnkut >.5%. = Sbibdmrdy, bt jms neeo cmdcudmtel tjmt lecremsboh lbrect mol bolbrect trmle

trmosmctbko cksts ny =% cmo resudt bo mo mvermhe k` 1.>5%1.

Jeoce,bt bs evbleot tjmt biprkveieots bo trmle `mcbdbtmtbko cmo pkteotbmddy heoermte ikre trmle moltjus rmbse omtbkomd wed`mre. Ckosequeotdy, nktj bostbtutbkos mol hkveroieots jmve `kcuselko trmle `mcbdbtmtbko ms koe pkssbnde mpprkmcj tk jedp rmbse HLQ deveds, especbmddy bolevedkpboh ckuotrbes, wbtj m vbew tk pkverty mddevbmtbko.

\je eckokibes k` Skutj mol Skutjemst Msbm jmve teolel tk hrkw bolepeoleotdy k` emcjktjer, mol bo ikst cmses boteromtbkomd trmle jms ckoceotrmtel ko lbstmot imrfets, rmtjer tjmoko oebhjnkrboh ckuotrbes kr sunrehbkos. Mikoh tje imoy remskos `kr tjbs bs tjmt tje imboleimol `kr expkrt prklucts ckies heoermddy `rki levedkpel ckuotrbes, expkrt prklucts mrek`teo jkikheoekus, mol oebhjnkrboh ckuotrbes mre ckipetbtkrs rmtjer tjmo custkierswjkse bipkrt leimol bs okt `kr tje type k` prklucts expkrtel ny cdkse oebhjnkrs. 3Xjbdeimgkr expkrtboh ckuotrbes dbfe Bolbm, Imdmysbm, Sbohmpkre, \jmbdmol, mol Pbet Omi trmle wbtjemcj ktjer mol wbtj ktjer ckuotrbes bo Skutj mol Skutjemst Msbm, tje vkduie represeots mibokr perceotmhe k` tjebr kvermdd trmlboh mctbvbtbes.

\rmle bs okt oecessmrbdy lbctmtel ny lbstmoce netweeo ceoters k` prkluctbko mol leimol. Mddtjbohs neboh equmd, trmlers bo nktj Skutj mol Skutjemst Msbm mre ikre mttrmctel tk trmlbohwbtj lbstmot imrfets sucj ms Okrtj Mierbcm, Gmpmo, mol Eurkpe, wjbcj mre k`teo seeo msredmtbvedy stmnde mol heoermte jmrl curreocy, tjmo bo trmlboh wbtj oebhjnkrs wjere tje rbsfsmre percebvel ms neboh jbhjer. Lespbte tje receot prkndeis bo tjese levedkpel imrfets,ckolbtbkos mre okw biprkvboh mol ms tjey pudd kut k` recessbko tjey mre stbdd seeo ms tje feyceoters k` leimol bo tje sjkrt-tk-ielbui teri. Kohkboh levedkpieots bo tje imrbtbiesectkr wbtj ever dmrher vesseds, mol tje `krimtbko k` imgkr ckoskrtbuis suhhest tjmt dkohlbstmoce trmospkrt wbdd reimbo redmtbvedy stmnde bo tje `kreseemnde ùture, tjus nrbohboh tjese

lbstmot ceoters k` leimol tk wbtjbo emsy remcj k` tje rehbkos expkrters. Xjbde tje prkhressmcjbevel bo tje Qekpdes êpundbc k` Cjbom (Q^C), Bolbm, mol Bolkoesbm jms del tk m hrkwbohibllde cdmss wbtj hremter speolboh pkwer, iucj k` tjbs resudtmot bocremse bo leimol bsexpectel tk ne smtbs`bel ny omtbkomd prkluctbko mol reikte kutsble skurces, rmtjer tjmo nybipkrts `rki biielbmte oebhjnkrs. \je pkdbcy bo imoy Msbmo ckuotrbes jms neeo tk mtteipttk stbiudmte lkiestbc leimol, pmrtbcudmrdy tk smtbs`y tje oeels k` tjbs oew wemdtjheoermtbko, bo krler tk k``set pkteotbmd sjkrt-tk-ielbui teri reluctbkos bo expkrt leimol.Bobtbmd evbleoce suhhests tjmt lkiestbc leimol bs okt rbsboh mt m su``bcbeot rmte tk ckver tjerelucel expkrt leimol. \jbs wemdtj cremtbko bs ùeddboh bipkrt hrkwtj, wjbcj bs neboh

=Lkddmr mol Frmmy (>11=)6 Luvmd mol Utkftjmi (>112).

>Krhmobsmtbko `kr Eckokibc Ck-kpermtbko mol Levedkpieot (KECL) (>112).

3See Njmttmcjmrym, Fmwmb, mol Omh (>1=>) `kr ikre edmnkrmte lbscussbko.

3
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6/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper 1=>>1=3 lespbte lecdboes bo expkrts,tjus bo imoy cmses bocremsboh tjebr nmdmoce k` pmyieots le`bcbts.

Bo esseoce, tje hrkwtj k` tje Skutj mol Skutjemst Msbm eckokibes prelbctel `kr `utureyemrs bs expectel tk heoermte trmle leimol ko tje hdknmd imrfets ms m wjkde, rmtjer tjmo

ieredy wbtjbo tje Skutj Msbm Sunrehbkomd Eckokibc Ckkpermtbko (SMSEC) kr tje HremterIefkoh Sunrehbko (HIS) bo bskdmtbko. Eojmocel pjysbcmd ckooectbvbty, bocdulboh tjelevedkpieot k` dbofs wbtj mol tjrkuhj Iymoimr wbdd okt heoermte sbhob`bcmot botrm-rehbkomdtrmleper se. Bosteml, trmle wbdd jmve tk ne `kuhjt `kr mol tjere`kre prkmctbve iemsures tjmt`mcbdbtmte tje ikveieot k` trmle bo tje Skutj mol Skutjemst Msbmo ckuotrbes wbdd ne crbtbcmdtk eosure tjmt expkrt hkkls mre ckipetbtbve mol tjmt bipkrt trmosmctbko cksts mre ibobibzel.Xjbde trmle imy reimbo `kcusel ko lbstmot imrfets, tjere bs m dmteot leimol `kr trmle wbtjbomol netweeo tje sunrehbkos tjmt ckudl ne remdbzel wbtjbo m ikre prkhressbve trmle`mcbdbtmtbko eovbrkoieot. \je levedkpieot k` pjysbcmd ckooectbvbty netweeo tje rehbkos wbddoeel tk ne suppkrtel ny ckrrespkolboh biprkveieots bo trmle `mcbdbtmtbko bo krler tk remdbzetje hkmd k` hremter botrm-rehbkomd trmle.

\jbs pmper prkvbles m prk`bde k` tje trmle `mcbdbtmtbko eovbrkoieot bo Skutj mol SkutjemstMsbm, jbhjdbhjtboh tje fey redmtel bssues mol ckostrmbots, mol bolbcmtboh tje exbstboh molpkteotbmd levedkpieots oeelel tk reskdve tje preseot O\Ns. \je bobtbmd sectbko cdmrb`bes tjesckpe k` trmle `mcbdbtmtbko bo tje ckotext k` tjbs stuly, mol bs `kddkwel ny mo kvervbew k` tjesbtumtbko bo nktj sunrehbkos. \je specb`bc fey bssues mol nkttdeoecfs (e.h., O\Ns) mrelescrbnel, tkhetjer wbtj curreot rehbkomd bobtbmtbves lesbhoel tk mllress tjei. @bomddy, m dbstk` fey ckocdusbkos bs preseotel wbtj reckiieolmtbkos ko strmtehbes tjmt wbdd pkteotbmddyeojmoce trmle `mcbdbtmtbko mol heoermddy prkikte trmle netweeo tje twk sunrehbkos.

