police torture cases: sri lanka 1998-2011

7/31/2019 Police Torture Cases: Sri Lanka 1998-2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/police-torture-cases-sri-lanka-1998-2011 1/427

2



>

Gisf~ tbhf mw b h~bt`mg z`bz jftmgzw z`f z~blwci~ebzmil ic z`f w}zfe ic bjemlmwz~bzmil ic

ovwzmgf ml W~m Ablkb! x`mg` `bw vljf~emlfj ovjmgmb~} blj fl`blgf z`f tixf~w ic z`f tiamgf,

FJMZFJ N] NBWMA CF^LBLJI



7

Tmgzv~fw ic smzmew ic tiamgf zi~zv~f x`i `bsf lb~~bzfj z`fm~ wzi~mfw zi iv~ aigba i~hblmwbzmilw

x`mg` b~f lix bsbmabnaf il ]ivZvnf,



:



6



3

Mlz~ijvgzmil

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw gietmafj b ~fti~z ic 2644 gbwfw ic tiamgf

zi~zv~f ml W~m Ablkb nfzxffl 2==0 blj >422, Z`mw tb~zmgvab~ ~fti~z wveeb~mfw 7>7 ic z`f eiwz

wf~mivw gbwfw ic zi~zv~f, Z`f eiwz lizbnaf cmljmlh ic z`mw ~fti~z mw z`bz baeiwz baa ic z`f smgzmew

xìwf gbwfw xf~f wveeb~mfj xf~f ~bljiea} wfafgzfj n} z`f tiamgf zi nf b~~fwzfj blj jfzbmlfj ci~b cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hf, Tf~`btw z`f eiwz wìgkmlh bwtfgz ic z`f g~memlba ovwzmgf w}wzfe ml W~m Ablkb mw

z`f isf~x`faemlha} ab~hf lvenf~ ic g`b~hfw x`mg` b~f cbn~mgbzfj n} z`f tiamgf il b jbma} nbwmw,

Zi~zv~f mw vwfj zi inzbml b gilcfwwmil ci~ z`fwf cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw,

Z`f Cbmav~f ic z`f Gietabmlzw W}wzfe

Z`f ~fbwil ci~ wvg` b~~fwzw amfw ml z`f mlfccmgmflg} blj mlfccfgzmsflfww ic z`f gietabmlz w}wzfe,

Cm~wza}! gietabmlzw hmsf ~mwf zi itti~zvlmzmfw ci~ z`f tiamgf zi ebkf wigmba! tiamzmgba i~ cmlblgmba hbmlw!

n} efblw ic n~mnf~} i~ fpzi~zmil ic z̀ f smgzmew, Mc smgzmew cbma zi tb} z`fwf n~mnfw! z`f} eb} nf

zi~zv~fj, Z`f~f b~f lvef~ivw gietabmlzw ebjf n} gmzmflw ~fhb~jmlh g~mefw blj jmwtvzfw z`bz z`f

tiamgf b~f vlbnaf zi ~fwiasf n} xb} ic gietfzflz g~memlba ovwzmgf flrvm~mfw, Z`f mlbgzmil ic z`f

tiamgf afbjw zi b ~mwf ml tvnamg t~fwwv~f x`mg` z`f tiamgf givlzf~ n} ~bljiea} wfafgzmlh tfitaf!

vwvbaa} c~ie zìwf ic afww t~msmafhfj wigmi%fgiliemg wzbzvwfw! bw tf~tfz~bzi~w ic z`fwf g~mefw, Z`fwf

vlwvwtfgzmlh tfitaf ~mh`za} jfl} z`fm~ mlsiasfeflz ml z`f g~mef ml rvfwzmil! blj zi~zv~f mw vwfj zi

ci~gf z`fe zi wmhl gilcfwwmilw x~mzzfl n} tiamgf iccmgf~w, Z`f~f eb} nf iggbwmilw ml x`mg` z`f

tiamgf b~f bnaf zi jfzf~emlf xì z`f z~vf iccfljf~ mw! nvz z`fwf iccfljf~w b~f iczfl xfaa%fptf~mflgfj

ml z`f b~z ic nb~hbmlmlh xmz` z`f tiamgf blj eblfvsf~mlh z`f g~memlba ovwzmgf w}wzfe! blj b~f z`f~fn}

kftz c~ie z`fm~ ~mh`zcva tvlmwèflzw,

Z`f Aiww ic Gieeblj ^fwtilwmnmamz}

Z`f vwf ic tiamgf zi~zv~f `bw nfgief fljfemg zi z`f g~memlba ovwzmgf w}wzfe ml W~m Ablkb zijb}! nvz

mz `bw nffl b t~inafe wmlgf z`f fwzbnamwèflz ic z`f g~memlba ovwzmgf w}wzfe ml giailmba zmefw, Z`f

eiwz wz~mkmlh jmccf~flgf nfzxffl z`f zi~zv~f z`bz ziik tabgf z`fl blj z`bz x`mg` zbkfw tabgf lix mw

z`f tf~sbwmsflfww ic wzbzf%wtilwi~fj smiaflgf zijb}, Ml z`f tbwz! z`f~f xf~f gilz~iaw tabgfj il z`f

tiamgf c~ie z`f `mh`%~blkmlh iccmgf~w! c~ie z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf MHT- zi z`f Wflmi~

Wvtf~mlzfljflzw ic Tiamgf! z`f Jftvz} Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf! Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic

Tiamgf BWT- bw xfaa bw z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- ic fbg` tiamgf wzbzmil! zi flwv~f t~icfwwmilba

mlzfh~mz} bz fbg` afsfa ic z`f w}wzfe, Z`fwf gilz~iaw! x`mg` wf~sfj zi ebmlzbml t~icfwwmilbamwe blj

fccmgmflg} xmz`ml tiamgf wzbzmilw! `bsf nffl jmwwiasfj,

Z`f Cbmav~f ic BWTw zi Wvtf~smwf Tiamgf Wzbzmilw

Z`f iccmgf~ meefjmbzfa} ~fwtilwmnaf ci~ bl} t~inafew xmz`ml z`f tiamgf wzbzmil mw z`f BWT, X`maf

z`f IMG wvtf~smwfw z`f jbma} himlhw%il xmz`ml z`f tiamgf wzbzmil! mz mw z`f jvz} ic z`f BWT zi

wvtf~smwf z`f IMG blj! n} fpzflwmil! z`f bgzmsmzmfw ic z`f tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f BWT wìvaj flwv~f z`bz

fbg` wzbzmil xmz`ml z`fm~ b~fb mw ciaaixmlh baa z`f ~vafw wzbzfj n} z`f tiamgf jftb~zeflzba gijf,

Xmz`ml z`mw gijf! z`f~f b~f b lvenf~ ic wzbljb~j t~igfjv~fw ci~ wvtf~smwmil, Ci~ fpbetaf! z`f



8

jvzmfw ic z`f IMG mlgavjf ~fsmfxmlh g~memlba cmafw! aiikmlh mlzi z`f giljmzmilw ic z`f jfzbmlffw blj

flwv~mlh z`bz t~igfjv~fw ~fhb~jmlh b~~fwz blj jfzflzmil b~f ciaaixfj, Z`mw wvtf~smwi~} bwtfgz `bw baa

nvz jmwbttfb~fj, Bl} vljf~wzbljmlh ic tiamgf zi~zv~f ml W~m Ablkb wìvaj mlsiasf bl fpbemlbzmil ic

z`f cbmamlhw ic z`f BWT ml z̀ fm~ nbwmg jvzmfw, Z`f BWT blj iz`f~ `mh`%~blkmlh iccmgf~w b~f wvttiwfj

zi wvtf~smwf z`f IMG blj iz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~w! blj flwv~f z`bz tiamgf jvzmfw b~f gb~~mfj ivz xmz`

fccmgmflg} blj t~icfwwmilba mlzfh~mz}, @ixfsf~! wvg` ~fwtilwmnmamzmfw fpmwz ila} ml lbef! blj b~f~b~fa} gb~~mfj ivz ml t~bgzmgf,

Z`f Gilz~ia ic z`f Tiamgmlh W}wzfe n} Tiamzmgmblw

Bz z`mw timlz! bl fpbemlbzmil ic z`f cbgzi~w z`bz afj zi z`mw jftai~bnaf wzbzf mw ~frvm~fj, Mz mw gafb~ z`bz

z`f 2=80 Gilwzmzvzmil `bj bl fpz~fefa} lfhbzmsf fccfgz il z̀ f tiamgmlh w}wzfe, Z`mw gilwzmzvzmil afj

zi z`f tiamzmgmbzmil ic z`f tiamgf n} tiamzmgmblw % tb~zmgvab~a} z`f T~fwmjflz blj z`f Emlmwzf~ ic

Jfcflwf! bw xfaa bw tixf~cva efenf~w ic z`f ~vamlh tb~z} ‗ xì nfhbl zi gilz~ia z`f bgzmilw ic z`f

tiamgf, Wmlgf t~icfwwmilba fzmrvfzzf `bj zi nf caivzfj ml i~jf~ zi effz z`f lffjw ic z`fwf tiamzmgmblw!

mlsfwzmhbzmilw xf~f liz gb~~mfj ivz bggi~jmlh zi z`f ~vaf ic abx, Tiamzmgmblw xivaj jfeblj ci~gf~zbml gmzmflw zi nf b~~fwzfj i~ ~fafbwfj ci~ ~fbwilw ic wigmba hbml i~ tiamzmgba fptfjmflgf, Tiamgf

iccmgf~w `bsf ~ftfbzfja} wbmj z`bz zi jfl} ~frvfwzw c~ie `mh`%~blkmlh wzbzf iccmgmbaw xivaj ~fwvaz ml

jfeizmilw! z~blwcf~w i~ fsfl z`f aiww ic z`fm~ oinw, Lfsf~z`fafww! z`mw mw liz b wvccmgmflz fpgvwf ci~

z`fm~ jftb~zv~f c~ie z`f t~igfjv~fw ic z`f abx, Z`f abx wzbzfw z`bz tiamgf iccmgf~w wìvaj liz inf}

bl} i~jf~w iz`f~ z`bl abxcva i~jf~w c~ie abxcva wvtf~mi~w! m,f, z`f IMG vt zi z̀ f MHT, @ixfsf~!

z`mw `mf~b~g`mgba i~jf~ fenijmfj ml z`f gieeblj ~fwtilwmnmamz} jigz~mlf jifw liz itf~bzf fccfgzmsfa}

ml W~m Ablkb, Bw b ~fwvaz! z`f tiamgmlh w}wzfe mw cbmamlh, Ei~fisf~! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w z`fewfasfw

`bsf aiwz gilcmjflgf ml z`f tiamzmgba w}wzfe jvf zi z`fm~ gilwzblz lffj zi h~bttaf xmz` z`f mlzf~lba

gilz~bjmgzmilw ic z`f mlbnmamz} zi flci~gf gieeblj ~fwtilwmnmamz} blj b t~fwvefj inamhbzmil zi vwf

z`fm~ ~iafw zi effz z`f lffjw ic tiamzmgmblw,

B Cfx Gbwf Fpbetafw

îw`bl G`blbkb? Z`mw wmzvbzmil `bw t~ijvgfj gbwfw x`mg` b~f vljflmbna} jftai~bnaf, Fbg` ic z`f

gbwfw xf xmaa jmwgvww mw b jfeilwz~bzmil ic z`f jm~f wzbzf ic z`f W~m Ablkbl tiamgmlh w}wzfe, Z`f

eiwz ~fgflz gbwf xbw ic b }ivlh xi~kf~ ml z`f C~ff Z~bjf ilf! îw`bl G`blbkb xì xbw wìz n}

tiamgf ml z`f cbgzi~} x`f~f `f xi~kfj, Hisf~leflz iccmgmbaw abzf~ bjemzzfj z`bz z`f~f `bj nffl li

~fbwil ci~ z`f tiamgf zi vwf cm~fb~ew il xi~kf~w! tb~zmgvab~a} ilf xì `bj liz b~ivwfj z`fm~

wvwtmgmil ml bl} xb}, Bw b ~fwvaz ic z`mw mlgmjflz! hisf~leflz iccmgmbaw i~jf~fj ci~ fbg` ic z`f 04

iccmgf~w bz z`f aigba tiamgf wzbzmil zi nf z~blwcf~~fj, Nvz wvg` b z~blwcf~ jifw liz baafsmbzf z`f

t~inafe,

Hf~baj Tf~f~b; Bliz`f~ xfaa%klixl gbwf mw z`bz ic Hf~baj Tf~f~b, E~, Tf~f~b ~fwmjfj gaiwf zi W~m

Ablkb‐w gbtmzba gmz} Giaieni! ml z`f wvnv~n ic Xbzzbab, Ml z`f lfb~n} zixl ic @fljbab! z`f~f xbw b

z~mtaf ev~jf~! nvz z`f tiamgf xf~f vlbnaf zi bwgf~zbml bl} wvwtfgzw ci~ z`mw g~mef, Z`f gbwf xbw

tbwwfj il zi z`f BWT xì bwkfj z`f wtfgmba zfbe ic tiamgf `fbjfj n} bl BWT zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`f

g~mef, Vljf~ z`f hvmjblgf ic z`f BWT! z`f zfbe b~~fwzfj Hf~baj Tf~f~b, Z`f~f xbw li fsmjflgf ic



0

bl} kmlj zi xb~~blz wvwtmgmil ic E~, Tf~f~b wtfgmcmgbaa}! z`f ila} mlci~ebzmil z`f vlmz `bj xbw z`bz b

ebl lbefj Hf~baj klfx wiefz`mlh bnivz z`f mlgmjflzw, Z`mw mlci~ebzmil afj z`f vlmz zi b~~fwz z`f

cm~wz ebl lbefj Hf~baj xì z`f} givaj cmlj,

E~, Tf~fm~b xbw b `b~ni~ xi~kf~ blj xbw eb~~mfj xmz` z`~ff g`maj~fl, @f xbw b~~fwzfj blj zbkfl zi

z`f tiamgf wzbzmil xmzìvz bl} mlci~ebzmil bw zi x`} `f xbw nfmlh b~~fwzfj, @f xbw z`fl `vlh c~iegfmamlh nfbew blj nfbzfl xmz` m~il ~ijw bw tiamgf iccmgf~w jfebljfj mlci~ebzmil bnivz z`f ev~jf~w,

Z`fwf cbgzw xf~f fwzbnamw`fj ml z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z, Z`f giv~z civlj z`bz z`f~f xbw li ~fbwil ci~

b~~fwz blj! fsfl mc z`f~f `bj nffl ~fbwil! E~, Tf~f~b wìvaj `bsf nffl ~fafbwfj vtil z`f tiamgf

afb~lmlh ic `mw x`f~fbnivzw il z`f lmh`z ic z`f ev~jf~,

@ixfsf~! z`mw jmj liz `bttfl! blj bw b ~fwvaz ic z`f zi~zv~f mlcamgzfj vtil `me! E~, Tf~f~b wvccf~fj

~flba cbmav~f blj xbw vlgilwgmivw ml z`f ìwtmzba ci~ isf~ zxi xffkw, Z`mw mlgmjflz vljf~xflz b

g~memlba mlsfwzmhbzmil isf~ z`~ff }fb~w bczf~ mz ziik tabgf! blj z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z civlj z`f tiamgf

iccmgf~w xì `bljafj E~, Tf~f~b‐w gbwf zi nf hvmaz} ic zi~zv~f,

Jv~mlh z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil! x`fl z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w nfgbef bxb~f z`bz z`f} xivaj nf met~mwilfj ci~

wfsfl }fb~w ci~ z`mw g~mef! z`f} kmaafj E~, Tf~fm~b nfci~f `f givaj hmsf fsmjflgf ml giv~z, Z`f

ev~jf~ gbwf ic Hf~baj Tf~fm~b gilzmlvfw zi z`mw jb},

Gbwf ic Wb~bz` Kveb~b Lmjiw? Bliz`f~ gbwf z`bz jfeilwz~bzfw z`f m~~bzmilbamz} blj smiaflgf xmz`

x`mg` tiamgf iccmgf~w z~fbz wvwtfgzw mw z`bz ic b ebl gbaafj Lmjiw c~ie Ei~bzvxb, Lmjiw xbw b

xi~kf~ xì xbw b~~fwzfj! n~ivh`z zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil blj wvnofgzfj zi t`}wmgba bwwbvaz! bw iccmgf~w

jfebljfj z`bz `f `blj isf~ hiaj mzfew z`bz `f `bj wziafl c~ie b ~fwmjflgf, Lmjiw `bj li

mlsiasfeflz ml z`f g~mef ml rvfwzmil! nvz tiamgf iccmgf~w gilzmlvfj zi zi~zv~f `me ci~ isf~ lmlf

jb}w! vljf~ z`f bwwvetzmil z`bz `f xivaj jmsvahf mlci~ebzmil vljf~ jv~fww, Isf~ z`f giv~wf ic z`f

lmlf jb}w! Lmjiw‐ cbema} ebjf b lvenf~ ic gietabmlzw zi z`f MHT! z`f givlz~}‐w lbzmilba `vebl~mh`zw gieemwwmil bw xfaa b lvenf~ ic iz`f~ i~hblmbzmilw, Z`f sb~mivw mlwzmzvzmilw mlci~efj z`f

tiamgf ic z`f cbema}‐w gietabmlzw! blj z`f tiamgf t~ijvgfj cbn~mgbzfj fsmjflgf ml giv~z z`bz Lmjiw

`bj nffl civlj ml tiwwfwwmil ic maafhba j~vhw il z`f lmh`z nfci~f `mw b~~fwz! blj xbw z`f~fci~f

mlfamhmnaf ci~ nbma,

Fsfl zìvh` `mw cbema} `bj ebjf iccmgmba gietabmlzw zi b lvenf~ ic bvzì~mzmfw bnivz z`f nf`bsmi~

ic z`f tiamgf zixb~jw Lmjiw! li flrvm~} ic z`f tiamgf xbw ebjf nfgbvwf z`mw xivaj `bsf afj zi

jmwgmtamlb~} bgzmil blj tizflzmba wvwtflwmil ic z`f IMG ic z`f wzbzmil, Z`f iz`f~ wvtf~smwi~}

iccmgf~w xf~f xfaa bxb~f ic x`bz `bj ̀ bttflfj! nvz gìwf zi kfft wmaflz il z̀ f ebzzf~, Ebl}

eilz`w abzf~! b `mh` giv~z ovjhf ~fafbwfj Lmjiw il nbma! wzbzmlh z`bz z`f g`b~hfw `bj nffl civlj zinf cbawf,

Z`mw mw z`f ebllf~ ml x`mg` z`f tiamgf itf~bzf xmz`ml z`f g~memlba ovwzmgf w}wzfe, @mh`f~ iccmgf~w ji

liz mlsfwzmhbzf g`b~hfw z`bz aixf~%~blkmlh iccmgf~w `bsf gieemzzfj zi~zv~f, BWTw ji liz bgz il

gietabmlzw ebjf n} gmzmflw ci~ fccmgmflz! fccfgzmsf bgzmil blj mlzf~sflzmil mlzi g~mefw,



=

X`} `bw z`mw W}wzfe ̂ vtzv~fj9

Cm~wza}! aixf~%~blkmlh tiamgf iccmgf~w iczfl `bsf gillfgzmilw xmz` aigba tiamzmgmblw! xìwf xi~j zbkfw

t~fgfjflgf isf~ z`bz ic `mh`f~%~blkfj iccmgf~w, Wfgilja}! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w b~f xfaa bxb~f ic z`f

cbmamlhw ic z`f w}wzfe! nvz z`f} b~f vljf~ t~fwwv~f n} z`f tvnamg zi gilsmgz g~memlbaw, Cv~z`f~ei~f!

z`f} iczfl cffa z`bz mc z`f} mlzf~cf~f xmz` z`mw efzìj ic `bljamlh gbwfw! z`f~f xmaa nf gilcamgzwnfzxffl z`f `mh`f~ blj aixf~ ~blkw! blj z`f} b~f xb~} ic jmwzv~nmlh z`mw fwzbnamw`fj i~jf~,

Z`f Gilwzmzvzmilba ^fbwilw ci~ z`f Giaabtwf ic z`f Tiamgf %% ^ftabgmlh Afhba Efg`blmwew xmz`

Fpz~b%Afhba Efbwv~fw;

Z`f cmwwv~fw xmz`ml z`f mlwzmzvzmil ic z`f tiamgf b~f w}etziebzmg ic b jfftf~ giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic

abx ml W~m Ablkb, Z`f 2=80 Gilwzmzvzmil tb~ba}fj tvnamg mlwzmzvzmilw, Z`f 28z` Befljeflz! x`mg`

mlz~ijvgfj b w}wzfe ic g~fjmnaf wfafgzmil ic `mh`f~ iccmgf~w il z`f nbwmw ic ef~mz ~bz`f~ z`bl tiamzmgba

mlzf~cf~flgf! xbw tbwwfj zi ~fefj} z`f fccfgzw ic z`mw gilwzmzvzmil, @ixfsf~! z`f 28z` Befljeflz

xbw mljm~fgza} bniamw`fj n} z`f 20z` Befljeflz! x`mg` lvaamcmfj z`f wzbzvzfw ivzamlfj ml z`f 28z`

Befljeflz, Bw b ~fwvaz! z`f~f mw li xi~kmlh ~vaf ic abx w}wzfe ml W~m Ablkb, Ml z`f bnwflgf ic wvg`

b w}wzfe! z`f wzbzf evwz ~fa} il fpz~bafhba efzìjw zi gilz~ia g~mef blj iz`f~ ci~ew ic gmsma vl~fwz,

Lvef~ivw t~inafew z`fl b~mwf nfgbvwf mz mw liz tiwwmnaf zi gilz~ia fpz~bafhba efzìjw z`~ivh` afhba

efblw, Zìwf xì bjitz bj ìg efg`blmwew zi jfba xmz` gmsma vl~fwz gblliz nf fptfgzfj zi bgz

bggi~jmlh zi z`f ~vaf ic abx, Mz mw z`mw jmccmgvaz} z`bz ebkfw mz baeiwz metiwwmnaf ci~ W~m Ablkbl

wigmfz} zi fccfgzmsfa} givlzf~ tiamgf zi~zv~f! fpz~bovjmgmba kmaamlhw! jmwbttfb~blgfw blj gi~~vtzmil,

X`fl baa fccfgzmsf efg`blmwew b~f fpz~bafhba! blj z`f~f mw li afhba efg`blmwe z`bz cvlgzmilw

fccfgzmsfa}! z`f ~vafw n} x`mg` wigmfz} itf~bzfw abgk wz~vgzv~f blj i~jf~,

Z`f W~m Ablkbl tfitaf b~f ebkmlh fcci~zw zi tvnamgmf z`fm~ gietabmlzw xmz` z`f vwf ic ]ivZvnf

blj iz`f~ wvg` zfg`liaihmgba efblw, Nvz vazmebzfa}! z`fwf gietabmlzw b~f ic li vwf nfgbvwf z`fw}wzfe mw h~ivljfj il fpz~bafhba efg`blmwew! wi z`fwf gietabmlzw xmaa lfsf~ nf wffl xmz`ml b ~vaf ic

abx c~befxi~k! blj z`f~fci~f gblliz nf mlsfwzmhbzfj bggi~jmlh zi afhba efzìjiaihmfw,

Metiwwmnmamz} ic Mlsfwzmhbzmilw mlzi z`f Wzbzf Btt~isfj Fpz~b%Afhba Bgzmilw

Z`mw `bw afj zi b wmzvbzmil ic g`biw; mz mw metiwwmnaf zi fccfgzmsfa} mlsfwzmhbzf b gbwf ic zi~zv~f ml W~m

Ablkb, Z`f~f `bsf nffl bzzfetzw zi g`blhf z`mw w}wzfe, Bgz >>! x`mg` xbw tbwwfj ml 2==:! jmj

~fgihlmf zi~zv~f blj iz`f~ g~vfa! ml`vebl blj jfh~bjmlh z~fbzeflz bw b g~mef, Ei~fisf~! mz wzbzfj

z`bz z`f tvlmwèflz ci~ zi~zv~f n} b tiamgf iccmgf~ xivaj nf wfsfl }fb~w met~mwileflz, Z`mw bgz `bw

nffl flci~gfj ml z`f tbwz! nvz `bw liz nffl metafeflzfj ml ~fgflz }fb~w,

Wzittmlh Mlsfwzmhbzmilw mlzi Zi~zv~f n} Wtfgmba Mlsfwzmhbzmilw Vlmz ic G,M,J

Z`f efzìj ic flci~gmlh z`f Gilsflzmil bhbmlwz Zi~zv~f GBZ- Bgz xbw z`~ivh` mlsfwzmhbzmil!

x`mg`! nfzxffl >446 blj >440! xbw jilf z`~ivh` b wtfgmba vlmz ic flrvm~} ic z`f g~memlba

mlsfwzmhbzmil jmsmwmil ic Giaieni, Z`f wtfgmba vlmz gilwmwzw ic b lvenf~ ic ̀ mhà} fptf~mflgfj

tiamgf iccmgf~w xì xi~k ivzwmjf ic z`f li~eba w}wzfe blj b~f vljf~ wz~mgz wvtf~smwmil n} `mh`f~%



24

~blkfj iccmgf~w, B `mh` afsfa ic mlsfwzmhbzmil blj jmwgmtamlf mw fptfgzfj c~ie z`fwf iccmgf~w, Gbwfw

xivaj nf ~fcf~~fj zi z`mw vlmz n} z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba‐w jftb~zeflz i~ z`f MHT! blj z`fl

mlsfwzmhbzfj, X`maf z`f i~mhmlba w}wzfe xbw ml tabgf! mlsfwzmhbzi~w `bj wvccmgmflz fsmjflgf zi cmlj

z`bz zi~zv~f `bj zbkfl tabgf ml isf~ 34 gbwfw! blj mljmgzeflzw xf~f cmafj bhbmlwz z`f wvwtfgzw ml

rvfwzmil,

@ixfsf~! wmlgf z`f bttimlzeflz ic G^ Jf Wmasb blj! z`f~fbczf~! z`f bttimlzeflz ic Ei`bl Tfm~mw

bw Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba ic W~m Ablkb! ~fcf~flgfw zi z`f wtfgmba vlmz `bsf nffl `bazfj, G^ Jf Wmasb blj

abzf~ Ei`bl Tfm~mw `bsf wzbzfj z`bz z`f} ji liz xblz zi nflj zi t~fwwv~f c~ie fpzf~lba bhflgmfw!

lbefa} z`f Vlmzfj Lbzmilw blj iz`f~ `vebl ~mh`zw i~hblmbzmilw! x`mg` `bsf gbaafj ci~ g~fjmnaf

mlsfwzmhbzmilw mlzi g~mefw, G^ Jf Wmasb ebjf b tiamg} zi jmwemww z`fwf gietabmlzw blj fetai}fj b

lfx w}wzfe x`f~f gietabmlzw b~f ~fgfmsfj blj mlsfwzmhbzfj n} z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba‐w jftb~zeflz!

blj mc lfgfwwb~}! b~f z`fl ~fcf~~fj zi z`mw wtfgmba vlmz,

Z`mw w}wzfe `bw bawi nffl jmwwiasfj, Zijb}! z`f~f mw li g~fjmnaf efzìj ic mlsfwzmhbzmil mlzi zi~zv~f

ml W~m Ablkb, Jfwtmzf lvef~ivw ~fgieefljbzmilw n} VL bhflgmfw blj `vebl ~mh`zw i~hblmbzmilw!z`f ~fgieefljbzmilw ic z`f bgz `bsf liz nffl metafeflzfj! blj z`f GBZ Bgz mw wffl bw amzzaf ei~f

z`bl b tmfgf ic tbtf~, Wi ailh bw g~fjmnaf mlsfwzmhbzmilw mlzi zi~zv~f ji liz fpmwz! z`f~f mw li

tiwwmnmamz} ci~ z`f famemlbzmil ic zi~zv~f bz z`f `bljw ic wzbzf iccmgmbaw,

Wzittmlh Mlrvm~mfw n} z`f Lbzmilba @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil

Z`f~f `bsf nffl emli~ ci~ew ic g~memlba mlsfwzmhbzmil mlzi zi~zv~f n} z`f givlz~}‐w Lbzmilba

@vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil, @ixfsf~! ~bz`f~ z`bl nfmlh zì~ivh` mlsfwzmhbzmilw ml b g~memlba abx

wflwf! z`fwf mlsfwzmhbzmilw b~f ei~f amkf efjmbzmil wfwwmilw wmemab~ zi b abni~ z~mnvlba, Nvz fsfl

z`fwf mlsfwzmhbzmilw `bsf gfbwfj jvf zi abgk ic gietamblgf, Mljffj! W~m Ablkb‐w `vebl ~mh`zw

gieemwwmil jifw liz `bsf bl} fccfgzmsf! cvlgzmilmlh gbtbgmz},

Z`f G`blhfw ml z`f Bjovjmgbzmil ic Cvljbeflzba ^mh`zw Gbwfw

Z`f z`m~j ~fefj} bsbmabnaf ci~ ~fefj}mlh zi~zv~f mw z`bz ic cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw, Xmz` z`mw ~fefj}!

z`f gietabmlblz xivaj cmaf b gietabmlz bw bl bccmjbsmz, Mc z`f giv~z mw wbzmwcmfj z`bz z`f~f mw t~meb

cbgmf gbwf! z`f} xmaa mwwvf lizmgf, B ~vaf `bw nffl fwzbnamw`fj xmz`ml z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba‐w

jftb~zeflz xmz` ~fcf~flgf zi gbwfw ic zi~zv~f z`bz wzbzfw z`bz z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba xmaa liz jfcflj

jfcfljblzw! blj xmaa liz mlzf~cf~f fsfl mc z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba mw ebjf b tb~z} zi z`f gietabmlblzw,

Ei~fisf~! z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba xmaa liz zfwzmc} il nf`bac ic tiamgf iccmgf~w, @ixfsf~! x`fl b gbwf

mw n~ivh`z zi z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z! z`f gbwf mw iczfl ~fcf~~fj zi z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba‐w jftb~zeflz

xmzìvz mwwvmlh lizmgf, Z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba‐w jftb~zeflz z`fl gilzbgzw z`f tiamgf ci~ z`fm~

itmlmil il z`f ebzzf~, Z`mw itmlmil mw iczfl hmsfl xmzìvz mlsfwzmhbzmil! blj z`f Bzzi~lf}

Hflf~ba‐w iccmgf xmaa z`fl wzbzf z`fwf inofgzmilw zi z`f tfzmzmil ml giv~z,



22

Wmlgf inofgzmilw b~f ebjf bz z`mw wzbhf ~bz`f~ z`bl x`fl z`f lizmgf mw mlmzmbaa} mwwvfj! z`f z~mba mw

jfab}fj! wiefzmefw ci~ ebl} }fb~w! blj ovwzmgf ci~ z`f zi~zv~f smgzme nfgiefw b jmwzblz j~fbe,

Wmlgf z`f smgzmew ic zi~zv~f hflf~baa} gief c~ie b aixf~ wigmi%fgiliemg nbgkh~ivlj! b j~bxl ivz

afhba t~igfww mw tb~zmgvab~a} jmccmgvaz nfgbvwf W~m Ablkb jifw liz `bsf b wzbzf%wtilwi~fj afhba bmj

wg`fef,

Jfab}w blj Bnwflgf ic Xmzlfww t~izfgzmil

Ei~fisf~! z`f jfab}w ml z~mbaw ci~ lvef~ivw }fb~w iczfl ~fwvaz ml mlg~fbwfj t~fwwv~f il niz` smgzmew

blj xmzlfwwfw ic g~mefw, Z`f~f mw li xmzlfww t~izfgzmil wg`fef ml W~m Ablkb, B abx xbw t~itiwfj

bnivz zxi }fb~w bhi n} z`f Tb~ambeflz! nvz mz `bw liz nffl n~ivh`z ci~xb~j ci~ jmwgvwwmil wmlgf

z`fl, Z`mw mw b jfamnf~bzf bzzfetz zi baaix z`fwf t~bgzmgfw zi gilzmlvf, Mljffj! mc xmzlfwwfw ji `bsf

t~izfgzmil! ei~f xmzlfwwfw xmaa gief ci~xb~j xmz` g~fjmnaf mlci~ebzmil bnivz gbwfw blj z`f afhba

t~igfww xmaa nf ci~gfj zi itf~bzf ei~f fccmgmflza}, Z`f bnwflgf ic b xmzlfww t~izfgzmil wg`fef

wf~sfw zi tb~ba}f z`f afhba t~igfww, Gilwfrvflza}! tfitaf b~f ~favgzblz zi ebkf gietabmlzw blj

z`iwf x`i ji gietabml iczfl ~fwgmlj z`fm~ gietabmlzw tb~zxb} mlzi z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil t~igfww, Mc smgzmew blj xmzlfwwfw ji liz gief ci~xb~j xmz` gietabmlzw blj mlci~ebzmil bnivz g~mefw!

gilwzmzvzmilba ~fefjmfw gblliz zbkf tabgf, Bw b ~fwvaz ic z`mw afhba tb~ba}wmw! bl ml`f~flz

vljf~wzbljmlh ic x`bz mw afhba blj maafhba mw ~fljf~fj efblmlhafww,

Jmwtabgfeflz ic z`f Abx

Z`fwf b~f z`f kmljw ic t~inafew z`bz b~f mlzf~zxmlfj xmz` z`f mwwvf ic tiamgf zi~zv~f, Zi~zv~f bz z`f

`bljw ic wzbzf iccmgmbaw mw b h~fbz t~inafe! nvz ml z`f xmjf~ wg`fef ic W~m Ablkb‐w giaabtwfj ~vaf ic

abx w}wzfe! mz mw ila} b w}etzie ic b ab~hf~ t~inafe ic wzbzf blj wigmfzba aiww ic ~fwtfgz ci~ z`f abx,

Z`f~f mw li mlsfwzeflz nfmlh ebjf mlzi z`f ebmlzflblgf ic b cvlgzmilba afhba w}wzfe vljf~

gieeblj ~fwtilwmnmamz} blj afhba ~vafw, Z`f tiamzmgmbzmil ic z`fwf w}wzfew `bw giaabtwfj z`f afhbat~igfww blj ebjf z`f xfacb~f ic gmzmflw jftfljflz il z`f x`mew ic tiamzmgmblw, X`fl z`f~f mw b

afhba sbgvve! wigmfz} blj z`f wzbzf ~fa} il fpz~bafhba ci~gfw zi gilz~ia gmsma vl~fwz blj iz`f~

maafhbamzmfw, Z`f~fbczf~! z`f~f mw h~fbzf~ tizflzmba ci~ emamzb~} bhflgmfw zi tab} b t~meb~} ~iaf ml z`f

ebmlzflblgf ic wigmfzba gilz~ia,

G~memlbaw Baaixfj Cvlgzmil bw Flci~gf~w ic Abx

Ei~fisf~! z`f~f mw h~fbzf~ tiwwmnmamz} ci~ g~memlbaw zi zbkf il ~iafw bw flci~gf~w ic i~jf~ blj

ebmlzflblgf ic wigmfz}, Xf gbl zbkf z`f mlgmjflz z`bz ziik tabgf xmz` z`f ni} ml Kb~vlmkb bw bl

fpbetaf ic z`mw, X`fl tfitaf i~hblmfj jfeilwz~bzmilw! z`f~f xf~f fetai}ffw ic tiamzmgmblw xbmzmlh

zi bwwbvaz z`fe xmz` tiafw, Wmlgf z`fwf bwwbmablzw tab} b h~fbz ~iaf ml z`f ~vaf ic abx w}wzfe! tfitaf

zflj zi hi zi z`fe ~bz`f~ z`bl abx flci~gfeflz bhflgmfw zi ebkf gietabmlzw blj wiasf t~inafew,

Z`f Fpfgvzmsf mw Bnisf z`f Abx



2>

Z`f eiwz meti~zblz fafeflz ic z`f g~memlba ovwzmgf w}wzfe z`bz evwz nf bazf~fj ci~ zi~zv~f zi nf

famemlbzfj mw z`f 2=80 Gilwzmzvzmil! x`mg` baaixw ci~ z`f wvt~febg} ic z`f fpfgvzmsf isf~ z`f

ovjmgmb~}, Z`f ovjmgmb~} evwz nf ~f%fetixf~fj zi tab} z`f ~iaf ~frvm~fj ic z`fe ml b cvlgzmilmlh

jfeig~bg}, Z`f} evwz xi~k zi n~mlh z`f tiamgmlh w}wzfe nbgk zi cvlgzmil xmz` gieeblj

~fwtilwmnmamz}, Z`fwf b~f jmccmgvaz g`baaflhfw nvz mc z`f} ji liz `bttfl! z`f~f xmaa mlfsmzbna} nf ei~f

zi~zv~f blj ei~f g~memlbamz}, Ml z`f cvzv~f! z`f emamzb~} givaj wzft mlzi z`f sbgvve g~fbzfj n} z`fgiaabtwf ic z`f tiamgmlh w}wzfe a! blj z`f blb~g`} z`bz fpmwzw bz t~fwflz givaj nfgief fsfl xi~wf,