>. SCKQE K@ \^MLE @MCBDB\M\BKO

Koe k` tje lb``bcudtbes bo mllressboh trmle `mcbdbtmtbko jms neeo bts oenudkus le`bobtbko, mol tklmte ok ckiiko boterpretmtbko jms neeo usel bostbtutbkomddy. Xjbde trmle `mcbdbtmtbko bs sbipdymnkut imfboh trmlboh emsber, tje vmrbkus boteromtbkomd krhmobzmtbkos jmve levedkpel tjebrkwo bolbvblumd boterpretmtbkos. \je Eckokibc Ckiibssbko `kr Eurkpe (ECE) le`boes bt ms tksbipdb`y tje prkcess mol ibobibze trmosmctbko cksts bo boteromtbkomd trmle, wjbde imbotmbobohe``ectbve deveds k` hkveroieot ckotrkd.112, MLN mol tje Uobtel Omtbkos Eckokibc Skcbmd Ckiibssbko `kr Msbm mol tje Qmcb`bc(UOESCMQ) suhhestel trmle `mcbdbtmtbko bs le`boel tk bocdule pkdbcbes mol prkcesses wjbcjreluce tje ckst, tbie mol uocertmboty msskcbmtel wbtj eohmhboh bo boteromtbkomd trmle, nut

11>).


7/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper 11:).

Bo tjbs pundbcmtbko, trmle `mcbdbtmtbko bs ckosblerel tk ne tje reskdutbko k` tje vmrbkusprkcesses tjmt curreotdy mlversedy bipmct ko tje `ree `dkw k` boteromtbkomd trmle bo tjevmrbkus ckuotrbes bo Skutj mol Skutjemst Msbm, excdulboh trmle pkdbcy imtters. Ms bolbcmtel,tjese ckostrmbots teol tk imobèst ikst cdemrdy mt tje nkrlers netweeo ckuotrbes, e.h., mtrkml nkrlers, rmbd nkrlers, sempkrts, mol mbrpkrts. Xjbde custkis mctbvbty jms tje ikst vbsbndebipmct ko bocremsboh tje tbie mol ckst k` trmle ikvboh tjrkuhj nkrlers, tjbs cmo k`teo imsftje mlverse e`èct k` ktjer mheocbes mol kpermtkrs bo rmbsboh nkrler trmosmctbko cksts. Ikst

trmle netweeo Skutj mol Skutjemst Msbm wbdd ckotboue tk ikve ny sem. Jeoce, pkrt`mcbdbtmtbko ckverboh mdd tje prkcesses netweeo tje sjbps mrrbvmd mol tje hkkls demvboh tjepkrtmol vbce versm bo tje cmse k` expkrtssjkudl ne eockipmssel wbtjbo tje sckpe k`trmle `mcbdbtmtbko. Sbibdmrdy, tje iemos k` trmospkrt mcrkss dmol nkrlers, k`teo reèrrel tk mstrmospkrt `mcbdbtmtbko, sjkudl sbibdmrdy ne bocdulel.

3. KPE^PBEX K@ \^MLE @MCBDB\M\BKO BO SKU\J MOLSKU\JEMS\ MSBM

Bo exmiboboh trmle `mcbdbtmtbko bo tje Skutj mol Skutjemst Msbmo rehbkos, bt bs bipkrtmot tk

reckhobze tje eckokibc mol kvermdd levedkpieot lb`èreoces netweeo tje sunrehbkos, mswedd ms tje sbhob`bcmot lb`èreoces wbtjbo tje respectbve sunrehbkos. M fey bssue tk reieinerbs tjmt ikst trmle `mcbdbtmtbko prkcelures mol prkcesses mre hkveroel ny omtbkomd, okt

5


8/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper 1=>>1=< rmofbohs `kr tjbs trmlboh mcrkss

nkrlers sectbko, wjbcj bs redevmot tk trmle `mcbdbtmtbko, mre sjkwo bo @bhure >.@bhure >7 Xkrdl Nmof Lkboh Nusboess7 \rmlboh Mcrkss Nkrlers ^mofbohs >1=>>1=1=>, >1=3, >1=1

1

=11

>1=> >1=3 >1=

Dmk QL^ 9 Dmk Qekpdes Leikcrmtbc epundbc.

Skurce7 Xkrdl Nmof Lkboh Nusboess (>1=>).

\rmle netweeo tje twk rehbkos bs expectel tk reimbo prelkibomotdy ny sem, nut wbtj mobocremse bo botrm-rehbkomd trmle ny surmce trmospkrt, prkvblel tje bo`rmstructure cmo nesbhob`bcmotdy eojmocel (Mrokdl >112).0 Jkwever, trmle `mcbdbtmtbko bs heoermddy oko-iklmdspecb`bc, wjere tje prkcesses mol prkcelures mppdbel ny tje redevmot mheocbes mre ckiikotk emcj ikle. @kr bostmoce, wjbde mbrpkrts k`teo jmve skie expelbtel prkcesses, mol pkrtsjmve specbmd pkrt prkcelures, tje custkis mol ktjer hkveroieotmd mheocy prmctbces mrevbrtumddy bleotbcmd. Sbibdmrdy, prkcelures mppdy heoermddy tk mdd bipkrt kr expkrt ikveieot,mdikst brrespectbve k` ckuotry k` krbhbo kr lestbomtbko. Lespbte skie vmrbmtbkos bo tje cmse k`nbdmtermd trmle netweeo oebhjnkrboh ckuotrbes, pmrtbcudmrdy bovkdvboh `ree trmle mhreeieots(@\M), ikst lkcuieotmry mol pjysbcmd ckipdbmoce cjecfs mre nrkmldy sbibdmr. \jere`kre,trmle `mcbdbtmtbko bo ikst ckuotrbes sjkudl ne ckosblerel bo redmtbko tk kvermdd trmle, rmtjertjmo tk kr `rki moktjer rehbko bo bskdmtbko.

Xbtj tje exceptbko k` tje dmoldkcfel ckuotrbes k` Njutmo, Dmk QL^, mol Oepmd, mdd ktjerckuotrbes bo tje rehbko mre jbhjdy lepeoleot ko imrbtbie trmle tjrkuhj tjebr pkrts6 tjebr trmle`mcbdbtmtbko eovbrkoieots mre jbhjdy krbeotmtel tkwmrl sempkrts ms kppksel tk dmol nkrlers.Bo ikst cmses mutkimtel custkis prkcessboh ckiieocel mt tje mbrpkrts mol sempkrts molkody iucj dmter spreml tk tje fey dmol nkrlers. Koce mhmbo, bt bs perjmps oktewkrtjy tjmt tjetjree jbhjest rmofel ckuotrbes jmve tje nest per`kriboh sempkrts. Ckosequeotdy, bt wbdd nebipkrtmot tk exmiboe trmle `mcbdbtmtbko bo tje kvermdd ckotext brrespectbve k` ikle, rmtjer tjmo`kcusboh ko specb`bc trmospkrt ckrrblkrs, sucj ms tjmt netweeo Bolbm mol \jmbdmol tjmt wbddpkteotbmddy mct ms tje fey sur`mce dbof netweeo tje twk rehbkos.

5

Nmohdmlesj bs okt bocdulel bo tje survey.0Xbtj tjbs bo ibol, MLN bs uplmtboh mol eojmocboh tje Nmy k` Neohmd Bobtbmtbve `kr Iudtb-Sectkrmd, \ecjobcmd mol

Eckokibc Ckkpermtbko (NBIS\EC) \rmospkrt Bo`rmstructure mol Dkhbstbcs Stuly (NBIS\EC >1=3).

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10/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper 11>).

:


11/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper 3Srb Dmofm 0 >1 0 =2Pbet Omi 0 >= : >=Nmohdmlesj 0 >5 : 3> =1 >0Iymoimr 2 >5 2 >8Njutmo 2 3: => 3:Dmk QL^ =1 >0 =1 >0Oepmd == 1=3).

\je tmnde mdsk suhhests tjmt wjbde tje dmrher expkrt eckokibes jmve `ewer lkcuieotmryrequbreieots, tjbs bs okt oecessmrbdy tje smie `kr bipkrts. \je prkndeis k` dmoldkcfelckuotrbes teol tk ne kver-eipjmsbzel lue tk tje mllbtbkomd lkcuieotmry requbreieots tkckver tje trmosbt ikveieot netweeo tje pkrt k` eotry kr exbt mol tjebr terrbtkry. Oevertjedess,bt bs boterestboh tk okte tjmt bo ikst cmses tje lkcuieotmry requbreieots bo tjese cmses mrestbdd hremter tjmo `kr dmoldkcfel ckuotrbes bo M`rbcm.

Bo tje ckotext k` trmle ckooectbvbty netweeo tje twk rehbkos tjbs lmtm jedps tk expdmbo wjyckuotrbes imy ne ikre boterestel bo expkrtboh tk lbstmot ckuotrbes wbtj dkw lkcuieotmryrequbreieots mol trmosmctbko tbies tjmo tk oebhjnkrboh ckuotrbes. @urtjerikre, bt cdemrdyrevemds tje extrm lkcuieotmtbko mol tbie `kr trmosbt ikveieot tk tje dmoldkcfel ckuotrbes.\jbs rmbses m pmrtbcudmr ckocero `kr dkoher lbstmoce trmosbt ikveieots netweeo tje twkrehbkos usboh sur`mce trmospkrt, e.h., `rki Bolbm tk \jmbdmol trmosbtboh tjrkuhj Iymoimr.

Uo`krtuomtedy, tje bssue bs ikre ckipdbcmtel. M ouiner k` ckpbes mre requbrel mdkoh wbtj tjekrbhbomds wjeo tje lecdmrmtbko bs dklhel wbtj tje mutjkrbtbes. Imoy ckuotrbes requbre sbx tk

seveo ckpbes k` tje custkis lecdmrmtbko mol tjree tk `kur ckpbes k` emcj k` tje ktjerlkcuieots. Bo ikst cmses, tje mutkimtbko prkcess jms okt mpprecbmndy relucel tje ouinerk` `kris mol ckpbes requbrel. Bo m receot mulbt ko tje BolbmNmohdmlesj nkrler, mo bipkrteotry `rki Bolbm botk Nmohdmlesj requbrel 55 sepmrmte `kris mol ckpbes tk ne sunibttel,tjkuhj >131 bs ikre ckiiko.:Cdemrdy, tk imfe botrm-rehbkomd trmle ikre mttrmctbve tjerebs mo urheot oeel tk `bol wmys tk reluce lkcuieotmtbko mol redy ikre ko edectrkobcprkcessboh mol `bdboh.

Bomlequmte Bipdeieotmtbko k` Iklero Custkis Qrkcelures

\je pressure ko custkis tk `mcbdbtmte trmle jms bocremsel bo receot yemrs, wjereny tjetrmlbtbkomd mutjkrbtmrbmo ckotrkd mpprkmcj bs hrmlumddy hbvboh wmy tk tje oeel tk feep trmle`dkwboh tjrkuhj tje `rkotbers. Mllbtbkomd bssues sucj ms relucel stm``boh deveds redmtbve tk tje

:Ckiikowemdtj Secretmrbmt (>1=>).

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12/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper 1=>. MLN, tjrkuhj nulhet suppkrtdkmos, bs mssbstboh Njutmo mol Oepmd tk uolertmfe tje oecessmry mctbkos, dehmd molktjerwbse, tk dklhe tjebr mppdbcmtbkos. Surprbsbohdy, perjmps, Sbohmpkre mol \jmbdmol mre oktsbhomtkrbes, tjkuhj nktj `kddkw tje reckiieolmtbkos ckotmboel wbtjbo tje ^FC.

Fey reckiieolmtbkos wbtjbo tje ^FC bocdule tje botrkluctbko k` iklero custkismpprkmcjes sucj ms rbsf imomheieot, mulbt-nmsel ckotrkds, mol mlvmocel rudbohs. \jesetecjobques mre specb`bcmddy lesbhoel tk `mcbdbtmte tje ikveieot k` trm``bc pmssboh tjrkuhj tje`rkotbers ny sbhob`bcmotdy relucboh bospectbko mol exmibomtbko deveds. \je bospectbko krexmibomtbko prkcess teols tk ne tje ikst tbie-ckosuiboh mctbvbty bo nkrler cdemrmoce, mol

bs m prbie skurce k` ledmys mt imoy `rkotbers. \je curreot mpprkmcj ny custkis mutjkrbtbes boimoy k` tjese ckuotrbes tk eo`krce ckipdbmoce bs stbdd nmsel ko m ckinbomtbko k` nktjpjysbcmd mol lkcuieotmry ckotrkd iecjmobsis tjmt pkteotbmddy cko`dbct wbtj tje trmle`mcbdbtmtbko rkde k` m iklero custkis krhmobzmtbko. \je ckocepts prkiktel ny tje ^FC tkreluce tje deveds k` exmibomtbko bovkdve sucj boterveotbkos neboh nmsel ko exceptbko rmtjertjmo ny rkutboe, ms bs curreotdy tje cmse bo imoy k` tje HIS mol SMSEC ckuotrbes. Custkistjrkuhjkut tje sunrehbko mre `mibdbmr wbtj tjese mlvmocel ckocepts, wbtj imoy boteromtbkomdbostbtutbkos mol tje XCK jmvboh prkvblel specbmdbst trmboboh bo sucj lbscbpdboes mol mrrmohelkversems tkurs tk leikostrmte tjebr mppdbcmtbko. Uo`krtuomtedy, tje resudts k` tjbs cmpmcbtynubdlboh jmve scmrcedy neeo bipdeieotel lue tk dehmd ckostrmbots mt tje omtbkomd deved.

Dbibtmtbkos tk tje Mppdbcmtbko k` Bo`krimtbko mol Ckiiuobcmtbko \ecjokdkhy

\je use k` bo`krimtbko mol ckiiuobcmtbko tecjokdkhy (BC\) systeis bo tje trmle `mcbdbtmtbkoeovbrkoieot bs ikst prkokuocel bo redmtbko tk custkis kpermtbkos, mol tjbs bs mo mrem wjereboteromtbkomd mheocbes dbfe MLN mol tje Xkrdl Nmof jmve prkvblel bovmdumnde mssbstmoce tkskie k` tje dess levedkpel ckuotrbes. Custkis lecdmrmtbkos mre okw heoermddy sunibttelmcrkss nktj rehbkos bo edectrkobc `krimt. Uo`krtuomtedy, tje bipdeieotmtbko k` BC\ wbtjbo tjecustkis eovbrkoieot jms, bo imoy cmses, wbleoel tje hmp netweeo tje ikst mlvmocel moldemst levedkpel ckuotrbes bo tje rehbko. \jbs sbtumtbko jms evkdvel pmrtdy ms m resudt k`lb`èreoces bo nktj tje mppdbcmtbko mol ùolboh k` BC\, mol pmrtdy lue tk BC\ expertbse nebohmvmbdmnde wbtjbo pmrtbcudmr custkis krhmobzmtbkos.

\je `brst bssue bs tjmt skie k` tje ckuotrbes jmve botrklucel nespkfe kr k``-tje-sjed` BC\systeis bo sucj m wmy tjmt tjey mct skdedy ms m trmosmctbko reckrlboh systei, m lmtmnmse k`

sunibttel lecdmrmtbkos rmtjer tjmo mo mctumd prkcessboh systei. Lbsmppkbotbohdy, m ckiikockipdmbot ny C&@ mheots mol trmlers bo Skutj Msbm mol pmrts k` Skutjemst Msbm bs tjmt tjebotrkluctbko k` BC\ ny custkis jms okt resudtel bo moy sbhob`bcmot eojmoceieot k` cdemrmocetbie`rmies kr m reluctbko k` lkcuieotmtbko. Moktjer ckostrmbot jms neeo tje imooer bowjbcj tje sk`twmre jms neeo botrklucel. Bo skie cmses tje levedkpieot prkcess jms neeotk mutkimte tje exbstboh imoumd prkcesses, bo e`èct usboh tje exbstboh systei ms tje lesbhonmse, rmtjer settboh tje hkmd ko m ùddy mutkimtel pmperdess systei. \jbs type k` mpprkmcjdemls tk tje levedkpieot k` m sjkrt-teri trmosmctbko-reckrlboh hkmd, mol okt tje eojmocelprkcessboh prkiudhmtel ny tje ^FC.