Nbwma Cf~lblji

Jm~fgzi~ ci~ Tiamg} blj T~ih~beef Jfsfaiteflz

Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil



27

Z`f i~hblmwbzmilw mlsiasfj ml z`mw wzvj} c~ie W~m Ablkb

Oblbwblwbjb}b ‚ Tblbjv~b; z`mw mw bl i~hblmwbzmil x`mg` xi~kw eiwza} ml z`f wivz` ic W~m Ablkb

c~ie z`f Tblbjv~b b~fb zi Ebzzb~b, Mz mw bl fpz~fefa} xfaa klixl! titvab~ i~hblmwbzmil blj n} lix

x`flfsf~ zi~zv~f gbwfw zbkf tabgf ml z`fwf b~fbw tfitaf gilzbgz z`mw i~hblmwbzmil, Isf~ z`f }fb~w z`f

i~hblmwbzmil `bw h~ixl blj `bw bgrvm~fj fpzflwmsf fptf~mflgf x`mg` `bw bawi `fatfj z`f afb~lmlh

t~igfww ic z`f bgzmsmwzw ml z`f i~hblmwbzmil, Z`f i~hblmwbzmil `bw bawi nvmaz amlkbhfw xmz` t~mwil

bvzì~mzmfw ml z`f b~fb blj mw bawi rvmzf xfaa klixl zi z`f tiamgf bvzì~mzmfw blj mlzf~bgzw xmz` z`fwf

bvzì~mzmfw fccfgzmsfa}, Z`f i~hblmwbzmil lix mw bawi b tb~zlf~ ml b t~iofgz xmz` z`f Fv~itfbl Vlmil

blj ^GZ, Mz mw bawi ebkmlh bl bzzfetz zi mlg~fbwf mzw cvljmlh ~fwiv~gfw xmz` z`f VL siavlzb~} cvlj

ml z`f cvzv~f,

Z`f @ief ci~ Smgzmew ic Zi~zv~f ‚ Kblj}; z`mw i~hblmwbzmil `bw nffl b efenf~ i~hblmwbzmil ic

z`f W~m Ablkb T~fsflzmil ic Zi~zv~f T~iofgz c~ie mzw sf~} mlgftzmil, Z`f i~hblmwbzmil `bw z`f eiwz

fpzflwmsf fptf~mflgf! tb~zmgvab~a} ml z`f b~fb ic z~bveb givlwfamlh! tw}gìaihmgba bwwmwzblgf!

t~izfgzmil ic smgzmew blj wiamjb~mz} xi~k, Z`f i~hblmwbzmil `bw jfsfaitfj ailh zf~e gilzbgzw xmz`

ebl} smgzmew! tb~zmgvab~a} c~ie z`f timlz ic smfx ic t~ismjmlh wfgv~mz} blj ~f`bnmamzbzmil, Mz `bw bawi

flhbhfj ml t~ismjmlh afhba wvtti~z zi z`f smgzmew, Z`mw i~hblmwbzmil xi~kw ml z`f Kblj} b~fb x`mg`

`bw jmccf~flz z}tfw ic wigmba h~ivtw wvg` bw z`f z~bjmzmilba Kblj} b~mwzig~bg} bw xfaa bw Kblj}

Wml`bab tfbwblz~}! z`f fwzbzf xi~kf~w xì b~f beilh z`f tii~f~ wfgzmilw ic W~m Ablkb blj b~f ic

Mljmb i~mhml, Z`f~f b~f bawi iz`f~ gieevlmzmfw, Ml z`mw b~fb z`f gbwzf t~fovjmgfw b~f rvmzf wz~ilh blj

ml z`f tf~mijw ic ~ft~fwwmil `bw wffl wief ic z`f xi~wz z}tfw ic `vebl ~mh`zw smiabzmilw, Z`f

fef~hflgf ic z`mw i~hblmwbzmil zi xi~k bhbmlwz zi~zv~f ml z`mw b~fb mw bawi rvmzf wmhlmcmgblz,

WFZMK ‚ Kblj}; mw z`f iccmgmba wfgzmil ic z`f Gbzìamg G`v~g` xi~kmlh ml z`f fgiliemg! wigmba blj

jfsfaiteflz b~fbw, Xmz`ml z`mw ab~hf i~hblmwbzmil z`f webaa vlmz ci~ z`f t~fsflzmil ic zi~zv~f `bw

fpmwzfj wmlgf z`f nfhmllmlh ic z`f t~iofgz, Z`mw i~hblmwbzmil ebmla} xi~kw ml z`f b~fb ic t~ismjmlh

afhba bwwmwzblgf zi smgzmew, Ml z`f ~fgflz tbwz jvf zi bjemlmwz~bzmsf t~inafew xmz`ml z`f iccmgmbag`v~g` i~hblmwbzmil z`f jfsfaiteflz ic z`mw i~hblmwbzmil `bw nffl waix, @ixfsf~! mz lix `bw b lfx

afbjf~w`mt blj z`f i~hblmwbzmil mlzfljw zi fpzflj mzw xi~k mlzi baa b~fbw ic gilgf~l zi z`mw t~iofgz,

Nfmlh bl iccmgmba g`v~g` i~hblmwbzmil mz jifw `bsf b aiz ic tizflzmba zi gilz~mnvzf zi z`mw t~iofgz n}

xb} ic t~ismjmlh wfgv~mz} zi smgzmew blj bawi zbkmlh z`mw xi~k zi z`f fwzbzf xi~kf~w x`mg` b~f z`f

tii~f~ wfgzmil ic z`mw b~fb, Mz bawi `bw z`f gbtbgmz} zi mlcavflgf tiamg} ebzzf~w z`~ivh` z`f iccmgmba

g`bllfaw ic z`f Gbzìamg G`v~g`,



2:

^mh`z zi Amcf ‚ Lfhieni; z`mw i~hblmwbzmil xi~kw ml z`f Lfhieni b~fb x`mg` mw bawi bl b~fb

x`f~f b sb~mfz} ic wigmba h~ivtw b~f t~fwflz, Ml z`f wfb gibwz b~f z`f cmw`f~ ciak x`maf z`f~f mw bawi b

ab~hf wvnv~nbl titvabzmil, Bawi jvf zi z`f t~fwflgf ic ebl} cbgzi~mfw b ab~hf xi~kmlh gabww

titvabzmil, ^mh`z zi Amcf mw xi~kmlh il t~ismjmlh afhba bwwmwzblgf blj bawi t~ismjmlh t~izfgzmil bljwiamjb~mz} xi~k, Tiamgmlh ml z`mw b~fb mw fpz~fefa} n~vzba, Ebl} ic z`f gbwfw t~fsmivwa} zbkfl v n} z`f

i~hblmwbzmil jfeilwz~bzf z`bz zi~zv~f mw fljfemg blj metvlmz} mw flz~flg`fj, Ml z`f emjwz ic z`mw

wigmi%tiamzmgba wmzvbzmil z`mw h~ivt `bw jilf fpzflwmsf xi~k, Ilf ic z`f eiwz wmhlmcmgblz gbtbgmzmfw

ic z`mw i~hblmwbzmil mw z`f wiamjb~mz} xi~k xmz` b ab~hf lfzxi~k ic iz`f~ i~hblmwbzmilw ml z`f givlz~},

Z`f afbjf~w`mt giefw c~ie z`f z~bjf vlmil eisfeflz blj `bw ailh zf~e fptf~mflgf ml wz~bzfhmfw ic

bjsigbg} blj ainn}mlh, Mz tab}fj b wmhlmcmgblz ~iaf ml z`f itfl ci~ve x`mg` xbw b hbz`f~mlh ic ebl}

LHIw zi xi~k zixb~jw jfeig~bg}! c~ff blj cbm~ fafgzmilw blj z`f jfcflwf ic c~ffjie ic wtffg`,

Z`f h~ivt `bw bl mlzf~fwz ml jfsfaitmlh mzw gbtbgmz} zi xi~k ml z`f b~fb ic z~bveb givlwfamlh blj

tw}gìaihmgba bwwmwzblgf,

Gmzmflw Gieemzzff ic Hbetb`b; z`mw i~hblmwbzmil xi~kw ml z`f ab~hfwz t~ismlgf ml W~m Ablkb, Mzw

xi~k `bw gilwmwzfj eiwza} ic wvtti~z zi smgzmew ml z`f b~fb ic afhba bwwmwzblgf, Ebl} ic z`f gbwfw

zbkfl vt n} z`mw i~hblmwbzmil b~f lix nfci~f wfsf~ba giv~zw, Bazìvh` z`f i~hblmwbzmil mw rvmzf webaa

bz t~fwflz mz `bw h~fbz tizflzmba jvf zi z`f cbgz z`bz mz mw tabgfj ml ilf ic z`f eiwz meti~zblz

t~ismlgfw ml z`f givlz~} blj mw rvmzf gaiwf zi z`f ab~hfwz xi~kmlh gabww b~fbw, Mzw h~ivt efenf~w

`bsf tb~zmgmtbzfj ml z`f z~bmlmlh ci~ z~bveb givlwfamlh blj tw}gìaihmgba bwwmwzblgf blj `bsf hiij

fptf~mflgf ml i~hblmmlh wz~ffz eisfeflz! fjvgbzmilba effzmlhw blj ainn}mlh xi~k xmz` z`f

bvzì~mzmfw,

Z`f ^vaf ic Abx Ci~ve! Lvhfhijb! Giaieni; t~fsmivwa} z`f Ci~ve xbw ebmla} flhbhfj bw z`f

gii~jmlbzmil vlmz ci~ z`f B@^G ci~ ebl} gbwfw vljf~zbkfl nfci~f `mh`f~ giv~zw ml W~m Ablkb, Mz `bw

bl fpzflwmsf ~fgi~j ic mlzf~sflzmil ml wief ic z`f eboi~ gbwfw ic z`f i~hblmwbzmil, Mz bawi

gii~jmlbzfw z`f xi~k ic z`f B@^G ml z`f t~mlzmlh blj jmwz~mnvzmil ic niikw zi baa z`f amn~b~mfw ml z`f

givlz~} bw xfaa bw z`f gmsma wigmfz} i~hblmwbzmilw ml Giaieni, Mz `bw `fat xmz` z`f t~ijvgzmil!

t~mlzmlh blj jmwz~mnvzmil ic zfl niikw x`mg` mw z`f ebzf~mbaw vwfj n} baa z`f lfzxi~k ic z`f

i~hblmwbzmilw, Z`f i~hblmwbzmil `bw lix nfmlh z~bmlfj bz Vlmsf~wmz} ml tw}gìaih}, Z`mw }fb~ z`f

i~hblmwbzmil xmaa nfhml xi~k ml z`f z~bveb givlwfamlh b~fb xmz` z`mw lfx bjjmzmil, Z`f i~hblmwbzmilmw tabgfj ml Giaieni mzwfac x`mg` mw z`f gbtmzba gmz} blj mw z`f~fci~f bl fwwflzmba timlz ic gilzbgz ci~

baa bgzmsmzmfw,

:,7,>, Cvzv~f giaabni~bzmil nfzxffl aigba tb~zlf~ i~hblmwbzmil! z`f B@^G blj ^GZ



26

Jv~mlh z`mw tf~mij ic z`f t~iofgz z`f B@^G blj ^GZ xmaa bwwmwz z`f aigba i~hblmwbzmilw zi

wz~flhz`fl z`fm~ gbtbgmz} zi jfsfait cvljmlh ci~ cvzv~f xi~k ~fabzmlh zi z`mw t~iofgz, Ba~fbj} wfsf~ba

i~hblmwbzmilw `bsf bttamfj blj ~fgfmsfj cvljmlh c~ie z`f Vlmzfj Lbzmilw Siavlzb~} Cvlj ci~

Zi~zv~f Smgzmew, Ilf i~hblmwbzmil bawi `bw b oimlz t~iofgz xmz` ^GZ cvljfj n} z`f Fv~itfblVlmil, Wz~flhz`flmlh z`f aigba gbtbgmz} zi met~isf z`f wvwzbmlbnmamz} xmaa nf ilf ic z`f t~mi~mzmfw

jv~mlh z`f lfpz tf~mij ic z`f t~iofgz, Z`f tiamzmgba g`blhfw ml z`f givlz~} zixb~jw nfzzf~ tiamgmlh

blj z`f met~isfeflz ic z`f bjemlmwz~bzmil ic ovwzmgf xivaj gilz~mnvzf b h~fbz jfba zi z`f wzbzf

zbkmlh h~fbzf~ ~fwtilwmnmamz} ml z`f famemlbzmil ic zi~zv~f, Ml z`f `fbaz` b~fb bawi met~isfj wzbzf

gieemzeflz xmaa ~fwvaz ml z`f wzbzf nfb~mlh z`f h~fbzf~ ~fwtilwmnmamz} ci~ cmlblgmba blj iz`f~

~fwiv~gfw ~fabzmlh zi z`f famemlbzmil ic zi~zv~f blj z~fbzeflz ic smgzmew,

Z`f B@^G mw b ~fhmilba `vebl ~mh`zw i~hblmwbzmil blj z`f~fci~f mlzfljw zi nf b tf~eblflz tb~z ic

z`f abljwgbtf tf~zbmlmlh zi z`f t~ieizmil blj t~izfgzmil ic `vebl ~mh`zw ml z`f ~fhmil, Bw z`f

t~fsflzmil ic zi~zv~f mw gflz~ba zi `vebl ~mh`zw t~izfgzmil z`f B@^G gieemzeflz ml z`mw ~fhb~j xmaa ~febml b tf~eblflz bwtfgz ic z`f i~hblmwbzmil ~fhb~jmlh W~m Ablkb bw xfaa bw iz`f~ givlz~mfw ic

z`f Bwmbl ~fhmil,



23

GILZFLZW

Zi~zv~f gbwfw! 2==0 ‗ >424

Tbhf

2==0 27

2=== 23

>444 20

>442 >>

>44> 7>

>447 6>

>44: 80

>446 =4

>443 222

>448 288

>440 >73

>44= 742

>424 777

>422 738



28

Jfzbmafj Gilzflzw

Amwz ic gbwfw n} }fb~

2==0

2, Eb~g` 0! S,K, Wxb~lb~`kb

>, Eb} >2! Emg`bfa Fjxb~j

7, Bvhvwz 3! Xff~bwmlh`f B~~bg`mhf Oblbkb G`bemljb

:, Jfgfenf~ 74! Blv~b Wbetbz`

2===

6, Igzinf~ >0! Nbwlb}bkf Evjm}blwfabhf B~m}bz`mabkf Jmwwblb}bk

3, Igzinf~ 2=== blj Igzinf~ >44>! B,@, B~m}bjbwb! B,@, Wvjbz`

>444

8, Ovlf 2>! Abwblz`b Obhbz` Kveb~b Evaabkbljbhf

0, Jfgfenf~ 7! Blhbamlf ^iw`blb Emg`bfa

>442

=, Oblvb~} 8! A,T, Ebmz`~fftbab Wflbjm~b

24, Oblvb~} =! Beb~bwmlh`f Ei~~mw Faei Jf Wmasb

22, Oblvb~} 22! Blv~b Xmofwm~m

2>, Oblvb~} >=! ^bobtbkwf Tbz`m~bhf Kbsmljb

27, Eb~g` 2=! Xmhmkbab Lbz`bkveb~ blj Wmsbeblm B~ovlbl



20

2:, Eb~g` >:! Vg`mz`b Z`vwwb~b Kvebfb

26, Eb} >! Bomz` Lbxb~bzlf Nbljb~b

23, Wftzfenf~ 22! ^blomlm ^vtmkb @fxbhf

28, Igzinf~ 3! Lbeba Cf~lblji

20, Lisfenf~ 22! Kijmz`vxbkkv B~bg`g`mhf Wbeb~bwmlh`f

2=, Lisfenf~ >:! Wbz`bwmsbe ^bz`}kbab

>44>

>4, Cfn~vb~} 2=! Nbljvab ^bobtbkwf! ^,T, Wbetbz` ^bwmkb Kveb~b! ^blbxff~b blj G`bemljb

Jmwwblb}bkf

>2, Eb~g` 0! @f~bz Tbz`m~bllf`fabhf Lbljmlm W~m}babz`b @fb~z

>>, Eb~g` >>! Hbabttbz`m Hv~vhf H~fw`b Jf Wmasb>7, Bt~ma! ]ihb Gafeflz Nflobeml

>:, Bt~ma >4! W, Abamz` ^bobtbkwf

>6, Eb} >0! F~mg Blzvlmb K~bef~

>3, Ovlf 7! B ^,A,Blbljb

>8, Ovlf 7! Xb~bhijbevjbamhf Hf~baj Ef~s}l Tf~f~b

>0, Ovlf :! @, Cilwfkb

>=, Ova} =! W`b}fj Ei`iebj Mwwbw @vwwblf Eivablb

74, Ovlf 2>! F`babhijb Hfjb~b Zfllfkiil Nbljb

72, Ovlf >0! Kbwzv~m B~~g`mhf Oblbkb Tf~f~b blj Eb`beb~bkkbahf Zmabl Tf~f~b

7>, Ovlf >=! Ebajflm Kblkblbebhf Tm}b~bzlf77, Ovlf >=! Vjvxb Xmjblfabhf Wvwma Ob}babz`

7:, Ovlf 74! B~z`v~ Smz`blhf blj Blvw`b Smz`blb

76, Ova} 0! Z,K,@m~bl ^bwmkb blj F,B Kbwvl Ebjvwblkb

73, Ova} =! S,H,H, G`bemljb T~febaba

78, Ova} 74! W,B, Tm}bjbwb! W,B, Emablz`b blj B~vlb Kveb~b

70, Bvhvwz 2! @fzzmb~bg`g`mhf K~mw`blz`b Wbetbz`

>447

7=, Oblvb~} 2! Ki~babhbebhf Wvomz` J`b~ebwm~m

:4, Oblvb~} 0! Nbenb~fljf Hbebhf Wv~bo T~bwbllb

:2, Cfn~vb~} 2! Z,B, T~febg`blj~b

:>, Cfn~vb~} 3! Emg`bfa Blz`il} Cf~lblji



2=

:7, Eb} 24! Kv~vkvabwv~m}b T~bjfft Lm~blobl

::, Ovlf >=! Wvlma @febg`blj~b

:6, Ova} 8! ^, J`blbtbabwmlh`be! ^,Wb~bsblb~bo blj E, T~bn`bkb~bl

:3, Ova} >4! N,H, G`bemab Nbljb~b Ob}b~bzlf

:8, Ova} >4! Nbljvab Tbjeb Kveb~b blj Wbebl Kveb~b

:0, Ova} >=! Xmofkilf Evjm}blwfabhf Wvomz` T~m}blz`b Xmofkilf:=, Bvhvwz 8! Vjb}blhb Tf~f~b

64, Bvhvwz 28! Kv~vtblbxb Hbebhf Lm`ba

62, Bvhvwz >8! Hb~aml Kblkblbehf Wbloffxb

6>, Bvhvwz >8! ^,E, Aikv Nbljb

67, Bvhvwz 74! E, ^mwxbl! W,^bsmg`blj~bl blj B, Abzmfc

6:, Wftzfenf~! @mkkbjvxb Am}blbhf Wbljvl Kveb~b

66, Wftzfenf~ 2! Jbxvljbhf Tvw`tbkveb~b

63, Wftzfenf~ 6! G,T,W,Blzìl} blj G,O,Abcbnf~

68, Wftzfenf~ 6! Ikbljb @fsbhf Omlbjbwb

60, Wftzfenf~ 3! ^bebl Tmaabm Kfwbe Lb}b~ Bwìkbl

6=, Wftzfenf~ 24! @mkkbjvxb Am}blbhf Wbljvl Kveb~b

34, Igzinf~ >>! Jitf Tbz`m~blbabhf Abwblz`b T~m}blkb~b

32, Lisfenf~ 2! Nbevlvb~bg`g`m Tbz`m~blbabhf Wbz`kveb~b

3>, Lisfenf~ 24! Wbeb~bz`vlhb Am}blb B~bg`g`mhf Kvabz`vlhb

37, Jfgfenf~ 7! Lmw`blz`b Kveb~b

3:, Jfgfenf~ 3! W`m~il Offxblz`b Tbaafkbljb

36, Jfgfenf~ 8! Ob}bwfkb~b Smz`blbhf Wbebl T~m}blkb~b

33, Jfgfenf~ >3! V Kfkvab ^bzlb}bkf

38, Jfgfenf~ 72! Bwìkb T, Kveb~b! Wbebl Tvwtbkveb~b! L, ^bzlb}bkb!

30, Jfgfenf~ 72! Zfllbkiil Evjm}blwfabhf Hvlfwfkf~b

>44:

3=, Oblvb~} 0! J,H, T~febz`mabkb

84, Cfn~vb~} >! Ki~babam}blbhf Tbamz`b Zmwwb Kveb~b

82, Cfn~vb~} 23! J,H, Bz`vab Wbebl Kveb~b

8>, Cfn~vb~} >>! Nfaablbsmz`blbhf Wblbz` ]bwb~bzlf

87, Eb~g` =! Jf`mxbzzf Hfjf~b Ob}bz`mabkb

8:, Bt~ma 28! Evz`vz`blz`~mhf G`beba ^blomz` Gii~b}

86, Eb} 28! Wflb~bz` @fzzmb~g`g`mabhf Bnf}wmlh`f

83, Eb} 74! Ebjvhijb ^bababhf Jil Wbebl T~m}blz`b Hvlb~bzlf

88, Bvhvwz 8! Babhm}bxbjv Abkeba G`bz`v~blhb blj A,T, T~bjfft Kveb~bhf

80, Wftzfenf~ >! Nbemlb @bllbjmhf Hbemlm Cf~lblji



>4

8=, Wftzfenf~ >=! ^bz`lbwm~m Wflbj`ff~b

04, Igzinf~ 7! @f~ebl Rvmlzvw Tf~f~b

02, Jfgfenf~ 6! E, ^bewil Tfm~mw

0>, Jfgfenf~ >>! T,H,^, Ob}bwfkf~b

>446

07, Cfn~vb~} 27! K Smgzi~ Cf~lblji

0:, Cfn~vb~} >0! W, J, Kijmzvxbkkv! B, N, Bnf}xb~jflb! B, ^vxblzmwwb! X, W`blz`b blj

Wvoffxb Kijmzvxbkkv

06, Eb~g` >3! L, Wbljbwm~maba Cf~lblji

03, Bt~ma >! O, B, Vtflj~b Hb}bl

08, Bt~ma 24! Jil Xmof~bzlb Evlbwmlh`f

00, Bt~ma 24! @,A, Wvwblz`b Kvabz`vlhb0=, Bt~ma 74! ^, Jbeemkb Jmwwblb}bkf

=4, Eb} >4! Kiweb Wveblbwm~m

=2, Eb} >=! Afaxbab Hbebhf Lbljm~bob

=>, Ova} 27! @fzzmb~bg`g`mhf Bnf}wm~m

=7, Ova} >2! K,J, W`blz`b Xmofz`mafkb

=:, Wftzfenf~ >0! Bazil Abkw`ebl Efljmw

=6, Jfgfenf~ 8! Lm`ba Kmz`wm~m

=3, Jfgfenf~ 20! Lbsmllb B~bg`g`mhf Eblovab T~bwbj

=8, Jfgfenf~ 20! N, Lmeba

=0, Jfgfenf~ >4! Bemab T~bwbj==, Jfgfenf~ >>! WB Bkmab G`bzv~blhb

244, Jfgfenf~ >7! T,K,H, Ob}bxb~jflb! ^boblhblb}b Hfevlvtv~b

242, Jfgfenf~ >:! E,@, T~m}blz`b Emlmtv~b

>443

24>, Oblvb~} >! Ebli`b~bl ^bhm`b~ wil-

247, Oblvb~} 6! ^,J, Kblmw`kb Hb}bl24:, Oblvb~} 8! J,B, Hb}bl ^bwmkb

246, Oblvb~} 22! Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf

243, Oblvb~} >0! Wvlma T~febz`mabkf

248, Cfn~vb~} 0! Jbemz` Kveb~b

240, Cfn~vb~} 23! J, Mljmkb Xbwblz`b blj Kvevjmlm Ebakblz`m

24=, Cfn~vb~} 28! @fsbhf



>2

224, Cfn~vb~} 28! E, K, Nvjj`mkb

222, Cfn~vb~} >7! Kb~m}bxbwbe Tf~bji~btbhf Zwvmz`b Fomz`

22>, Eb~g` >! T,X, Z`b~blhb Kveb~b

227, Eb~g` 22! S,E, Jvemljb Ob}bxb~jflb

22:, Eb~g` 2>! Wbeff~b @b~mwg`blj~b

226, Eb~g` 2>! F, Hlblbjbwb223, Eb~g` 28! X, Wvlma blj Xbwblz`m

228, Eb~g` >6! Kmz`wm~m J`blbxb~jflb

220, Eb~g` 72! Xmofxb~jflb

22=, Bt~ma 8! Mljmkb Kvabwfkb~b

2>4, Bt~ma 0! J`b~ebwm~m

2>2, Bt~ma >2! C~fjj} Hbebhf

2>>, Bt~ma >:! Wbeblz`b Tf~f~b

2>7, Bt~ma >=! Z`mabkb~bz`blb

2>:, Eb} 7! G`beb~b cbema}

2>6, Eb} 2:! J`b~wb~m

2>3, Eb} 2>! lbef xmz``faj

2>8, Eb} >:! A Wb~bz` Smomz`b

2>0, Eb} >8! J, G`beb~b Ablkb

2>=, Eb} 72! T Kvwvebabz`b

274, Ovlf 3! Blzil Mhlbzmivw Tf~f~b blj ^mg`b~j Tbz~mgk ^iwb~}

272, Ovlf =! Maavkvenv~b Evjm}blwfabhf Evjm}blwf

27>, Ovlf 22! Ebaamkbhf B~m}bjbwb

277, Ovlf >6! Ofll} Smiafz

27:, Ovlf >0! Wbebl ^i`blb Eblbxbjv

276, Ovlf >0! Bemz`b Jfftz`m Kveb~b

273, Ovlf >0! E,W,C, Tf~f~b

278, Ova} >! J`blvkb Zmwb~b

270, Ova} =! Hvlf B}}bw

27=, Ova} 22! @fsbeb~benbhf T~febaba

2:4, Bvhvwz >! J, Jmabl Wbeb~blb}bkf

2:2, Bvhvwz27! Wmllbttbl Bn~b`be Km~bhi~}

2:>, Bvhvwz >7! M B, Lmw`blz`b G`blj~bwm~m

2:7, Bvhvwz >:! Wvjjbhf Wm~mwflb

2::, Bvhvwz >:! Xbwblz`b Kveb~b

2:6, Wftzfenf~ 27! T, Hlblbwm~m

2:3, Wftzfenf~ >2! Abamz` ^bobtbkwf

2:8, Wftzfenf~ >3! Jvxbljbhf Tvw`tbkveb~b

2:0, Igzinf~ >! ^bwv~bob

2:=, Igzinf~ 7! G`beb~b Lvxblwm~m

264, Igzinf~ 8! Tbjemlm W~m}babz`b



>>

262, Igzinf~ 2=! Nbwkb~ Wiz`m Nbablbljbe Tilxbzzb~ ^fhmw

26>, T,T, Jmlfw` Hm`bl

26>, Igzinf~ >2! Ev~bamz`b~bl ^bob`

267, Igzinf~ >8! Tbwrvfahf Jil Jvjaf} Ef~s}l

26:, Igzinf~ >=! Lmw`blz`b Tf~f~b

266, Lisfenf~ 0! Xfamhijb Blbljb263, Lisfenf~ >3! Abzjv Kb~bzvlhb blj Abjv Jb~bebzvlhb

268, Lisfenf~ >=! ^,@, J`blbtbab

>448

260, Oblvb~} 0! Eb~mwbl Bllbg`g`fam

26=, Oblvb~} 27! ^fs, Lbaabz`ben} Hlblbwffabl234, Oblvb~} 26! Xmofw`mlh`f

232, Oblvb~} 28! Kbtv Kblkblbebabhf Eb`fw` Ebjv~blhb

23>, Oblvb~} >8! X,W, Blzìl} ^bob! X,W, Ovjf Wbetbz`! X,W, Wvemz` Z`befa! Blzìl} Z}~~ilf

Cf~lblji! Wmsblbmb` ^blomz` blj X,W, Avgkwèbl Lfxzil Cf~lblji

237, Cfn~vb~} 7! B, Jvwèblz`b Wmasb

23:, Cfn~vb~} 2>! B,B, T~m}blz`b Kveb~b

236, Cfn~vb~} >3! B,B,J,M B, Bzzblb}bkf

233, 22=, Eb~g` 2! ^bljflm}bhf ]v~fw`blm Jbeb}blz`m

238, Eb~g` 7! Jbavxbzzbabhf Hbemlm Xff~bwmlh`f

230, Eb~g` :! Ob}bwmlh` B~g`g`mabhf Wiebjbwb23=, Eb~g` 22! Abkbe Eiìzzmabhf Blzìl} Lfxzil Bttv`be}

284, Eb~g` 2:! ^bobtbkwbhf Jil Wbebl Lmablz`b

282, Eb~g` 26! Kv~vz`blz`~mhf Abkwèbl Hvlbwfkf~b

28>, Eb~g` 23! Jbeemkb

287, Eb~g` >:! Wflbkb Fkblb}bkf

28:, Eb~g` >:! Xbllbkvxbzzb Xbjvhf Z`b~bkb B~vlb W`blz`b Kveb~b! Jienbhb`b Tbz`m~bhf

Ob}babz` Kveb~b blj Nbemlm}b`bljmhf Xbwblz`b Nb~bz`m Tf~mw

286, Eb~g` >6! Bomz` W`blz`b Cf~lblji

283, Eb~g` >3! N, Wvemz` T~m}blz`b Cf~lblji

288, Eb~g` >3! Eb`b @fxbhf Wvemz` Tf~f~b

280, Bt~ma 3! Aba Cf~lblji

28=, Bt~ma 28! Babhbttfl T~bnv

204, Eb} 24! W, Kmlwaf} jf Wmasb

202, Eb} 20! N,H, T~febwm~m

20>, Eb} >4! Hlblbt~bhbwbe Nflfjmgz îwf~}

207, Eb} >>! ^vxblz`b G`~mw`blz`b Jmbw



>7

20:, Eb} >>! Z`bab`mzm}b Hbeb~bababhf G`bemljb Xff~bxb~jflf

206, Eb} >0! E,B,K, Xmgk~bebwmlh`f

203, Ovlf >2! Ob}b~bz`lf

208, Ovlf >8! V,B, G`blj~bwflb

200, Ova}! Z, Ob}blz`b

20=, Ova} :! Tbzmkm~m B~bg`g`mhf Lm`ba Wb~bz`g`blj~b2=4, Ova} 8! Nbabwvlz`b~be Z`bsbeblm

2=2, Ova} >2! Z`bjbaabhf G`bema Xff~bwflb

2=>, Bvhvwz >! K,X, Vtbam

2=7, Bvhvwz =! Eff~b Ei`mjffl Hbcb~

2=:, Bvhvwz 2>! Tf~m}bwbem Lm~iw`bl

2=6, Bvhvwz >=! Smebabxbz`m blj G`blj~bwm~

2=3, Wftzfenf~! G`blj~bwm~m

2=8, Wftzfenf~ 0! W, Wm~mtbab

2=0, Wftzfenf~ 23! Eblio Kveb~b

2==, Wftzfenf~ 2=! T,B, Kveb~b Tf~f~b>44, Wftzfenf~ >8! T~m}blz`b Cf~lblji

>42, Igzinf~ =! E,B, T~bwblz`b ^vxbl Kveb~b

>4>, Igzinf~ 2:! E,M, Cbvwma Beffl

>47, Igzinf~ >3! Eblovab Aihblb}bhbe! Z,K, ^bokveb~>4:, Igzinf~ 72! Ji~bm~bo Ob}bg`blj~bl

>46, Lisfenf~ 2>! W,K,B,W, Lmw`blzb Cf~lblji

>43, Lisfenf~ >2! Evz`vkveb~ ^bsmkveb~ blj `mw xmcf Wzfaab ^blm

>48, Lisfenf~ >:! Sfl, Jijblhijb B~m}bjbeeb

>40, Jfgfenf~ 23! Bomz` Kveb~b

>4=, Jfgfenf~ 28! lbef xmz``faj

>24, Jfgfenf~ >4! Emg`bfa Fjxb~j VTJBZF>22, Jfgfenf~ >=! Wvhbz` ^i`blb

>440

>2>, Oblvb~} 6! Ei`bebj Eb`b~iic Ei`bebj Tbwem

>27, Oblvb~} 8! Tijjbab Ob}blz`b>2:, Oblvb~} 26! W`m~b Nv`~bl

>26, Oblvb~} 20! @m~m}bhf H~bzmbl Abwblz`b T~bwblz`b Tf~f~b

>23, Oblvb~} >4! Vefw` G`bzv~blhb

>28, Cfn~vb~} 7! Z`blvob Abkw`em

>20, Cfn~vb~} 3! Oiwft` B~va Cf~lblji

>2=, Cfn~vb~} 8! Jfaxbab Lbkbz`mhf Kff~z`m Tbjebkveb~b



>:

>>4, Cfn~vb~} 0! Vjvxblb Bz`vki~babhf Jil Aba Abwblz`b

>>2, Cfn~vb~} >0! Jijbetf Hbebhf Bwblz`b B~bsmljb

>>>, Cfn~vb~} >0! Tmzg`g`bm Z`benm Eb~mkb~ Cbm

>>7, Eb~g` 3! E,A, Nbwma Tf~f~b

>>:, Eb~g` 8! Vwtbzbnbljmhf Nvjj`m Msblz`b Hvlbwfkb~b

>>6, Eb~g` =! lbef xmz``faj>>3, Eb~g` 22! W`blz`mhb~b Wv~fw` Kveb~

>>8, Eb~g` >4! Tff~ Bjvebm Ei`befj ^bcffk

>>0, Eb~g` >3! Evz`vxb`fllbjm ^iw`bl Kimzfp

>>=, Eb~g` >0! Lvxbl G`beb~b

>74, Eb~g` 74 >440! Niaillbhf Jmlvw`b Vjb~b Niaillb

>72, Bt~ma :! Wv~ffl Kmlwil

>7>, Bt~ma 28! Lbljb Kveb~ blj ^befw`

>77, Bt~ma 20! ^flhbwbem G`mz`~bkveb~

>7:, Bt~ma >0! Oblbkb T~bjfft Kveb~b

>76, Eb} 2! Kbz`m~bsfav Wbz`}bxbl

>73, Eb} 2! Xflhbttvam B~~bzg`mhf Emabl G`blbkb

>78, Eb} >! Ebamk ^iw`bl Xmob}b~bzlf

>70, Eb} 6! Kbljbhijb ^bobtbkwb Tbz`m~lbabhf Lmablz`b Kveb~b blj G`bz`v~blhb

>7=, Eb} 8! ^bemb` ^vnb Wblj~bl

>:4, Eb} 27! Ebjjvebhf J`b~ebjbwb

>:2, Eb} 28! Vwxbzzf Am}blbhf Wzblaf} Wflbsm~bzlb

>:>, Eb} 74! Wiaieilw Gbwtbw Tiva

>:7, Ovlf >7! Wvhbz` Lmw`blz`b Cf~lblji bwwbwwmlbzfj >4z` Wftzfenf~ >440-

>::, Ovlf >8! Hbabtmzb`flf hfjb~b Lbljblm Kveb~m

>:6, Ova} 7! Wf}liia B~njffl Wf}liia Bwxb~

>:3, Ova} 6! Wb~bz` Kveb~b Lbmziw

>:8, Ova} 8! J,L, Lmeba blj ^blomz`

>:0, Ova} 0 blj Wftzfenf~ 26! Sfav Jflb Jb}babl! Sfaveebmave Kbebaz`bwbl

>:=, Ova} 22! N, Wvefj`b

>64, Ova} >7! ^bsmlj~b Mlj~bwm~m Xbllmb~bg`g`m

>62, Bvhvwz 20! Wb~bz` Kveb~b

>6>, Bvhvwz >2! Ebab}bttbl Kbam Jbwbl

>67, Bvhvwz >2! T~bwblz`b T~bjfft Kveb~b C~blgmw

>6:, Bvhvwz 72! Nvjj`mkb Eb`fw`

>66, Wftzfenf~ 2! Ebjvw`blm Wvnbwmlh`f

>63, Igzinf~ 2! F~bljbkb Nvabz`wmlh`fab

>68, Igzinf~ 0! Blma G`bljblb Kveb~b

>60, Igzinf~ >4! Vjb}b~bz`lf

>6=, Lisfenf~ =! Xmofwfkb~bhf Jil Wflb~bz` Bttv`be}

>34, Lisfenf~ 24! Kv~vhbebhf Jil T~fjfft



>6

>32, Lisfenf~23! lbef xmz``faj

>3>, Jfgfenf~ 20! Bjmkb~m B~bg`g`mabhf ^vxbl Wbetbz` Xmgk~bebwmlh`f

>44=

>37, Oblvb~} =! Hismljb~bo

>3:, Cfn~vb~} >! Bnfwml`bhf Jil Oblbkb

>36, Cfn~vb~} 28! Blv~bj`b Nvjjmkb

>33, Eb~g` 2! Wvlma W`blz`b

>38, Eb~g` >! Aikv Lb~behijbhf W`blz`b

>30, Eb~g` 6! ^beblb}bkbhf Lmw`blz`b Tf~f~b

>3=, Eb~g` >0! Z`b~mjv Lmw`bl

>84, Bt~ma 2>! Z`babhbab Tb`babhf Wiaieil>82, Bt~ma! Afgzg`g`bebl Tvl}beii~z`m

>8>, Eb} 8! Vtva Tbamz`b Ebxbabh

>87, Eb} >4! G`bemljb Wbetbz` Kveb~b Xmgk~bebtbz`m~blb

>8:, Ova} 2:! ^blkiz` Tfjmhf

>86, Ova} >=! Zbeebhf Wbetbz` Tf~f~b

>83, Wftzfef~! VTJBZF Wv~fw` Kveb~ Jmbw

>88, Wftzfenf~ 23! G`~mwzit`f~ Tbkmbe

>80, Bvhvwz >! Evjvhbevxb Eblbhf Tm}ba

>8=, Bvhvwz >0! Zfllbkiil Evjm}blwfabhf Xmof~bzlf

>04, Igzinf~ >3! Xbllm Bz`btbz`z`v Evjm}blwfabhf Lmablz`b Wbebl Kveb~b>02, Lisfenf~ 2=! Oiwft` Cilmcfamvw