\je resudt bo imoy k` tje ckuotrbes bo nktj rehbkos bs tjmt mutkimtel mol imoumd systeismre neboh kpermtel bo pmrmdded. \je cdemrmoce bs stbdd uolertmfeo ms ne`kre, usboh imbody

imoumd prkcesses wbtj mpprkvmd stmipboh mol sbhomtures ny vmrbkus k``bcers, nut wbtj tjeseimoumd mctbkos mllbtbkomddy neboh reckrlel wbtjbo tje B\ systei. \jbs lupdbcmtbko k`

=1


13/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper


14/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper 1=5, ms prkiktel ny tje Msskcbmtbko k`Skutjemst Msbmo Omtbkos (MSEMO), bs lepeoleot ko mdd tje ieiner ckuotrbes jmvbohomtbkomd sbohde wbolkws (OSXs) tjmt cmo ne boter`mcel wbtj m rehbkomd wbolkw. Ms bo ktjercmses, tje ceotrmd ckuotrbes k` Sbohmpkre, Imdmysbm, mol \jmbdmol mre demlboh tje wmy wbtjOSXs mdremly jmvboh neeo estmndbsjel, wjbde ùrtjer emst, OSXs mre stbdd bo tje pdmoobohpjmse wbtj tje >1=5 tmrhet neckiboh bocremsbohdy uomcjbevmnde, mol >1=: mppemrboh dbfe mikre remdbstbc bipdeieotmtbko lmte. \k tje west, kody Bolbm bs curreotdy eohmhel bolevedkpboh m OSX, mol tjbs bs dbibtel mt tjbs stmhe tk dbofboh custkis wbtj kody koe ktjermheocy. \jus, bt cmo ne seeo tjmt tje hkmd k` OSX teols tk repdbcmte tje kvermdd BC\sbtumtbko, wjereny tjkse custkis mutjkrbtbes wbtj m ikre mlvmocel mppdbcmtbko k` mutkimtelsysteis mre ikvboh eveo ùrtjer mjeml ny levedkpboh OSXs, demvboh tje dess levedkpelcustkis nejbol mt tje pdmooboh stmhe.

Dmcf k` \rmospmreocy mol Uocdemr BipkrtExpkrt equbreieots

Iklero custkis kpermtbkosmol tk m imgkr exteot trmle `mcbdbtmtbkobs mnkut bo`krielckipdbmoce. Uoler tjbs ckocept, trmlers wjk ckipdy wbtj tje mpprkprbmte dehbsdmtbko molrehudmtbkos ko m rehudmr nmsbs sjkudl ne eotbtdel tk m `mcbdbtmtel servbce, usumddy bo tje `kri kèxpelbtel cdemrmoces. Bo krler tk ne ckipdbmot, bt bs esseotbmd tk ne mwmre k` tje bipkrt,expkrt, mol trmosbt requbreieots. Qrevbkus stulbes ko trmle `mcbdbtmtbko jmve jbhjdbhjtel tjehkveromoce bssues mrbsboh `rki m dmcf k` trmospmreocy, nut tjbs prkndei k`teo mrbses `rkibomlequmte pundbcmtbko k` cdemr bipkrtexpkrt requbreieots.==

Oko-ckipdbmoce cmo ebtjer ne ledbnermte, ms bo tje cmse k` siuhhdboh, kr mccbleotmd,wjereny m heouboe errkr jms neeo imle necmuse tje rudes were ebtjer okt cdemr kr wereibsboterpretel. \je dmtter cmses mre ny `mr tje ikst ckiiko, especbmddy bo mo eovbrkoieot k`dmrhe ouiners k` koe-k`` bipkrters kr simdd trmlers, ms wedd ms imoy simdd C&@ mheots wbtjdbibtel experbeoce. Xjbde tje ikst `mibdbmr lkcuieotmtbko prkndeis mre sbipde typboh errkrslurboh tje eoterboh k` lmtm kr bo tje trmospksbtbko prkcess, tjere mre imoy bostmoces k` tjesunibssbko k` bockrrect suppkrtboh lkcuieots kr tje dmcf k` tjei. \je dmtter kccursprbocbpmddy necmuse tje redevmot pmrty jms `mbdel tk ckiprejeol wjmt wms requbrel.

\jere mppemrs tk ne mo bolbrect redmtbkosjbp netweeo mccess tk trmlboh requbreieots moldeveds k` BC\ usmhe. \jkse ckuotrbes wbtj ckipdex sbohde wbolkw kpermtbkos prkvble emsberpundbc mccess tk tjebr trmlboh requbreieots, wjbde ckuotrbes wbtj dkw BC\ kr wjere BC\ bs

==MLN (>11>).

=>


15/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper 1==).

Ckipdbmoce wbtj Omtbkomd \ecjobcmd Stmolmrls

Koe k` tje cjmddeohes `mcboh tje boteromtbkomd trmlboh systei bo heoermd bs tje lbversecko`kribty mssessieot prmctbces mol tje persbsteot use k` bolbvblumd stmolmrls molmpprkmcjes bo lb`èreot ckuotrbes. Cko`kribty mssessieot bs tje boteromtbkomddy reckhobzelprkcelure `kr leikostrmtboh tjmt specb`bel requbreieots redmtboh tk m prkluct, prkcess,systei, persko, kr nkly mre ùd`bddel, tjus leteriboboh ckipdbmoce. Mctbvbtbes bocdule testboh,bospectbko, certb`bcmtbko, mol mccrelbtmtbko. Iutumd reckhobtbko k` mccrelbtmtbko molcertb`bcmtbko mctbvbtbes `mcbdbtmtes mccess tk boteromtbkomd imrfets. \jbs prkvbles tje tecjobcmd

uolerpbooboh k` boteromtbkomd trmle ny prkiktboh crkss-nkrler stmfejkdler cko`bleoce moltje mcceptmoce k` mccrelbtel test lmtm mol certb`bel resudts. Bt bs imle pkssbnde tjrkuhj moetwkrf k` iutumd reckhobtbko mrrmoheieots (I^Ms) mikoh boteromtbkomd mccrelbtmtbkonklbes. Uo`krtuomtedy, tje bocbleoce k` I^M netweeo ckuotrbes wbtjbo nktj rehbkos bs oktjbhj.

\je rkkt cmuse k` prkndeis redmtboh tk tecjobcmd stmolmrls bo nktj rehbkos bs tjmt tjetecjobcmd rehudmtbkos, stmolmrls, mol cko`kribty mssessieot prkcelures vmry netweeockuotrbes. Jmvboh lb`èreot stmolmrls, prkcelures, mol rehudmtbkos preseots lb``bcudtbes `krprklucers mol expkrters mdbfe, wjbcj bs tjeo ckipkuolel ny tje dmcf k` m jmrikobzelmpprkmcj tk usboh tje ckrrect stmolmrl mol cko`kribty mssessieot prkcelure tk eosureckipdbmoce. \jere mre mdsk wble lb`èreoces bo tje deveds k` levedkpieot molbipdeieotmtbko k` tje omtbkomd qumdbty bo`rmstructure, systeis, mol tecjobcmd cmpmnbdbtbes.

\jese resudt bo tje oeel `kr ckostmot prkluct re-testboh mol re-certb`bcmtbko. M receot surveyny tje Skutj Msbmo Msskcbmtbko `kr êhbkomd Ckkpermtbko (SMM^C) Ckiibttee k` Experts

=3


16/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper \klmte, tje bobtbmtbves k` tje lkokr mheocbes jmve ckoceotrmtel ko custkis, mol kody veryreceotdy jmve skie neboh lbrectel botk tjbs mrem.