>424

>0>, Cfn~vb~} 2:! Xb~lbkvabwv~m}b Bwblkb Tfm~mw

>07, Bt~ma 8! VTJBZF Zfflbhf zi~zv~f smgzme xmlw cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw gbwf

>0:, Bt~ma 2=! Hb}bl Z`vwmz`b Kveb~>06, Bt~ma >6! Nbabtv Xbjvhf Abkw`ebl Efljmw

>03, Bt~ma >3! @flb}bkb B~bg`g`mabhf Tb~bgk~beb Kb~vlb~bzlf

>08, Eb} 22! Vljm}b ^bababhf T~feb~bzlf

>00, Eb} >3! Hblfhijb Wml`bhf @b~mz`b Abkeba

>0=, Ovlf! Blz`ilm B}m}b Jfsb~bo

>=4, Ovlf 2! Ob}bwv~m}bhf Wbem~b Jfwbt~m}b



>3

>=2, Ovlf :! Ki~ilg`mabhf Blbljbaba B~vlb î`blb

>=>, Ovlf 28! Ba`bo Cb~iik Eiìebj Mk~be

>=7, Ovlf >=! Wffabxblw`b @mzm`bemabhf Jil Wbeblz`b T~m}baba

>=:, Ovlf 74! VTJBZF Vtva Tbamz`b Ebxbabh

>=6, Bvhvwz =! @fxbxbwbe Wb~vkkbamhf ^bz`lbwm~m Cf~lblji

>=3, Bvhvwz 24! Eblmsfa Wbvlj~b~bwbv>=8, Bvhvwz 27! Beb~bwmlh`f B~bg`g`mhf Wmeil Beb~bwmlh`f

>=0, Bvhvwz 2:! X,B, Abwblz`b T~bjfft Xmof~bz`lb

>==, Bvhvwz 26! Nbabtvxbjvhf Wv~fw` Wvemz` Kveb~ Efljmw

744, Bvhvwz >7! Ofwv Blj~fx

742, Bvhvwz >6! Ob}bwfkb~b B~bg`g`mhf îw`bl Ob}bwfkb~b

>422

74>, Oblvb~} 6! Jbwblb}bkb Evjm}blwfabhf Z`vw`b~b Ob}b~bz`lb747, Oblvb~} 2=! Jfsb~bz`lbe ]ihflj~b

74:, Oblvb~} >:! Ebaamkb~bg`g`mhf Jil Mljmkb W`bw`m~blhb Wflfsm~bz`lb

746, Oblvb~} >6! Wbeb~bwml`bhf Wvjbz` Tvw`tbkveb~b

743, Oblvb~} >3! Amljbevabhf Wvlfz` ^vtf~wmlh`f Wmasb

748, Oblvb~} >8! Wfafeb Afnnf Ei`beefj Bem~ Wvazbl

740, Oblvb~} >0! Blzìl} B}}b Jfsb~bo

74=, Oblvb~} 72! Wvlma W`blz`b

724, Cfn~vb~} 2! Kb~bwmlh`f B~bg`g`mabhf Kveb~bwmlh`f Bttv`bem

722, Cfn~vb~} >! T H X H Ob}b~bz`lb

72>, Cfn~vb~} 8! Xb`b~bhfjb~b ^blomz` Wveblhbab727, Cfn~vb~} =! Bevxbz`z`f Evjm}blwfabhf Ab`m~v ^vxbl G`beb~b

72:, Cfn~vb~} 22! Kbtmab Wbetbz` Obwmlh`b

726, Cfn~vb~} 22! B jivh`zf~ ic Ei`beebj Evabcb~ blj Ew, Wmz`z`m Cb~mlb

723, Cfn~vb~} 26! @f~bz` Evjm}blwfabhf Wv~blom Wbetbz` Kveb~b

728, Cfn~vb~} 23! B jivh`zf~ ic Kbljmb` Eb`flj~b blj Ebli~m G`bemlm Tf~f~b

720, Cfn~vb~} 20! J H Wvz`mwb Kveb~b Ob}babz` blj X S Eb`flj~b Vttbabxbllb

72=, Cfn~vb~} >2! Wv~bloms G`~mw`blz`b Cf~lblji

7>4, Cfn~vb~} >>! B jbvh`zf~ ic ]beblhf @febabz`b

7>2, Cfn~vb~} >7! Ab`m~v Ebjvw`bl Wv~mb~bg`g`m

7>>, Cfn~vb~} >:! Fhijbxbzzfhf ^vxbl Lm~iw`blb7>7, Eb~g` 0! Bab`flj~b Bg`b~mhf Jmlfw` T~m}blkb~b

Haiwwb~} ic zf~ew



>8

BH Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba

B@^G Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil

BA^G Bwmbl Afhba ^fwiv~gf Gflz~f

BWT Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf

GMJ G~memlba Mlsfwzmhbzmil Jftb~zeflz

JMH Jftvz} Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf-

JEI Jmwz~mgz Efjmgba Iccmgf~

@RM @fbj Rvb~zf~ Mlwtfgzi~

@^G @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil ic W~m Ablkb

MHT Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf

MT Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf

OEI Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~

LTG Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil

IMG Iccmgf~ ml G`b~hf

TG Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf

^TG ^fwf~sf Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf

Whz Wf~hfblz

WM Wvn Mlwtfgzi~

WMV Wtfgmba Mlsfwzmhbzmil Vlmz ic Tiamgf-

WWT Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf



>0

2==0

2, S,K, Wxb~lb~f`kb? Ev~jf~fj n} cfaaix tiamgf iccmgf~w

S,K, Wxb~lb~`kb xbw b `fbaz`} 74%}fb~%iaj tiamgf iccmgf~ bz Sbsvlm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil, W`f afcz ìef

il z`f 0z` ic Eb~g` 2==7 zi ~fti~z zi xi~k blj n} liil z`f lfpz jb} `f~ cbema} xbw gbaafj zi gief

blj giaafgz `f~ nij}! xmz` b efwwbhf z`bz w`f gieemzzfj wvmgmjf, Z`f cbema} xbw liz gbaafj zi nf

t~fwflz bz z`f tiwz%ei~zfe mlrvm~} i~ fsfl zi mjflzmc} z`f nij}, Baa z`bz xbw jilf n} z`f tiamgf

z`fewfasfw n} z`f zmef nij} xbw `bljfj isf~ zi z`f cbema}, Z`f mlsfwzmhbzmlh jigzi~ mjflzmcmfj z`f

gbvwf ic jfbz` bw b gb~jmi%~fwtm~bzi~} cbmav~f ciaaixmlh mlhfwzmil ic mlwfgzmgmjf, @f jmj liz wflj bl}

wbetafw ci~ zipmgiaihmgba blba}wmw, Z`f cbema} xbw wvwtmgmivw blj xflz zi z`f lfb~n} ebhmwz~bzf‐w

giv~z zi gbaa ci~ fp`vebzmil ic z`f nij}, Z`f giv~z jfnbzfj z`f mwwvf ci~ ilf }fb~ nfci~f b lfx

ebhmwz~bzf b~~msfj blj ebjf bl i~jf~ ci~ fp`vebzmil, B wfgilj jigzi~ mwwvfj b ~fti~z jfgab~mlh b

abgk ic fsmjflgf ic mlwfgzmgmjf blj i~jf~mlh z`bz tb~zw ic z`f nij} nf wflz ci~ zipmgiaihmgba blba}wmw,

@f jfcf~~fj `mw cmlba cmljmlhw zmaa `f jmwgvwwfj z`fe xmz` z`f jigzi~ xì ebjf z`f cm~wz mlrvm~},

Z`f hisf~leflz blba}wz‐w jftb~zeflz ~fti~zfj lfhbzmsfa} il z`f t~fwflgf ic bl} timwilivw

fafeflz, Z`f jigzi~ ìxfsf~! bczf~ zbakmlh zi z`f jigzi~ xì jmj z`f cm~wz mlrvm~}! itmlfj z`bz z`fcm~wz ~fti~z xbw gi~~fgz, Baa z`~ff efjmgba ~fti~zw xf~f wflz zi z`f efjmgba giaafhf ci~ fptf~z

itmlmil, B t~icfwwi~ ic ci~flwmg wgmflgf hbsf `mw smfx z`bz z`f cm~wz jigzi~ wìvaj `bsf wflz z`f

nij} tb~zw ci~ zipmgiaihmgba blba}wmw blj z`bz z`f~f xbw li fsmjflgf ic jfbz` n} zbkmlh mlwfgzmgmjf,

Il z`f bsbmabnaf fsmjflgf mz xbw liz tiwwmnaf zi jfzf~emlf x`fz`f~ jfbz` xbw jvf zi wvmgmjf!

ìemgmjf i~ ovwz ci~ lbzv~ba ~fbwilw,

Z`mw jfnbzf il efjmgba ~fti~zw `bw hilf il ci~ lmlf }fb~w lix, Mz mw insmivw z`bz z`mw `fbaz`} }ivlh

xiebl‐w jfbz` xbw lfsf~ wvwtfgzfj zi nf jvf zi lbzv~ba ~fbwilw, Mc wvmgmjf mw fpgavjfj! z`f iz`f~

tiwwmnmamz} mw ìemgmjf, Z`f~f b~f ebl} ~fbwilw z`bz `bsf ebjf z`f cbema} nfamfsf z`bz z`mw mw b gbwf

ic ìemgmjf, Z`f abwz z`mlh klixl bnivz z`f jfgfbwfj tf~wil‐w x`f~fbnivzw xbw b zfaftìlf gbaac~ie z`f aigba Tiamgf wzbzmil n} z`f BWT bwkmlh Wxb~lb~f`kb zi gief zi `mw iccmgf meefjmbzf xmz` b

jmsmjfj wkm~z xi~l n} bzàfzfw, W`f `bj inf}fj z`f i~jf~w blj ~fti~zfj bggi~jmlha}, Xmz`ml zxi

ìv~w w`f xbw jfbj, Xmz`ml z`f lfpz zxi ìv~w! z`f tiwz ei~zfe! fenbaemlh blj fsf~}z`mlh xbw

jilf xmzìvz bl} mlci~ebzmil nfmlh hmsfl zi z`f cbema}, Z`f tiamgf `bsf liz blwxf~fj z`f rvfwzmilw

ic z`f cbema} bnivz z`f jfzbmaw ic z`f jfbz` blj xf~f sf~} ìwzmaf zi z`f cbema}, Z`f cbema} `bw `fb~j



>=

gilcamgzmlh sf~wmilw bnivz z`f jfbz` c~ie jmccf~flz iccmgf~w, Z`f cbema} nfamfsfw z`bz `mh`f~%~blkmlh

tiamgf iccmgf~w `bsf ebjf wfg~fz mlrvm~mfw bnivz z`f jfbz` blj `bsf `vw`fj vt z`f cmljmlhw,

Z`mw mw b gbwf x`f~f z`f ila} tf~wilw x`i klix bnivz z`f jfbz` b~f z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ic z`mw

tb~zmgvab~ wzbzmil, Z`f cbema} nfamfsfw z`f~f xf~f isf~ :4 iccmgf~w! mlgavjmlh xiefl! bz z`f wzbzmil,

Ila} z`~ivh` ~mhi~ivw mlzf~~ihbzmil ic z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w gbl x`bz ~fbaa} ziik tabgf nf civlj ivz, Z`f wvmgmjf wzi~}! x`mg` `bw nffl jmwgivlzfj! gbwzw wvwtmgmil z`bz z`f~f `bw nffl tiamgf gietamgmz},

Z`f gbwf w`ivaj `bsf nffl ~fcf~~fj ci~ mlrvm~} zi z`f GMJ, @ixfsf~! ci~ isf~ lmlf }fb~w li mlrvm~}

`bj nffl vljf~zbkfl, Z`f cbema} `bw x~mzzfl zi fsf~} ilf! mlgavjmlh z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba blj z`f

@^G, @ixfsf~! z`f~f `bj nffl li bzzfetz zi bwwv~f z`f cbema} z`bz ovwzmgf xmaa nf jilf,

>, Emg`bfa Fjxb~j? N~vzba bwwbvaz

Z`f B@^G ~fgfmsfj zfwzmeil} ic wfsf~f zi~zv~f c~ie b t~mwilf~! Emg`bfa Fjxb~j T~mwil Li, >2:7-

ic Kblj}! nfmlh `faj bz Nihbenb~b T~mwil blj t~fsmivwa} bz Kbavzb~b T~mwil, Z`f Zbabz`v%i}bTiamgf ziik `me bw b zf~~i~mwz wvwtfgz il >2 Eb} 2==0, @f xbw kftz ml tiamgf gvwzij} vlzma `f xbw

t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f ebhmwz~bzf il z`f =z` Igzinf~ 2==0, Il bl bttamgbzmil n} `mw xmcf z`f~f mw b

giv~z gbwf tfljmlh ml @mh` Giv~zw! Kblj} Gbwf li? 2>=:)==-,

Z`f zi~zv~f `f `bw ~fgfmsfj `bw nffl fpz~fefa} n~vzba! mlgavjmlh nfbzmlhw blj hflmzba zi~zv~f, Xf

mlgavjf tb~z ic `mw wzbzfeflz `f~f nfaix, Z`f B@^G‐w ~ft~fwflzbzmsf ml W~m Ablkb `bw sf~mcmfj z`f

bggv~bg} ic Fjxb~j‐w wzbzfeflz ~fhb~jmlh `mw zi~zv~f, Ei~f z`bl 3 eilz`w `bsf tbwwfj wmlgf z`mw

wzbzfeflz! blj wzmaa z`f~f `bw nffl li bgzmil %% li mlsfwzmhbzmil! li ~fj~fww blj wzmaa li jbzf wfz ci~

`mw giv~z gbwf, Z`f ila} jfsfaiteflz mw z`bz Fjxb~j‐w `fbaz` giljmzmil `bw xi~wflfj! fwtfgmbaa} `mw

`fb~mlh! wmh`z blj vwf ic amenw, Fjxb~j‐w xmcf blj wmp g`maj~fl b~f bawi wvccf~mlh `b~jw`mt z`~ivh`z`f abgk ic mlgief blj z`f cfb~ ic z`f z`~fbzw,

Wzbzfeflz c~ie Fjxb~j il 27 Wftzfenf~ 2=== T~mwil Li, >2:7; Gbwf Li,2>=:)==-?

‖42, M xbw namljciajfj blj nfbzfl amkf bl blmeba, Z`f naixw jmwaijhfj ilf ic e} zffz`,

4>, Z`f} tabgfj wief niikw il e} `fbj blj ̀ mz z`fe xmz` b tiaf, Z`fl z`f} ̀ mz e} `fbj il z`f

xbaa, Bw b ~fwvaz ic z`mw zi~zv~f M wvccf~ wfsf~f `fbjbg`fw! xfbklfww ml e} f}fw, E} f}fw zfb~

c~frvflza} blj bz zmefw e} wmh`z ml rvmzf nav~~fj,

47, Ilgf z`f} wrvfffj e} wfp i~hblw blj `beef~fj ef, Bw b gilwfrvflgf ic z`mw M `bsf wfsf~f

tbml x`fl M v~mlbzf! blj M bawi tbww naiij xmz` e} v~mlf,

4:, Ilgf z`f} zmfj ef zi b nflg` blj nfbz e} cffz xmz` b tiaf, Z`fl z`f} tvz ef cabz il e} cbgf

blj `mz ef xmz` z`f tiaf blj z`vw M wvccf~ wfsf~f tbml ml e} cffz,

46, Bliz`f~ zmef z`f} wflz ml b xm~f z̀ ~ivh` e} blvw blj j~fx mz ivz, Bw b ~fwvaz M wvccf~ wfsf~f

tbml x`fl fpg~fzmlh; bawi M naffj bz wvg` zmefw,



74

43, Z`f} t~fww tfz~ia ~bhw ilzi e} cbgf z`fl M cbmlz,

48, Z`f} z`~fbzflfj zi wfpvbaa} bnvwf e} xmcf blj fajfwz jbvh ̀ zf~,–

7, Xff~bwmlh`f B~~bg`mhf Oblbkb G`bemljb? Wg~fbew ic tbml isf~`fb~j

Il 3 Bvhvwz 2==0 bz 7,26 te! b ebl lbefj Xff~bwmlh`f B~~bg`mhf Oblbkb G`bemljb xbw zbkfl zi

Ob%fab Tiamgf wzbzmil, @f xbw wfsf~fa} nfbzfl vt n} Mlwtfgzi~ Xff~bwmlh`f, @f xbw nfbzfl wfsf~ba

zmefw jv~mlh z`f jb} blj lmh`z,

B tf~wil xì xflz zi wff `me! ilf Ema~i}! xbw bawi tvaafj mlwmjf z`f tiamgfwzbzmil blj nfbzfl vt n}

Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf Xmg~feb, Wfsf~ba tf~wilw `fb~j niz` wg~fbemlh ml tbml,

Li ilf xbw baaixfj zi wff z`f smgzme, Z`f eiz`f~ ic G`bemljb z~mfj zi smwmz `me nvz w`f xbw liz

baaixfj,

Z`f ~fbwil ci~ b~~fwz xbw liz meefjmbzfa} klixl, @ixfsf~! mz xbw nfamfsfj z`bz z`f tiamgf xf~f

bgzmlh vljf~ z`f mlcavflgf ic wiefilf,

:, Blv~b Wbetbz`? Tiwz%ei~zfe ~fsfbaw >: mlzf~lba mlov~mfw

Blv~b Wbetbz` xbw zbkfl zi z`f tiamgfwzbzmil bz Ei~bzvxb il 74 Jfgfenf~ 2==0! n} wief tiamgf

iccmgf~w xì wbmj z`bz `f xbw lffjfj ci~ z`f zbkmlh ic b wzbzfeflz, @f xbw zbkfl c~ie `mw wmwzf~‐w

ìvwf x`f~f `f xbw `fatmlh xmz` wief gilwz~vgzmil xi~k, Bw `f jmj liz ~fzv~l zmaa abzf! `mw n~iz`f~

smwmzfj `me bz z`f Ei~bzvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil bz lmh`z blj `f wbx Blv~b Wbetbz`,

Blv~b Wbetbz` ziaj `mw n~iz`f~ z`bz `f xbw wfsf~fa} nfbzfl vt n} wief tiamgf iccmgf~w blj z`bz z`f}

emh`z kmaa `me, Il z`f nbwmw ic z`mw! cbema} efenf~w wivh`z mlzf~sflzmil ic ebl} tf~wilw zi hfz

Blv~b Wbetbz` ~fafbwfj c~ie z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Lfpz jb} x`fl z`f cbema} efenf~w smwmzfj z`f

Tiamgf wzbzmil! Blv~b Wbetbz` xbw liz civlj z`f~f, B tiamgf iccmgf~ ziaj z`fe z`bz `f `bj nffl

zbkfl bxb} zi zbkf b wzbzfeflz,

Z`f cbema} xbw abzf~ ziaj n} z`f IMG ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil z`bz Blv~b Wbetbz` xbw jfbj, Z`f tiamgf

t~ismjfj emwafbjmlh mlci~ebzmil bnivz z`f x`f~fbnivzw ic Wbetbz`‐w nij}, Abzf~! z`f cbema} civlj

z`f nij} ic Blv~b Wbetbz` bz Kbavnismaab @iwtmzba, Jvf zi z`f cbema}‐w t~izfwz z`f nij} xbw

t~ijvgfj nfci~f b jigzi~ bz z`f Giaieni Hflf~ba @iwtmzba, Bz z`f tiwz%ei~zfe mlrvm~}! z`f

cmljmlh xbw z`bz z`f jfbz` xbw jvf zi bwwbvaz, Z`f mlrvm~} ~fsfbafj z`bz z`f~f xf~f >: mlzf~lba

mlov~mfw,

Lfxw ic z`f jfbz` bz Tiamgf wzbzmil t~isikfj t~izfwzw ml Ei~bzvxb zixl, Jv~mlh z`f cvlf~ba

t~igfwwmil tfitaf gb~~mfj nbllf~w giljfelmlh z`f tiamgf, Zfb~hbw xbw wt~fbj jv~mlh z`f cvlf~ba zi



72

t~fsflz z`f tfitaf eb~g`mlh zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil gb~~}mlh z`f gi~twf ic Blv~b Wbetbz`, Wief

Wml`bab lfxwtbtf~w ml W~m Ablkb ~fti~zfj z`mw mlgmjflz,

Wvnwfrvflza} z`f tiamgf z~mfj zi g~fbzf z`f met~fwwmil z`bz z`f jfbz` xbw gbvwfj jvf z`f wvwtfgz

z~}mlh zi ovet ivz ic z`f tiamgf offt, Li wbzmwcbgzi~} mlrvm~} `bj nffl giljvgzfj bnivz z`mw jfbz`,

2===

6, B,@, B~m}bjbwb! B,@, Wvjbz`? Xfamhbeb Tiamgf metamgbzfj ml z`f zi~zv~f blj kmaamlh ic b

cbz`f~ blj wil 2=== z`fl >44>-

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw gief zi afb~l ic b gbwf mlsiasmlh z`f baafhfj

zi~zv~f blj fpz~b%ovjmgmba kmaamlh ic b cbz`f~ blj wil n} z`f Xfamhbeb Tiamgf, Jfwtmzf }fb~w `bsmlh

lix tbwwfj wmlgf z`fm~ wvwtmgmivw jfbz`w! amzzaf bgzmil `bw nffl zbkfl n} z`f bvzì~mzmfw zi t~itf~a}

mlsfwzmhbzf z`mw ebzzf~! blj gilwfrvflza} li tf~wil `bw nffl `faj bggivlzbnaf ci~ z`f g~mefw

gieemzzfj bhbmlwz z`f zxi smgzmew,

B,@, B~m}bjbwb xbw b cmw`f~ebl n} iggvtbzmil, Bggi~jmlh zi `mw xmcf! Kbebab Ebaamkb ml 2=== z`f~f

xf~f h~ivtw ic tfitaf ml z`fm~ b~fb xì xflz bnivz jfebljmlh t~izfgzmil eilf} c~ie

nvwmlfwwefl blj iz`f~ z~bjf~w, W`f wbmj z`bz mc z`fwf jfebljw xf~f liz efz z`f ‘aigba Ebcmb‐ xivaj

g~fbzf z~ivnaf ci~ zìwf xì ~fcvwfj,

Bttb~flza} z`mw aigba Ebcmb `bj bawi jfebljfj tb}eflz c~ie E~, B~m}bjbwb blj `mw wilw! nvz z`f}

`bj ~fcvwfj zi tb} vt blj mlwzfbj g`bwfj z`f h~ivt efenf~w bxb}, Ml Igzinf~ 2=== B,@, B~m}bjwb

xbw b~~fwzfj n} z`f Xfamhbeb tiamgf blj zbkfl zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f! mz mw baafhfj! `f xbw

n~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj blj z`fl kmaafj, Abzf~! z`f tiamgf baafhfja} giaavjfj xmz` z`f efjmgba t~icfwwmilba bz

z`f Ebzb~b ìwtmzba zi gilgfba z`f z~vz` bnivz z`f smgzme‐w jfbz`,

Ew, Ebaamkb nfamfsfw z`bz `f~ `vwnblj‐w vlxmaamlhlfww blj cbmav~f zi tb} z`f aigba Ebcmb z`f eilf}

z`f} xf~f jfebljmlh xbw z`f ebml ~fbwil ci~ `f~ `vwnblj‐w b~~fwz! zi~zv~f blj fsflzvba kmaamlh n}

z`f Xfamhbeb tiamgf xì w`f nfamfsfw xf~f ml jm~fgz giaavwmil xmz` z`f ebcmb blj z`vw ~fwflzfj `f~

`vwnblj‐w ~fcvwba zi ‘tb} %vt‐-,

Wvwtfgzmlh civa tab} ml `f~ `vwnblj‐w jfbz`! Ew, Ebaamkb xbw tf~wmwzflz ml tfzmzmilmlh z`f

ebhmwz~bzf‐w giv~z ml Ebzb~b zi fpbemlf z`f gbwf, Z`f~fbczf~ z`f giv~z i~jf~fj z`f fp`vebzmil ic z`f

nij} blj ~frvfwzfj ci~ mz zi nf wflz ci~ bvzitw} bz z`f Kb~btmzm}b @iwtmzba, Vtil fpbemlbzmil! mz

xbw gilgavjfj z`bz z`f jfbz` xbw jvf zi bwwbvaz n} navlz xfbtilw,



7>

Gv~~flza} Ew, Ebaamkb mw wzmaa vlbxb~f ic z`f wzbzvw ic z`f gbwf nfci~f z`f Ebzb~b Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z

blj z`f tiamgf b~f ~fcvwmlh zi bcci~j `f~ bl} jfzbmaw ~fhb~jmlh z`f ebzzf~,

Z`fl! il >: Igzinf~ >44>! Ew, Ebaamkb‐w wil! B,@, Wvjbz` xbw bawi b~~fwzfj ‚ z`mw zmef n} z`f

Xblbz`bsmaabxb tiamgf, @mw eiz`f~ xbw vlbxb~f ic z`f ~fbwil ci~ `mw b~~fwz nvz bggi~jmlh zi `f~!

z`f Xblbz`bsmaabxb blj Xfamhbeb tiamgf oimlfj zihfz`f~ zi wfsf~fa} bwwbvaz `me! cbawfa} g`b~hf bljzi hfz `me ~febljfj,

Zxi eilz`w bczf~ `mw b~~fwz! il 8 Jfgfenf~ >44>! Wvjbz` jmfj ml t~mwil,

X`fl b efjmgba fpbemlbzmil xbw giljvgzfj il `mw nij}! z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- gafb~a}

civlj z`bz bwwbvaz xmz` b navlz xfbtil `bj ~fwvazfj ml `mw jfbz`,

Bggi~jmlh zi Ew, Ebaamkb li wbzmwcbgzi~} mlsfwzmhbzmil i~ mlrvm~} `bw nffl giljvgzfj mlzi z`f jfbz`

ic fmz`f~ `f~ `vwnblj i~ wil, W`f bawi wb}w z`bz liz ila} b~f z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w c~ffa} ~ibemlh bnivz ml

z`f b~fb nvz z`f} b~f gilwzblza} z`~fbzflmlh efenf~w ic `f~ cbema} xmz` jfbz` i~ cbn~mgbzmil ic

g`b~hfw mc z`f} gilzmlvf zi ‘ebkf z~ivnaf ci~ z`f tiamgf‐,

Zìvh` w`f `bw gietabmlfj zi z`f Ebzb~b n~blg` ic z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil! li

mlsfwzmhbzmil i~ mlrvm~} `bw nffl `faj n} z`f mlwzmzvzmil, Z`vw! wief wfsfl }fb~w bczf~ `f~ `vwnblj‐w

ev~jf~ blj ei~f z`bl z`~ff }fb~w bczf~ `f~ wil‐w! Ew, Ebmaakmb mw li gaiwf~ zi cmljmlh z`f z~vz`

nf`mlj z`fm~ jfbz`w i~ n~mlhmlh ovwzmgf zi z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w ic z`fwf g~mefw,

3, N,E,B, Jmwwblb}bkf? Tiamgfebl jmfw c~ie hvlwìz mlov~mfw

Ml z`mw gbwf! z`f ebhmwz~bzf ic z`f giv~z bz Sbsvlm}b `faj il >> Oblvb~} >442 z`bz! ‖Bggi~jmlh zi z`fbsbmabnaf fsmjflgf nfci~f mlrvfwz t~igffjmlhw! z`f jfbz` ic z`f jfgfbwfj Nbwlb}bkf Evjm}blwfabhf

B~m}bz`mabkf Jmwwblb}bkf TG 77=>2 bzzbg`fj zi Sbsvlm}b Tiamgf [WzbzmilU `bw nffl gbvwfj n}

hvlwìz mlov~mfw ml wvwtmgmivw gm~gvewzblgfw–, Z`f giv~z i~jf~fj t~igffjmlhw zi b~~fwz z`f wvwtfgzw

blj t~ijvgf z`fe nfci~f z`f giv~z, Z`f giv~z g~mzmgmfj z`f tii~ tiamgf mlsfwzmhbzmil il z`f jfbz`

ic tiamgf tf~willfa, Z`f giv~z jm~fgzfj JMH Sbllm zi tb} tf~wilba bzzflzmil zi z`mw mlrvm~}, Z`f

giv~z cv~z`f~ jm~fgzfj z`bz z`f ^fhmwz~b~ ci~xb~j z`f cmljmlhw zi z`f JMH! MHT blj Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba

ci~ wtfgmba mlwz~vgzmilw, Z`f cmljmlhw xf~f nbwfj il z`f ciaaixmlh cbgzw! wveefj vt ml z`f giv~z

i~jf~,

Z`f jfgfbwfj xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f Hflf~ba @iwtmzba! Blv~bj`btv~b! xmz` b cm~fb~e mlov~} il >0

Igzinf~ 2===! blj jmfj il Lisfenf~ 2>, Z`f jfgfbwfj ebjf b ‘j}mlh jfgab~bzmil‐ zi `mw cbz`f~

Jmwwblb}bkf Evjm}blwfabhf Hvlbz`mabkf! zi z`f fccfgz z`bz `f `bj nffl cm~fj vtil c~ie z`f nbgk,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f tiwz ei~zfe fpbemlbzmil z`f jfbz` xbw ‖jvf zi cm~fb~e mlov~mfw zi z`f bnjiefl–,

Cv~z`f~! z`f gilwvazblz wv~hfil ~fgi~jfj `mw cmljmlhw bw jfbz` jvf zi bl ‖flz~} xivlj! nbgk ic

g`fwz–, Li tiamgf mlsfwzmhbzmil zfbe smwmzfj z`f ìwtmzba zi ~fgi~j `mw wzbzfeflz,



77

Mz wv~t~mwfj z`f giv~z z`bz tiamgf tf~willfa `bj nffl mlov~fj blj bjemzzfj zi ìwtmzba xmz` hvlwìz

mlov~mfw xmzìvz t~itf~ mlsfwzmhbzmil n} z`f Tiamgf @fbjrvb~zf~w ml Sbsvlm}b! blj z`fm~ wvtf~mi~w,

Z`f tb~flzw blj aisf~ ic z`f jfgfbwfj ebjf baafhbzmilw bhbmlwz Tiamgf @fbjrvb~zf~w ml Sbsvlm}b zi

mljmgbzf z`bz ‖z`f tiamgf `bsf liz ~fgi~jfj z`f wzbzfeflz c~ie `mw wil i~ aisf~ [bljU jmj liz ìaj

mlsfwzmhbzmil nfzxffl z`f z`f zmef x`fl mlgmjflz ziik tabgf blj `mw jfbz` 26 jb}w-–, Z`f giv~z

bggftzfj z`f baafhbzmil blj mlwz~vgzfj z`bz z`f Tiamgf @fbjrvb~zf~w wìvaj ~fwtilj, Jfwtmzf z`febhmwz~bzf‐w i~jf~! li mlrvm~} `bj zbkfl tabgf blj li ilf `bj nffl b~~fwzfj,

>444

8, Abwblz`b Obhbz` Kveb~b Evaabkbljbhf? Nfbzfl zi jfbz`

Tiamgf baafhfja} nfbz Abwblz`b Obhbz` Kveb~b Evaabkbljbhf zi jfbz`, @f xbw b >7%}fb~%iaj wiajmf~!

amsmlh ml Tb}bhbab xmz` `mw xmcf blj g`maj, Iccmgf~w ic z`f Tb}bhbab Tiamgf wzbzmil b~~fwzfj `me il 2>

Ovlf >444! blj maafhbaa} jfzbmlfj `me ci~ cmsf jb}w! jv~mlh x`mg` zmef `f xbw wvnofgzfj zi zi~zv~f

blj bnvwf, @f xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Kbavz`b~b Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z il Ovlf 28 blj ~febljfj ml

gvwzij}, Jvf zi gilzmlvfj wfsf~f bwwbvazw! `f jmfj bz Xfamkbjb T~mwil il Ovlf >4, Z`f OEI xì

giljvgzfj z`f bvzitw} ~vafj z`bz z`f jfbz` xbw jvf zi jbebhf gbvwfj zi evwgafw blj zmwwvf n} navlz

xfbtilw! x`mg` ~fljf~fj z`f kmjlf}w mlfccfgzmsf, Z`f ebhmwz~bzf xì `faj z`f mlrvm~} mlzi z`f jfbz`

xbw ic z`f itmlmil z`bz z`mw xbw b ìemgmjf, Bl mlrvm~} mlzi z`mw jfbz` xbw `faj bz z`f Giaieni

Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z, Z`f tiamgf cbmafj zi fsfl bttfb~ ml giv~z ci~ wmp eilz`w! ml i~jf~ z`bz bl

mlsfwzmhbzmil eb} nf vljf~zbkfl mlzi z`f gbwf, Wvnwfrvflza}! z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil xbw `bljfj isf~ zi

z`f JMH Wivz`,

Z`f wvwtfgzw b~f baa tiamgf tf~willfa nfailhmlh zi Tb}bhbab Tiamgfwzbzmil mlgavjmlh IMG

Mjjbebahijb blj MT T~bwbllb, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w mlsfwzmhbzmlh z`mw ev~jf~ blj t~fwflzmlh ebzf~mbaw

nfci~f giv~z b~f baa t~izfgzmlh z`fm~ cfaaix tiamgf tf~willfa, Z`f} `bsf mlsb~mbna} t~fwflzfj mlgi~~fgz

ebzf~mbaw nfci~f giv~z, Fsmjflgf hmsfl n} xmzlfwwfw `bw liz nffl ~fgi~jfj! x`maf wief xmzlfwwfw

`bsf nffl z`~fbzflfj, Z`f tiamgf wvnemzzfj b ~fti~z il z`mw ev~jf~ zi z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba z`bz

xbw cvaa ic mlgi~~fgz ebzf~mba,

0, Blhfamlb îw`blb Emg`bfa? Zi~zv~fj isf~ b x~mwzxbzg`

Bz b~ivlj 8?74te il 7 Jfgfenf~ >444 b h~ivt ic tfitaf b~~msfj bz z`f ìvwf ic Blhfamlb îw`blb

Emg`bfa! >6%}fb~w%iaj! ml Lb~b`fltmzb n} t~msbzf sf`mgaf, Ilf ic z`fe! xì xbw abzf~ mjflzmcmfj bw



7:

z`f IMG G~mefw ic Lb~b`fltmzb Tiamgf wzbzmil MT Wfasml Wbaf`! gbaafj ci~ Blhfamlb îw`blb zi hi zi

z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Z`mw tf~wil jmj liz xfb~ bl} tiamgf vlmci~e li~ jmj `f mlci~e îw`blb i~ `f~ cbema} bnivz z`f

~fbwil ci~ `f~ b~~fwz, @f~ cbema} efenf~w t~izfwzfj blj fsfl bwkfj ìx xf~f z`f} zi klix z`bz

Blhfamlb xbw! ml cbgz! nfmlh zbkfl zi z`f wzbzmil, Z`f IMG z`fl z`~fbzflfj zi n~fbk z`fm~ zffz`! bljci~gmna} ziik `f~ zi z`f sf`mgaf blj afcz,

Blhfamlb xbw z`fl zbkfl zi b ìvwf x`f~f w`f `bj tb~z%zmef fetai}eflz xbw`mlh gaiz`fw, Bz z`f

ìvwf! w`f xbw ziaj z`bz wief mzfew ml z`f ìvwf! mlgavjmlh b sbavbnaf x~mwzxbzg`! xf~f emwwmlh,

X`fl w`f wbmj z`bz w`f klfx liz`mlh bnivz z`fwf mzfew! w`f xbw ziaj zi hi wfb~g` ci~ blj cmlj

z`fe, W`f xbw ci~gmna} kftz ml z`f ìvwf ci~ bnivz cmsf ìv~w, Efblx`maf! efenf~w ic z`f cbema}

xì ixlfj z`f ìvwf blj z`f IMG j~blk amrvi~ blj floi}fj z`fewfasfw,

Bz bnivz 2>?74be! w`f xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f Lb~b`fltmzb Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f z`~ff iccmgf~w b~efj

xmz` b ~vnnf~ ìwf! b xiijfl gavn blj bliz`f~ inofgz xmz` xm~fw b~ivlj mz bwwbvazfj `f~, W`f xbw

abmj il b zbnaf blj z`f wiafw ic `f~ cffz xf~f `mz, Z`f bwwbvaz gilzmlvfj vt zi b~ivlj >be, W`f xbw

bawi ci~gfj zi wmhl b gilcfwwmil, W`f xbw jfzbmlfj bz z`f wzbzmil il Jfgfenf~ : blj 6! blj z`f

tiamgf iczfl z`~fbzflfj zi `blh `f~ vt blj nfbz `f~, Z`fwf z`~fbzw xf~f vwvbaa} ebjf x`fl z`f abj}

ic z`f ìvwf x`f~f z`f x~mwzxbzg` `bj baafhfja} hilf emwwmlh smwmzfj z`f wzbzmil,

Jv~mlh z`f jb}! b abx}f~ c~ie z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Mlwzmzvzf! X,^,Wbloffxb! smwmzfj z`f tiamgf wzbzmil

blj bwkfj ci~ `f~ zi nf t~ijvgfj ml giv~z, J~, Lbaml Wxb~mw! bl bwwigmbzf efenf~ ic BA^G! xbw

btt~ibg`fj n} Blhfamlb‐w cbema} blj bawi smwmzfj z`f tiamgf wzbzmil blj zbakfj zi z`f IMG,

X`fl J~ Wxb~mw bwkfj z`f IMG zi ~fwtfgz Blhfamlb îw`blb‐w afhba ~mh`zw! z`f iccmgf~ ~ftamfj z`bz!