M ckostmot tjeie bs leimols `kr ikre testboh equbpieot mt tje nkrlers bo tje `kri k` ibob-dmnkrmtkrbes, wjereny mpprkvmds cmo ne uolertmfeo mt tje `rkotber mol redevmot certb`bcmtesbssuel. Jkwever, mt ikst nkrlers tjere mre ok stm`` wbtj tje mpprkprbmte tecjobcmdqumdb`bcmtbkos tk uolertmfe sucj ckipdex testboh. Sbte vbsbts tk nkrlers wjere sucj `mcbdbtbesjmve neeo levedkpel k`teo bolbcmte tjey mre uolerusel, pkkrdy imbotmboel, mol dmcfboheveo nmsbc testboh imterbmds kr tjmt tje cjeibcmds usel mre neykol tjebr use-ny lmte.=3\jeoeel bs perjmps tk pdmce sucj testboh `mcbdbtbes bo ikre mccessbnde dkcmtbkos, rmtjer tjmo mttje nkrlers, wjbcj mre k`teo reikte dkcmtbkos wjere mccess tk trmboel perskooed bs severedydbibtel.

Nkrler Bo`rmstructure

Qkkr nkrler bo`rmstructure bs k`teo cbtel ms mo bipkrtmot O\N. \jbs imobèsts btsed` bo dkoh

queues mt nkrlers mol resudtmot ledmys bo trmosbt. Xjere tjese prkndeis mrbse tjey pmrtdyredmte tk tje omture k` tje dkcmtbko kr pkkr lesbhos. Imoy nkrler crkssbohs mre ckohestelnecmuse tjey mre dkcmtel bo nkrler tkwos, wjbcj ebtjer exbstel krbhbomddy kr jmve hrkwo luetk tje crkss-nkrler trmlboh mctbvbty ckiiuobtbes levedkpboh mrkuol tje nkrler dbof. Imoy k`tje SMSEC mol HIS rkml nkrlers mre ckohestel, mrbsboh imbody `rki m ibxture k` dmrhevkduies k` pelestrbmo, oko-iktkrbzel trmospkrt, mol iktkrcycdes ms wedd ms `rebhjt trm``bc.Netweeo skie HIS ckuotrbes, sucj ms \jmbdmolCminklbm mol Pbet OmiCminklbm, tjenkrlers mre mdsk ndkcfel ny tje ckostructbko k` jkteds mol cmsboks, wjbde bo SMSECckostrmbots k`teo mrbse `rki rkmlsble retmbdboh mctbvbtbes sucj ms kccurs netweeo Bolbm molNmohdmlesj.

Bo reckhobtbko k` tjbs mlverse sbtumtbko, m ouiner k` ckuotrbes mre respkolboh pksbtbvedy. \je

Bolbmo Hkveroieot bs bovestboh bo tje levedkpieot k` dmrhe botehrmtel cjecf pksts (BCQs) mtbts imbo dmol nkrlers wbtj Nmohdmlesj, Njutmo, Iymoimr, Oepmd, mol Qmfbstmo tk reskdvetjbs bssue ny ikvboh tje exbstboh nkrler kpermtbkos kutsble tje nkrler tkwos mol cremtbohdmrhe nkrler teribomds ckooectel ny nypmsses. Qelestrbmo trm``bc wbdd ckotboue tk use tjeexbstboh urnmo crkssbohs, wjerems vejbcudmr trm``bc wbdd prelkibomotdy ne lbvertel tk tje oew`mcbdbtbes. \jmbdmol bs mlkptboh m sbibdmr strmtehy ny sepmrmtboh `rebhjt mol pmsseoher trm``bc,wbtj `rebhjt nypmssboh tje nkrler tkwos tk ckooect wbtj oew nkrler teribomds nebohckostructel mt tje nkrlers wbtj Iymoimr mol Cminklbm.

Moktjer bssue bs tjmt imoy nkrlers jmve neeo pkkrdy lesbhoel. Iklero lesbho tecjobquesreckhobze tje nkrler securbty zkoe ms esseotbmddy m prkcessboh mrem, tjus usboh momrcjbtecturmd mpprkmcj reèrrel tk ms `kri `kddkws ùoctbko. Uoler tjbs ckocept, tje

prkcessboh mol erhkokibcs (ùoctbkos) mre imppel mol tje `kri (bo`rmstructure) bs tjeolevedkpel mcckrlboh tk tjese prkcesses. \jbs eosures tjmt tje dmykut bs kptbimddy `kcuselko kpermtbkomd oeels. Jkwever, mt imoy nkrlers bo nktj rehbkos `kri rmtjer tjmo ùoctbkojms neckie lkibomot, wbtj bimhe neboh seeo ms pmrmikuot. \je resudt bs tjmt tjese`mcbdbtbes mre k`teo ikre lb``bcudt tk kpermte, imterbmds `dkw bs sun-kptbimd, mol tjusprkcessboh bs sdkwer mol skietbies ikre ckovkdutel wbtj users jmvboh tk demve tjebrvejbcdes tk `bol wjere tjey jmve tk sunibt lkcuieotmtbko. \je kptbimd imterbmds `dkw bs mlbrect dboe netweeo tje eotrmoce mol tje exbt, nut tjbs bs k`teo ndkcfel ny bipressbvemlibobstrmtbve nubdlbohs bo preèreoce tk m prkcessboh bo`rmstructure.=MLN (>1=>).=3MLN (>11>).

=1=>).

=


17/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper 1=3 mremdikst bleotbcmd tk tjkse `rki mulbts uolertmfeo bo >118 mol >1=1 eveo wbtj tje oew`mcbdbtbes. Xjere dkwer trmosbt tbies jmve neeo mcjbevel tjbs bs usumddy lue tk biprkveieotsbo tje rkml bo`rmstructure ko rkutes tk mol `rki tje nkrler, rmtjer tjmo tk tje mctumd nkrlerbo`rmstructure.

Qkrt @mcbdbtmtbko

Mdtjkuhj pkrts mre boleel nkrlers, trmle `mcbdbtmtbko-redmtel nkrler ledmys mre k`teoimsfel wbtjbo tje kvermdd pkrt mctbvbtbes. Xjeo cmrhk bs dmohubsjboh bo m ckotmboer ymrl,ledmys mre okt ms vbsbnde ms wjeo bt bs ko m trucf mt m dmol nkrler. \je `mct bs tjmt tjehremtest trmle `mcbdbtmtbko ckostrmbots kr ledmys k`teo kccur mt pkrts, yet tjbs reimbos dess k` mprbkrbty tk reskdve. Lkokr mheocbes, sucj ms MLN mol tje Xkrdl Nmof, jmve ckoceotrmteltjebr mssbstmoce ko eojmoceieot k` trmle tjrkuhj tje dmol nkrlers, heoermddy wbtj tje hkmdk` prkiktboh botrm-rehbkomd trmle, wbtj kody tje kccmsbkomd pkrt `mcbdbtmtbko bobtbmtbve. \rmle`mcbdbtmtbko bo`rmstructure bobtbmtbves uoler nktj HIS mol SMSEC bobtbmtbves `kcus mdikstexcdusbvedy ko nkrler bo`rmstructure mol nkrler prkcessboh mol mccess, wbtj kody koe pkrtredmtel prkgect.=5Hbveo tjmt, bo `uture, tje imgkrbty k` trmle netweeo Skutj mol SkutjemstMsbm wbdd ikve ny sem, brrespectbve k` dmol dbofs estmndbsjel netweeo tje twk rehbkos,bocremsel `kcus ko pkrt `mcbdbtmtbko seeis oecessmry.

Ikst k` tje mlvmocel pkrts bo tje wkrdl jmve pkrt ckiiuobty systeis. \jese mre sbibdmr tktje sbohde wbolkw systei bo tjmt mdd tje vmrbkus ieiners k` tje pkrt ckiiuobty, bocdulbohcustkis, cmo dbof botk m ckiiko systei wbtj prkcessboh, trmcfboh, mol trmcboh iecjmobsis.Xjbde ikst k` tje imgkr Skutjemst Msbmo pkrts jmve sucj systeis, imoy k` tje Skutj Msbmopkrts lk okt kr edse tjebr cmpmnbdbtbes mre kody rulbieotmry. \je resudt bs tjmt users jmve tkboter`mce sepmrmtedy wbtj mdd tje lb``ereot pmrtbes bovkdvel bo m pkrt cdemrmoce, bocdulboh tjepkrt mutjkrbty, sjbppboh mheots, mol trmospkrters, ms wedd ms wbtj tje stmolmrl hkveroieotmheocbes. Qrevbkus pkrt stulbes jmve jbhjdbhjtel tjmt boter`mcboh wbtj pkrt mutjkrbtbes boredmtbko tk pmyieot k` wjmr`mhe, stkrmhe, mol jmoldboh cjmrhes k`teo resudts bo mllbtbkomdledmys mol tje oeel tk prkluce yet ikre lkcuieotmtbko.=0 Bt bs ok ckbocbleoce tjmt tje

=5MLN (>11110).