‖Z`f abxw ic z`f givlz~} b~f zii xfbk,– X`fl bwkfj x`fl w`f xivaj nf t~ijvgfj ml giv~z! z`fIMG ila} g}lmgbaa} wemafj, @ixfsf~! jvf zi c~frvflz mlzf~sflzmilw il `f~ gbwf n} `f~ tb~flzw!

Wbloffxb! J~, Wxb~mw blj iz`f~w! w`f xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f b ebhmwz~bzf! zi xìe w`f gietabmlfj ic

nfmlh zi~zv~fj, Z`f ebhmwz~bzf i~jf~fj `f~ zi nf t~ijvgfj nfci~f b OEI! xì ~fgi~jfj wfsf~ba

mlov~mfw! bw ciaaixw?

2, Gilzvwmil : n} 7– abzf~ba blj tiwzf~i%abzf~ba afcz wìvajf~ b~fb,

>, Gilzvwmil > n} >– nbgk ic z`f vttf~ afcz b~e gaiwf zi z`f b~e tmz,

7, Gilzvwmil 7 n} 2– inamrvfa} bg~iww z`f nbgk ic emj%afcz vttf~ b~e

:, Gilzvwmil 7 n} 7– abzf~ba ~mh`z wìvajf~w b~fb

6, Gilzvwmil 7 2)>– z`f emj afcz nvzzigk

3, Gilzvwmil > 2)>– jmbefzf~ aixf~ afcz nvzzigk fpzfljmlh jixl zi z`f vttf~ afcz z`mh`



76

8, Gilzvwmil 7 n} 2 a)> aixf~ ~mh`z nvzzigk

Z`f OEI gilgavjfj z`bz baa z`f mlov~mfw xf~f gbvwfj n} bwwbvaz xmz` navlz inofgzw amkf b ~vnnf~ ìwf!

xiijfl gavn fzg,! blj z`bz z`f bhf ic z`f mlov~mfw ebzg`fj z`f jbzf blj zmef z`bz Blhfamlb îw`blb

gabmefj zi `bsf nffl bwwbvazfj, Xmzlfwwfw bawi wvnemzzfj bccmjbsmzw il `f~ nf`bac, MT Wbaf` jflmfj

z`bz `f `bj zi~zv~fj `f~ i~ iz`f~xmwf smiabzfj `f~ ~mh`zw,

B ebhmwz~bzf ml Giaieni wvnwfrvflza} jmwemwwfj z`f gbwf ic z`fcz cmafj bhbmlwz `f~ n} z`f

Lb~b`fltmzb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Blhfamlb îw`blb wvnemzzfj b cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw bttamgbzmil zi z`f

Wvt~fef Giv~z xmz` z`f bwwmwzblgf ic z`f B@^G! blj xbw ~ft~fwflzfj ml giv~z n} X,^,Wbloffxb,

Z`f IMG mlsikfj z`f lbefw ic tixf~cva tf~wilw zi wvtti~z `mw gbwf blj cv~z`f~ wzbzfj z`bz z`f

jbvh`zf~ ic ilf ic z`f t~fwmjflz‐w givlwfaw `bj mlmzmbzfj z`f gietabmlz bhbmlwz Blhfamlb, Smsmkb

Wm~mxb~jflf jf Wmasb! b wzbzf givlwfa! bawi bttfb~fj ci~ z`f jfcflgf x`fl z`f cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw

bttamgbzmil cm~wz gbef nfci~f z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z,

Il bl fb~amf~ iggbwmil z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z `bj nffl mlci~efj n} z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~ z`bz z`f

Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba‐w Jftb~zeflz xivaj liz bwwmwz z`f jfcflgf ml z`mw gbwf bw z`f ebzzf~ xbw ilf ic

zi~zv~f! blj `f t~ijvgfj b afzzf~ zi z`bz fccfgz, Mz mw liz gafb~ bw zi ìx z`mw fb~amf~ jfgmwmil xbw

~fsf~wfj,

Il > Bvhvwz >44> z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z smljmgbzfj Blhfamlb îw`blb n} `bljmlh jixl b ovjhfeflz

ml `f~ cbsiv~, Z`f giv~z `faj z`bz z`f tiamgf `bj smiabzfj `f~ ~mh`zw hvb~blzffj vljf~ b~zmgafw 22 blj

272- blj >- ic z`f gilwzmzvzmil, Ml z`f ovjhfeflz jfamsf~fj n} Ovwzmgf Eb~k Cf~lblji z`f giv~z

bxb~jfj `f~ gietflwbzmil ic ^w,244!444,

Z`f giv~z‐w ovjhfeflz mlgavjfj z`f ciaaixmlh ~feb~kw?

‖Z`f Tfzmzmilf~ [Blhfamlb îw`blbU wffkw ~famfc c~ie z`mw Giv~z ci~ z`f baafhfj mlc~mlhfeflz ic `f~

cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw vljf~ B~zmgafw 22! 272- blj 27>-! n} ~fbwil ic `f~ b~~fwz n} z`f 2wz ^fwtiljflz

z`f Iccmgf~%ml% G`b~hf G~mefw- ic z`f Lb~b`fltmzb Tiamgf [MT Wfasml WbafÙ bz bnivz 0,44 t,e, il

7,2>,>444; `f~ jfzflzmil ml Tiamgf gvwzij} z`f~fbczf~ vlzma w`f xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f b ebhmwz~bzf

wì~za} nfci~f liil il 6,2>,>444; blj z`f g~vfa ml`vebl blj jfh~bjmlh z~fbzeflz zi x`mg` w`f xbw

wvnofgzfj x`mawz ml Tiamgf gvwzij},

Z`f t~mlgmtba mwwvf mw x`fz`f~ z`f Tfzmzmilf~ xbw b~~fwzfj bz 6,24 t,e, il z`f :z` [i~ 0t,e, il z`f

7~j! bw bzzfwzfj zi n} z`f Tfzmzmilf~U, Mc wi z`f~f xbw n} z`fl b gietabmlz ic z`fcz bhbmlwz `f~! x`mg`

xivaj t~inbna} `bsf hmsfl ~mwf zi b ~fbwilbnaf wvwtmgmil ovwzmc}mlh b~~fwz, Z`f Tfzmzmilf~ jmj liz

baafhf bl} bwwbvaz bczf~ 6,24 t,e,! blj w`f xbw t~ijvgfj ml Giv~z xmz`ml >: ìv~w, Mc w`f `bj nffl

b~~fwzfj bz z`bz zmef z`mw bttamgbzmil `bw zi nf jmwemwwfj,



73

Z`f~f b~f wfsf~ba ~fbwilw x`} z`f 2wz ^fwtiljflz‐w sf~wmil mw vlbggftzbnaf! x`maf z`f Tfzmzmilf~‐w mw

g~fjmnaf,

Z`f Tfzmzmilf~‐w tiwmzmil z`bz z`f Gietabmlblz gbef xmz` zxi Tiamgf iccmgf~w ml gmsmaw il z`f 7~j

lmh`z mw beta} gi~~ini~bzfj n} `f~ lfmh`niv~ blj `f~ eiz`f~! blj mw ml`f~flza} t~inbnaf, Mz mw zi

wief fpzflz gilcm~efj n} z`f Gietabmlblz‐w wzbzfeflz z`bz w`f ‘hiz jixl‐ z`f Tfzmzmilf~ zi `f~~fwmjflgf, Mz mw ic giv~wf! tiwwmnaf z`bz z`f Gietabmlblz ‘hiz `f~ jixl‐ ml wief iz`f~ xb} % n}

wfljmlh b efwwbhf! i~ wfljmlh wief ilf fawf % nvz z`f~f mw li fsmjflgf ic bl} wvg` z`mlh, @f~ ila}

iz`f~ fetai}ff xbw bxb} il afbsf, Z`f Tfzmzmilf~ xbw `b~ja} amkfa} zi `bsf gief bailf blj hilf

nbgk bailf! bz z`bz zmef ic z`f lmh`z,

Z`f wvtti~zmlh bccmjbsmzw fwzbnamw` z`bz bz wfsf~ba wvnwfrvflz timlzw ic zmef z`f Tfzmzmilf~ xbw

inwf~sfj zi nf ml tiamgf gvwzij} % bz z`f Gietabmlblz‐w ~fwmjflgf blj bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil, Bw

bhbmlwz zìwf! z`f 2wz ^fwtiljflz `bw cbmafj zi wvnemz bccmjbsmzw c~ie z`f Gietabmlblz i~ bl}

efenf~ ic `f~ cbema}! i~ c~ie Zmwwf~b i~ bl} iz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~,

Cmlbaa}! z`f 2wz ^fwtiljflz‐w bccmjbsmz mw liz xi~z`} ic g~fjmz, @f bsf~~fj z`bz `f wfz ivz zi

mlsfwzmhbzf xmz` zxi iccmgf~w! bazìvh` `mw ‘Ivz‐ flz~} ~fcf~w ila} zi ilf, @f hbsf z`f zmef ic b~~fwz

bw 6,24 ìv~w x`mg` `mw Givlwfa wb}w xbw b emwzbkf ci~ 6,24 t,e, @f jmj liz fptabml ìx `f gbef zi

vwf b t~msbzf sf`mgaf! ci~ isf~ fmh`z ìv~w % c~ie 24,44 be zmaa 3,74 t,e,

Xì xbw z`f ixlf~ ic z`bz sf`mgaf! blj xì j~isf mz9 X`} jmj `f ebkf mz bsbmabnaf9 Xf~f iccmgmba

sf`mgafw liz bsbmabnaf9 Nfwmjfw! z`f 2wz ^fwtiljflz jifw liz fptabml x`} mz ziik `me isf~ wfsfl

ìv~w zi b~~fwz z`f Tfzmzmilf~, Gilwmjf~mlh z`bz z`f Gietabmlblz `bj ba~fbj} jfab}fj cmczffl ìv~w zi

ebkf b gietabmlz! mz xbw fwwflzmba z`bz `f wìvaj `bsf bgzfj t~ietza} zi rvfwzmil z`f wvwtfgz blj zi

z~} zi ~fgisf~ z`f xbzg`,

Cv~z`f~! z`f Tfzmzmilf~ `bj bsf~~fj z`bz z`f 2wz ^fwtiljflz blj b tiamgf tb~z} `bj wfb~g`fj `f~

ìvwf bz 2,74 t,e, Z`f 2wz ^fwtiljflz wmeta} jflmfj z`bz! blj wbmj liz`mlh x`bzfsf~ bnivz b wfb~g`

nvz `mw lizfw! tv~ti~zfja} x~mzzfl bz 6,24 t,e,! ji ~fcf~ zi b wfb~g` nfci~f b~~fwz,

Ml bl bzzfetz zi fptabml z`f jfab} ml b~~fwzmlh z`f Tfzmzmilf~! `mw Givlwfa ~fcf~~fj zi z`f 2wz

^fwtiljflz‐w ‘Ml‐ flz~} x`mg` eflzmilfj b zfaftìlf gbaa! wvttiwfj zi `bs f nffl ~fgfmsfj bz 22,74

be il z`f :z` zi z`f fccfgz z`bz b wvwtfgz xì xbw ba~fbj} vljf~ b~~fwz il b g`b~hf ic ~btf `bj

timlzfj ivz z`f wgflf ic z`f baafhfj iccflgf! blj z`bz z`f 2wz ^fwtiljflz `bj hilf zi z`f wgflf ic

z`f baafhfj iccflgf! blj ebjf `mw inwf~sbzmilw,

Z`bz xbw b ebzzf~ z`bz wìvaj `bsf nffl bsf~~fj ml z`f bccmjbsmz! blj mz mw vlwbcf zi ~fa} il z`fTiamgf wzbzfeflzw blj lizfw! x`mg` b~f n} li efblw z`f nfwz fsmjflgf! bw wvnwzblzmsf fsmjflgf,

@ixfsf~! ml z`f gf~zmcmfj git} ic `mw lizfw t~ijvgfj n} z`f 2wz ^fwtiljflz! z`f ti~zmil ~fabzmlh zi

z`f tf~mij nfzxffl 22,74 be blj 6,24 t,e, `bw nffl iemzzfj, Z`f jfab} `bw liz nffl wbzmwcbgzi~ma}

fptabmlfj, Mz mw cb~ ei~f amkfa} z`bz flz~mfw xf~f ebjf zi gisf~ vt bl maafhba b~~fwz il z`f 7~j, M ìaj

z`bz z`f 2wz ^fwtiljflz‐w gabme z`bz `f `bj b~~fwzfj z`f Tfzmzmilf~ il :,2>,>444 xbw cbawf! blj M ìaj

z`bz z`f Tfzmzmilf~ `bw fwzbnamw`fj nf}ilj ~fbwilbnaf jivnz z`bz z`f 2wz ^fwtiljflz b~~fwzfj `f~ bz



78

bnivz 0,44 t,e, il z`f 7~j bazìvh` z`f~f xbw z`fl li gietabmlz x`mg` givaj `bsf hmsfl ~mwf zi b

~fbwilbnaf wvwtmgmil ic z`fcz, Cv~z`f~! z`f 2wz ^fwtiljflz cbmafj zi ebkf b gi~~fgz flz~} ml ~fhb~j zi

`f~ b~~fwz! blj wvnofgzfj `f~ zi g~vfa! ml`vebl blj jfh~bjmlh z~fbzeflz, Ml jm~fgz gilwfrvflgf ic

`mw cbmav~f zi ebkf b gi~~fgz flz~}! z`f Tfzmzmilf~ xbw jfzbmlfj ci~ b tf~mij ml fpgfww ic z`bz

tf~emzzfj n} abx, M h~blz z`f Tfzmzmilf~ b jfgab~bzmil z`bz `f~ cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw vljf~ B~zmgafw 22,

272- blj 27>- `bsf nffl mlc~mlhfj n} z`f 2wz ^fwtiljflz! blj M bxb~j `f~ gietflwbzmil blj giwzwml b wve ic ^w 244!444 tb}bnaf il i~ nfci~f 74,=,>44>! ic x`mg` ^w 84!444 w`baa nf tbmj n} z`f Wzbzf

blj ^w 74!444 n} z`f 2wz ^fwtiljflz tf~wilbaa},–

Z`f Zi~zv~f Smgzme‐w Vlmz bawi mlrvm~fj mlzi Blhfamlb îw`blb‐w gietamblz ic zi~zv~f blj cmafj bl

mljmgzeflz bhbmlwz MT Wbaf` blj bliz`f~ iccmgf~, Efblx`maf! MT Wbaf` cafj z`f givlz~} ci~ bl

vlklixl jfwzmlbzmil, Z`f @mh` Giv~z ml z`f g~memlba gbwf bawi jfgmjfj ml cbsiv~ ic z`f smgzme blj

wflzflgfj z`f bggvwfj zi met~mwileflz,

>442

=, A,T, Ebmz`~fftbab Wflbjm~b? Nfbzfl xmz` tmtf blj wzmgkw

A,T, Ebmz`~fftbab Wflbjm~b! b ~fwmjflz ic 266! Tblwbahijfaab! Hbabevlb! xbw zbkfl mlzi gvwzij} ic

z`f Tiabllb~vxb tiamgf il 8 Oblvb~} >442 bz 7be il wvwtmgmil ic wfaamlh maamgmz amrvi~, Z`f tiamgf `bj

hilf zi z`f ìvwf ic z`f wvwtfgz blj bwkfj ci~ b~~bgk amrvi~- blj x`fl z`f} xf~f ziaj z`bz z`f~f

xbw li b~~bgk `f xbw namljciajfj blj zbkfl zi z`f tiamgf offt, X`fl z`f xmcf inofgzfj zi z`f

`vwnblj nfmlh zbkfl n} z`f tiamgf! w`f xbw z`~fbzflfj xmz` ci~gfcva ~feisba n} Wvn%Mlwtfgzi~

Eblbxbjv ic Tiabllb~vxb blj xbw bwkfj zi ~febml mlwmjf, Z`f zxi n~iz`f~w ic Ebmz`~fftbab

Wflbjm~b xf~f bawi zbkfl mlzi gvwzij},

Bz z`f Tiaillb~vxb Tiamgf wzbzmil! Ebmz`~fftbab Wflbjm~b xbw zmfj zi b tmaab~! `mw gaiz`fw xf~f

~feisfj blj `f xbw nfbzfl xmz` b tmtf blj wzmgkw n} WM Eblbxbjv, Bw b ~fwvaz ic z`mw zi~zv~f `mw

wfpvba i~hblw xf~f wfsf~fa} mlov~fj blj z`f naffjmlh xbw wi wf~mivw `f xbw zbkfl zi z`f

Tiaillb~vxb ìwtmzba n} z`f zi~zv~f~ `mewfac, Ebmz`~fftbab Wflbjm~b‐w mlov~mfw zi z`f wfpvba i~hblw

~frvm~fj wmp wzmzg`fw! blj `mw nbgk blj wtmlf wìxfj wmhlw ic wfsf~f nfbzmlhw, Z`f WM `bj z`~fbzflfj

zìwf xì klfx z`mw liz zi ~fsfba z`f mlci~ebzmil zi bl}ilf, Ci~ z`mw ~fbwil Ebmz`~fftbab Wflbjm~b

xbw bawi z~blwcf~~fj c~ie Tiaillb~vxb ìwtmzba zi Tf~bjflm}b ìwtmzba,



70

24, Beb~bwmlh`f Ei~~mw Faei Jf Wmasb? B~~fwzfj bczf~ smwmzmlh tiamgf wzbzmil

Ml bl fb~amf~ gbwf z`bz z`f B@^G xbw ebjf bxb~f ic! ilf Beb~bwmlh`f Ei~~mw Faei Jf Wmasb! b

lbsba iccmgf~! xflz zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil il z`f ei~lmlh ic = Oblvb~} >442 xmz` `mw xmcf blj `f~

givwml! zi wff `mw xmcf‐w vlgaf! xì xbw ml gvwzij}, B TG Wvhbz` wzb~zfj vzzf~mlh cmaz`} xi~jw zi `mw

xmcf blj `f~ givwml, Faei tiamzfa} ziaj z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ liz zi zbak zi z`f xiefl amkf z`bz,

Z`fl Gilwzbnaf Wvhbz` ziik `me n} z`f z%w`m~z lfgk blj bwkfj! ‖Xì z`f `faa b~f }iv zi zfbg` ef

ìx zi zbak9– @f j~bhhfj Faei mlwmjf z`f tiamgf wzbzmil blj wabttfj `me zxmgf, @mw xmcf blj `f~

wmwzf~ nfhbl zi g~} ivz aivja} blj z`f} xf~f tvw`fj bwmjf, Faei xbw tvz ml b gfaa,

Bz 2>?74te TG Wvhbz` blj wief iz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~w ziik `me ivz ic z`f gfaa, Ilf ic z`fe tvz

ilf ic `mw `bljw nfzxffl z`f smgzme‐w afhw blj zmh`za} `faj `mw lfgk xmz` z`fm~ iz`f~ `blj, Z`fl TG

Wvhbz`! MT Wv~m}bkveb~b! MT Tvw`btbkveb~b blj wfsf~ba iz`f~w `mz `me xmz` z`fm~ `bljw! cffz! nfazw

blj ìwf tmtfw, MT Tvw`btbkveb~b i~jf~fj `me zi zbkf ic `mw gaiz`fw! bczf~ x`mg` `f xbw zmfj xmz``mw z%w`m~z blj `mw wiafw nfbzfl xmz` nfazw blj ìwf, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w vwfj iccflwmsf ablhvbhf

bnivz lbsba iccmgf~w! blj ci~gfj Faei zi amf cbgf jixl wi z`f} givaj wmz il `mw nbgk blj gilzmlvf zi

nfbz `me, Cmlbaa}! `f xbw ci~gfj zi wmhl wief jigveflzw! z`f gilzflzw ic x`mg` `f jmj liz klix,

Il Oblvb~} 24 b lbsba afhba iccmgf~ blj efjmgba iccmgf~ gbef zi z`f wzbzmil blj fpbemlfj Faei jf

Wmasb, B gietabmlz xbw aijhfj bhbmlwz z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bz Ob%fab Tiamgf wzbzmil mzwfac blj z`f BWT‐w

iccmgf bz Tfambhijb, Z`fl z`f smgzme xbw tvz mlzi b xb~j bz z`f Ob%fab @iwtmzba, Z`f wbef fsflmlh `f

xbw zbkfl zi b ebhmwz~bzf blj civ~ g`b~hfw xf~f n~ivh`z bhbmlwz `me, Zmaa z`fl `f jmj liz klix z`bz

`f `bj nffl g`b~hfj xmz` bl}z`mlh bz baa, Z`f ebhmwz~bzf i~jf~fj b OEI zi fpbemlf `me blj wvnemz

b ~fti~z! bczf~ x`mg` `f xbw wflz zi z`f Lfhieni Hflf~ba @iwtmzba! x`f~f `f wzb}fj zmaa Oblvb~} 23! xmz` tbmlw ml z`f g`fwz blj bnjiefl x`f~f `f `bj nffl `mz, @f xbw zbkfl nbgk zi z`f ebhmwz~bzf il

z`bz jb} blj nbma xbw h~blzfj! bczf~ x`mg` `f ~febmlfj bz z`f ìwtmzba ci~ bliz`f~ zxi jb}w, B

gietabmlz xbw ebjf zi z`f @^G,

Il >4 Eb} >44> b cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw tfzmzmil xbw wvnemzzfj zi z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z bhbmlwz z`f

iccmgf~w xì nfbz `me! blj zi z`f IMG Ob%fab! z`f MHT blj z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba! il z`f h~ivljw

z`bz `mw b~~fwz blj jfzflzmil xf~f maafhba,

Wmemab~a}! Vg`mz`b Z`vw`b~b Kveb~b! b 77%}fb~%iaj cbz`f~ ic zxi! xbw zi~zv~fj zi jfbz` n} tiamgf

bz Ob%Fab Tiamgf wzbzmil il >: Eb~g` >442, Iccmgf~w c~ie z`f wzbzmil `bj b~~fwzfj `me ovwz z`bz

ei~lmlh! vwmlh b xb~~blz ci~ b emli~ iccflgf, @f xbw wflz zi z`f ~feblj t~mwil ml Lfhieni ilz`f fsflmlh ic z`f wbef jb}, Il Eb~g` >3! x`fl `mw cbema} ebjf mlrvm~fw bnivz `me! z`f} afb~lfj

z`bz `f `bj jmfj blj z`bz ~feblj bvzì~mzmfw `bj mlci~efj z`f Ob%fab tiamgf bnivz z`f jfbz`! xmz` bl

mlwz~vgzmil zi mlci~e z`f cbema}, Zi z`bz jbzf! li wvg` gieevlmgbzmil `bj }fz nffl ebjf n} z`f

tiamgf, Z`f ebhmwz~bzf ic z`f b~fb smwmzfj z`f ~feblj t~mwil zi wff z`f nij} blj ebjf bl i~jf~ ci~ mz

zi nf wflz ci~ fpbemlbzmil n} z`f OEI ic ^bhbeb @iwtmzba, Z`mw fpbemlbzmil xbw gietafzfj blj

z`f wfbafj ~fti~z wflz zi giv~z, Z`f cbema} civlj ivz z`bz z`f efjmgba iccmgf~‐w ~fti~z wzbzfj z`bz z`f



7=

jfbz` xbw jvf zi mlzf~lba mlov~mfw! x`mg` z`f} vljf~wziij zi `bsf nffl gbvwfj zi z`f smgzme x`maf `f

xbw wzmaa ml Ob%fab tiamgf wzbzmil,

22, Blv~b Xfofwm~m? B gi~twf xmz` zxi `fb~zw blj civ~ avlhw

Il 22 Oblvb~} >442 Blv~b Xmofwm~m ziaj `mw n~iz`f~! Obhijfhf ^blomz Xfomwm~m! xì smwmzfj `me ml

gvwzij} bz z`f Mlhm~m}b Tiamgf wzbzmil z`bz `f `bj nffl bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf z`f t~fsmivw lmh`z blj

xbw amkfa} zi nf bwwbvazfj bhbml z`bz lmh`z, @f lbefj z`f zxi tfitaf xì bwwbvazfj `me bw Whzw Aba

blj ^blomz`, Whz ^blomz`‐w cbz`f~%ml%abx bawi smwmzfj Blv~b‐w eiz`f~ blj ziaj `f~ ic z`f b~~fwz ic `f~

wil blj z`bz `f `bj nffl bwwbvazfj, @f ziaj `f~ zi tb} ^w, 24!444 zi z`f tiamgf zi `bsf `f~ wil

~fafbwfj, W`f wbmj z`bz w`f jmj liz `bsf z`f eilf}, Z`f lfpz jb} w`f afb~lfj z`bz `f~ wil `bj nffl

kmaafj ml z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Abzf~ z`f cbema} xbw mlci~efj z`bz! bggi~jmlh zi z`f tiamgf! Blv~b `bj

`vlh `mewfac mlwmjf `mw gfaa, Z`f JEI ebjf b ~fti~z wzbzmlh z`f gbvwf ic jfbz` bw wvmgmjf,

Bz z`f gi~ilf~‐w mlrvfwz! z`f n~iz`f~ ic z`f jfgfbwfj wbmj z`bz z`f jfgfbwfj tafbjfj zi `bsf `mewbsfj c~ie z`f tiamgf bwwbvazw, Z`f cbema} inzbmlfj bl i~jf~ c~ie z`f ebhmwz~bzf ci~ b wfgilj tiwz%

ei~zfe zi nf jilf n} b OEI, Jv~mlh z`f tiwz%ei~zfe! z`f OEI civlj zxi `fb~zw blj civ~ avlhw

mlwmjf z`f gi~twf, Z`f cbema} wvwtfgzw z`bz z`f nij} xbw ml z`f ìwtmzba ei~zvb~} bz z`f zmef z`f

ebhmwz~bzf hbsf bl i~jf~ ci~ z`f wfgilj tiwz%ei~zfe mlrvm~}, Ml i~jf~ zi wvnsf~z z`f wfgilj tiwz

ei~zfe! z`f jfbj nij} xbw ~fitflfj! blj nij} tb~zw zbkfl c~ie iz`f~ jfbj nijmfw xf~f tvz mlwmjf

Blv~b‐w jfbj nij}! blj `mw nij} xbw gaiwfj bhbml, Isf~ b }fb~ bczf~ Blv~b‐w jfbz`! z`f e}wzf~} `bj

liz nffl wiasfj,

2>, ^,T,Kbsmljb? ‑B~f }iv z`f jih xì wb}w `f’w c~ie z`f b~e}9―

Il >= Oblvb~} >442! ^bobtbkwf Tbz`m~bhf Kbsmljb! b jmwbnafj ablgf gi~ti~ba! xbw z~bsfaamlh bw b

tmaamil tbwwflhf~ il b eizi~nmkf x`fl `f xbw wzittfj bz bnivz 22?74be n} b tiamgf iccmgf~ ic z`f

Tbjvkkb Tiamgf wzbzmil! bz Tbjvkkb Ovlgzmil! ci~ liz xfb~mlh b `faefz, @f fptabmlfj z`bz `f xbw

~vw`mlh zi hfz bl v~hflz aibl c~ie b hisf~leflz iccmgf blj z`bz `f xbw b jmwbnafj iccmgf~ ic z`f W~m

Ablkbl B~e}, Z`f zxi cfaa mlzi bl b~hveflz! blj mlwzfbj ic afzzmlh `me hi il `mw xb}! z`f tiamgf

iccmgf~ bwwbvazfj `me blj z`fl ~bjmifj `mw giaafbhvfw ci~ nbgk vt x`maf Tbz`m~bhf ab} il z`f h~ivlj,

Civ~ iccmgf~w gbef ml b offt blj bwwbvazfj `me xmz` gavnw, Tbz`m~bhf tafbjfj ci~ z`f tiamgf zi wzit!

nfhhmlh z`bz `f xbw ba~fbj} jmwbnafj! nvz z`f tiamgf mhli~fj `mw tafbw,

^,T,Kbsmljb xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Tbjvkkb Tiamgf wzbzmil ml z`f offt, Bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil `f xbw

tvaafj nfci~f z`f IMG xì ml tvnamg smfx bwkfj! ‖B~f }iv z`f jih xì wb}w `f mw c~ie z`f b~e}9

Zìjb b~e}fkf km}blb nbaab9- ]iv ji liz klix x`bz z`f tiamgf b~f amkf" Zì jbllf lbf tiamgf}f

`bzm"-–! blj nipfj `me `b~j il `mw fb~w, Z`fl z`f IMG wbmj! ‖]iv wìvaj wìx ~fwtfgz ci~ z`f

tiamgf gf~zmcmgbzf z`bz }iv ziik zi hfz mlzi z`f b~e}"– blj nfhbl zi bwwbvaz Tbz`m~bhf, @f xbw z`fl



:4

tvaafj mlwmjf blj nfbzfl baa isf~ `mw nij} n} wmp tiamgf iccmgf~w xmz` gavnw! cmwzw blj cffz ‚ mlgavjmlh

kmgkw zi z`f aixf~ bnjiefl ‚ blj bawi sf~nbaa} bwwbvazfj,

Bczf~ z`f nfbzmlhw! z`f tiamgf ziik `me zi Tbjvkkb @iwtmzba x`f~f z`f jigzi~ jmj liz fsfl niz`f~ zi

fpbemlf `me! nvz ovwz bwkfj `mw bhf, Il Oblvb~} 72 `f xbw n~ivh`z nfci~f b ebhmwz~bzf blj

~febljfj ci~ 2: jb}w, Il z`f ei~lmlh ic Cfn~vb~} 2 `f xbw n~ivh`z c~ie ~feblj t~mwil zi bjigzi~ bz EI,Nbwf @iwtmzba! Bsmwwbxfaab, Z`f efjmgba ~fti~z civlj mlov~mfw zi Tbz`m~bhf‐w cbgf!

amenw blj bnjiefl! mlgavjmlh ‖niz` fb~j~vew wìxmlh c~fw` tf~ci~bzmilw–! gilwmwzflz xmz` z`f

bwwbvaz jfwg~mnfj bnisf, Bw b ~fwvaz! Tbz`m~bhf wvccf~fj metbm~fj `fb~mlh blj tbml ml `mw fb~w! jm}

wtfaaw! `fbjbg`fw blj tbmlw ml z`f bnjiefl, Il Cfn~vb~} >0 `f xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f Lbzmilba

@iwtmzba ml Giaieni! x`f~f `f xbw kftz vljf~ inwf~sbzmil vlzma Eb~g` 2:, Z`f smgzme mjflzmcmfj

eiwz ic z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w z`bz zi~zv~fj `me, Jfwtmzf bsbmabnmamz} ic wz~ilh efjmgba blj iz`f~

fsmjflgf! z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba `bj liz zbkfl bgzmil zi cmaf g`b~hfw ic zi~zv~f,

27, Xmhmkbab Lbz`bkveb~ blj Wmsbeblm B~ovlbl? Wz~mttfj blj ~btfj

Z`f ~btf ic b >>%}fb~%iaj t~fhlblz xiebl! Xmhmkbab Lbz`bkveb~! ba~fbj} xmz` ilf g`maj- blj >:%

}fb~%iaj Wmsbeblm B~ovlbl! b eiz`f~ ic z`~ff g`maj~fl! xf~f z`f abzfwz ml b wf~mfw ic n~vzba zi~zv~f

mlgmjflzw bz z`f `bljw ic z`f lbs} blj tiamgf il z`f mwablj ic Ebllb~, Z`f zxi }ivlh xiefl xf~f

b~~fwzfj n} bnivz zfl lbs})tiamgf tf~willfa xì flzf~fj z`f t~msbzf aijhf bz Vttvkvabe! Ebllb~

x`f~f z`f} xf~f wzb}mlh bz 24?74te il 2= Eb~g` >442 blj ziik z`fe bxb} ml b x`mzf sbl zi z`f

WMV! Ebllb~! x`f~f z`f} xf~f ~ftfbzfja} ~btfj blj zi~zv~fj n} z`f iccmgf~w, Z`f ciaaixmlh mw b

rvizf c~ie Wmsbeblm! jfwg~mnmlh tb~z ic z`f mlgmjflz?

‖Zxi efl z`fl tmllfj ef jixl il z`f sbl‐w caii~ x`maf bliz`f~ wz~mttfj ef blj ~btfj ef, M xbwwg~fbemlh blj tafbjmlh x`fl b tiamgfebl tvz `mw ciiz il e} eivz` zi wzmcaf ef, Mlwmjf z`f nvmajmlh

z`f} ci~gfj Xmhmkbab! xì xbw wzbljmlh lbkfj! zi wz~mt e} vljf~xfb~, M xbw `vlh vtwmjf jixl ml b

kliz c~ie b tiaf tabgfj nfzxffl zxi zbnafw! xmz` e} `bljw blj cffz zmfj, Z`fl z`f efl ml z`f ~iie

tikfj iv~ hflmzbaw blj zi~zv~fj vw vlzma jbxl,–

Z`f ciaaixmlh mw c~ie b ~fti~z n} z`f Gbzìamg Nmwìt ic Ebllb~ xì `bw wvnemzzfj z`mw ~fti~z zi

z`f Lbs}?

‖Mlgmjflz ^fti~z n} z`f Gbzìamg Nmwìt ic Ebllb~! 74z` Eb~g` >442?

Z`mw mw b ~fti~z ic Lbs} n~vzbamzmfw ml z`f mwablj ic Ebllb~ n~ivh`z zi e} lizmgf ml z`f eilz` ic

Eb~g` >442, Baa e} fcci~zw zi hfz z`f Lbs} zi ~fwtfgz z`f nbwmg `vebl ~mh`zw ic iv~ tfitaf! wi

bccfgzfj n} z`f t~iailhfj xb~! b~f t~ismlh cvzmaf, Z`fm~ bz~igmzmfw b~f h~ixmlh nbj zi xi~wf jbma} blj



:2

M `bsf bhbml bttfbafj zi z`f Gieebljf~ Hflf~ba ic z`f W~m Ablkbl Lbs} ci~ ~fj~fww ml z`f lbef ic

z`f gmsma tvnamg ic Ebllb~,

Il z`f 2=z` ic Eb~g` >442! bnivz zfl Lbs} tf~willfa flzf~fj b t~msbzf aijhf bz Vttvkvabe!