=5


18/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper


19/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper


20/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper 7 Ckrruptbko Qerceptbkos Bolex >1=1 (Msbmo Eckokibes Kody)

>1=1

^mofboh

>112

^mofboh

>11:

^mofboh

Eckokiy CQB >1=1

Sckre

CQB >112

sckre

CQB >11:

Sckre

= 0 5 Sbohmpkre 2.31 2.>1 2.>1

=3 =< =0 Jkoh Fkoh, Cjbom :.1 :.=1

=8 >> >: Gmpmo 8.:1 8.81 8.31

33


21/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper


22/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper 1


23/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper obhjts necmuse je kr sje jms mdremly neeo queuboh `kr up tk m weef kutsble tjepkrt. Kody wjeo tje lrbver jms `kuol m dkml lkes je kr sje prkceel tk Oepmd. \je cjmrhestk tje bipkrter mre nmsel ko m `bxel imrfet prbce, brrespectbve k` tje tbie tmfeo mol tjebipkrter bs usumddy `dexbnde `kr up tk m lmy ms tk wjeo bt mrrbves. Mrrbvmd = lmy emrdber bs `boe,nut tje ckst reimbos tje smie. \je trmospkrt imrfet bo ikst k` tje ckuotrbes bo nktj rehbkos

bs lkibomtel ny kwoerlrbvers kr simdd kpermtkrs wjk qukte ko m `bxel ckst nmsbs, rmtjertjmo nmsboh tjebr cjmrhes ko `bxel mol vmrbmnde cksts. \je smie sbtumtbko mdsk mppdbes tksjbpieots tk Njutmo mol skietbies tk tje Dmk QL^ vbm \jmbdmol.

M sbibdmr ckouolrui kccurs mt tje dmol nkrlers. Mt imoy SMSEC mol HIS nkrlers tjemvermhe cdemrmoce tbies mre >< jkurs. Jeoce, m trmosbt tjrkuhj tjeikre e``bcbeot nkrlers(tjrkuhj nktj sbles) tmfes netweeo jmd` m lmy mol m wjkde lmy. =:Lbscussbkos wbtj C&@mheots bolbcmte tjmt tjebr cksts mre prelkibomotdy nmsel ko m `bxel èe wbtj tje cdbeot,brrespectbve k` tje cdemrmoce tbie mctumddy tmfeo, uodess tjere bs m prkndei. \jus, `mstertrmosbt wkudl okt oecessmrbdy reluce nkrler trmosmctbko cksts.

\jere mppemrs ok strkoh pressure exertel ny users `kr per`krimoce biprkveieots,pmrtbcudmrdy mt dmol nkrlers. Bosteml, tjere bs m nrkml pjbdkskpjbcmd mcceptmoce tjmt tjmts

tje tbie bt tmfes mol ikst pmrtbes teol tk kpermte wbtjbo tjmt eovedkpe. \jbs imy expdmbowjy exteromd pressure `kr eojmoceieots jms neeo skiewjmt iutel, mol tjmt moy cjmohesjmve prelkibomotdy neeo lrbveo ny krhmobzmtbkos sucj ms custkis `kr tjebr kwo neoe`bt, molokt oecessmrbdy bo respkose tk imrfet pressures. Xjbde tje kvermdd pjbdkskpjy tkwmrl imfbohbiprkveieots tk trmle `mcbdbtmtbko tk smve expeolbture imy okt ne prkndeimtbc tjrkuhjkuttje rehbko, bt neckies bocremsbohdy redevmot bo tje ikre levedkpel ieiner ckuotrbes wjerebssues sucj ms boveotkry cksts mre jbhjer mol trmospkrt rmtes jmve m tbielbstmoce nmselredmtbkosjbp. Necmuse nktj rehbkos mre levedkpboh, tjere sjkudl ne bocremsboh eipjmsbs kobiprkveieots bo e``bcbeocy tk heoermte smvbohs bo tje ùture. Bo tje cmse k` pkrt `mcbdbtmtbko,tjbs bs mdremly tje cmse ms jbhjer lwedd tbies wbtjbo tje pkrt rmbse trmosmctbko cksts lue tkqumy reotmd mol leiurrmhe cjmrhes.

5. ÊHBKOMD BOB\BM\BPES LESBHOEL \K MLLÊSS \JEBSSUES

Nktj tje SMSEC mol HIS rehbkos mre uolerhkboh lyomibc cjmohes ms pmrt k` tje kvermddhdknmd restructurboh tjmt motbcbpmtes Msbm tk neckie bocremsbohdy eckokibcmddy prkiboeot botje >=st ceotury. Sucj levedkpieots prelbct tjmt tje hrkwboh eckokibc pkwer ndkcs k` Bolbmmol tje Q^C wbdd jmve m pksbtbve e`èct ko hrkwtj bo tje surrkuolboh ckuotrbes bo tjebrrespectbve rehbkos. Qrkgectbkos suhhest tjmt tje deved k` hrkwtj wbdd lb`èr netweeo ckuotrbes,wjbde `kddkwboh m ikre heoermd uolerdyboh rehbkomd hrkwtj sceomrbk. Bt bs mdsk `krecmst tjmtbotrm-rehbkomd trmle hrkwtj wbdd expmol `rki bts curreot dkw deveds, ms tje suppdyleimol

=:NBIS\EC (>11:).

>=


24/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper >


25/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper 1=5 tmrhet lmte `kr `udd ckooectbvbty bs uodbfedy tk nemcjbevel, wbtj >1=: curreotdy mppemrboh m ikre remdbstbc estbimte. \je ckre lb``bcudty bsputtboh mdd OSXs bo pdmce emrdy eokuhj tk ne mnde tk dbof tjei botk tje systei. EstmndbsjbohOSXs bo skie k` tje dess levedkpel ieiner stmtes bs ikre lb``bcudt tjmo motbcbpmtel, wjbcjbs ledmyboh bipdeieotmtbko.

@bhure 3


26/34

MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper 1=5. Mcjbeveieot ny tje lemldboe bs prknmndy dess bipkrtmot tjmo tje iktbvmtbko bt prkvblesbo eosurboh tje ieiner ckuotrbes mre mctbvedy eohmhel bo tje OSX pdmooboh prkcess moljmve m remd deved k` ckiibtieot tk tje prkcess. Bo Skutj Msbm tjere bs ok sbibdmr rehbkomddy-nmsel equbvmdeot uoler SMM^C kr moy ktjer pmrty, mol prbkrbtbzmtbko k` OSX levedkpieot bssbhob`bcmotdy dess vbsbnde. Kody Bolbm bs mctbvedy eohmhel bo tje OSX pdmooboh prkcess, tjkuhjMLN pdmos tk mssbst ktjer SMSEC ckuotrbes bo levedkpboh tjebr OSX wbtj m rehbkomd systei

sucj ms MSX ms tje udtbimte hkmd.

Crkss Nkrler \rmospkrt Mhreeieot

\je CN\M levedkpel uoler tje HIS prkhrmi represeots tje imgkr `kcus k` MLN trmle`mcbdbtmtbko e``krts bo tje HIS sunrehbko bo receot yemrs. Bt bs mo mcckrl ckoskdblmtboh feyoko-pjysbcmd iemsures `kr e``bcbeot crkss-nkrler dmol trmospkrt botk m sbohde dehmd bostruieot.Bt ckosbsts k` tjree tbers7 (b) m imbo mhreeieot ckotmboboh tje prbocbpdes k` tje systei, wjbcjbs tjeo (bb) suppdeieotel ny m set k` mooexes mol prktkckds ckotmboboh tecjobcmd letmbds, mol`bomddy, (bbb) nbdmtermd mol trbdmtermd ieikrmolm k` uolerstmolboh (IKUs) prkvble letmbdelmrrmoheieots tk bipdeieot tje CN\M bo m sunset k` HIS ckuotrbes.

Bo mllbtbko, tje CN\M bocdules iecjmobsis, wjbcj (b) eomnde vejbcdes, lrbvers, mol hkkls tk

crkss omtbkomd nkrlers tjrkuhj m HIS rkml trmospkrt peribt systei6 (bb) mvkbl ckstdytrmossjbpieot tjrkuhj m custkis trmosbt mol teipkrmry bipkrtmtbko systei ny bocdulboh m

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MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper 1=>, tje SMSEC \rmle @mcbdbtmtbko Qrkhrmi wms bobtbmtel, suppkrtel ny MLNtjrkuhj m nulhet suppkrt dkmo kr hrmot k` $= ibddbko `kr Nmohdmlesj, $==.08ibddbko `kr Njutmo, mol $=5 ibddbko `kr Oepmd. \je prkhrmis kngectbve k` eojmocboh tjeprkcessboh k` crkss-nkrler trmle bs tk ne pursuel ny (b) levedkpboh iklero mol e``ectbve

custkis mlibobstrmtbkos tjmt `kcus ko mssbstboh tje tjree neoe`bcbmry ckuotrbes bo mccelboh tk,mol ckipdyboh wbtj, tje prkvbsbkos k` tje ^FC, ms wedd ms jedpboh tjei mppdy tje XCK@rmiewkrf k` Stmolmrls tk Secure mol @mcbdbtmte Hdknmd \rmle (SM@E)6 (bb) stremidboboh molimfboh trmospmreot rehudmtbkos mol prkcelures, wjbcj bovkdves tje levedkpieot moluphrmlboh k` mutkimtel custkis imomheieot systeis, bocdulboh tje estmndbsjieot k`OSXs6 mol (bbb) biprkvboh servbces mol bo`krimtbko `kr trmlers mol bovestkrs tjrkuhj tjelevedkpieot k` trmle pkrtmds mol tje estmndbsjieot k` trmle `mcbdbtmtbko ckiibttees bo emcjckuotry.\je kvermrcjboh SMSEC \rmle @mcbdbtmtbko Strmtehbc @rmiewkrf (>1=1=:), nubdls ko tjehrmlumd ikieotui k` tje pmst 3 yemrs tk `krhe tje sbhob`bcmot biprkveieots oeelel tk`mcbdbtmte, mol udtbimtedy bocremse, trmle bo tje sunrehbko mol wbtj tje rest k` tje wkrdl. \je

hkmd `kr tje perbkl >1=1=: bs tk bocremse botrm-rehbkomd trmle `mcbdbtmtbko e``bcbeocy molreluce tje tbie mol ckst k` trmle. \je udtbimte strmtehy bs tk edevmte tje prmctbce molprkcesses k` nkrler cdemrmoce tk boteromtbkomd stmolmrls mol boteromtbkomd nest prmctbce,bocdulboh tjrkuhj mutkimtbko. Xjbde trmle `mcbdbtmtbko bs okw m jbhj prbkrbty mt tje omtbkomddeved, rehbkomd ckkpermtbko wbdd ckipdeieot omtbkomd mctbko tjrkuhj tje sjmrboh k` bo`krimtbkomol experbeoce, mol tje prkiktbko k` gkbot mol syocjrkobzel mctbko.

\je \rmle @mcbdbtmtbko Strmtehbc @rmiewkrf `kcuses ko `bve fey prbkrbty mrems tk mllress tjebssues bo tje SMSEC rehbko7 (b) custkis iklerobzmtbko mol jmrikobzmtbko, (bb) stmolmrlsmol cko`kribty mssessieot streohtjeoboh, (bbb) crkss-nkrler `mcbdbtbes biprkveieot, (bv)tjrkuhj-trmospkrt `mcbdbtmtbko, mol (v) bostbtutbko mol cmpmcbty nubdlboh. \je curreot prbocbpmd`kcus bs ko custkis iklerobzmtbko mol jmrikobzmtbko tjrkuhj tje bipdeieotmtbko k` tje\rmle @mcbdbtmtbko Qrkhrmi, wjbcj bs trmocje-nmsel wbtj specb`bc tmrhets tjmt trbhher

mllbtbkomd trmocjes. \je bobtbmd eipjmsbs bs ko imfboh mdd ckuotrbes sbhomtkrbes tk tje ^FCmol iklerobzboh tjebr custkis B\ systeis. Jkwever, B\ uphrmlboh mppemrs dbfedy tk tmfe

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MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper 1=1. Bt einklbes m trmle`mcbdbtmtbko bobtbmtbve `kcusboh ko custkis iklerobzmtbko wbtj tje Hkveroieot k` Gmpmockotrbnutboh up tk $>5 ibddbko tk MLN `kr trmle `mcbdbtmtbko bo Msbm `rki >1== tk >1=5. \jeudtbimte hkmd k` tjbs bobtbmtbve bs tk cremte m semidess `dkw k` hkkls bo Msbm tjrkuhj7 (b)levedkpieot k` mo Mutjkrbzel Eckokibc Kpermtkr (MEK) prkhrmi bo emcj ckuotry6 (bb)ckocdusbko k` iutumd reckhobtbko mrrmoheieots (I^M) `kr tje MEK prkhrmis6 (bbb)estmndbsjieot k` m OSX bo emcj ckuotry6 (bv) expmosbko k` boteromtbkomd boter-kpermnbdbtynetweeo systeis6 mol (v) ktjer nmsbc trmle `mcbdbtmtbko re`kris tjmt mre oecessmry `kriklero custkis mlibobstrmtbkos. \jbs bs esseotbmddy m custkis cmpmcbty nubdlboh bobtbmtbvebovkdvboh MLN, GBCM, mol tje XCK uoler tje muspbces k` tje Gmpmoese Custkis mol \mrb``Nuremu, specb`bcmddy `kcusel ko Skutjemst Msbm.

\je Msbmo Cmrhk Jbhjwmy bs m rkddboh tecjobcmd mssbstmoce prkhrmi tjmt ckiieocel wbtj

\rmle @mcbdbtmtbko Suppkrt `kr MSEMO Eckokibc Ckiiuobty Ndueprbot Bipdeieotmtbko,wjbcj wms mpprkvel bo Imy >1=>. Bts kngectbves mre tk suppkrt tje neocjimrfboh k` trmle`mcbdbtmtbko bolbcmtkrs, eojmoce mol iklerobze nkrler mheocy kpermtbkos, biprkve tje dehmdmol rehudmtkry `rmiewkrf, mol streohtjeo trmle `mcbdbtmtbko bostbtutbkos mol cmpmcbtbes. Extrmmssbstmoce jms neeo prkvblel specb`bcmddy tk Iymoimr uoler tjbs ckipkoeot.

Mllbtbkomd mpprkvel ckipkoeots bocdule m revbew k` tje rehudmtkry `rmiewkrfs molkpermtbkos bo tje ckotext k` tje ^FC, bocdulboh fokwdelhe eojmoceieot mol tjelevedkpieot k` iecjmobsis tk bocremse prbvmte sectkr suppkrt `kr tje biprkveieot k` trmle`mcbdbtmtbko bo tje HIS. @kcus bs mdsk pdmcel ko cmpmcbty eojmoceieot k` smobtmry molpjytksmobtmry servbces (SQS).

\je Msbmo Cmrhk Jbhjwmy bs e`èctbvedy m ùolboh iecjmobsi eomndboh MLN tk uolertmfe mvmrbety k` trmle `mcbdbtmtbko bobtbmtbves wbtjbo tje MSEMO rehbko, bo msskcbmtbko wbtj GBCM moltje XCK. Bt bs stbdd tkk emrdy tk mssess tje bipmct k` tjbs bobtbmtbve. Jkwever, bo heoermd,bobtbmtbves tjmt `kcus ko custkis re`kri mre ckosblerel emsber tk bipdeieot tjmo ktjers sucjms SQS bobtbmtbves. Qrevbkus wkrf ko CB]S jms prkvel pmrtbcudmrdy lb``bcudt tk uolertmfe moltk mcjbeve sustmbomnde cjmohe6 tje dmcf k` m ckiiko re`kri hkmd, sucj ms tje ^FC, imfesprkhress bo tjese mrems ikre ckipdbcmtel.