Ebllb~ bz b~ivlj 24,74 bz lmh`z blj b~~fwzfj zxi abjmfw! n} lbef Xmhmkbab Lbz`bkveb~ >> }~w! bl

fptfgzmlh eiz`f~ ba~fbj} xmz` ilf g`maj blj Wmsbeblm B~ovlbl >: }~w! b eiz`f~ ic z`~ff g`maj~fl, Z`f} `bj nffl amsmlh ml z`f ~fcvhff gbetw ml Sbsvlm}b blj `bj gief zi Ebllb~ il z`fm~ t~msbzf

nvwmlfww, Il z`f xb} z`f Lbs} tf~willfa wzb~zfj zi ebkf wfpvba bjsblgfw il z`fwf `fatafww cfebafw

blj il b~~msba bz z`f Wtfgmba Mlsfwzmhbzmil Vlmz WMV-! Ebllb~ bz 22,74 lmh`z! Xmhmkbab xbw zbkfl ml

blj bailh xmz` wief Lbs} tf~willfa! wief WMV tf~willfa oimlfj vt ml b ~iie blj ci~gfcvaa}

wz~mttfj `f~ lbkfj! zmfj `f~ `bljw blj abmj `f~ il b zbnaf blj wfpvbaa} bwwbvazfj `f~ ml xb}w wi

ml`vebl blj wi n~vzba, Zxi ic z`fwf efl n~vzbaa} ~btfj `f~ ~ftfbzfja},

Ml z`f efblx`maf! Wmsbeblm xì xbw kftz ml z`f sf`mgaf vwfj n} z`f Lbs} b x`mzf sbl- `bj nffl

wz~mttfj lbkfj n} z`f Lbs} blj wfpvbaa} eiafwzfj n} z`fe blj ilf ic z`fe namljciajfj `f~ xmz` `mw

wigkw, Z`f j~msf~ ic z`f sf`mgaf xbw ìajmlh niz` `f~ `bljw nf`mlj `f~ blj ilf ic z`f Lbs} tf~willfa ci~gfcvaa} ~btfj `f~, Bczf~ b x`maf Wmsbeblm xbw zbkfl xmz` `f~ j~fww il zi z`f bnisf

~iie blj xbw ci~gmna} wz~mttfj lbkfj bhbml blj ml b n~vzba xb} wfpvbaa} bwwbvazfj n} baa t~fwflz ml

z`f ~iie x`maf ~fwz ic z`f Lbs} tf~willfa xf~f tfftmlh mlzi z`mw wfp%zi~zv~f ~iie z`~ivh` z`f

itflmlhw il z`f xbaaw, Z`fm~ g~mfw givaj ila} nf `fb~j n} z`f jfzbmlff bz z`f Wtfgmba Mlsfwzmhbzmil

Vlmz WMV-, X`fl z`f}! ml zfb~w! ~fabzfj z`fm~ z~bveb zi ef il e} smwmz zi z`fe ml z`f gietbl} ic b

lvl ml z`f t~mwil aigk%vt ml Ebllb~ il z`f >8z` mlwz,! z`f} ziaj ef z`bz z`f} xmaa mjflzmc} eiwz ic

z`fwf g~memlbaw blj z`f} eflzmilfj c~frvflza} z`f lbefw ic ilf ^bob b Zbema wtfbkmlh ilfblj ic

ilf Xmeba ic z`f WMV xì xf~f ef~gmafwwa} fpz~b n~vzba zi z`fe, Z`f} bawi wbmj z`bz z`f tf~wil

xìe z`f} gbef zi klix bw z`f IMG ic z`f WMV xbw bawi zbkmlh tb~z ml z`mw n~vzbamz},

Z`fwf smgzmew xf~f z`fl z`~fbzflfj xmz` cv~z`f~ zi~zv~f blj xf~f ci~gfj zi wmhl b wzbzfeflz zi wb}

z`bz z`f} xf~f c~ie z`f AZZF, Z`~ff jb}w abzf~ z`f} xf~f zbkfl zi z`f Jmwz~mgz Efjmgba Iccmgf~

JEI-! Ebllb~, Z`fwf smgzmew xf~f ziaj n} z`f WMV z`bz z`f} xmaa nf kmaafj mc z`f} ~fsfbafj bl}z`mlh

zi z`f JEI, Z`f `fatafww smgzmew ziaj z`f JEI! ivz ic cfb~ nfmlh ml z`f t~fwflgf ic z`f WMV! z`bz

z`f} `bj li gietabmlzw zi ebkf blj z`f} xf~f n~mwka} zbkfl bxb} n} z`f WMV, Z`mw mw ìx z`f

efjmgba fpbemlbzmil ic z`fwf tii~ smgzmew xbw ebjf zi flj vt, Z`f smgzmew xf~f zbkfl nfci~f z`f

Ebllb~ Ebhmwz~bzf n} z`f WMV ila} il z`f >8z` mlwz, bz 3,74 te, Il e} bttfba zi z`f Ebhmwz~bzf blj

zi z`f JTJ@W! Ebllb~ ml z`f lbef ic z`f tvnamg! b c~fw` efjmgba fpbemlbzmil ic z`fwf zxi

vlci~zvlbzf smgzmew `bj nffl vljf~zbkfl n} z`f JEI! Ebllb~ il 74,47,>442,–

[Z`f Nmwìt hifw il zi jfwg~mnf z`f 27z` ic Eb~g` zi~zv~f ic cmw`f~efl n} z`f Lbs} bz

Z`babmebllb~; z`f wz~blhvabzmil ic E~, Kbljbmb` Vz`b}bkveb~ ic G`bsbkbjv! Ebllb~ bhfj :>!

cbz`f~ ic wfsfl g`maj~fl; blj ci~gfj giaafgzmil ic cmw` c~ie z`f efbh~f gbzg`fw ic Ebllb~

cmw`f~efl,U



:>

2:, Vg`mz`b Z`vwwb~b Kvebfb? Zi~zv~fj zi jfbz`

Vg`mz`b Z`vwwb~b Kvebfb! 77 }fb~w iaj! eb~~mfj blj z`f cbz`f~ ic zxi g`maj~fl xbw zi~zv~fj zi

jfbz` bz Ob%fab Tiamgf wzbzmil il >: Eb~g` >442, Kvebfb xbw b~~fwzfj il z`bz ei~lmlh! vljf~ b

xb~~blz ci~ b emli~ iccflgf, @f xbw wflz zi z`f ~feblj t~mwil ml Lfhbeni il z`f fsflmlh ic z`f

wbef jb},

Il z`f >3z`! x`fl `mw cbema} ebjf mlrvm~fw bnivz `me! z`f} afb~lfj z`bz `f `bj jmfj blj z`bz

~feblj bvzì~mzmfw `bj mlci~efj Ob%fab tiamgf bnivz z`f jfbz`! xmz` bl mlwz~vgzmil zi mlci~e z`f

cbema}, Z`f tiamgf jmj liz ebkf bl} wvg` gieevlmgbzmil,

Z`f ebhmwz~bzf smwmzfj z`f ~feblj t~mwil zi wff z`f nij} blj ebjf bl i~jf~ ci~ mz zi nf wflz ci~

fpbemlbzmil n} z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ ic z`f ^bhbeb @iwtmzba, Z`mw fpbemlbzmil `bw nffl

gietafzfj blj z`f wfbafj ~fti~z `bw nffl wflz zi giv~z, Z`f cbema}! il ebkmlh mlrvm~mfw! civlj z`bz

z`f efjmgba iccmgf~‐w ~fti~z wzbzfj z`bz z`f jfbz` xbw jvf zi mlzf~lba mlov~mfw, Z`f cbema} mw ic z`f

smfx z`bz z`f mlov~mfw xf~f gbvwfj bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil nfci~f z`f t~mwilf~ xbw `bljfj isf~ zi

~feblj gvwzij},

26, Bomz` Lbxb~bzlf? Cmsf jb}w zi ~fgisf~ c~ie mlov~mfw

B~ivlj 2>?74te il > Eb} >442! Bomz` Lbxb~bzlf Nbljb~b xbw zbkfl mlzi gvwzij} ic Kfwfaxbzzf

tiamgf tf~willfa! blj wvnwfrvflza} bwwbvazfj n} MT T~bwbllb Wmasb! Whz Tbamz`b Tf~f~b! wfgv~mz}

bwwmwzblz Wvlma! blj offt j~msf~ Vtbwm~m! beilh iz`f~w, Wvnwfrvflza}! z`f bwwbmablzw ‚ fpgftz ci~ z`f

IMG ‚ ziik Bomz` zi z`f Tblbjv~b @iwtmzba JEI‐w iccmgmba ~fwmjflgf! nvz z`f jigzi~ jmj liz

fpbemlf `me, Z`f JEI wmeta} hbsf z`f tiamgf b ci~e! x`mg` xbw cmaafj ivz il z`f niiz ic z`f gb~!

blj z`fl `bljfj nbgk zi z`f JEI,

Bomz` xbw z`fl zbkfl zi b ìvwf bz Xfaabnfjb! Tblbjv~b! blj afcz ml z`f gietbl} ic z`f bwwmwzblz

ivzwmjf! x`maf z`f iz`f~ zxi xflz mlwmjf z`f ìvwf blj gbef ivz xmz` b jigveflz, Z`bz ìvwf

zv~lfj ivz zi nf z`f nvlhbaix ic z`f aigba ebhmwz~bzf, Z`f ebhmwz~bzf jmj liz fpbemlf Bomz` i~

rvfwzmil `me, Abzf~ `f xbw zbkfl zi z`f ~feblj gfaaw, Il Eb} : `f xbw t~fwflzfj nfci~f z`f giv~z

il g`b~hfw ic tiwwfwwmlh `f~iml! blj xbw nbmafj ivz, @f flzf~fj Kbavnixmab @iwtmzba il z`f wbef

jb}! blj xbw z`f~f ci~ cmsf jb}w ~fgvtf~bzmlh c~ie `mw mlov~mfw, Gietabmlzw ebjf zi z`f IMG

Tblbjv~b blj zi z`f @^G zi zbkf bgzmil ml z`mw gbwf xf~f vlc~vmzcva,

23, ^blomlm ^vtmkb @fxbhf? Bwwbvazfj x`maf t~fhlblz

^blomlm ^vtmkb @fxbhf xbw zi~zv~fj il 22 Wftzfenf~ >442 n} MT Wbeb~bwmlh`f ic Ebz`vhbeb

Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f tiamgf gbef zi `f~ ìef aiikmlh ci~ `f~ `vwnblj blj! x`fl w`f ~ftamfj z`bz `f

xbw liz bz ìef! z`f} `mz `f~ xmz` xiijfl tiafw blj kmgkfj `f~ ml z`f nfaa}, Zìvh` w`f g~mfj ivz

z`bz w`f xbw t~fhlblz! z`f bwwbvazw gilzmlvfj, Z`fl w`f xbw zbkfl mlzi b offt x`f~f z`f~f xf~f



:7

iz`f~w, W`f xbw z`fl zbkfl ml z`f offt ci~ bnivz zxi ìv~w! bczf~ x`mg` w`f xbw kftz bz z`f Tiamgf

wzbzmil, W`f nfhbl zi naffj bz bnivz =?74te blj gietabmlfj zi z`f cfebaf xb~jfl, Liz`mlh xbw

jilf zi `fat `f~,

Il Wftzfenf~ 26 w`f xbw `bljfj isf~ zi `f~ eiz`f~ blj eiz`f~ ml abx, W`f xbw mlwz~vgzfj zi

gief zi z`f Ebz`vhbeb Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z il Wftzfenf~ >2, @f~ cbema} ziik `f~ zi z`f Tmenv~bJmwz~mgz @iwtmzba, W`f xbw kftz bz z`f ìwtmzba ci~ z`~ff jb}w! zi wzit z`f naffjmlh, W`f xbw bjsmwfj

n} z`f jigzi~ liz zi hfz jixl c~ie nfj blj zi zbkf gietafzf ~fwz, Z`vw! w`f givaj liz hi zi z`f

giv~z il Wftzfenf~ >2 bw mlwz~vgzfj, W`f wzb~zfj naffjmlh bhbml il Wftzfenf~ >7! blj xbw bhbml

zbkfl zi z`f wbef ìwtmzba c~ie x`f~f w`f xbw meefjmbzfa} jmwtbzg`fj zi Kbavz`b~b Hflf~ba

@iwtmzba Lbhijb- n} benvablgf, Bw mz xbw liz tiwwmnaf zi wzit zi z`f naffjmlh ic z`f xien! z`f

xien xbw xbw`fj blj w`f aiwz z`f g`maj, W`f xbw z`~ff eilz`w t~fhlblz bz z`f zmef,

28, Lbeba Cf~lblji? Smgzme ic ~bobkb~m}b

Il 3 Igzinf~ >442 bz bnivz 0te! z`~ff tiamgf iccmgf~w blj wief iz`f~w ml vlmci~e gbef zi z`f

ìvwf ic Lbeba Cf~lblji! 78! b cvaa zmef wigmba xi~kf~ blj cbz`f~ ic z`~ff c~ie Tmzmtblb Jvxb!

Lfhieni, Z`f iccmgf~w b~~msfj ml b x`mzf sbl, Mlwmjf z`f sbl xbw Wvlbljb Bttv`be}! xì

mjflzmcmfj Lbeba, Z`f tiamgf ziik Lbeba! wb}mlh mz xbw z`fm~ ~bobkb~m}b wzbzf jvz}- zi ji wi, Z`f

tiamgf hbsf lfmz`f~ Lbeba li~ `mw cbema} bl} ~fbwil ci~ `mw b~~fwz,

Lbeba‐w xmcf blj n~iz`f~ xf~f bawi tvz mlzi z`f sbl blj z`f} xf~f j~msfl zi z`f ìvwf ic @f~ebl

Wb~bz` Cf~lblji! b c~mflj ic Lbeba! bz Xfllvtvxb, Bw Wb~bz` Cf~lblji xbw liz bz ìef z`f tiamgf

xbmzfj ci~ bnivz z`~ff ìv~w, Bz z`mw wzbhf! bzzi~lf} G`bemljb Wmasb b~~msfj blj ziik jixl z`f

lvenf~w ic baa tiamgf iccmgf~w, Z`f IMG xbw Ebz`fx ic z`f Evljbabeb Tiamgf,

Lbeba xbw tvz mlzi bliz`f~ tiamgf sbl blj zbkfl zi Tvzzabe, Bz bnivz 2>?:6be z`f sbl wzittfj bz

Ebjbetf blj z`f tiamgf j~blk amrvi~ mlwmjf z`f sbl, Bz z`mw wzbhf wiefilf ml gmsmambl j~fww `mz

Lbeba ml z`f cbgf z`~ff zmefw xmz` `mw cmwz! gbvwmlh `me zi wìvz ml tbml, Z`fl z`f sbl xbw j~msfl zi

Evljbabeb Tiamgf wzbzmil! bnivz 84ke bxb} c~ie Lfhieni! x`f~f ilf tiamgf iccmgf~ vwfj `mw cmwzw

blj cffz zi bwwbvaz Lbeba blj z`fl tvz `me mlwmjf b tiamgf gfaa,

B Gbzìamg t~mfwz! Hf~baj Ob}bxb~jflf! gbef zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil xmz` b h~ivt ic iz`f~w blj

mlrvm~fj bnivz z`f ~fbwil ci~ Lbeba‐w b~~fwz, Z`f} xf~f ziaj n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ xì `bj bwwbvazfj

Lbeba z`bz Lbeba `bj z`~fbzflfj `me n} tvzzmlh b tmwzia bhbmlwz `mw `fbj, Lbeba xbw tvz nbgk

mlwmjf z`f gfaa blj kftz z`f~f ci~ bliz`f~ `bac bl ìv~, Z`fl z`f IMG blj civ~ iz`f~ iccmgf~w hizmlzi b offt blj ziik Lbeba zi Xfllvtvxb, Z`f} wzittfj z`f offt lfb~ Wb~bz` Cf~lblji‐w ìvwf

blj ziik Lbeba ivz zixb~jw z`f ìvwf blj bwwbvazfj `me, Z`fl Lbeba xbw t~fwwfj zi z`f h~ivlj

n} zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w,



::

Z`f} tvz z`fm~ cffz il niz` wmjfw ic Lbeba‐w wìvajf~w x`maf bliz`f~ iccmgf~ timlzfj b hvl bz `me,

Bliz`f~ iccmgf~ wìvzfj! ‖]bkki }iv jfsma-" Vlaibj z`bz hvl"– Z`f iccmgf~ ìajmlh z`f hvl wbmj

z`bz mc z`f hvl cm~fj `f xivaj wb} `f `bj wìz nfgbvwf z`f t~mwilf~ `bj z~mfj zi fwgbtf,

Bhbml z`f} tvz Lbeba nbgk mlzi tiamgf offt blj ziik `me zi z`f H~ffl Smaab Hvfwzìvwf bz

@bajbjvxblb, Z`f iccmgf~ ml g`b~hf hiz ivz ic z`f offt z`f~f blj z`f iz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~w ziik Lbeba zi bliz`f~ ìvwf blj `mz `mw g`fwz blj klffw xmz` z`f nvzz ic b Z%63 cm~fb~e, Jvf zi wfsf~f

tbml Lbeba mlsiavlzb~ma} fsbgvbzfj `mw nixfaw, Z`f~fbczf~ `f xbw zbkfl zi z`f iccmgf ic z`f WWT

G`mabx blj il z`f Igzinf~ 8 xbw zbkfl nbgk zi Evljbabeb Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Abzf~ Wb~bz` Cf~lblji xbw bawi n~ivh`z zi z`f wzbzmil blj b Gbzìamg lvl! Wmwzf~ Nflfjmgz! smwmzfj

Lbeba z`f~f bawi, Bczf~ z`bz z`f IMG wìxfj b wzbzfeflz zi Lbeba blj Wb~bz`! x`mg` z`f} wmhlfj ml

cfb~! zìvh` z`f gilzflz xbw liz ~fbj zi z`fe,

Bz >?74te Lbeba xbw zbkfl zi z`f ìwtmzba bz Evljbabeb blj b jigzi~ fpbemlfj `me, Bz 7?74te b

tiamgf iccmgf~ ziik wzbzfeflzw c~ie Lbeba blj Wb~bz` blj ziaj z`fe z`bz z`f} `bj nffl zbkfl mlzi

gvwzij} ~fhb~jmlh b ~innf~} z`bz `bj zbkfl tabgf bz Eb~~mlbxbzzf, Ila} bz z`bz wzbhf xbw Lbeba

mlci~efj ic z`f g`b~hfw, Bz 0?74te! Lbeba xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f b ebhmwz~bzf blj xbw ~febljfj ml

gvwzij}, Il z`f lfpz jb}! ìxfsf~! `f xbw ~fafbwfj xmzìvz g`b~hf, Mz bttfb~w z`bz `mw b~~fwz xbw b

gbwf ic emwzbkfl mjflzmz}, Lbeba xbw wflz zi ^bhbeb @iwtmzba ci~ z~fbzeflz,

20, K,B, Wbeb~bwmlh f̀? T`}wmgba blj eflzba mlgbtbgmzbzmil

Kijmz`vxbkkv B~bg`g`mhf Wbeb~bwmlh`f xbw baafhfja} zi~zv~fj z`~ivhìvz z`f jb} ic 22 Lisfenf~

>442 bz z`f Nbjv~bam}b Tiamgf wzbzmil! Kbavz`b~b, @f xbw kftz ml z`f wzbzmil zmaa Lisfenf~ 2:, Il z`f

lmh`z ic 22 Lisfenf~ `f xbw zbkfl ivz ic `mw gfaa blj ‚ ̀ bljw gvccfj nf`mlj `mw nbgk ‚ nfbzfl xmz`

xiijfl wzmgkw! x`mg` gbvwfj mlov~mfw zi `mw nvzzigkw! z`mh`w! cffz blj klffw blj jmwaigbzfj `mw afcz

wìvajf~, Z`f ciaaixmlh ei~lmlh `f xbw bhbml zbkfl c~ie z`f gfaa! wabttfj il z`f `fbj blj fb~w!

nfbzfl nf`mlj z`f klffw blj il z`f nvzzigkw xmz` n~iiewzmgkw, Tiamgf bawi ci~gfj maamgmz amrvi~ mlzi

`me n} tiv~mlh mz jixl `mw liwz~maw, Bw b ~fwvaz `f aiwz gilwgmivwlfww, @f xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f

eflzba ìwtmzba ml Evaaf~m}bxb, Jvf zi z`f xivljw blj `mw eiz`f~‐w ~ft~fwflzbzmil z`bz `f `bj nffl

zi~zv~fj! z`f eflzba ìwtmzba ~fcvwfj zi bjemz `me, @f xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Kbavz`b~b Hflf~ba

@iwtmzba Lbhijb-! blj xbw bjemzzfj,

@f ~fhbmlfj gilwgmivwlfww il Lisfenf~ 23! blj xbw ìwtmzbamwfj zmaa Lisfenf~ >>, @ixfsf~! z`f

xivljw xf~f liz gv~fj blj `f ziik b}v~sfjmg ìefitbz`mg- z~fbzeflz zi bjj~fww tf~wmwzflzt~inafew,

Il Jfgfenf~ 7 b `vebl ~mh`zw h~ivt nbwfj ml Tblbjv~b! Oblbwblwbjb}b! ziik K,B Wbeb~bwmlh`f zi

z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil blj z`~ivh` z`f Gieemwwmil t~ijvgfj `me nfci~f b OEI ml

Giaieni, Z`f OEI lizfj z`f t~fwflgf ic wgb~w il `mw afcz g`ffk! nbgk! ~mh`z b~e blj ci~fb~e!



:6

x~mwzw! ~mh`z z`mh`! aixf~ ~mh`z afh! klffw blj ~mh`z ciiz! blj wxfaamlh ic z`f afcz ciiz xmz` ‖~fwz~mgzmil

ic eisfeflzw ic blkaf blj z`f zifw–; p%~b}w ~fsfbafj b c~bgzv~f ml `mw afcz ciiz,

Z`f OEI civlj z`bz z`f wgb~w xf~f gilwmwzflz xmz` nfbzmlh blj xmz` ‖wz~vhhamlh il b ~ivh` wv~cbgf!

~ivh` ebl`bljamlh! blj bwwbvazmlh xmz` ~ivh` navlz xfbtilw–! `bljgvccmlh! cbaaw blj t~iailhfj

klffamlh! wvg` z`bz ‖[bUhmlh ic z`f wgb~w blj c~bgzv~f b~f gilwmwzflz xmz` z`f `mwzi~} hmsfl n} z`ftbzmflz,– Bczf~ fpbemlbzmil z`f OEI ~fcf~~fj `me zi z`f I~zìtfjmg Gamlmg bz Giaieni Hflf~ba

@iwtmzba blj c~ie z`f~f `f xbw ~fcf~~fj nbgk zi z`f Kbavz`b~b Hflf~ba @iwtmzba, @f xbw bhbml

bjemzzfj zi z`f ìwtmzba c~ie Jfgfenf~ : % 24,

Gietabmlzw `bsf nffl cmafj bz z`f @^G, Bw ~fwvaz ic zi~zv~f `f `bw aiwz z`f gbtbgmz} zi xi~k bw b

gb~tflzf~! `mw ci~ef~ iggvtbzmil, K,B Wbeb~bwmlh`f `bw lbefj z`f IMG Nbjv~bam}b blj WM

Jbeemkb bw z`f tf~wilw xì zi~zv~fj `me, Li wzftw `bsf nffl zbkfl n} z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba‐w

jftb~zeflz zi cmaf g~memlba g`b~hfw bhbmlwz z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w,

2=, Wbz`bwmsbe ^,? ‑Li cfebaf ml z`mw vlmsf~wf givaj nfb~ mz―

Civ~ iccmgf~w c~ie Efz`mhm~m}b Tiamgf wzbzmil gbef ci~ >7%}fb~ iaj Wbz`bwmsbe ^bz`}kbab x`maf w`f

xbw il jvz} bw b gbwvba bzzfljblz bz Tiaailb~vxb Hflf~ba @iwtmzba il >: Lisfenf~ >442, Z`f}

bwkfj `f~ zi gief blj ebkf b wzbzfeflz blj ziik `f~ zi z`fm~ offt, Ilgf ml z`f offt z`f} nfhbl

wabttmlh blj kmgkmlh `f~ blj bnvwmlh `f~ xmz` cmaz`} ablhvbhf, Ilgf bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil z`f} `bljfj

`f~ isf~ zi GMJ tf~willfa ic Tiailb~vxb tiamgf wzbzmil, Wbz`bwmsbe jfwg~mnfw x`bz `bttflfj lfpz

bw ciaaixw?

‖Zxfasf GMJ tf~willfa ziik ef mlzi b jb~k ~iie x`f~f M xbw bailf blj z`f~f xf~fl‐z bl} cfebafw!

fmz`f~ tiamgf i~ gmsmamblw, Ml z`f ~iie z`f} bwwbvazfj ef! `mz ef xmz` gavnw blj ~itfw! blj z~betafj

ef baa isf~ e} nij} xmz` niizw, Z`f} ~feisfj baa e} gaiz`fw fpgftz e} tblzmfw blj n~bwwmf~f, M

nfhhfj z`fe zi c~ff ef blj hmsf e} gaiz`fw nbgk! blj M bawi ziaj z`fe z`bz M xbw zizbaa} mlligflz,

Z`fl z`f} ~feisfj e} ~febmlmlh gaiz`fw! blj M xbw gietafzfa} lvjf, Z`f} xf~f baa vljf~ z`f

mlcavflgf ic amrvi~! blj z`f xìaf ~iie wefaz ic mz, Z`fl z`f} wzb~zfj nv~lmlh xmz` gmhb~fzzf nvzzw baa

isf~ e} nij} blj nafx z`f weikf ml e} cbgf,

Bczf~ jimlh baa z`mw vlnfb~bnaf zi~zv~f z`f 2> ic z`fe ~btfj ef ilf bczf~ bliz`f~, X`fl M wzb~zfj

h~iblmlh ml vlnfb~bnaf tbml blj M xbw bnaf zi cffa z`bz M xbw t~icvwfa} naffjmlh blj e} nij} xbw

wxiaafl! ilf ic z`fe hbsf ef b habww ic emak zfb, Cffamlh wi z`m~wz}! M ziik z`f habww ic zfb! nvz li

wiilf~ `bj M j~blk mz z`bl M xbw cffamlh hmjj} blj z`f xìaf ~iie xbw zv~lmlh, Z`fl M cfaa

vlgilwgmivw, X`fl M gbef zi! M civlj e}wfac il b nfj ml b jmccf~flz ~iie! baa bailf blj gietafzfa}

lvjf, B cfx emlvzfw abzf~ z`f wbef GMJ tf~willfa gbef blj empfj g`maam tixjf~ xmz` xbzf~ blj

tiv~fj mz mlzi e} f}fw, X`fl M wzb~zfj wìvzmlh ml bhil} z`f} ci~gfj ~bhw mlzi e} eivz`, Z`fl z`f}



:3

z`~fbzflfj zi kmaa ef, Z`f} xblzfj ef zi bjemz z`bz M nfailhfj zi z`f AZZF Amnf~bzmil Zmhf~w ic

Zbema Ffabe- bw b gbj~f! blj z`bz M xbw zi nf vwfj n} z`fe zi z`~ix b nien bz Emlmwzf~ Ebmz`~mtbab,

Z`fl z`f} ~fgi~jfj e} wzbzfeflz ml Wml`bab,

Bw M givajl‐z nfb~ z`f bhil} blj vlnfb~bnaf tbml c~ie z`f wfsf~f zi~zv~f! blj bawi cfb~mlh cv~z`f~

zi~zv~f! M xbw gietfaafj zi bjemz zi baa z`f} xblzfj ic ef bggi~jmlh zi z`fm~ sf~wmil! x`mg`gilwmwzfj ic z`mlhw z`bz M `bj lfsf~ fsfl j~fbez, Z`f} x~izf baa x`bz z`f} xblzfj blj lfsf~ ~fbj

z`f wzbzfeflz ~fgi~jfj n} z`fe zi ef! lfmz`f~ ml Zbema i~ Wml`bab! blj z`fl ci~gfj ef zi wmhl mz,

Ivz ic cfb~ blj z`f z`~fbz ic cv~z`f~ zi~zv~f M wmhlfj bhbmlwz e} xmaa,

Bz bnivz 24te il z`mw jb}! bczf~ zbkmlh jixl e} wzbzfeflz! z`f 2> ic z`fe gbef blj ~btfj ef

isf~ blj isf~ bhbml, Z`f} xf~f j~vlk blj M xbw gietafzfa} lvjf! wafftmlh baa bailf ml z`bz ~iie,

Z`f lfpz jb}! Lisfenf~ >:! z`f} namljciajfj ef! zmfj e} `bljw! blj ziik ef ml b offt zi e}

smaabhf, Z`f 2> GMJ tf~willfa xì gbvwfj z`f eiwz jbebhf zi ef gbef ml z`f wbef offt zi e}

smaabhf, ^fbg`mlh e} ìvwf z`f} wgiajfj ef ml vlnfb~bnaf cmaz`} ablhvbhf! blj xblzfj ef zi wìx

zi z`fe x`f~f z`f AZZF gbj~fw xf~f amsmlh, X`fl M nfhhfj blj ziaj z`fe z`bz M klfx bnwiavzfa} liz`mlh bnivz z`f AZZF z`f} n~ivh`z ef nbgk zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil,

Il Lisfenf~ >6 z`f} `bljfj ef isf~ zi z`f Kbjv~vxfab tiamgf, Z`f Kbjv~vxfab tiamgf

`vemambzfj ef ei~f z`bl M givaj nfb~ n} bwkmlh m~~fafsblz rvfwzmilw x`maf M xbw sf~} nbja} `v~z

eflzbaa} blj t`}wmgbaa}, Li cfebaf ml z`mw vlmsf~wf givaj nfb~ wvg` rvfwzmilw blj ~feb~kw bw zìwf

z`bz xf~f ebjf n} z`fe,

Z`f} gilzmlvfj bggvwmlh ef ic nfmlh AZZF blj ic `mjmlh z`f cbgzw, M xbw kftz ml wiamzb~}

gilcmlfeflz z`f~f ci~ ilf eilz`, M baeiwz xflz ebj blj M fsfl xblzfj zi tvz bl flj zi e} amcf,

Nvz M zìvh`z z`bz M evwz amsf zi zfaa ic baa z`fwf bz~igmzmfw zi z`f bvzì~mzmfw gilgf~lfj wi z`bz iz`f~

xiefl ml W~m Ablkb xivaj liz `bsf zi nfb~ wmemab~ bgzw, Bazìvh` z`f Kbjv~vxfab tiamgf klfx M xbw mlligflz! z`f} jmjl‐z xblz ef zi fptiwf z`fe wi z`f} wflz ef zi z`f Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z bz

Tiailb~vxb il 2: Eb~g` >44>! blj c~ie z`f~f M xbw zbkfl zi z`f Blv~bj`btv~b T~mwil, Ivz ic z`f

2> GMJ tf~willfa xì zi~zv~fj blj ~btfj ef! civ~ bggietblmfj ef zi z`f t~mwil, Il z`f xb} z`f}

ziaj ef liz zi jmsvahf z`f mlgmjflz! blj z`~fbzflfj zi kmaa ef mc M jmj,–

Wbz`bwmsbe xbw abzf~ z~blwcf~~fj zi Xfamkbjb ~feblj t~mwil,

Efblx`maf! z`f tiamgf cbn~mgbzfj blj wvnemzzfj z`~ff gbwfw bhbmlwz `f~ ml z`f `mh`f~ giv~zw, W`f jmj

liz vljf~hi b t~itf~ efjmgba fpbemlbzmil vlzma bczf~ ilf xbw i~jf~fj n} b @mh` Giv~z ovjhf il 74

Bvhvwz >44>! bz x`mg` zmef w`f ziaj z`f OEI blj iz`f~ efjmgba wzbcc baa z`f jfzbmaw ic x`bz `bj

`bttflfj zi `f~ bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil, Wbz`bwmsbe xbw wvnwfrvflza} ~fafbwfj il nbma blj il >4

Lisfenf~ >44> ebjf b gietabmlz zi z`f @^G, Wmlgf z`fl! w`f `bw fptf~mflgfj gilzmlvba

`b~bwweflz n} z`f tiamgf,

Il 0 Cfn~vb~} >447 w`f ebjf bliz`f~ gietabmlz zi z`f @^G bnivz bl fsflz z`bz `bj `bttflfj z`f

jb} nfci~f! x`fl zxi efl il b eizi~g}gaf! ilf ic xìe xbw beilh z`f 2> tf~tfz~bzi~w! wzittfj

lfpz zi `f~ blj `f~ eiz`f~ bw z`f} xf~f xbakmlh bailh z`f ~ibj, Z`f iccmgf~ ziaj Wbz`bwmsbe zi



:8

gief zi z`f GMJ iccmgf blj ci~gfj `f~ zi bggftz >4 ~vtffw ci~ z`f cb~f, @f ziaj `f~ z`bz mc w`f jmjl‐z

gief z`f} xivaj gief blj b~~fwz `f~, Z`f g`b~hfw bhbmlwz Wbz`bwmsbe xf~f tfljmlh ml z`f `mh`

giv~z,

>44>

>4, Nbljvab ^bobtbkwf! ^,T,Wbetbz` ^bwmkb Kveb~b! ^blbxff~b # G`bemljb

Jmwwblb}bkf? Gietbl} wgbtfhibzw

Ml Cfn~vb~} >44> civ~ fetai}ffw ic z`f Li~z` Tiaf Ablkb Tsz- Azj xf~f zbkfl mlzi gvwzij} bz z`f

Ob%Fab Tiamgf wzbzmil isf~ z`f aiww ic :3 ~iaaw ic gaiz` c~ie z`f gietbl} wzi~fw, Z`f} xf~f Nbljvab

^bobtbkwf ci~kamcz itf~bzi~-! ^,T,Wbetbz` ^bwmkb Kveb~b iccmgf~ ml g`b~hf ic z`f wzi~fw-!