Xkrdl Custkis Krhmobzmtbko

\je Xkrdl Custkis Krhmobzmtbko (XCK) jms bts rehbkomd nmse bo \jmbdmol ckverboh nktjSkutj mol Skutjemst Msbm. Bts prbimry ùoctbko bs tk eockurmhe omtbkomd custkiskrhmobzmtbkos wjk mre ieiners tk ckipdy wbtj ms imoy k` bts ckoveotbkos molreckiieolmtbkos ms pkssbnde. \je imgkr `kcus bo receot yemrs jms neeo persumlbohckuotrbes tk neckie sbhomtkrbes tk tje ^FC bo krler tk estmndbsj m custkis iklerobzmtbkoneocjimrf `kr tje wjkde rehbko. Xjbde skie ckuotrbes bo Skutj Msbm mol Skutjemst Msbmjmve yet tk neckie sbhomtkrbes, tje XCK bs mctbve bo mssbstboh qumdb`yboh ckuotrbes tk sbho nyuolertmfboh hmp momdysbs mol bleotb`yboh dehbsdmtbve cjmohes requbrel tk neckie sbhomtkrbes.

\jere bs mo bocremsel eipjmsbs ko bipdeieotmtbko k` tje SM@E @rmiewkrf ms miecjmobsi tk expelbte tje ikveieot k` trm``bc `rki MEKs. Mo MEK bs m custkis-mpprkvelckipmoy mol tjere`kre subtmnde `kr hreeo cjmooed cdemrmoces. \je SM@E @rmiewkrf bscdksedy mddbel tk tje ckocept k` rbsf imomheieot mol pkst mulbtboh, wjbcj `kris pmrt k` tjereckiieolmtbkos k` tje ^FC. \je kngectbve bs tk eomnde trm``bc `kr tjese ckipmobes tk ikvermpbldy tjrkuhj tje `rkotbers wbtjkut ledmys bo bospectbko mol exmibomtbko cjecfs.

\je imbo ùoctbko k` XCK mctbvbtbes bo tje levedkpieot k` rehbkomd trmle `mcbdbtmtbko bssettboh boteromtbkomd stmolmrls tjrkuhj tjebr ckoveotbkos mol prkhrmis, mol cmpmcbty

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MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper 1=3 re`dects tjebipkrtmoce k` trmle `mcbdbtmtbko bo bts fey rkde k` prkiktboh hdknmd trmle. Uo`krtuomtedy, wjbdesucj mhreeieots teol tk ne oko-nbolboh, oevertjedess tjey prkvble m heoermd `kcus koimoy k` tje bssues lbscussel mnkve, mol heoermte m ckddectbve eipjmsbs ko reskdvboh sucjbssues. Imoy levedkpel ckuotrbes mol B@Bs jmve mdremly respkolel ny prkibsboh suppkrt tktje dess levedkpel ckuotrbes bo mssbstboh tjei tk ckipdy wbtj tje teoet k` tje mhreeieot. Btimy ne tjmt tje mhreeieot bs dess redevmot tk tje ckooectbvbty netweeo Skutj mol SkutjemstMsbm bo tjmt nktj rehbkos jmve skie ckuotrbes wjkse trmle `mcbdbtmtbko eovbrkoieots mremdremly mlvmocel mol ktjers wjere redevmot bobtbmtbves mre uolerwmy. \je mhreeieot lkes,jkwever, prkvble m ckotext `kr tjese levedkpieots wbtjbo m hdknmd `rmiewkrf.

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MLNB Xkrfboh Qmper 11>. \ecjobcmd Mssbstmoce 0=3>7 Qrbvmte Sectkr Ckkpermtbko bo tje SMSEC Sunêhbko. Qrkgect Ok. 305>1-1=>. Imobdm.

. >111==. \ecjobcmd Mssbstmoce 85587 Qrkiktboh ehbkomd Bo`rmstructure Levedkpieot>1==. Imobdm.

. >1=>. \ecjobcmd Mssbstmoce kr \rmle @mcbdbtmtbko7 Biprkvel Smobtmry molQjystksmobtmry Jmoldboh bo Hremter Iefkoh Sunrehbko. Qrkgect Ok. 1->5.Imobdm.

MLN mol UOESCMQ. >112. Lesbhoboh mol Bipdeieotboh \rmle @mcbdbtmtbko bo Msbm mol tjeQmcb`bc. Imobdm.

Mrokdl, G. >112. \je ^kde k` \rmospkrt, Bo`rmstructure, Dkhbstbcs mol \rmle @mcbdbtmtbko boMsbmo \rmle. Bo G. @rmockbs, ^. Qrmluiom, mol H. Xbhomrmgm, els. Qmo-MsbmoBotehrmtbko7 Dbofboh Emst mol Skutjemst Msbm. Dkolko7 Qmdhrmve Imcibddmo.

Nmy k` Neohmd Bobtbmtbve `kr Iudtb-Sectkrmd \ecjobcmd mol Eckokibc Ckkpermtbko (NBIS\EC).>11:. NBIS\EC \rmospkrt Bo`rmstructure mol Dkhbstbcs Stuly (N\BDS). MLN7 Imobdm.

. >1=3. NBIS\EC \rmospkrt Bo`rmstructure mol Dkhbstbcs Stuly Uplmtboh molEojmoceieot. MLN7 Imobdm.

Njmttmcjmrym, N., I. Fmwmb, mol ^. Omh. >1=>. Bo`rmstructure kr Msbmo Ckooectbvbty.Cjedteojmi, UF mol Okrtjmiptko, IM7 Elwmrl Edhmr Qundbsjboh.

Ckiikowemdtj Secretmrbmt. >1=>. Neocjimrf Stulbes ko \rmle @mcbdbtmtbko Systeis mol

Qrkcess Qreseotmtbko mt Ckdkink \rmle @mcbdbtmtbko ckoèreoce. Dkolko.Lkddmr, L., mol M. Frmmy. >11=. \rmle, Hrkwtj mol Qkverty. Xmsjbohtko, LC7 Xkrdl Nmof.

Luvmd, R., mol C. Utkftjmi. >112. Nejbol tje Nkrler \rmle @mcbdbtmtbko bo Msbm-Qmcb`bc7 Ckstk` \rmle, Crelbt Bo`krimtbko, Ckotrmct Eo`krceieot mol êhudmtkry Ckjereoce. Msbm-Qmcb`bc êsemrcj mol \rmboboh Oetwkrf ko \rmle (M^\Oe\) Xkrfboh Qmper Serbes.Ok. 0812. Nmohfkf7 M^\Oe\.

Eckokibc Ckiibssbko `kr Eurkpe (ECE). >11>. \rmle @mcbdbtmtbko7 \je Cjmddeohes krHrkwtj mol Levedkpieot. Oew Rkrf7 Uobtel Omtbkos.

Fbrfpmtrbcf, S. X. >110. EU-Imrbtbie Qrkgect. Nrusseds7 Eurkpemo Ckiibssbko.

Krhmobsmtbko `kr Eckokibc Ckkpermtbko mol Levedkpieot (KECL). >112. KECL Mooumd

êpkrt >112. Qmrbs7 KECL.

^kymd \jmb Custkis. Omtbkomd Sbohde Xbolkw. \je Custkis Lepmrtieot.jttp7//www.custkis.hk.tj

Xkrdl Nmof mol Boteromtbkomd @bomoce Ckrpkrmtbko. >1=3. Lkboh Nusboess >1=37 Simrterêhudmtbkos `kr SIEs. Xmsjbohtko, LC7 Xkrdl Nmof.

. >1=3. Lkboh Nusboess >1=>7 Lkboh Nusboess bo m Ikre \rmospmreot Xkrdl.Xmsjbohtko, LC7 Xkrdl Nmof.

. >1=1=

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