^blbxff~b wfgv~mz} hvb~j-! blj G`bemljb Jmwwblb}bkf bl fpfgvzmsf iccmgf~-, Bczf~ wfsf~ba jb}w ml

jfzflzmil z`f civ~ tf~wilw baa ~ftfbzfja} jflmfj bl} mlsiasfeflz ml z`f z`fcz! x`mg` z~bjf vlmilmwzw

nfamfsf mw b gbwf ic z`f eblbhfeflz z~}mlh zi w`mcz z`f nabef ilzi z`f xi~kf~w ~bz`f~ z`bl bggftzmlh

~fwtilwmnmamz} tf~wilbaa},

Z`f~fbczf~! il Cfn~vb~} 2= # >4 z`f civ~ efl xf~f wbsbhfa} bwwbvazfj! baafhfja} bz z`f mlwzmhbzmil ic IMG G~mefw MT Wv~m}bkveb~b! n} zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w liz }fz mjflzmcmfj, Z`f tiamgfefl bzzbgkfj z`f

z`~ff wvwtfgzw vwmlh ~vnnf~ `iwf blj TSG tmtfw il z`fm~ nbgkwmjfw! ci~ 26 emlvzfw, Nfci~f z`f

bzzbgk z`f wvwtfgzw xf~f i~jf~fj zi kfft z`fm~ `bljw il z`f xbaa; x`fl ^bwmkb zv~lfj z`f iz`f~ xb}

`f hiz naixw il z`f klffw blj cmlhf~w bw xfaa, ^blbxff~b hiz naixw ila} c~ie z`f TSG,tmtf,

G`bemljb xbw wtb~fj evg` ic z`f bwwbvaz! nvz xbw kmgkfj n} b tiamgfebl,

@fb~mlh ic z`f smiaflgf! bnivz b z`ivwblj tf~wilw! i~hblmwfj n} z`f z~bjf vlmil eisfeflz!

tmgkfzfj ml c~ilz ic z`f tiamgf wzbzmil, Xmz` titvab~ t~fwwv~f eivlzmlh! z`f wvwtfgzw xf~f zbkfl zi b

JEI bz lmh`z! blj z`f~fbczf~ t~ijvgfj nfci~f b ebhmwz~bzf, Civ~ abx}f~w bttfb~mlh ci~ z`f wvwtfgzw

eisfj ci~ nbma! x`mg` z`f ebhmwz~bzf h~blzfj blj z`fl i~jf~fj z`bz z`f wvwtfgzw evwz nf t~ijvgfjnfci~f b OEI,

>2, Lbljmlm @f~bz? Nfbzfl blj ~btfj ml gvwzij}



:0

@f~bz Tbz`m~bllf`fabhf Lbljmlm W~m}babz`b @f~bz xbw b 7=% }fb~%iaj vleb~~mfj xiebl xì xbw

b~~fwzfj n} wfsf~ba tiamgf iccmgf~w c~ie Xb~mbtiab ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw il 0 Eb~g` >44>, W`f xbw

b~~fwzfj bz `f~ ìef ml z`f t~fwflgf ic `f~ cbema} blj xbw kftz ci~ zxi jb}w ml z`f Xb~mbtiab tiamgf

wzbzmil! jv~mlh x`mg` zmef w`f xbw wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj, Z`f ci~ew ic zi~zv~f mlgavjfj wz~mttmlh `f~

lbkfj blj mlwf~zmlh b tmtf%amkf inofgz ml `f~ sbhmlb! x`mg` ebjf `f~ naffj blj gbvwfj meeflwf tbml,

Ilgf w`f xbw t~ijvgfj ml giv~z! w`f gietabmlfj zi z`f ebhmwz~bzf! xì i~jf~fj bl mlrvm~}, @f~ixl `blj%x~mzzfl wzbzfeflz mw bw ciaaixw z~blwabzfj c~ie Wml`bab-,

‖M xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f Xb~mbtiab tiamgf wzbzmil il 0 Eb~g` >44> b~ivlj 3?26te, [Z`f tiamgfU gbef

zi iv~ ìef ml b x`mzf sf`mgaf, Z`f~f xf~f civ~ tfitaf j~fwwfj ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw, Nfgbvwf M xbw

nbz`mlh bz z`f zmef! z`f} bwkfj e} cbz`f~ mc Lbljmlm xbw bz ìef, @fb~mlh z`fe! M tfftfj c~ie z`f

xbaa lfb~ z`f xfaa, Nfgbvwf M wbx wiefilf klixl zi ef M x~bttfj b zixfa bnisf n} nbz`mlh gaiz`fw

blj xflz z`f~f, Ilf ic z`fe xbw fpbemlmlh e} }ivlhf~ wmwzf~‐w mjflzmz} gb~j, @mw lbef mw

Xb~lbkvabwv~m}b, @f wbmj z`f} lffjfj zi ~fgi~j b wzbzfeflz n} ef, X`fl M bwkfj x`bz z`fwzbzfeflz xbw bnivz! z`f} jmj liz zfaa ef, Xb~lbkvabwv~m}b! z`f IMG G~mefw blj b tf~wil M jmj liz

klix gbef mlwmjf iv~ ìvwf, Z`f} jmj liz baaix ef zi tvz il e} gaiz`fw, X`fl M bwkfj

^bz`lbzmafkf! xì xbw wzbljmlh bz z`f jii~! zi eisf bxb} bw M xblzfj zi j~fww `f jmj liz ji wi,

E} eiz`f~ gbef zi z`f sf`mgaf zi bggietbl} ef, Nvz z`f} jmj liz baaix `f~ zi hfz mlzi z`f sf`mgaf,

X`fl M xbw hfzzmlh mlzi z`f sf`mgaf M wbx b tf~wil xmz` `mw `fbj gisf~fj n} b x`mzf w`ffz, M ji liz

klix xì `f xbw, Z`f} n~ivh`z ef [zi z`f wzbzmilU blj ebjf ef wmz il b nflg`, Bz z`bz zmef z`f~f

xf~f li xiefl t~fwflz, 24%26 emlvzfw abzf~ bl fajf~a} xiebl b~~msfj, Nfzxffl 8?26 blj 8?74te

Blbljb b~~msfj, @f xbw j~fwwfj ml hv~vtbzb z~ivwf~w blj b x`mzf z%w`m~z, @f wbmj z`bz zijb} `bj nffl

hiij ci~ hfzzmlh b nmzf,

M bwkfj zi nf zbkfl ìef, M xbw liz hmsfl bl} ciij i~ j~mlk z`bz fsflmlh, M bwkfj wfsf~ba zmefw x`}

M xbw n~ivh`z z`f~f nvz M xbw liz ziaj z`f ~fbwil, B~ivlj 0?74te Blbljb! ^bz`lbzmafkf blj

Xb~lbkvabwv~m}b b~~msfj, M `fb~j z`f ~fwf~sf tiamgfebl gbaamlh ivz zi wief efl blj b xiebl,

Zìwf z`~ff efl xf~f sf~} j~vlk, Xb~lbwv~m}b cm~wz nfbz ef xmz` b tiaf, M cfaz e} afcz b~e

nfgiemlh amcfafww, M cfaz cbmlz, Blbljb ~feisfj e} gaiz`fw, M bwkfj `me liz zi ~feisf e} gaiz`fw, M

wg~fbefj, Bczf~ e} gaiz`fw xf~f ~feisfj wiefilf wz~vgk ef b naix c~ie nf`mlj, M givaj liz

~fgihlmwf xì mz xbw, Blbljb tvz wiefz`mlh amkf b zvnf mlzi e} sbhmlb, Xb~lbkvabwv~m}b kftz e}

eivz` w`vz xmz` `mw `blj, ^bz`lbz`mafkf wziij n} z`f c~ilz jii~ blj xbzg`fj, Bz z`bz zmef z`f nbgk

jii~ xbw gaiwfj, [@f wbmjU ‘Z`mw mw ila} b ci~fzbwzf, Mz mw ziei~~ix z`bz z`f oin xmaa nf jilf,‐

Naiij xbw tiv~mlh c~ie e} sbhmlb blj M cfaz b w`b~t tbml ml e} vljf~nfaa}, Z`f naiij xbw j~mttmlh

ilzi z`f gfeflz caii~, Blbljb gbaafj z`f xiebl blj ziaj `f~ zi gvz b tmfgf c~ie e} zixfa blj

n~mlh mz, Z`f xiebl n~ivh`z z`f zixfa, Blbljb zi~f mz ml `bac blj hbsf ef ilf tmfgf, M xi~f mz,

Xmz` z`f iz`f~ tmfgf `f xmtfj z`f naiij il z`f caii~, Bczf~ z`bz `f bwkfj ^bz`lbzmfafkf wiefz`mlh, M

jmj liz `fb~ x`bz `f wbmj, M `fb~j ^bz`lbzmafkf wb}! ‘Tvz mz ml Gvtnib~j : ic z`f G~mefw Jmsmwmil,

Ziei~~ix afz vw z`~ix mz cb~ bxb},‐



:=

B amzzaf x`maf abzf~! nfgbvwf M cfaz wmgk! M cfaa bwafft ~mh`z z`f~f, M siemzfj b~ivlj 6,74be, Z`f IMG

ziaj z`f xiebl zi xbw` z`f siemz, ‘Gbl‐z wb} mc z`f BWT emh`z gief ~ivlj!‐ `f wbmj, M bwkfj z`f

IMG ci~ efjmgmlf blj zi wflj ef zi ìwtmzba, @f tbmj li bzzflzmil zi z`bz nvz hbsf ef b naix, @f

wgiajfj ef xmz` ~bx cmaz`, Bczf~ b wì~z x`maf M xflz zi z`f IMG‐w ~iie blj bwkfj bhbml x`} M xbw

n~ivh`z z`f~f, Z`fl ^bz`lbmafkf wbmj! ‘]iv `bsf li ìvwf zi hi lix; z`f} `bsf hmsfl mz z`f xi~kw

bawi,‐ M givaj liz z`mlk bnivz bl}z`mlh bz z`bz zmef,

B~ivlj 24?74 z`bz ei~lmlh z`f IMG nfbz ef bhbml xmz` b ab~hf tiaf, Bz z`bz zmef M xbw zf~~mna} wmgk,

Z`f IMG G~mefw bwkfj `me liz zi nfbz ef, Bczf~ z`bz M xbw liz nfbzfl, N} z`bz zmef M xbw ml b

wfem%gilwgmivw wzbzf, Z`f ciaaixmlh lmh`z z`f xiebl xì xbw aigkfj vt xmz` ef hbsf ef zfb blj

zxi wlbgkw c~ie x`bz `bj nffl n~ivh`z ci~ `f~, Z`f~f xf~f wief iz`f~w bawi aigkfj vt, M gblliz

~fefenf~ xì z`f} xf~f, M `fb~j z`fe zbakmlh! nvz M `bsf li efei~} ic x`bz xbw wbmj, Z`f lfpz

ei~lmlh Xb~lbkvabwv~m}b ziik ef zi z`f G~mefw Wfgzmil! itflfj b nmh niik blj ziaj ef! ‘Wmhl } iv~

wzbzfeflz,‐

Bz z`bz zmef li wzbzfeflz `bj nffl ~fgi~jfj c~ie ef blj z`f~fci~f M `fwmzbzfj zi wmhl mz, Nvznfgbvwf XTG Li, >>2> kmgkfj ef `b~j c~ie nf`mlj blj nfgbvwf M givaj liz fljv~f bl} ei~f tbml

blj nfgbvwf M xbw zf~~mna} `vlh~}! M zìvh`z z`bz x`bzfsf~ emh`z `bttfl mz xivaj liz ebzzf~! blj

wmhlfj z`f wzbzfeflz,

B~ivlj 2>?74 z`bz jb} M xbw ci~gmna} zbkfl bhbml ml b x`mzf giaiv~fj sf`mgaf, M ~fcvwfj zi hfz ml blj

jmj liz hfz ml, M xbw ci~gfj mlzi z`f sf`mgaf, Mlwmjf z`f sbl xbw z`f j~msf~ ic z`f sf`mgaf blj

Xb~lbkvabwv~m}b! xì xbw j~fwwfj ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw, ^bz`lbzmafkf xbw j~fwwfj ml vlmci~e, Z`f~f

xbw bliz`f~ gilwzbnaf ml gmsmfw, Z`f sf`mgaf xflz bailh Lmkbsf~bzm}b îbj, Mz wzittfj lfb~ b ab~hf

Eb~b z~ff blj ^bz`lbzmafkf blj Xb~lbkvabwv~m}b xflz z`f~f, Z`f~f xf~f iccmgf~w ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw

wzbljmlh n} z`f jii~ ic z`f sf`mgaf, Bczf~ z`bz M xbw zbkfl zi z`f Xb~mbtiab giv~zìvwf, X`maf M xbw

ml z`f sbl Xb~lbkvabwv~m}b xflz mlwmjf z`f giv~zìvwf, @f gbef nbgk bczf~ 6 zi 24 emlvzfw, M

~fefenf~ z`bz `f `bj b tbtf~ ml `mw `blj,

Bczf~ z`bz M xbw zbkfl zi z`f Xb~mbtiab ìwtmzba, M ziaj b jigzi~ bnivz e} wmgk giljmzmil, Zìvh` `f

bwkfj ef zi wmz jixl! z`f~f xbw liz`mlh z`f~f zi wmz il, ^bz`lbzmafkf blj X~blbkvabwv~m}b xf~f

z`f~f baa z`f zmef, Il z`f xb} zi Kv~vlfhbab z`f sf`mgaf wzittfj lfb~ wfsf~ba wìtw, M xbw `bljfj

isf~ zi z`f Kv~vlfhbab T~mwil, Zmaa M gbef zi z`f t~mwil M `bj `bj liz`mlh zi fbz, Z`f} hbsf ef

ciij n~ivh`z c~ie Kv~vlfhbab,

Il Eb~g` 24 M xbw zbkfl zi ìwtmzba, [Z`fl! bczf~ ebkmlh b gietabmlz zi z`f xb~jfl ic t~mwilU il

Eb~g` 27! 2: blj26 M xbw zbkfl zi z`f ìwtmzba ci~ smwmzw, Il Eb~g` 28 b~ivlj 7te M xbw fpbemlfjml z`f i~zìtfjmg wfgzmil ic z`f ìwtmzba, M be wzmaa nfmlh zbkfl zi ìwtmzba ci~ z~fbzeflz, Il z`f jb}

M xbw n~ivh`z zi giv~z M ebjf b tvnamg wzbzfeflz zi z`f abj} ebhmwz~bzf,–

Lbljmlm `bw nffl vlbnaf zi hi zi t~msbzf jigzi~w i~ zi tv~wvf mlsfwzmhbzmilw mlzi z`f gbwf ic `f~

ixl bggi~j bw w`f mw nfmlh kftz ml t~mwil ml ~feblj, @f~ cbz`f~ `bw nffl wfsf~fa} z`~fbzflfj n} z`f



64

aigba tiamgf blj `mh`f~ iccmgf~w liz zi tv~wvf z`f gietabmlz, Abx}f~w b~f ~favgzblz zi `fat z`f

smgzme‐w cbema} nfgbvwf ic cfb~ ic ~ftf~gvwwmilw, Lilfz`fafww! Lbljmlm ebjf b wmemab~ wzbzfeflz zi

z`f ebhmwz~bzf ic z`f Xb~mbtiab Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z! x ̀ i mwwvfj z`f ciaaixmlh i~jf~?

‖X`maf z`f tiamgf `bsf z`f ~mh`z zi b~~fwz bl bggvwfj! zi mlsfwzmhbzf blj zbkf b wzbzfeflz c~ie `me

bnivz z`f ~fafsblz `bttflmlhw! z`f tiamgf `bsf li tixf~ zi ml`veblfa} bwwbvaz bl}ilf, M i~jf~

Jftvz} Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba Xb}bnb zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`mw ebzzf~ blj wvnemz b gietafzf ~fti~z zi z`mw

giv~z, M i~jf~ z`f ~fhmwz~b~ ic z`mw giv~z zi wflj b git} ic z`mw i~jf~ zi z`f Jftvz} Mlwtfgzi~ Hflfb~a

ic Tiamgf,–

Z`f T~iwfgvzmil ic Zi~zv~f Tf~tfz~bzi~w Vlmz ic z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba‐w jftb~zeflz ci~xb~jfj z`f

mlci~ebzmil t~ismjfj n} z`f B@^G il z`mw gbwf zi z`f GMJ blj bwkfj z`f GMJ zi giljvgz b

g~memlba mlsfwzmhbzmil mlzi z`f baafhbzmilw, Z`f afzzf~ c~ie z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba‐w jftb~zeflz cv~z`f~wzbzfj z`bz vtil gietafzmil ic z`f g~memlba mlsfwzmhbzmil! z`f mlsfwzmhbzmsf ebzf~mba wìvaj nf

wzvjmfj zi gilwmjf~ z`f mlwzmzvzmil ic g~memlba t~igffjmlhw bhbmlwz z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w,

Bz z`f wzb~z ic Bvhvwz! z`f cmsf iccmgf~w ‚ mlgavjmlh z`f IMG ‚ ic z`f Xb~mbtiab tiamgf wzbzmil xf~f

g`b~hfj nfci~f z`f Xb~mbtiab Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z, Z`f JMH ml g`b~hf ic z`f Xb}bnb b~fb cmafj z`f

g`b~hfw,

@ixfsf~! z`f g`b~hfw b~f ef~fa} gbvwmlh wmetaf blj h~mfsivw `v~z zi Lbljmlm, Z`fwf b~f

gietb~bzmsfa} afww wf~mivw iccflgfw z`bl g`b~hfw ic ~btf i~ zi~zv~f, X`bz mw ei~f! z`f h~bsmz} ic wzbzf

iccmgf~w mlcamgzmlh zi~zv~f il b gmsmambl `bw nffl n~ivh`z jixl zi ef~fa} t`}wmgba `v~z gbvwfj n} ilf

gmsmambl zi bliz`f~,

Z`f iccmgf~w tafbjfj liz hvmaz} zi z`f g`b~hfw, X`fl b nbma bttamgbzmil xbw ebjf il nf`bac ic z`f

tiamgf iccmgf~w! T~m}blz`b Hbebhf! z`f bzzi~lf} xì bttfb~fj ci~ Lbljmlm! inofgzfj zi nbma il z`f

h~ivljw z`bz z`f iccmgf~w xf~f wzmaa ìajmlh z`fm~ tiwmzmilw! blj bawi z`bz z`f} xivaj nf amkfa} zi

mlzf~cf~f xmz` z`f xmzlfwwfw blj zi `b~bww z`fe, Hbebhf bawi wzbzfj z`bz z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w wìvaj

`bsf nffl g`b~hfj ci~ zi~zv~f vljf~ Bgz Li >> ic 2==:! blj z`f iccflgfw vljf~ z`bz bgz b~f

vlnbmabnaf, Z`f ebhmwz~bzf h~blzfj ^w, 24!444 nbma ci~ fbg` ic z`f bggvwfj, W`f bawi i~jf~fj z`bz

z`fm~ tbwwti~zw nf metivljfj blj z`f meemh~bzmil blj bm~ti~z bvzì~mzmfw nf mlci~efj ic z`mw i~jf~,

Z`f ebhmwz~bzf wfsf~fa} xb~lfj z`f bggvwfj liz zi `b~bww z`f xmzlfwwfw, W`f bawi wzbzfj z`bz mz xbw

fenb~~bwwmlh zi `bsf z`f wbef iccmgf~w xì t~iwfgvzf iz`f~w zi bttfb~ ml giv~z bw z`f bggvwfj, Z`f~fci~f w`f ~frvfwzfj z`bz z`f Ovjmgmba Wf~smgf Gieemwwmil bwwmhl b jmccf~flz giv~z zi `fb~ z`mw

gbwf,

Z`f bggvwfj tiamgf iccmgf~w xf~f ~fti~zfj ml z`f t~fww zi nf flhbhfj ml b gbetbmhl zi ivwz z`f JMH

xì cmafj z`f g`b~hfw bhbmlwz z`fe! xmz` z`f `fat ic wief tixf~cva aigba tiamzmgmblw, Z`f Emlmwzf~ ic

Xiefl‐w Bccbm~w! xì amsfw sf~} gaiwf zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f Lbljmlm xbw zi~zv~fj blj wfpvbaa}



62

`b~bwwfj! z`~ivhìvz z~mfj zi jfcflj z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w, X`fl bwkfj n} z`f NNG Wml`bab wf~smgf

x`fz`f~ w`f zbakfj zi z`f smgzme zi cmlj ivz `f~ wmjf ic z`f wzi~}! w`f wbmj ila} z`bz w`f `bj

t~iemwfj zi zbak zi z`f smgzme, @ixfsf~! z`f emlmwzf~ `bj liz wtikfl zi z`f smgzme, Mz xbw xmjfa}

nfamfsfj z`bz w`f xbw z~}mlh zi t~izfgz z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w,

>>, Hbabttbz`m Hv~vhf H~fw`b Jf Wmasb? Il i~jf~w c~ie bnisf

Hbabttbz`m Hv~vhf H~fw`b Jf Wmasb xbw z`f 7>%}fb~%iaj eblbhf~ ic z`f H~ffl Hb~jfl @izfa!

Kbzvhijb, @f xbw zbkfl mlzi tiamgf gvwzij} il >> Eb~g` >44>! zihfz`f~ xmz` ilf Nvjj`mkb! b

~fabzmsf ic `mw! n} tiamgf iccmgf~w c~ie @bnb~bjvxb tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f} xf~f zbkfl zi z`f

@bnb~bjvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil ml b tiamgf offt, Niz` xf~f ziaj zi wmz il b nflg` x`maf z`f IMG ic z`f

tiamgf wzbzmil zbakfj zi wiefilf isf~ z`f zfaftìlf,

H~fw`b `fb~j `me wb}mlh! ‖Xf `bsf n~ivh`z ml H~fw`b, Ikb}! Wm~" ^mh`z! Wm~,– Z`fl H~fw`b xbw

ziaj! ‖Zfaa z`f z~vz`! mc }iv xblz zi nf wbsfj,– Z`f iccmgf~ xbw zbakmlh bnivz b ev~jf~ z`bz ziik tabgf il Eb~g` =,

H~fw`b blwxf~fj! ‖Il z`bz jb} M xbw xmz` b h~ivt ic ziv~mwzw bz Lvxb~b%Fam}b, M ji liz klix

bl}z`mlh bnivz z`mw,–

Z`fl z`f IMG ziik H~fw`b zi z`f tiamgf nb~~bgkw bz B`blhbeb, @mw gaiz`fw xf~f ~feisfj n} ci~gf,

@mw `bljw xf~f zmfj nf`mlj `mw nbgk, @f xbw `vlh c~ie b nfbe, @f xbw nfbzfl xmz` xiijfl tiafw

blj tmtfw n} IMG Wbzmwhbebhf! Wm B~m}b~bzlf! Wm Afkbesbwbe! Whz G`blj~bwieb! blj iz`f~w ml

gmsmambl gaiz`fw, @f xbw `vlh blj nfbzfl cmsf zmefw z`f wbef xb} n} z`f wbef tf~wilw! blj xbw bawi

`vlh n} z`f cmlhf~w,

@f bwkfj ci~ xbzf~ blj xbw ziaj! ‖X`fl }iv zfaa z`f z~vz`! xbzf~ xmaa nf hmsfl,–

@f bwkfj! ‖@ix gbl M }iv zfaa wiefz`mlh z`bz M ji liz klix9–

@f xbw liz hmsfl xbzf~, @f xbw n~ivh`z nbgk zi @bnb~bjvxb tiamgf wzbzmil, Nvjj`mkb `bj nffl

~fafbwfj n} z`fl, H~fw`b civlj z`bz `mw `bljw xf~f lven blj `f givaj liz fsfl zbkf bl} ciij xmz`

z`fe, Wief w}etbz`fzmg iccmgf~w ziaj Nvjj`mkb z`bz H~fw`b xbw bwwbvazfj il ‖i~jf~w c~ie bnisf–,

Bzzi~lf} G`blj~mkb ^blebaab smwmzfj H~fw`b il z`f wbef lmh`z blj xbw ziaj z`f xìaf wzi~},

H~fw`b xbw ~fafbwfj bz liil ic Eb~g` >7, @f xbw ìwtmzbamwfj c~ie Eb~g` >7 zi Bt~ma 22, @f xbw

fpbemlfj n} T~ic Lm~mfaab! b xfaa%klixl ci~flwmg wtfgmbamwz! blj xbw ziaj z`bz z`f aiww ic vwf ic niz``bljw mw amkfa} zi nf tf~eblflz, H~fw`b ebjf b gietabmlz zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil bz Hbaaf z`~ivh` `mw

abx}f~ Kveb~b Nbljb~b,

>7, ],G, Nflobeml? Bwwbwwmlbzfj bczf~ ~faflzafww tiamgf `b~bwweflz



6>

Vlzma Bt~ma >44>! ]ihb Gafeflz Nflobeml! b :8%}fb~%iaj cbz`f~ ic z`~ff! wiaj maamgmz bagiìa, Ml zìwf

jb}w `f `bj ~fti~zfja} n~mnfj WM Wvlma Tf~f~b blj wfsf~ba iz`f~ iccmgf~w bz Kbavz`b~b Wivz` Tiamgf

wzbzmil, Ml bjjmzmil zi z`mw nvwmlfww! `f `bj b tmh cb~e, Bczf~ z`bz jbzf! bazìvh` `f wzittfj wfaamlh

bagiìa blj ziik zi wfaamlh sfhfzbnafw blj ~vllmlh z`f cb~e! z`f tiamgf wzmaa giaafgzfj n~mnfw c~ie

`me! mlgavjmlh hfzzmlh ti~k c~ff ic g`b~hf, Bczf~ Ovlf >44>! x`fl Nflobeml ~fcvwfj zi wvtta} ti~k

ci~ b xfjjmlh! z`f tiamgf nfgbef ìwzmaf zixb~jw `me blj `f jfgmjfj zi wfaa z`f tmhhf~},

@ixfsf~! `f nfgbef z`f wvnofgz ic tiamgf z`~fbzw! blj gilcamgzw isf~ z`f tb}eflz ic n~mnfw

gilzmlvfj, Il 6 Cfn~vb~} >447! zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w c~ie z`f Kbavz`b~b Wivz` gbef zi giaafgz

n~mnfw, X`fl Nflobeml ~fcvwfj zi tb}! z`f zxi baafhfja} nfbz `me, Bz bnivz 8?74te il z`f wbef

jb}! WM Tf~f~b b~~msfj xmz` b h~ivt ic efl blj z`~fbzflfj Nflobeml! gbaamlh `me j`febabb b

jf~ihbzi~} zf~e ci~ b Zbema tf~wil-! blj zfaamlh `me z`bz `f xivaj liz nf baaixfj zi ~fwmjf z`f~f

bl} ei~f,

Bz 24?74te il z`f wbef jb}! bliz`f~ Wvn%mlwtfgzi~ blj bnivz zfl tiamgf iccmgf~w ml tabml gaiz`fw

b~~msfj bz z`f ìvwf ml b Cb~hi sbl! gb~~}mlh wxi~jw blj xiijfl tiafw, Z`f} n~ikf mlzi z`f ìvwfblj bnvwfj Nflobeml‐w xmcf blj jbvh`zf~ ml civa ablhvbhf! jfwz~i}fj cv~lmzv~f! blj ziik bxb} b

hiaj g`bml xmz` zxi wisf~fmhlw, Z`f} bawi n~ikf z`f habww il z`fm~ xfjjmlh tìzi blj ziik z`f

tmgzv~f xmz` z`fe, X`fl z`f cbema} xflz zi gietabml bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil z`f} xf~f wgiajfj blj

g`bwfj bxb},

Il Cfn~vb~} 8! z`f wbef h~ivt b~~msfj bz bnivz >?74be blj! bczf~ flzf~mlh z`f ìvwf c~ie z`f

nbgkjii~! z`~fbzflfj zi kmaa z`f cbema}, Bz =?74be z`f cbema} gietabmlfj zi z`f @^G, Bz >?74te il

z`f wbef jb}! b nmh h~ivt ic tiamgf b~~msfj bz z`f ìvwf blj jfwz~i}fj baa z`f cv~lmzv~f, Bz 6te z`f}

civlj Nflobeml! blj bl iccmgf~ ml tabml gaiz`fw wzb~zfj zi `mz `me xmz` b wzffa tiaf, @mw wil

mlzf~sflfj! ~fwvazmlh ml b cmh`z, Z`f cbema} z`fl cafj,

Il Cfn~vb~} = z`f cbema} xflz xmz` Lbljb Ebtbabhbeb Hijbhbeb! bzzbg`fj zi z`f Hbaaf Giv~z! zi

ebkf b gietabmlz zi z`f MHT, @ixfsf~! il Cfn~vb~} 2= Nflobeml‐w wil xbw b~~fwzfj blj cbawfa}

g`b~hfj bz z`f Kbavz`b~b Wivz` tiamgf wzbzmil, Il Cfn~vb~} >> b lfmh`niv~ gbaafj z`f iccmgf~w ic

Kbavz`b~b Wivz` isf~ b ablj jmwtvzf, Bz bnivz :?74te! z`f tiamgf b~~msfj bhbml! ml z`f lfmh`niv~‐w

sbl! bw xfaa bw z`fm~ ixl sf`mgafw, Z`f} gilcmwgbzfj Nflobeml‐w eizi~g}gaf blj bttfb~fj zi afbsf,

Z`f lfmh`niv~ z`fl gbaafj ci~ Nflobeml zi gief ivz, X`fl `f jmj! wief tiamgf bttfb~fj blj wìz

bz `me blj `mw wil, @ixfsf~! il z`mw iggbwmil `f fwgbtfj vl`v~z,

Cmlbaa}! il Cfn~vb~} >3 z`f tiamgf wìz blj kmaafj Nflobeml x`maf `f xbw xbakmlh il z`f ~ibj, Z`f

tiamgf gabmefj zi `bsf bgzfj ml ‘wfac jfcflgf‐! blj baafhfj z`bz b tmwzia xbw civlj lfpz zi z`f smgzme,@ixfsf~! Nflobeml `bj lfsf~ t~fsmivwa} ixlfj i~ vwfj b hvl! blj z`f wf~mfw ic mlgmjflzw afbjmlh

vt zi z`f kmaamlh wvhhfwz z`bz mz xbw b gbagvabzfj ev~jf~,

>:, Abamz` ^bobtbkwf? ‑Emlmeve ci~gf―



67

2=%}fb~%iaj W,Abamz` ^bobtbkwf xbw zbkfl zi ìwtmzba ml bl vlgilwgmivw wzbzf n} tiamgf iccmgf~w ic z`f

Kbljblb Tiamgf wzbzmil il >4 Bt~ma >44>, @f `bj nffl b~~fwzfj zxi jb}w fb~amf~ blj xbw zi~zv~fj il

Bt~ma 20 blj 2=, @mw giljmzmil xbw jfwg~mnfj ml z`f mlzf~me efjmgba ~fti~z bw eiwz amkfa} jvf zi

bwwbvaz, Z`f OEI‐w ~fti~z! x`mg` xbw wvnemzzfj abzf~! lizfw z`f ciaaixmlh mlov~mfw?

2, @fbamlh wgbn bn~bwmil > mlg`fw p 7 mlg`fw il z`f ~mh`z wgbtvab~ ~fhmil;

>, @fbamlh wgbn bn~bwmil 2 mlg` p 2 mlg` il z`f nbgk ic z̀ f ~mh`z fanix;

7, @fbamlh wgbn bn~bwmil > mlg`fw p 2 2)> mlg`fw il z`f c~ilz ic z`f ~mh`z

g`fwz;

:, Gilzvwmil > mlg`fw p 7 mlg`fw il z`f nbgk ic z`f afcz ̀ blj;

6, Gilzvwmil > mlg`fw p 7 mlg`fw il z`f c~ilz ic z`f afcz ci~fb~e;

3, Gilzvwmil 2 mlg` p 2 2)> mlg`fw il z`f efjmgba wmjf ic z̀ f afcz `blj;

8, Gilzvwmil 2 mlg` p > mlg`fw il z`f abzf~ba wmjf ic z`f afcz ̀ blj;

0, Gilzvwmil > mlg`fw p > mlg`fw il z`f wiaf ic z`f afcz ciiz;

=, Gilzvwmil > mlg`fw p 2 mlg` il z̀ f wiaf ic z`f ~mh`z ciiz; blj!

24, Gf~fn~ba gilzvwmil,

Z`f abwz mlov~} mw jfwg~mnfj ml z`f ~fti~z bw ‘h~mfsivw‐! z`bz mw! wvccmgmflz zi gbvwf jfbz`,

Abamz` ^bobtbkwf xbw b~~fwzfj il z`f lmh`z ic Bt~ma 20 bz bnivz 24te n} wfsf~ba tiamgf iccmgf~w ic

z`f Kbljblb tiamgf wzbzmil, X`fl `f xbw b~~fwzfj! `f xbw `mz xmz` b niiz il `mw ci~f`fbj n} ilf

iccmgf~ blj nfbzfl xmz` z`f xiijfl `bljaf ic bl bpf il z`f nbgk blj iz`f~ tb~zw ic `mw nij} blj

j~bhhfj zi b offt xbmzmlh ivzwmjf `mw ìvwf, @f xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Kbljblb tiamgf wzbzmil blj

tvz mlwmjf b gfaa,

Il z`f fsflmlh blj lmh`z ic Bt~ma 2=! wfsf~ba tiamgf iccmgf~w `mz `me baa isf~ `mw nij} bczf~ `f xbw

tvz il b nflg`, @f xbw wfsf~fa} `mz il `mw wiafw xmz` navlz mlwz~veflzw, Ml bjjmzmil! niikw xf~ftabgfj il `mw `fbj! blj z`fwf niikw xf~f smhi~ivwa} `mz xmz` navlz mlwz~veflzw, @f xbw z`fl nbz`fj

ml xbzf~,

Il Bt~ma >4 bz bnivz 24be! `mw h~bljcbz`f~! Fab~mw! civlj `mw h~bljwil‐w nij} a}mlh il z`f caii~ ic

z`f gfaa ml z`f Kbljblb tiamgf wzbzmil! blj `f bttfb~fj zi nf jfbj, Fab~mw meefjmbzfa} wivh`z z`f

`fat ic b aigba tiamzmgmbl Efenf~ ic Tb~ambeflz Ob}babz` Ob}bxb~jflf- xì ebjf mlrvm~mfw, X`fl



6:

Fab~mw ~fzv~lfj zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil `f xbw ziaj z`bz Abamz` `bj nffl zbkfl zi ^bhbeb Hflf~ba

@iwtmzba, Bz z`f ìwtmzba! Fab~mw civlj Abamz` il b wz~fzg`f~! wzmaa ml b wzbzf ic bttb~flz

vlgilwgmivwlfww, Abzf~ z`bz jb}! Bt~ma >4! Fab~mw blj Abamz`‐w eiz`f~ afb~lfj z`bz `f `bj nffl zbkfl

c~ie ^bhbeb Hflf~ba @iwtmzba zi z`f Lbzmilba @iwtmzba ml Giaieni,

Abamz` ~febmlfj ml b gietafzfa} vlgilwgmivw giljmzmil ci~ 26 jb}w c~ie Bt~ma >4, @f nfhbl zi~fgisf~ waixa} bczf~ z`mw tf~mij ic zmef blj nfhbl zi wtfbk! wiefzmefw xmz` gab~mz}! ila} bczf~ Eb}

27, Il Eb} 26! `f xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f ~feblj ìwtmzba ml Xfamkbjf, Bczf~ wfljmlh Abamz` zi z`f

ìwtmzba! z`f tiamgf `bj zi g~fbzf bl fptablbzmil ic ìx z`f wvwtfgz gbef zi `bsf z`fwf mlov~mfw, Ci~

z`mw tv~tiwf! z`f} itflfj z`~ff cmafw! zxi ~fabzmlh zi ~innf~} g`b~hfw blj ilf ic bzzfetzmlh zi ~fwmwz

b~~fwz! x`mg` ~fwvazfj ml z`f tiamgf gabmemlh z`bz z`f} lffjfj zi vwf ‖emlmeve ci~gf– zi wvnjvf z`f

smgzme,

Z`fl z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ziik z`fwf cmafw zi bl bgzmlh ebhmwz~bzf blj! xmzìvz t~ijvgmlh z`f wvwtfgz

nfci~f z`f ebhmwz~bzf! hiz bl i~jf~ zi ~feblj `me ml gvwzij}, Il z`mw nbwmw! Abamz` xbw ml ~feblj

gvwzij} vlzma Eb} 28, Il z`bz jb}! x`fl bl bttamgbzmil xbw ebjf ci~ nbma! z`f ebhmwz~bzf sbgbzfjz`mw i~jf~ il z`f nbwmw z`bz z`f i~mhmlba i~jf~! ebjf xmzìvz t~ijvgmlh z`f wvwtfgz! xbw maafhba,

B gietabmlz il nf`bac ic Abamz` ^bobtbkwf xbw ebjf zi z`f ebhmwz~bzf ic z`f Xbzzbab Ebhmwz~bzf‐w

Giv~z vljf~ Bgz Li >> ic 2==:, Mz ~fwtfgzcvaa} ~frvfwzfj z`bz z`f ebzzf~ nf n~ivh`z zi z`f lizmgf ic

z`f Bzzi~lf}Hflf~ba ic W~m Ablkb blj nf mlsfwzmhbzfj blj t~iwfgvzfj n} z`f wtfgmba vlmz cvlgzmilmlh

vljf~ z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba ci~ z`f flci~gfeflz ic z`f Bgz, Z`f giv~z h~blzfj afbsf zi bttfba blj

i~jf~fj z`f ~fwtiljflzw nf hmsfl lizmgf, Z`f ivzgief ic z`bz gbwf! blj iz`f~ fsflzw! b~f jfzbmafj ml

b wftb~bzf wfgzmil il z`f gbwf icAbamz` ^bobtbkwf ml bliz`f~ B@^G ̀ zzt?))xxx,`vebl~mh`zw,bwmb -

tvnamgbzmil,

>6, F~mg K~bef~? ‑Zfaa z`f z~vz` i~ }iv xmaa nf kmaafj―

F~mg Blzvlmb K~bef~! b :7%}fb~%iaj cbz`f~ ic z`~ff! ic Kbzvlb}bkf ml Giaieni! mw b xfajmlh

efg`blmg ci~ Gf}ail H~bml Fafsbzi~w Azj, Z`f gietbl}! x`mg` t~ijvgfw tivaz~} ciij blj mw ixlfj

n} b Wmlhbti~f lbzmilba! `bw fetai}fj `me wmlgf 2==6, Bz bnivz :?74te il >0 Eb} >44>! Tm}bjbwb!

b gietbl} wfgv~mz} iccmgf~! bwkfj K~bef~ zi mjflzmc} zxi ip}hfl g}amljf~w z`bz `f vwfj ci~ xfajmlh!

x`mg` F~mg jmj, Zxi iz`f~ efenf~w ic z`f gietbl}! Lfma Ob}bxff~b blj Wzblaf} G`~mwzit`f~! blj b

tiamgf wvn%mlwtfgzi~ c~ie z`f Evzvxba Tiamgf wzbzmil bawi rvfwzmilfj `me mlwmjf bl iccmgf ic z`f

gietbl}‐w wfgv~mz} jmsmwmil, Z`f} bwkfj ìx z`fwf ip}hfl g}amljf~w! x`mg` eb} `bsf nffl vwfj ml

bl bzzfetzfj nv~hab~} il z`f gietbl}‐w eilf} wbcf! xf~f civlj il z`f civ~z` caii~ ic z`f nvmajmlh,

F~mg ~fwtiljfj z`bz `f jmj liz klix, Bz bnivz 3te `f xbw zbkfl zi z`f Evzvxba tiamgf wzbzmil ml b

offt,

Bczf~ nfmlh ml jfzflzmil ci~ bnivz bl ìv~! z`f IMG G~mefw! z`f WM xì b~~fwzfj F~mg blj zxi iz`f~

iccmgf~w xfb~mlh gmsmambl gaiz`fw nfhbl zi zi~zv~f `me, Z`f WM nfbz `me xmz` baa isf~ `mw nij} fpgftz

`mw `fbj xmz` b afbz`f~ nfaz! blj z`f IMG G~mefw wabttfj `me blj kmgkfj `me zxmgf, @f xbw z`fl

http://www.humanrights.asia/






66

`faj n} `mw `bm~ blj zbkfl lfb~ z`f xmljix! zi wìx Wzblaf} G`~mwzit`f~ z`bz `f xbw nfmlh nfbzfl

n} baa civ~ ic z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w, Bczf~xb~jw! F~mg xbw zbkfl zi bliz`f~ ~iie n} z`f WM blj zxi

iz`f~ iccmgf~w! ziaj zi amf jixl blj nfbzfl il z`f wiafw ic `mw cffz blj baa isf~ `mw nij} xmz` b

afbz`f~ nfaz blj xiijfl tiafw ci~ bnivz zxi ìv~w, Bz bnivz >be il Eb} >=! z`f IMG G~mefw

nfgbef j~vlk blj tvz b afbz`f~ nfaz b~ivlj F~mg‐w lfgk! zmh`zflfj mz blj z`~fbzflfj `me? ‖Zfaa z`f

z~vz`! i~ }iv xmaa nf kmaafj,– Z`f lfpz jb}! Eb} 74! `f xbw ~fafbwfj bz bnivz =?:6te,

Il Ovlf 7! F~mg K~bef~ xbw zbkfl zi z`f Xf~babnbjjb tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f b wzbzfeflz xbw

~fgi~jfj n} b tiamgf iccmgf~ lbefj Tf~f~b! blj `f xbw kftz z`f~f isf~lmh`z, @f xbw rvfwzmilfj n}

z`f IMG ic z`bz tiamgf wzbzmil bz bnivz 24 be il Ovlf :, Bz bnivz 6te! z`mw iccmgf~ ziaj `me z`bz `f

xbw li ailhf~ b wvwtfgz ml bl} mlsfwzmhbzmil, F~mg K~bef~ gilzmlvfj zi wvccf~ c~ie z`f zi~zv~f

mlcamgzfj il `me! bw `f givaj liz xbak t~itf~a} nfgbvwf ic z`f nfbzmlhw il z`f wiafw ic `mw cffz blj

`f `bj g`fwz tbmlw, @f xflz zi b t~msbzf ìwtmzba ci~ efjmgba zfwzw, @f ebjf b gietabmlz zi z`f

G`mfc Ovwzmgf blj iz`f~ bvzì~mzmfw,

>3, B,^,A, Blbljb? Cbawfa} g`b~hfj ci~ ebkmlh zijj}

B,^,A,Blbljb! b 64%}fb~%iaj cb~ef~! xbw h~blzfj afbsf n} z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z zi t~igffj ml b

cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw tfzmzmil bczf~ baafhfja} nfmlh zi~zv~fj blj cbawfa} g`b~hfj n} zijj}%`vlzmlh

tiamgf, Blbljb baafhfw z`bz il 7 Ovlf >44>! Whzw Xmz`b~blb blj Efljmw ic z`f Jflm}b}b Tiamgf

wzbzmil gbef zi `mw ìef ml gmssmfw blj bmefj b tmwzia bz `me! bwkmlh ci~ zijj},

@f ziaj z`fe `f `bj li zijj}, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w z`fl nfhbl zi nfbz `me ml z`f t~fwflgf ic `mw

xmcf! n~iz`f~w blj wmp g`maj~fl ml b `vemambzmlh ebllf~, Z`f} z`fl i~jf~fj `me zi gief zi z`f

tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f `mw wmhlbzv~f xbw inzbmlfj il b nablk jigveflz! vljf~ z`~fbz, Abzf~ z`bz lmh`z!`f xbw ~fafbwfj c~ie tiamgf gvwzij}! xmz` b xb~lmlh z`bz `f wìvaj liz ebkf bl} gietabmlz zi bl}

`mh`f~ bvzì~mz}, Bczf~ `mw ~fafbwf! B,^,A,Blbljb xbw bjemzzfj zi Jflm}b}b Nbwf @iwtmzba ci~ wfsfl

jb}w, @f xbw bawi gietfaafj zi inzbml b}v~sfjmg ìefitbz`mg- z~fbzeflz,

Il afbsmlh z`f ìwtmzba! `f ebjf b gietabmlz zi z`f BWT ic Xfamhbeb%Bkv~fwwb b~fb, Ml ~fwtilwf!

il Ovlf 6! z`f IMG Jflm}b}b cmafj b tabmlz bhbmlwz B,^,A,Blbljb ml z`f Ei~bxbkb Ebhmwz~bzf‐w

Giv~z! g`b~hmlh `me xmz` z`f maafhba tiwwfwwmil ic 04 j~vew ic zijj}, @f tafbjfj liz hvmaz} zi z`f

g`b~hf blj baafhfj mz xbw bl bzzfetz zi gisf~ vt z`f zi~zv~f, Ml h~blzmlh afbsf zi t~igffj xmz` z`f

gbwf! z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z nflg` bawi jm~fgzfj z`f ^fhmwz~b~ zi gbaa ci~ efjmgba ~fti~zw c~ie z`f

ìwtmzba x`f~f tfzmzmilf~ Blbljb xbw xb~jfj bczf~ `f xbw baafhfja} bzzbgkfj n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w,

Z`f giv~z cv~z`f~ i~jf~fj z`f JMH ic Wivz`f~l T~ismlgf zi ci~xb~j b git} ic z`f ~fti~z wvnemzzfj

n} `me zi z`f giv~z,

>8, Xb~bhijbevjbamhf Hf~baj Ef~s}l Tf~f~b? Wv~smsmlh il amcf wvtti~z; abzf~ bwwbwwmlbzfj

ci~ gietabmlmlh ic zi~zv~f



63

Xb~bhijbevjbamhf Hf~baj Ef~s}l Tf~f~b b 7=%}fb~%iaj cbz`f~ ic zxi g`maj~fl xbw zi~zv~fj n} fmh`z

tiamgf iccmgf~w bz z`f Xbzzbab Tiamgf wzbzmil Giaieni-! ~fwvazmlh ml `me nfmlh tvz il b amcf%wvtti~z

w}wzfe, Il 7 Ovlf >44> bczf~ cmlmw`mlh `mw xi~k bz z`f Giaieni Jigk}b~j b~ivlj =be! Hf~baj

Tf~f~b xflz zi `mw eiz`f~‐w tabgf bz Baxmw Zixl, @bsmlh wtflz wief zmef z`f~f! b~ivlj 22be `f

xflz n} nvw zi Fkbab, Bz Fkbab `f nivh`z wief h~igf~mfw zi zbkf ìef blj z`fl ziik z`f Hbetb`b

nvw zi `mw ìef bz Hilbhb`b,

B~ivlj 2>?:6te `f hiz icc bz z`f Xfamkbjb ovlgzmil blj wzb~zfj xbakmlh zixb~jw `mw ìef,

Wvjjfla}! zxi tf~wilw j~fwwfj ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw h~bnnfj `me n} z`f `bljw blj ziik `me zi b offt

z`bz xbw tb~kfj lfb~n}! wb}mlh! ‖Mz‐w }iv xf xblz, Xf xf~f xbmzmlh zmaa }iv gbef–! blj tvw`fj `me

mlzi z`f offt, Wffmlh `mw xmcf blj z`~ff%}fb~%iaj wil mlwmjf z`f offt! Hf~baj bwkfj! ‖X`f~f mw iv~

jbvh`zf~9– Winnmlh w`f ~ftamfj! ‖Z`f} jmj liz baaix ef zi cfzg` `f~ c~ie z`f t~fwgìia,– ^fbamwmlh

z`bz z`f efl ml z`f offt xf~f tiamgf iccmgf~w! Hf~baj Tf~f~b tafbjfj xmz` z`fe! ‖Tafbwf giaafgz e}

jbvh`zf~ blj j~it z`f z`~ff ic z`fe bz e} wmwzf~‐w ìvwf ml Baxmw zixl,– Z`mw ~frvfwz xbw liz

`ffjfj, @mw xmcf blj wil xf~f j~ittfj il z`f ~ibjwmjf blj `f xbw zbkfl bxb} namljciajfj,

@f xbw liz hmsfl bl} ~fbwil ci~ `mw b~~fwz! afz bailf b xb~~blz mwwvfj n} b giv~z ic abx, Zfl iccmgf~w

xf~f t~fwflz bz z`f zmef ic z`f b~~fwz blj lilf ic z`fe xi~f tiamgf vlmci~e, @f xbw zbkfl mlzi z`f

Xbzzbab tiamgf wzbzmil blj xbw n~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj n} z`f iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`mw wzbzmil! lbefa}! IMG

Wflb Wv~bxff~b! WM Kiwbab Lbsb~bzlf! IMG G~mefw! WM Wv~fw` Hvlb~bzlf blj wfsf~ba iz`f~ tiamgf

iccmgf~w, Hf~baj Tf~f~b‐w `bljw xf~f zmfj nf`mlj `mw nbgk! `mw f}fw xf~f namljciajfj blj `f xbw `vlh

c~ie b nfbe blj n~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj ci~ bnivz ilf ìv~, @f xbw wfsf~fa} nfbzfl xmz` bl m~il nb~ il

`mw nbgk! afhw! bnjiefl! blj iz`f~ nij} tb~zw, Z`f~fbczf~ `f xbw vlzmfj blj n~ivh`z vtwzbm~w, @f

xbw abmj il z`f caii~ blj `mw `bljw xf~f nv~lz xmz` ebzg`fw,

@f xbw rvfwzmilfj bnivz b ev~jf~ gbwf ic x`mg` `f klfx liz`mlh! blj xbw kftz bz z`f wzbzmil il

z`f lmh`z ic Ovlf 7, B~ivlj 24be il Ovlf :! `mw n~iz`f~ ^blomz Tf~f~b smwmzfj z`f wzbzmil bailh xmz`

z`f G`bm~ebl blj Smgf G`bm~ebl ic z`f T~bj`fwm}b Wbn`b T~ismlgmba Givlgma- blj mlrvm~fj bnivz

`me c~ie z`f IMG, Z`f} xf~f ziaj z`bz Hf~baj Tf~f~b `bj nffl zbkfl mlzi gvwzij} jvf zi cbawf

mlci~ebzmil ~fabzmlh zi b z~mtaf ìemgmjf,

Hf~baj Tf~f~b xbw ~fafbwfj c~ie z`f tiamgf wzbzmil il z`f ei~lmlh ic Ovlf :, Gietabmlmlh ic wfsf~f

tbmlw! `f xbw zbkfl zi ]bkkbab Xmgk~beb~bg`g`m B}v~sfjmg @iwtmzba, Z`f jigzi~ xì fpbemlfj

`me bjsmwfj z`bz `f wìvaj nf zbkfl zi bl fef~hflg} ìwtmzba bw `f xbw ml b wf~mivw giljmzmil, @f

xbw z`fl zbkfl zi Lbxbaikb @iwtmzba ml Giaieni, X`maf ml z`f ìwtmzba Hf~baj Tf~f~b ebjf b

wzbzfeflz zi bl iccmgf~ c~ie bliz`f~ Tiamgf wzbzmil bnivz z`f zi~zv~f,

Hf~baj wv~smsfj z`f mlov~mfw blj z~fbzeflz! nvz xbw abzf~ kmaafj nfci~f hmsmlh fsmjflgf bhbmlwz z`f

tiamgf ml z`f @mh` Giv~z, Tafbwf smwmz z`f B@^G xfnwmzf ci~ cv~z`f~ jfzbmaw,

>0, @, Cilwfkb? Z`~ixl mlzi z`f ~msf~



68

Il : Ovlf >44> bl iccmgf~ klixl bw ‖Nipf~– Ob}bwmlh`f ic Tblbjv~b Tiamgf wzbzmil mw ~fgi~jfj bw

`bsmlh b~~fwzfj ilf @,Cilwfkb blj z`~ixl `me zxmgf mlzi z`f Tblbjv~b ^msf~, @, Cilwfkb! xì

eblbhfj zi fwgbtf z`f cm~wz zmef `f xbw z`~ixl ml! xbw gbvh`z blj bhbml z`~ixl mlzi z`f ~msf~ n}

‖Nipf~– Ob}bwmlh`f, Wief tfitaf mlzf~sflfj blj wbsfj `me, @f xbw vlgilwgmivw x`fl `f xbw

wbsfj! blj xivaj wv~fa} `bsf j~ixlfj nvz ci~ z`fm~ bwwmwzblgf, Z`f efjmgba ~fti~z ic Ovlf 3 c~ie

Tblbjv~b Nbwf @iwtmzba eflzmilfj wfsf~ba mlov~mfw jvf zi z`f bzzfetzfj j~ixlmlh, B gietabmlz ic bzzfetzfj ev~jf~ `bw nffl ebjf ml z`mw gbwf! nvz li bgzmil xbw zbkfl, Mz xbw bawi nffl n~ivh`z zi

z`f bzzflzmil ic z`f @^G,

>=, W`b}fj Eiìebj Mwwbw @vwwblf Eivablb? ‑Hmsf z`f mzfew"―

W`b}fj Eiìebj Mwwbw @vwwblf Eivablb xbw z`f ixlf~ ic z`f W`fk Efjmgba Gflz~f wmzvbzfj bz

Z`bkm}b Ovlgzmil! Nbljb~bhbeb, Il = Ova} >44>! zxi efl xmz` Z%63 hvlw blj MT T~bwbllb Wmasb! z`f

IMG ic Kfwfaxbzzf tiamgf wzbzmil! flzf~fj `mw ìvwf bz bnivz 24?74te! x`f~f `f xbw wmzzmlh xmz` `mw

bwwmwzblz! Nbnb, Z`f} gbef ml b tiamgf offt blj b sbl! nvz lilf xf~f xfb~mlh vlmci~e,

Z`f IMG tvz b ~fsiasf~ ml Nbnb‐w eivz` blj wbmj! ‖Hmsf z`f mzfew" Nbjvzmkb jfftbl"-,–

MT T~bwbllb zv~lfj blj bwkfj Fobl! ‖B~f }iv Fobl Eivablb9– zi x`mg` `f ~ftamfj z`bz `f xbw,

Z`f IMG z`fl nfhbl vwmlh inwgflf ablhvbhf blj z`~fbzflfj `me wb}mlh! ‖Mc }iv jil‐z xblz zi hfz

nfbzfl vt hmsf vw z`f zxi sf`mgafw xi~z` z`m~z} abk`w ^w, 744!444- blj z`f iz`f~ z`mlh,– Bw Fobl jmj

liz klix x`bz z`f iccmgf~ xbw zbakmlh bnivz `f xbw wìgkfj blj ovwz wzb}fj eizmilafww! liz

klixmlh ìx zi ~fta}, MT T~bwbllb z`fl `mz `me xmz` `mw `blj blj nfhbl zi wfb~g` baa isf~ z`f

ìvwf! itflfj z`f gvtnib~jw blj zbkmlh z`mlhw ivz! z`~ixmlh z`fe ilzi z`f caii~, @f nfbz Fobl

~ftfbzfja} blj nblhfj `mw `fbj bhbmlwz b xbaa wmp zmefw,

Z`f~fbczf~ z`f zxi smgzmew xf~f tvz mlwmjf b sbl blj zbkfl zi z`f W`fk Efjmgba Gflz~f, Z`f

bwwbmablzw wfb~g`fj z`f efjmgba gflz~f! tvaamlh z`mlhw ivz ic gvtnib~jw blj aiikfj fsf~}x`f~f, MT

T~bwbllb z`fl tvw`fj Fobl mlzi b xbaa! tvw`fj `mw `fbj bhbmlwz mz blj bwwbvazfj `me ~ftfbzfja},

Bazihfz`f~ z`mw fsflz ziik bnivz 74 emlvzfw, Bczf~xb~jw! Fobl Eivablb xbw zbkfl zi z`f Kfwfaxbzzf

tiamgf wzbzmil! bwwbvazfj bhbml! blj ziaj zi zfaa z`f z~vz` i~ iz`f~xmwf `f xivaj nf `vlh vt blj

nfbzfl, Bczf~ z`mw `f xbw tvz ml b gfaa,

Cmlbaa}! `f xbw ~fafbwfj bz 2?74te il Ova} 2! bczf~ nfmlh ci~gfj zi wmhl b jigveflz! z`f gilzflzw ic

x`mg` xf~f liz ~fsfbafj zi `me, Bczf~ nfmlh ~fafbwfj Fobl Eivablb xflz zi `mw wmwzf~‐w ìvwf bzTblbjv~b blj z`fl flzf~fj z`f Tblbjv~b @iwtmzba, @f ebjf b wzbzfeflz zi z`f Tblbjv~b ìwtmzba

tiamgf tiwz, @f xbw jmwg`b~hfj c~ie z`f ìwtmzba bz bnivz :te il Ova} 2>, @f xbw bjsmwfj zi zbkf

cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz, @f abzf~ afb~lfj z`bz z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w flzf~mlh `mw ìvwf `bj ziaj tfitaf z`bz `f

xbw b z`mfc; ìxfsf~! li g`b~hfw `bj nffl abmj bhbmlwz `me! i~! zi `mw klixafjhf! `bj gietabmlzw

ebjf n} bl}ilf, Li~ `bj bl} ebhmwz~bzf mwwvfj bl b~~fwz xb~~blz ci~ fmz`f~ ic z`f smgzmew ic z`mw

mlgmjflz, Fobl Eivablb ebjf gietabmlzw zi z`f IMG Tblbjv~b! WTT Tblbjv~b blj @^G, B



60

cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw bttamgbzmil xbw ebjf zi z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z bhbmlwz MT T~bwbllb! z`f MHT blj

Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba,

74, Zfllfkiil Nbljb? ‑X`f~f mw z`f zijj}9―

F`babhijb Hfjb~b Zfllfkiil Nbljb! b 73%}fb~%iaj cb~ef~ blj cbz`f~ ic z`~ff g`maj~fl! xbw

b~~fwzfj bz `mw ìef ml Tf~bkblbzzf! Xmahbevxb! bz bnivz 8?74te il 2> Ovlf >44> n} zxi tiamgf

iccmgf~w c~ie z`f Xmahbevxb Tiamgf wzbzmil, @f xbw z`fl zbkfl blj ef~gmafwwa} bwwbvazfj jv~mlh z`f

lmh`z n} WM Lbaml Hvlbxb~jflf blj TG ^bzlb}bkf Li, >74:-,

X`maf nfmlh zi~zv~fj `f xbw bwkfj! ‖X`f~f mw z`f kbwwmtv zijj}- blj jbhb~b b ~bx ebzf~mba vwfj zi

ebkf zijj}-9–

Z`fwf rvfwzmilw mljmgbzf z`bz z`f tiamgf eb} `bsf nffl hmsfl b zmt%icc n} wiefilf z`bz Zfllfkiil

Nbljb xbw flhbhfj ml z`f maamgmz amrvi~ nvwmlfww, Giemlh c~ie b jffta} Nvjj`mwz cbema} xmz` bn~iz`f~ xì mw b eilk! Zfllfkiil Nbljb `bj liz nffl mlsiasfj ml bl} wvg` bgzmsmz}, X`maf nfmlh

zi~zv~fj! `f ziaj z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w z`bz `f `bj `bj wv~hf~} zxmgf liz ailh bhi blj wìxfj z`f

eb~kw il `mw aixf~ bnjiefl, @ixfsf~! z`mw ebjf li met~fwwmil il z`f tiamgf! bw z`f} gilzmlvfj zi

nfbz `me,

Bz bnivz liil il Ovlf 27! z`f tiamgf ~fafbwfj Zfllfkiil Nbljb zi `mw xmcf blj `mw wmwzf~‐w wil! ml b

g~mzmgba giljmzmil, @f xbw liz g`b~hfj xmz` bl}z`mlh, @f givaj liz fbz! givaj liz zbak blj givaj liz

xbak, @f xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f Kiailhijb Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba x`f~f `f xbw z~fbzfj vlzma Ovlf >2,

Z`f bjemzzmlh jigzi~ ~fgi~jfj `mw mlov~mfw bw mlgavjmlh gilzvwmilw il z`f mlwmjf ic `mw vttf~ amt! il

z`f nbgk ic `mw wìvajf~! il `mw ci~f`fbj! blj il niz` `bljw, Nfgbvwf ic z`f zi~zv~f! z`f cb~ef~ xbw

vlbnaf zi ji `mw xi~k ci~ b gilwmjf~bnaf tf~mij ic zmef,

72, Oblbkb # Zmabl Tf~f~b? Bwwbvazfj xmzìvz klixmlh x`}

Kbwzv~m B~~g`mhf Oblbkb Tf~f~b blj Eb`beb~bkkbahf Zmabl Tf~f~b b~f n~iz`f~w%ml%abx xì amsf ml z`f

wbef ~fwmjflgf ml Tblbjv~b, Bz bnivz 6te il >0 Ovlf >44>! TG Aba Hvlbz`mabkb blj wfsfl iz`f~

tiamgf iccmgf~w b~~msfj bz z`fm~ ìef xmz` zxi eizi~g}gafw blj b z`~ff%x`ffaf~, Wfsf~ba ic z`f

iccmgf~w meefjmbzfa} bwwbvazfj niz` z`f efl! `mzzmlh blj kmgkmlh z`fe! j~bhhmlh z`fe bailh z`f ~ibj

blj cmlbaa} tvzzmlh z`fe ml z`f z`~ff%x`ffaf~, Bz z`f zmef! lilf ic z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w xf~f xfb~mlh

vlmci~ew i~ bl}z`mlh zi mjflzmc} z`fe bw tiamgf iccmgf~w ml bl} iz`f~ xb},

Oblbkb blj Zmabl Tf~f~b xf~f zbkfl zi z`f Tblbjv~b Tiamgf wzbzmil xmzìvz nfmlh ziaj z`f ~fbwil ci~

z`fm~ b~~fwz,

Bz z`f wzbzmil! z`f} xf~f bhbml bwwbvazfj n} wfsf~ba tiamgf iccmgf~w afj n} TG Aba, Bczf~ z`mw! bz bnivz

24?74 te! zxi iccmgf~w ziik z`fe zi z`f Tblbjv~b @iwtmzba, B efjmgba iccmgf~ fpbemlfj z`f efl



6=

blj bjsmwfj z`fe z`bz z`f} lffjfj zi nf ìwtmzbamwfj ci~ cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz, Z`f zxi iccmgf~w ~fcvwfj

zi baaix z`fe zi nf ìwtmzbamwfj, Z`f} xf~f z`fl zbkfl nbgk zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil blj cv~z`f~

bwwbvazfj n} wfsf~ba iccmgf~w, Z`f} xf~f z`fl tvz mlwmjf b tiamgf gfaa blj wtflz z`f lmh`z z`f~f,

Bz bnivz 3?74te il Ovlf >= z`f zxi efl xf~f n~ivh`z ivz ic z`f gfaa blj t~ijvgfj nfci~f WM

Am}blb~bg`g`m! xì wxi~f bz z`fe inwgflfa}! z`~fbzflfj zi n~fbk z`fm~ `bljw blj afhw! blj zi kmaaz`fe, Bczf~ z`mw z`f} xf~f ci~gfj zi wmhl wzbzfeflzw! z`f gilzflzw ic x`mg` xf~f liz fptabmlfj zi

z`fe, Bz li timlz xf~f z`f} mlci~efj ic x`} z`f} `bj nffl jfzbmlfj, Z`f} xf~f wvnwfrvflza}

h~blzfj nbma blj ziaj zi bttfb~ bz z`f Tblbjv~b Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z il Ova} >! bczf~ x`mg` z`f} xf~f

bhbml ~fafbwfj il nbma,

Oblbkb Tf~f~b xflz jm~fgza} zi z`f Tblbjv~b Nbwf @iwtmzba bczf~ `mw ~fafbwf c~ie z`f tiamgf wzbzmil

blj xbw xb~jfj z`f~f vlzma emjjb} il Ova} 2, @f ebjf b wzbzfeflz zi z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf tiwz x`maf

z`f~f, Bczf~ afbsmlh z`f ìwtmzba `f nfhbl zi siemz naiij! wi `f bhbml xflz ci~ efjmgba `fat! z`mw

zmef bz z`f Kbavnixmab Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba! c~ie x`f~f `f xbw jm~fgzfj zi hi zi z`f Lbzmilba

@iwtmzba ml Giaieni ci~ wtfgmba z~fbzeflz, Z`f~fbczf~! `mw liwf xbw itf~bzfj il wfsf~ba zmefw, ZmablTf~f~b `bw nffl zbkmlh b}v~sfjmg ìefitbz`mg- z~fbzeflz, Z`f efl aijhfj b cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw

bttamgbzmil xmz` z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z! bhbmlwz TG Aba! WM Am}blb~g`m! z`f IMG Tblbjv~b! z`f MHT blj

z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba,

7>, Ebajflm Tm}b~bzlf? Nfbzfl zi jfbz` ml vljf~ :6 emlvzfw

Ebajflm Kblkblbebhf Tm}b~bzlf! b 77%}fb~%iaj cbz`f~ ic ilf! inzbmlfj b wtfgmba jfh~ff ml iiaih} ml

2==3, Bczf~ h~bjvbzmil! `f xi~kfj bw b ~fwfb~g` bwwmwzblz il b t~iofgz giljvgzfj n} z`f Mlzf~lbzmilba

Xbzf~ Eblbhfeflz Mlwzmzvzf MXEM- ml giaabni~bzmil xmz` z`f Vlmsf~wmz} ic Tf~bjflm}b!Jftb~zeflz ic _iiaih}, Il >= Ovlf >44>! Ebajflm xbw bjemzzfj zi Tf~bjflm}b Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba

xmz` b cfsf~, Nfci~f bjemwwmil zi z`f ìwtmzba! naiij zfwzw xf~f zbkfl blj zfwz ~fti~zw wìxfj z`bz

z`f naiij xbw li~eba, Bczf~ bjemwwmil! naiij wbetafw xf~f bhbml zbkfl blj wflz ci~ b ~fti~z! x`mg`

xbw ~fgfmsfj il Ova} 7,

@mw xmcf! Lmaemlm @f~bz! smwmzfj `me bz z`f ìwtmzba z`bz ei~lmlh! blj `f `bj nffl rvmzf li~eba blj

zbakfj zi `f~ ml z`f vwvba xb},

Bz bnivz 24?74be il Ova} 7! ilf ic Ebajflm Tm}b~bzlf‐w giaafbhvfw! ^blbwmlh`f! gbaafj Lmaemlm zi wb}

z`bz tiamgf xf~f bwwbvazmlh `f~ `vwnblj n} z`f tiamgf lfb~ z`f Hbzbnf Zfetaf, Z`mw giaafbhvf! xì

`bj nffl tbwwmlh z`f tabgf il b nvw! `bj wffl Tm}b~bzlf nfmlh nfbzfl blj `bj afcz z`f nvw zimlzf~sflf, Z`f giaafbhvf ziaj z`f tiamgf ic `mw blj Ebajflm‐w mjflzmz} blj bwkfj z`fe liz zi nfbz

`me, Bz z`mw zmef! Ebajflm wzmaa `bj b gblvab bzzbg`fj zi `mw `blj blj xbw xfb~mlh z`f wb~ilh `f `bj

il ml z`f ìwtmzba, Niz` ic z`fwf mljmgbzfj z`bz `f xbw bl ml%tbzmflz! ìxfsf~! jfwtmzf z`mw blj

^blbwmlh`f‐w bwwv~blgfw! `f xbw g`bwfj bxb}! blj Ebajflm Tm}b~bzlf xbw zbkfl zi z`f lfb~n}

Tf~bjflm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil,



34

^blbwmlh`f ~vw`fj zi z`f vlmsf~wmz} blj gbef nbgk zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil xmz` T~ic, Tb~bkk~beb

Kb~vlb~bzlf zi mlzf~sflf il `mw giaafbhvf‐w nf`bac, Z`f zmef mz ziik ci~ z`f zxi efl zi ~fzv~l zi z`f

tiamgf wzbzmil xbw li ei~f z`bl 74 emlvzfw, @ixfsf~! n} z`f zmef z`f} b~~msfj z`f tiamgf wzbzmil

xbw nfmlh xbw`fj gafbl ic naiij! blj z`f} xf~f ziaj n} z`f tiamgf z`bz Ebajflm `bj nffl zbkfl zi

ìwtmzba, Bz z`mw zmef Lmaemlm @f~bz bawi b~~msfj blj wbx z`f naiij nfmlh xbw`fj icc,

Z`f xìaf mlgmjflz! gbvwmlh xivljw z`bz fljfj ml z`f smgzme‐w jfbz`! `bj zbkfl ila} btt~ipmebzfa}

:6 emlvzfw, Z`mw wvhhfwzw bl fpz~fefa} n~vzba z}tf ic bwwbvaz, Lmaemlm @f~bz ~vw`fj zi Tb~bjflm}b

Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba blj wbx `f~ `vwnblj il b z~iaaf}, Z`f~f xf~f xivljw il `mw `bljw blj cbgf! blj

`f xbw naffjmlh; `f xbw wzmaa bamsf, @mw `bljw blj cffz ~febmlfj nivlj xmz` m~il gvccw, Bggi~jmlh zi

`f~! z`f jigzi~w `bj bzzfetzfj zi hmsf `me ip}hfl nvz xf~f `betf~fj n} z`f g`bmlw il `mw `bljw

blj cffz, Z`f tiamgf xflz nbgk zi z`f wzbzmil zi hfz z`f kf}w ci~ z`f aigkw! nvz n} z`f zmef z`f}

~fzv~lfj! Ebajflm xbw jfbj,

Lmaemlm @f~bz meefjmbzfa} aijhfj b gietabmlz wzbzmlh z`bz z`f Tf~bjflm}b tiamgf xf~f ~fwtilwmnaf

ci~ `f~ `vwnblj‐w jfbz`, Z`f IMG Tf~bjflm}b mw K,E,W, Nisfab, B tiwz ei~zfe mlrvm~} giljvgzfjn} z`f OEI bz Kblj} @iwtmzba ~fsfbafj mlov~mfw zi z`f `fbj bw xfaa bw iz`f~ tb~zw ic z`f nij}, Z`f~f

xbw wtfgvabzmil bw zi ìx Tm}b~bzlf gbef zi nf ivz ic z`f ìwtmzba liz ailh bczf~ `mw xmcf `bj wffl

`me wmzzmlh blj zbakmlh li~ebaa}, Wief mlofgzmil eb} `bsf nffl bjemlmwzf~fj zi `me! gbvwmlh eflzba

jmwi~mflzbzmil, @ixfsf~! li fptablbzmil xbw iccf~fj i~ gilcm~efj, Z`f ~fbwilw ci~ z`f tiamgf

bgzmilw xf~f gietafzfa} vlklixl,

77, Wvwma Ob}babz`? B e}wzf~mivw cbaa

Vjvxb Xmjblfabhf Wvwma Ob}babz`! b 2=%}fb~%iaj ic Wbtvhbwkbljb! xbw b~~fwzfj xmz` zxi iz`f~tfitaf, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f cbema}! x`fl z`f tiamgf b~~fwzfj `me `f xbw j~mlkmlh c~ie b gigilvz ml bl

b~fb x`f~f z`f tiamgf `bj ebjf b ~bmj bhbmlwz j~vh%vwf~w, Z`f cbema} ebmlzbmlw z`bz z`f ni} jmj liz

vwf bl} j~vhw blj ml cbgz `f jmj liz fsfl weikf, T~fgmwfa} x`bz `bttflfj zi Wvwma bczf~ `mw b~~fwz

~febmlw b e}wzf~}, X`bz mw gf~zbml! ìxfsf~! mw z`bz `f jmfj il >= Ovlf >44> x`maf ml gvwzij} ic z`f

Wbtvhbwkbljb tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f efjmgba ~fti~z mwwvfj n} jigzi~w bz Giaieni Li~z` Zfbg`mlh

@iwtmzba mljmgbzfw z`bz mlov~mfw zi `mw aixf~ nij} xf~f gilwmwzflz xmz` navlz ci~gf z}tf mlov~mfw

wvwzbmlfj jvf zi jm~fgz naixw, Z`f aixf~ mlov~} mw gilwmwzflz xmz` bl mlov~} wvwzbmlfj jvf zi kmgkmlh

blj z`f vttf~ mlov~} mw gilwmwzflz xmz` mlov~} jvf zi b jm~fgz naix il z`f nbgk xmz` b navlz xfbtil

wvg` bw b xiijfl tiaf, @ixfsf~! bggi~jmlh zi z`f efjmgba ~fti~z! `mw jfbz` xbw liz gbvwfj n} z`fwf

mlov~mfw; ~bz`f~! z`f ~fti~z inwf~sfj? ‖Z`f mlov~mfw zi z`f `fbj! nbgk blj z`f fanix eflzmilfj bnisf! x`fl zbkfl zihfz`f~! b~f gilwmwzflz xmz` mlov~mfw wvwzbmlfj jvf zi z`f nij} ci~gmna} giemlh mlzi

gilzbgz xmz` b `b~j! ~ivh` wv~cbgf wvg` bw zb~~fj%~ibj- ciaaixmlh b nbgkxb~j cbaa xmz` wief beivlz

ic eisfeflz z`f~fbczf~,–

Z`f cbema} gabmew z`bz z`f ni} xbw z`~ixl ivz ic z`f sbl ml x`mg` z`f tiamgf xf~f zbkmlh `me, Z`f

tiamgf gabme `f ovetfj, X`bz mw liz ml jmwtvzf mw z`bz t~mi~ zi fmz`f~ nfmlh z`~ixl c~ie z`f sbl i~

ovetmlh c~ie mz! Wvwma Ob}babz` xbw ml tiamgf gvwzij}! blj `bj nffl nfbzfl n} z`f b~~fwzmlh iccmgf~w,



32

Il ~fgfmtz ic z`f efjmgba ~fti~z! z`f ebhmwz~bzf bz Hbetb`b Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z mwwvfj mlwz~vgzmilw

ci~ b cvaa mlrvm~}, Zi jbzf z`f gbwf `bw liz }fz vljf~hilf b g~memlba mlsfwzmhbzmil bw ~frvm~fj n} z`f

g~memlba t~igfjv~f- abx i~ b ovjmgmba mlrvm~} bw ~frvm~fj vljf~ z`f abx, Z`mw gbwf afj zi z`f ab~hfwz

t~izfwz n} z`f tfitaf ic z`f Wbtvhbwkbljb b~fb ml ~fgflz zmefw, Z`f tiamgf `bj zi nf ~feisfj c~ie

z`f b~fb! blj z`f emamzb~} `bj zi nf jftai}fj zi n~mlh z`f wmzvbzmil vljf~ gilz~ia, Z`f t~izfwz

wìxfj b sf~} jfft%wfbzfj ~fwflzeflz bhbmlwz z`f t~bgzmgfw ic z`f tiamgf,

7:, B~z`v~ Smz`blhf # Blvw`b Smz`blb? ‑]iv xmaa niz` nf tvz ml z`f ìvwf blj nv~lfj―

B~z`v~ Smz`blbhf! 34%}fb~w%iaj! blj Blvw`b Smz`blb! >4%}fb~w%iaj! b~f b cbz`f~ blj jbvh`zf~ amsmlh

ml Ismzmhbab! Ebz`vhbeb, Bz bnivz 2te il 74 Ovlf >44>! b h~ivt ic tiamgf iccmgf~w c~ie

Ebz`vhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil b~~msfj bz z`fm~ ìvwf ml b tiamgf offt,

Ila} z`f j~msf~ xi~f b vlmci~e, WM Z`fllfkilf flzf~fj z`f t~itf~z} blj nfhbl wb}mlh ml ~fcf~flgf

zi B~z`v~ Smz`blbhf‐w wil! ‖]iv t~iwzmzvzf jih Zì sfwb nbaab-! x`f~f mw Ob}blz`b9– B~z`v~ Smz`blbhf xbw nfbzfl xmz` b gavn blj j~bhhfj zi z`f nbgk ic z`f ìvwf, X`maf `f xbw j~bhhfj `f

cfaa jixl wfsf~ba zmefw, @f xbw tvaafj vt fbg` zmef `f cfaa jixl blj xbw nfbzfl,

Bw `f~ cbz`f~ xbw nfmlh nfbzfl! `mw jbvh`zf~ Blvw`b ~bl zixb~jw `me, Whz Smz`blb `mz `f~ xmz` b

nbzil wb}mlh! ‖Hi t~iwzmzvzf hm~a! cmlj }iv~ n~iz`f~ Tbab}bl sfwb kfaaf! b}}bxb hm`ml ì}btbl-–,

B~z`v~ Smz`blbhf xbw j~bhhfj mlzi z`f nbgk ic z`f ìvwf blj nfbzfl n} niz` WM Z`fllfkilf blj

Whz Bomz` Smz`blb, Bl iccmgf~ wbmj! ‖Afz vw nfbz blj n~fbk z`f afh ic z`mw iaj cfaaix! z`fl `mw wil xmaa

gief ~vllmlh c~ie x`f~fsf~ `f mw,–

X`fl `mw jbvh`zf~ bhbml mlzf~sflfj wb}mlh! ‖Ji liz `mz e} cbz`f~–! WM Z`fllfkilf `mz `f~ bljtvw`fj `f~,

B~z`v~ xbw z`fl j~bhhfj zi z`f tiamgf offt x`maf nfmlh nfbzfl n} Whz Smz`blb! xì wìvzfj! ‖Hfz ml!

}iv wil ic b t~iwzmzvzf!– blj tvw`fj `me mlwmjf, @f xbw nfbzfl cv~z`f~ mlwmjf z`f tiamgf offt! blj

`mw `fbj xbw tvw`fj ilzi bl m~il nb~,

Whz Smz`blb cv~z`f~ z`~fbzflfj Blvw`b n} wb}mlh ! ‖Z`mw iaj cfaaix blj }iv xmaa niz` nf tvz mlwmjf

z`f ìvwf blj nv~lfj,– WM Z`fllfkilf z`~fbzflfj zi ~btf blj kmaa `f~! wb}mlh z`bz! ‖Xf xmaa kmaa `f~

bczf~ tab}mlh xmz` `f~ Btm efkmxb eb~bllf efkmz` fkkb wfabekb~bab fsfb~xfab-,–

B~z`v~ Smz`blbhf xbw zbkfl zi z`f Ebz`vhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f Whz Smz`blb gilzmlvfj nfbzmlh `me, TG Am}blbhf Li, >3233- blj TG Blma Li, 276:7- ‚ xì `bj z~bsfaafj zihfz`f~ xmz` z`f tb~z}

ml z`f offt ‚ bawi nfbz `me! ml z`f t~fwflgf ic bnivz 26 iz`f~w, Z`fl `f xbw tvz mlwmjf b tiamgf gfaa,

@f xbw zbkfl ivz bz bnivz 2>?74te z`f lfpz jb}! Ova} 2, @f xbw z`~fbzflfj z`bz `mw wil‐w `bljw blj

afhw xivaj nf n~ikfl, @f xbw ziaj zi wmhl b wzbzfeflz blj z`fl tvz nbgk ml z`f tiamgf gfaa bhbml, @f

xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebz`vhbeb Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z bz bnivz >te z`f wbef jb}! xmz` z`f g`b~hf

ic `fatmlh b wvwtfgz fwgbtf! blj z`f ebhmwz~bzf hbsf `me nbma,



3>

B~z`v~ Smz`blbhf xbw ìwtmzbamwfj z`f wbef jb}! vlzma Ova} 7, X`maf ml ìwtmzba `f ebjf b gietabmlz

zi z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf, Abzf~ `f ebjf gietabmlzw zi z`f BWT Kbavz`b~b! z`f MHT blj z`f @^G, Z`f

Kbavz`b~b Hflf~ba @iwtmzba efjmgba ~fti~z mljmgbzfj ‖h~mfsivw mlov~mfw,,, wvccmgmflz ml z`f i~jmlb~}

giv~wf ic lbzv~f zi gbvwf jfbz`– mlcamgzfj xmz` b navlz xfbtil,

B cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw bttamgbzmil il `mw gbwf xbw bawi aijhfj ml z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z bhbmlwz z`ftiamgf iccmgf~w mlsiasfj ml z`f bwwbvaz! z`f IMG ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f MHT blj z`f Bzzi~lf}

Hflf~ba,

76, Z,K,@m~bl ^bwmkb # F,B Kbwvl Ebjvwblkb? Zi~zv~f ic g`maj~fl

Il 0 Ova} >44> zxi g`maj~fl wzvj}mlh bz Emaamkb Eb`bsmj}bab @mh` Wgìia-! xf~f b~~fwzfj blj zbkfl

zi z`f @mlmjveb Tiamgf wzbzmil isf~ b z`fcz c~ie z`f wgìia gblzffl, Z`f zxi xf~f 24%}fb~%iaj

Z,K,@m~bl ^bwmkb! c~ie h~bjf 6! blj 2>% }fb~%iaj F,B Kbwvl Ebjvwblkb! c~ie h~bjf 0, Bggi~jmlh

zi @m~bl! z`f n~iz`f~ ic z`f wgìia gblzffl iccmgf~! Hbebg`mhf Wbebl! gbef zi `mw ìvwf bz bnivz3te il 0 Ova} >44> blj gbaafj ci~ `me zi hi zi z`f @mlmjveb Tiamgf wzbzmil ~fhb~jmlh wief z`fczw,

@m~bl ~fcvwfj zi hi! blj wì~za} bczf~ Hbebg`mhf gbef nbgk xmz` zxi iccmgf~w c~ie z`f tiamgf

wzbzmil! xì xf~f liz ml vlmci~e, Z`f} ziik @m~bl blj Kbwvl zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil zihfz`f~, Bw z`f}

xflz! ilf ic z`f zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w tvaafj @m~bl n} `mw fb~ blj `bm~ blj wbmj! ‖Kbwvl n~ikf mlzi z`f

gblzffl! li9 Kbwvl gblzflb kbjvxb! lfjb9-–, Z`f gblzffl iccmgf~ blj `mw n~iz`f~ xf~f z`f~f,

Bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil z`f ni}w xf~f ziaj zi bjemz z`fm~ mlsiasfeflz ml z`f z`fcz, Zxi iccmgf~w nfhbl

bwwbvazmlh @m~bl! zfaamlh `me zi wb} z`bz Kbwvl n~ikf mlzi z`f wgìia gblzffl, Z`f} bawi zi~zv~fj

Kbwvl! jfebljmlh z`bz `f bjemz zi n~fbkmlh mlzi z`f wgìia gblzffl,

Z`f ni}w xf~f cm~wz ebjf zi klffa il z`f caii~ mlwmjf b ~iie bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil blj xf~f ziaj zi

wz~fzg` ivz z`fm~ b~ew! x`maf `fbs} inofgzw gisf~fj xmz` tiamgf vlmci~ew xf~f tabgfj il `mw `bljw,

Bczf~ wief zmef! z`f} xf~f ziaj zi hfz vt blj ìaj niz` fb~w blj zi kfft il ovetmlh,

Z`f~fbczf~! @m~bl xbw `mz xmz` gavnw il `mw afhw! z`mh`w! blj z`f nbgk ic `mw nij}, Inofgzw xf~f

mlwf~zfj vljf~ `mw cmlhf~lbmaw, @mw `bm~ xbw tvaafj xmz` tamf~w, @mw tflmw xbw tvaafj wfsf~ba zmefw! `f

xbw `vlh vt n} z`f afhw! blj z`f wiafw ic `mw cffz xf~f nfbzfl xmz` b gavn,

Kbwvl xbw bawi `mz xmz` gavnw il `mw afhw! z`mh`w! blj z`f nbgk ic `mw nij}! z`fl `mw zfwzmgafw xf~f

tvz mlwmjf b j~bxf~ blj z`f j~bxf~ gaiwfj, @mw cmlhf~lbmaw xf~f tvaafj, Z`f tiamgf bwwbvaz ziik tabgf

c~ie bnivz 3?26te zi 2>te! x`fl! jvf zi mlzflwf tbml blj wvccf~mlh! Kbwvl nfgbef xmaamlh zi

bjemz zi n~fbkmlh mlzi z`f gblzffl,

@ixfsf~! @m~bl ~fcvwfj zi bjemz zi xmzlfwwmlh `me `bsmlh jilf mz! wi z`f bwwbvazw gilzmlvfj vlzma

`f cmlbaa} bawi bh~ffj zi ji bw z`f tiamgf mlwz~vgzfj, Z`~ivhìvz z`f i~jfba z`f ni}w }faafj blj

wg~fbefj! nvz li iz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~w gbef zi mlsfwzmhbzf,



37

Z`f ni}w xf~f ~fafbwfj xmzìvz g`b~hf b~ivlj liil il Ova} =, Z`f} xf~f niz` zbkfl zi @mlmjveb

Tiamgf @iwtmzba blj z`fl z`f Kb~btmzm}b Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba bz Hbaaf! x`f~f z`f} xf~f z~fbzfj vlzma

Ova} >8,

@ixfsf~! niz` b~f wvccf~mlh ilhimlh maa%fccfgzw c~ie z`f zi~zv~f! t`}wmgba blj tw}gìaihmgba, @m~bl

^bwmkb blj `mw cbz`f~ `bsf wvnemzzfj b cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw tfzmzmil zi z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z xmz` z`fbwwmwzblgf ic X,^, Wbloffxb, Z`f ~fwtiljflzw b~f z`f IMG @mlmjveb! z`f BWT Hbaaf! z`f MHT!

Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba! wgìia t~mlgmtba! Tbamz`b @fzzmhbeb! blj wgìia gblzffl eblbhf~! W`m~~iem

Jfftmkb blj `mw n~iz`f~,

@m~bl‐w cbz`f~ ebmlzbmlw z`bz liz ila} xbw `mw wil liz g`b~hfj xmz` bl} iccflgf! nvz bawi bz li zmef

xbw `mw cbema} mlci~efj ic z`f b~~fwz, Ml cbgz! @m~bl xbw lfsf~ jfzbmlfj xmz` z`f mlzflzmil ic g`b~hfw

nfmlh abmj bhbmlwz `me! nvz ~bz`f~ zi `bsf `me gilcfww bhbmlwz `mw wgìiaebzf,

Z`f mlgmjflz xbw ~fti~zfj il zfafsmwmil blj ml iz`f~ ebww efjmb, B afbjmlh lfxwtbtf~! Jmsb}mlb!

rvfwzmilfj x`} z`f tiamgf xf~f gbaafj zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`f z`fcz, Mz ~fgbaafj z`f mlgmjflz ml Benmamtmzm}b

x`f~f >0 wgìia g`maj~fl jmwbttfb~fj bczf~ b wgìia t~mlgmtba gilwtm~fj xmz` wief wiajmf~w zi bwwmwz

`me xmz` `mw t~msbzf jmwtvzf, Efblx`maf! z`f BWT Hbaaf! ~bz`f~ z`bl i~jf~mlh b t~ietz mlrvm~} mlzi

z`f mlgmjflz ml i~jf~ zi tvlmw` z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w! ~fti~zfja} wbmj il z`f ~bjmi z`bz z`f zxi zi~zv~f~w

`bj wmlgf nffl z~blwcf~~fj fawfx`f~f,

73, G`bemljb T~fefaba? ‑Xf xmaa kmaa }iv blj z`~ix }iv bxb}―

S,H,H,G`bemljb T~febaba! b 23%}fb~%iaj h~bjf%22 wzvjflz bz Jmnvabhbab Eb`bsmj}bab}b @mh`

Wgìia-! Tiaillb~vxb! xbw b~~fwzfj blj zbkfl zi B~babhblsmab tiamgf wzbzmil c~ie `mw ìef il = Ova}

>44>! bz bnivz 8?:4te, Z`f b~~fwzmlh iccmgf~w wbmj z`bz `f xbw nfmlh zbkfl ci~ rvfwzmilmlh isf~

wfsf~ba z`fcz gbwfw, Bz z`f wzbzmil! `f xbw ziaj z`bz `f xbw ~fwtilwmnaf ci~ n~fbkmlh mlzi b `bm~ wbail

blj wief ìvwfw ml z`f b~fb! x`mg` `f jflmfj, @f xbw z`fl nfbzfl il `mw nbgk! mlgavjmlh `mw wtmlf!

blj il z`f wiafw ic `mw cffz xmz` b TSG tmtf, @mw `fbj xbw tvw`fj `b~j bhbmlwz b xbaa wfsf~ba zmefw,

@f xbw z`fl tvw`fj ilzi z`f caii~! blj z`f iccmgf~w z~betafj vtil `mw nij}, @f xbw `faj bz z`f

wzbzmil isf~lmh`z,

Z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! Ova} 24! zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w ic z`f G~mefw Jmsmwmil! Abamz` ^bobeblz~m blj Lm`ba!

xì xf~f j~vlk! blj wfsf~ba iz`f~ iccmgf~w! ziik `me zi z`f zit caii~ ic z`f wzbzmil, Z`f} wìxfj

`me b ~itf blj wbmj! ‖Xf xmaa `blh }iv vt; xf xmaa kmaa blj z`~ix }iv bxb}, ]iv klix xf gbl

fwgbtf, Xf gbl wb} z`bz }iv ~bl bxb} il z`f xb}, Xf xmaa n~fbk }iv~ `bljw blj afhw, Xf xmaa `mz }ivml b xb} }iv xmaa jmf ml b eilz`,– Bczf~ z`bz z`f} gilzmlvfj zi bwwbvaz `me, Jv~mlh z`f bwwbvaz!

G`bemljb }faafj blj wg~fbefj! nvz li iz`f~ iccmgf~w gbef zi mlsfwzmhbzf, Cmlbaa} `f wìvzfj! ‖Jil‐z

`mz ef, E} `fbj mw bg`mlh, M xmaa bjemz zi bl}z`mlh,–

Z`fl z`f zi~zv~f wzittfj, @f xbw zbkfl ìef! nvz `mw tf~wilba nfailhmlhw! mlgavjmlh z`f nmg}gaf `f

vwfw zi hi zi wgìia! b wg~fxj~msf~ blj b gbagvabzi~ xf~f kftz ml tiamgf gvwzij}, @f xbw zbkfl nbgk



3:

zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil blj `faj z`f~f, Z`f lfpz jb} `f gbef nfci~f b ebhmwz~bzf! blj xbw i~jf~fj

~fafbwfj il nbma, Bw b ~fwvaz ic nfmlh zi~zv~fj! z`f wiafw ic G`bemljb T~febaba‐w cffz xf~f wxiaafl!

blj `f `bj tbml ml `mw wtmlf, @f `bj `fbjbg`fw blj siemzmlh blj givaj liz cigvw, @f xbw z~fbzfj bz

z`f ìwtmzba ml B~babhblsmab, B cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw bttamgbzmil xbw aijhfj il `mw gbwf ml z`f Wvt~fef

Giv~z! bhbmlwz z`f tiamgf mlsiasfj ml z`f bwwbvaz! z`f IMG B~babhblsmab! z`f WWT Tiaillb~vxb! z`f

MHT blj z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba,

78, W,B, Tm}bjbwb! W,B, Emablz`b # B~vlb Kveb~b? ‑B hiij efba―

Wvnbwmlh`f Bb~bg`g`mhf Tm}bjbwb mw b ~fzm~fj gmsma wf~sblz! eb~~mfj xmz` z`~ff g`maj~fl! xì lix

wfaaw gigilvzw ci~ b amsmlh, Bz bnivz 0be il 74 Ova} >44>! W,B, Tm}bjbwb xflz zi z`f Jmbeilj Ovnmaff

Wgìia zi effz `mw h~bljwil, Bz z`bz zmef `f nfgbef mlsiasfj ml b jmwtvzf xmz` z`f wfgv~mz}

xbzgèbl ic z`f wgìia t~femwfw, Z`fl b cfx zfbg`f~w c~ie z`f wgìia mlzf~sflfj blj wfzzafj z`f

ebzzf~,

Tm}bjbwb‐w wil! W,B, Emablz`b! afb~lfj bnivz z`f jmwtvzf blj gbef zi z`f wgìia! bw z`fm~ ìef mw

ila} bnivz 644 efz~fw bxb}, Bczf~ z`bz z`f} xflz ìef zihfz`f~, X`fl W,B, Tm}bjbwb b~~msfj ìef

`f hiz ~fbj} zi hi zi gvz gigilvzw,

Mz xbw bnivz =be x`fl cmsf tf~wilw b~~msfj bz `mw ìef c~ie z`f Tblbjv~b tiamgf wzbzmil, Zxi ic

z`fe xi~f tiamgf vlmci~ew blj z`f iz`f~ z`~ff xf~f ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw, Ilf ic z`f tf~wilw ml

gmsmambl gaiz`fw bwkfj `me! ‖Xì mw Tm}bjbwb9– @f ~ftamfj z`bz mz xbw `f, Abzf~ `f afb~lfj z`bz z`f

tf~wil xì rvfwzmilfj `me xbw klixl bw ‖Eboi~–,

Z`mw ebl z`fl bwkfj Tm}bjbwb x`f~f `mw wil xbw, W,B, Emablz`b wzfttfj ivz ic z`f ìvwf, Z`f}

gbaafj `me zi z`f gietivlj ml c~ilz ic z`f ìvwf blj ziaj `me zi wzb} nfwmjf W,B, Tm}bjbwb, Z`f}

bawi gbaafj Tm}bjbwb‐w wil ml abx! B~vlb Kveb~b! xì xbw bz ìef bz z`bz zmef! wb}mlh! ‖]iv zii !

gief `f~f,– Wb}mlh z`bz! z`f ‖Eboi~– ziik b wzmgk blj bwwbvazfj `me xmz` mz,

Bczf~ z`bz z`f} ~feisfj z`f zff w`m~z ic W,B, Emablz`b blj vwfj mz zi zmf `mw `bljw nf`mlj `mw nbgk,

Z`fl ‖Eboi~– bwwbvazfj baa z`~ff ic z`fe xmz` z`f wzmgk, Z`f iz`f~ civ~ tf~wilw wv~~ivljfj z`fe

blj bawi wzb~zfj nfbzmlh z`fe, X`maf z`f} xf~f nfmlh nfbzfl! Tm}bjbwb‐w xmcf blj jbvh`zf~ xbzg`fj

c~ie xmz`ml z`f ìvwf,

Gilzmlvmlh zi bwwbvaz z`fe! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w aibjfj baa z`~ff mlzi z`f offt, Z`f} xf~f zbkfl zi z`f

wgìia blj ziaj zi hfz jixl, Z`f} xf~f n~ivh`z lfb~ z`f wgìia hbzf blj z`f tiamgf wzb~zfj nfbzmlh z`fe! bwkmlh! ‖Xmaa }iv gief zi z`mw wgìia bhbml9– Z`f tiamgf i~jf~fj T m}bjbwb blj Emablz`b zi

klffa jixl blj tb} ~fwtfgzw n} tvzzmlh `bljw zihfz`f~ blj nixmlh- zi z`f tfil ic z`f wgìia!

Hbemlm, Wmlgf z`f} givaj liz ziaf~bzf z`f nfbzmlhw! z`f} jmj wi,

Bczf~ z`bz z`f tiamgf i~jf~fj Tm}bjbwb blj Emablz`b zi klffa jixl ml z`f emjjaf ic z`f ~ibj, Z`f}

i~jf~fj B~vlb zi afbsf, Z`fl z`f} i~jf~fj z`f zxi efl zi xbak il z`fm~ klffw zixb~jw Hbaaf îbj,

X`maf z`f} xf~f xbakmlh il z`fm~ klffw! z`f tiamgf gilzmlvfj zi nfbz z`fe, Z`f} xbakfj amkf z`mw ci~



36

bnivz 244 efz~fw, Z`fl z`f tiamgf bwwbvazfj z`fe bhbml xmz` wzmgkw blj ziik z`fe mlzi z`f offt,

C~ie z`f~f z`f zxi efl xf~f zbkfl zi z`f G~memlba Jmsmwmil ic z`f Tblbjv~b tiamgf wzbzmil blj

bczf~ z`f} b~~msfj z`f~f z`f ‖Eboi~– ~feb~kfj! ‖Z`mw mw b hiij efba ci~ }iv,– Mlwmjf z`f} xf~f

bwwbvazfj bhbml,

Z`f} xf~f ziaj zi tabgf z`fm~ `bljw il b zbnaf blj z`fm~ `bljw xf~f nfbzfl xmz` b wzmgk, X`fl z`bznfbzmlh xbw giemlh zi bl flj z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ klixl bw ‖Nipf~– Ob}bwmlh`f nfhbl nfbzmlh W,B

Tm}bjbwb il z`f `fbj xmz` b ~vnnf~ tmtf! gbvwmlh `me zi nfgief jm}! blj `f xbw ebjf zi klffa

jixl, Bczf~ z`bz ‖Nipf~– Ob}bwmlh`f nfbz W,B, Emablz`b xmz` z`f ~vnnf~ ìwf, Z`fl b tiamgfebl

xì `bj nffl z}tmlh ml z`f ~iie nfhbl nfbzmlh `me bawi,

‖Nipf~– Ob}bwmlh`f i~jf~fj Emablz`b zi nfbz `mw cbz`f~‐w cffz, X`fl `f `mz `mw cffz ila} emaja}!

‖Nipf~– Ob}bwmlh`f nfhbl nfbzmlh Emablz`b, Bczf~ z`bz `f xbw ci~gfj zi nfbz `mw cbz`f~ `b~j! xì

ziaj `mw wil! ‖Nfbz ef! blj z`f~f mw li wml ml jimlh z`bz,– Bz li timlz x bw bl} bzzfetz ebjf zi

~fgi~j b wzbzfeflz c~ie z`fe i~ rvfwzmil z`fe ml b li~eba ebllf~! blj li gietabmlz xbw ebjf n}

bl}ilf! li~ xbw bl} iz`f~ fsmjflgf zbkfl c~ie z`fe i~ wìxl z`fe z`bz givj ci~e z`f nbwmw il x`mg` z`f} givaj nf wvwtfgzfj ic bl} iccflgfw! blj li wvg` z`mlh xbw ziaj i~ fptabmlfj zi z`fe,

Bczf~ bnivz ilf ìv~ ic z`mw z~fbzeflz! niz` ic z`fe xf~f aigkfj vt ml b gfaa, Bz bnivz 7te!

‖Nipf~– Ob}bwmlh`f blj bliz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~ ziik z`f zxi efl zi Tblbjv~b @iwtmzba, W,B,

Tm}bjbwb ziaj z`f jigzi~ z`bz `f `bw nffl nfbzfl blj wìxfj z`f xivljw zi z`f jigzi~! nvz z`f

jigzi~ mhli~fj z`fe, Bczf~ z`bz `f blj `mw wil xf~f n~ivh`z nbgk zi z`f gfaa ml z`f tiamgf wzbzmil, Bz

lmh`z W,B, Tm}bjbwb g~mfj ivz ml tbml blj ci~ efjmgba z~fbzeflz,

Bz bnivz :?26te z`f lfpz jb}! Ova} 72! niz` ic z`fe xf~f ~fafbwfj il nbma, ‖Nipf~– Ob}bwmlh`f

z`~fbzflfj z`fe! wb}mlh z`bz mc z`f} xf~f zi hi zi b ìwtmzba! z`fm~ ìvwf xivaj nf nv~lz, Nfgbvwf ic

z`bz z`f} jmj liz hi zi ìwtmzba, Mlwzfbj! il Bvhvwz 2! z`f} hiz z~fbzeflz c~ie bl b}v~sfjmgìefitbz`mg- jigzi~, Jvf zi z`f z`~fbzw n} z`f tiamgf blj cmlblgmba jmccmgvazmfw! W,B, Tm}bjbwb jmj

liz ebkf bl} gietabmlz bnivz z`f bwwbvaz n} z`f tiamgf, Il Bvhvwz 8! ìxfsf~! z`f} xf~f n~ivh`z

nfci~f z`f @^G bczf~ z`fm~ gbwf `bj nfgief klixl, @bsmlh ebjf b gietabmlz z`f~f! il Bvhvwz 0

z`f} xflz zi z`f Tiamgf @fbjrvb~zf~w blj gietabmlfj! bczf~ x`mg` Tm}bjbwb xbw mlzf~lfj ci~ z`~ff

jb}w ci~ fpbemlbzmil n} z`f Tbljv~b JEI, Z`f jigzi~ jmwgisf~fj z`bz b nilf ml `mw aixf~ afcz b~e

xbw n~ikfl blj nilfw ml z`f ~mh`z b~e xf~f n~ikfl blj g~vw`fj, Tm}bjbwb z`fl ebjf b cv~z`f~

gietabmlz zi z`f JMH Tblbjv~b,

B cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw bttamgbzmil xbw bawi aijhfj xmz` z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z bhbmlwz z`f tiamgf

mlsiasfj ml z`f bwwbvaz! z`f IMG Tblbjv~b! z`f MHT Tblbjv~b Jmsmwmil blj MHT ic Tiamgf@fbjrvb~zf~w! blj z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba,

70, @,K,Wbetbz`? ‑M xmaa tablz nienw ml }iv~ ìvwf blj metamgbzf }iv―



33

@fzzmb~bg`g`mhf K~mw`blz`b Wbetbz` xbw b >>%}fb~%iaj sfhfzbnaf wfaaf~! blj z`f wiaf mlgief fb~lf~

ml `mw wmp%efenf~ cbema}, Bz bnivz 22be il 2 Bvhvwz >44>! wmp vlmjflzmcmfj tiamgf iccmgf~w c~ie z`f

Tblbjv~b Tiamgf wzbzmil gbef zi z`f Tfzmzmilf~ blj ziaj `me! ‖Xf `bsf zi zbkf b wzbzfeflz c~ie

}iv! hfz mlzi z`f offt,– Civ~ ic z`f wmp iccmgf~w jmj liz `bsf vlmci~ew il,

Z`f tiamgfefl bawi bwkfj K~mw`blz`b! ‖Xì xf~f }iv~ c~mfljw xì n~ikf mlzi z`f ìvwf ittiwmzfic }iv~w9– X`fl K~mw`blz`b wbmj z`bz `f jmj liz klix bnivz z`bz z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ziaj `me! ‖Afz

vw aiik mlzi z`bz bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil,– Bz z`f Tblbjv~b tiamgf wzbzmil K~mw`blz`b xbw i~jf~fj zi wmz

il b nflg` zmaa bnivz >?74te, Z`fl bl ivz ic vlmci~e tiamgf iccmgf~ ziik `me mlzi b gilzbmlf~ ml z`f

tiamgf wzbzmil gietivlj, Z`f~f `f nfhbl wfsf~fa} nfbzmlh K~mw`blz`b xmz` `mw cmwzw! il `mw g`ffkw!

`fbj blj wziebg`,

X`maf nfbzmlh `me! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ vwfj inwgflmzmfw blj wbmj! ‖Zfaa ef xì }iv~ c~mfljw b~f xì

n~ikf mlzi z`f ìvwf,– Bczf~ nfbzmlh K~mw`blz`b ci~ bnivz 24 emlvzfw! `f i~jf~fj `me zi wmz il z`f

nflg` bhbml, @f xbw wvnwfrvflza} ci~gfj zi wmhl b wzbzfeflz! blj ~fafbwfj c~ie z`f tiamgf wzbzmil bz

bnivz 6?:6te,

Bz bnivz >be il 7 Bvhvwz >44>! b~ivlj cmsf tiamgfefl c~ie z`f Tblbjv~b Tiamgf wzbzmil bhbml

gbef ml zi zbkf K~mw`blz`b c~ie `mw ìvwf, Lilf ic z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w xi~f vlmci~ew i~ mlci~efj

`me ic z`fm~ mjflzmzmfw! li~ x`} `f xbw nfmlh b~~fwzfj, Lilf ic z`fe wìxfj b xb~~blz ci~ `mw

b~~fwz, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ziaj K~mw`blz`b‐w tb~flzw z`bz `f xivaj nf wflz nbgk ìef bczf~ hmsmlh b

wzbzfeflz, Z`fl z`f} z`~fbzflfj z`f tb~flzw liz zi ciaaix z`fe zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil! wb}mlh z`bz mc

z`f} jmj! z`f} xivaj gvz icc z`fm~ zilhvf blj z`fl z`f `fbj ic z`fm~ wil! i~ xivaj nfbz `me zmaa `f

nfgief mlwblf i~ eflzbaa} maa, B lfmh`niv~ bawi xmzlfwwfj K~mw`blz`b‐w b~~fwz! blj wvnemzzfj bl

bccmjbsmz il x`bz iggv~~fj, K~mw`blz`b xbw zbkfl nbgk zi z`f wzbzmil n} offt! blj bczf~ tbwwmlh

z`~ivh` b lvenf~ ic ovlgzmilw b~~msfj z`f~f bz bnivz 7?74be, Bczf~ z`f offt b~~msfj ml z`f

gietivlj! K~mw`blz`b xbw zbkfl ivz ic mz,

Ilf MT Mlj~bomz` meefjmbzfa} nfhbl zi nfbz `mw g`ffkw blj `fbj xmz` `mw cmwzw, Z`fl `f xbw ziaj zi

wmz il z`f caii~ ic z`f wzbzmil blj MT Mlj~bomz` bwwbvazfj `me wfsf~fa} vwmlh b ~vnnf~ ìwf, @f z`fl

wrvfffj K~mw`blz`b‐w lfgk zmh`z blj j~bhhfj `me n} mz zi b gfaa blj z`~fbzflfj `me! wb}mlh! ‖M xmaa

`blh }iv vt blj nfbz }iv! M xmaa tablz nienw ml }iv~ ìvwf blj metamgbzf }iv ci~ z`bz! M xmaa cmaf

gbwfw bhbmlwz }iv,–

Bz bnivz 0be il Bvhvwz 7! K~mw`blz`b‐w bvlz gbef zi smwmz `me, K~mw`blz`b mlci~efj `f~ z`bz MT

Mlj~bomz` `bj nfbzfl `me,

Bz bnivz =be W`m~bl jf Wmasb xbw bawi wìxl zi `me, W`m~bl Jf Wmasb bwkfj K~mw`blz`b bnivz wief

z`mlhw blj z`fl wmhlfj ci~ `mw nbma, W`m~bl jf Wmasb mw b ci~ef~ smaabhf wfgv~mz} iccmgf~,

Abzf~ K~mw`blz`b afb~lfj z`bz `mw bvlz `bj gietabmlfj nfci~f z`f @^G, Wvnwfrvflza}! @^G wzbcc

wtikf zi z`f IMG Tblbjv~b blj z`f abzzf~ bh~ffj zi ~fafbwf z`f jfzbmlff il nbma, Bczf~ `mw ~fafbwf! `f

xbw bjemzzfj zi Kbavnixmab Hflf~ba @iwtmzba! x`f~f `f wzb}fj c~ie Bvhvwz 7 zi 3, Il Bvhvwz 6

bnivz cmsf tiamgf iccmgf~w c~ie Tblbjv~b tiamgf wzbzmil smwmzfj K~mw`blz`b bz z`f ìwtmzba blj



38

rvfwzmilfj `me bnivz z`f mlgmjflz! ~fgi~jfj b wzbzfeflz blj inzbmlfj `mw wmhlbzv~f ci~ mz, @f aijhfj

b cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw tfzmzmil ml z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z bhbmlwz MT Mlj~bomz`! z`f IMG Tblbjv~b! z`f MHT

blj z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba,

>447

7=, Ki~babhbebhf W,J,? Maafhbaa} jfzbmlfj blj zi~zv~fj ci~ b xffk

Tiamgf ic Kbavz`b~b Wivz` GMJ b~~fwzfj Ki~babhbebhf Wvomz` J`b~ebwm~m bhfj >7-! bl b~e}

jfwf~zf~! il 2 Oblvb~} >447 blj `faj `me vlzma Oblvb~} =! jv~mlh x`mg` zmef `f xbw baafhfja}

zi~zv~fj,

MT T,A,Bnf}wmlh`f blj wfsf~ba iz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~w ziik `me x`maf `f xbw bzzfljmlh b cvlf~ba blj

kftz `me ml gvwzij} maafhbaa} ci~ b xffk, Bazìvh` `mw eiz`f~ xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil jbma} c~ie

Oblvb~} >! w`f xbw bnvwfj xmz` cmaz`} ablhvbhf blj g`bwfj bxb} il fsf~} iggbwmil vlzma Oblvb~} 8!

x`fl w`f xbw cmlbaa} tf~emzzfj bggfww zi `f~ wil, Il Oblvb~} 0! w`f xbw g`baaflhfj n} bl iccmgf~

xì wbmj! ‖Z~} mc }iv gbl zi hfz `me ivz n} gietabmlmlh zi z`f @^G, Xf xmaa wff z`bz `f xmaa liz hfz

nbma,– Bczf~ z`bz w`f xbw bhbml g`bwfj bxb}, Lilfz`fafww! z`f cbema} wivh`z mlzf~sflzmil n} z`f @^ G

blj aigba `vebl ~mh`zw h~ivtw blj! bczf~ Wvomz` xflz emwwmlh ci~ b wì~z tf~mij il Oblvb~} =! `f xbw

t~ijvgfj nfci~f b ebhmwz~bzf,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f cbema}! Wvomz` xbw nfmlh jfamnf~bzfa} kftz wiefx`f~f ivzwmjf z`f tiamgf wzbzmil,

Jv~mlh z`bz zmef! z`f tiamgf ziik `me zi b jigzi~ blj bzzfetzfj zi hfz b efjmgba ~fti~z zi z`f fccfgz

z`bz z`f~f xf~f li mlov~mfw il `mw nij}, @ixfsf~! Wvomz` ziaj z`f jigzi~ `f xbw bwwbvazfj wfsf~fa},

Z`f tiamgf z`fl xflz zi b ebhmwz~bzf blj bttamfj zi ìaj Wvomz` il z`f h~ivljw z`bz `f xbw lffjfj

ci~ bl mjflzmcmgbzmil tb~bjf, Xmzìvz wffmlh i~ rvfwzmilmlh Wvomz`! z`f ebhmwz~bzf ~fti~zfja}

~febljfj `me vlzma Oblvb~} >4, @f xbw wvnwfrvflza} nbmafj ivz! blj `bw wmlgf cmafj b cvljbeflzba

~mh`zw bttamgbzmil ml z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z bhbmlwz z`f tiamgf ci~ zi~zv~f! maafhba b~~fwz blj maafhba

jfzflzmil,

:4, Nbenb~jflf Hbebhf W,T,? Nfbzfl blj `vemambzfj ci~ baafhfj z`fcz



30

WM îem}ba ic z`f Ebzvhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil flzf~fj z`f ìvwf ic 28%}fb~%iaj Nbenb~fljf Hbebhf

Wv~bo T~bwbllb zihfz`f~ xmz` bliz`f~ iccmgf~ blj b~~fwzfj `me b~ivlj 2te il 0 Oblvb~} >447, WM

îem}ba z`fl baafhfja} nfhbl `mzzmlh Wv~bo ml z`f cbgf blj bwkmlh `me x`fz`f~ `f xbw z`f ilf z`bz

wziaf z`f eilf} c~ie z`f zfetaf! bczf~ x`mg` `f tvaafj icc `mw z%w`m~z blj vwfj mz zi zmf `mw `bljw

nf`mlj `mw nbgk, @f z`fl gilzmlvfj zi nfbz Wv~bo x`maf j~bhhmlh `me bailh z`f ~ibj zi b Jiat`mlf

sbl amgflgf tabzf 63%6207-! x`mg` `f z`fl vwfj zi zbkf z`f ni} zi z`f Ebzvhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Bczf~ tvzzmlh `me ml b gfaa! z`f wvn%mlwtfgzi~ ~fti~zfja} ziik ìaj ic Wv~bo‐w `bm~ blj nfbz `mw cbgf

bhbmlwz z`f m~il nb~w, B lvenf~ ic iz`f~ iccmgf~w ziik zv~lw `mzzmlh `mw cbgf bhbmlwz z`f nb~w ìajmlh

`me n} `mw `bm~, Bz bnivz :te! Wv~bo xbw zbkfl ivz ic z`f gfaa blj ebjf zi g~bxa il `mw klffw ci~

cmczffl emlvzfw! jv~mlh x`mg` zmef WM îem}ba nfbz `me xmz` `mw `bljw blj cffz blj i~jf~fj `me zi

ìaj z`f cffz ic iz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~w! zi klffa blj xi~w`mt z`fe,

Z`f tiamgf ~fafbwfj Wv~bo bz bnivz :?74te xmz` z`f wz~mgz xb~lmlh z`bz mc `f ~fzv~lfj ìef nfci~f

jvwk `f xivaj nf kmaafj, Nfgbvwf `f xbw bc~bmj! z`f ni} wzb}fj lfb~ b wìt vlzma bnivz 0te! bczf~

x`mg` zmef `f ~fzv~lfj ìef, @f lb~~bzfj z`f xìaf mlgmjflz blj xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f Xbzzbxfhisf~leflz ìwtmzba, @f xbw z~fbzfj z`f~f vlzma Oblvb~} 24! bczf~ x`mg` zmef `f xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi

Lbhijb Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ci~ cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz,

:2, Z,B, T~febg`blj~b? Wìz jfbj nfgbvwf ic baafhfj z~bccmg iccflgf

Il 2 Cfn~vb~} >447 bz bnivz 24?74te! Z,B, T~febg`blj~b! b cbz`f~ ic zxi g`maj~fl! xbw j~msmlh `mw

eizi~mwfj z~mw`bx ìef c~ie `mw xi~k bw bl fafgz~mgmbl bz z`f Gf}ail Fafgz~mgmz} Nib~j! xmz` zxi

gietblmilw ml z`f nbgk, Zxi iccmgf~w ic z`f tiamgf z~bccmg vlmz bz Kbavz`b~b Wivz` il z`fm~

eizi~g}gafw isf~ziik z`f sf`mgaf c~ie z`f afcz blj wìz z`f j~msf~ ml z`f `fbj xmz` b Z%63 ~mcaf, Z`fnvaafz flzf~fj z`f smgzme‐w `fbj lfb~ `mw afcz fb~ blj gbef ivz bz `mw ~mh`z f}f! kmaamlh `me mlwzblza},

Z`f sf`mgaf g~bw`fj mlzi b abettiwz blj isf~zv~lfj! gbvwmlh wfsf~f mlov~mfw zi z`f zxi efl ml z`f

nbgk,

X`fl ilf ic z`fe z~mfj zi vwf `mw einmaf tìlf zi gbaa `mw cbema} ci~ `fat! z`f tiamgf ~fti~zfja}

kmgkfj `me blj gilcmwgbzfj z`f tìlf, B offt c~ie z`f Kbavz`b~b Wivz` tiamgf wzbzmil b~~msfj

wì~za} blj ziik z`f zxi mlov~fj blj z`f jfbj ebl zi z`f Nbwf @iwtmzba bz Lbhijb! x`f~f z`f jfbj

nij} xbw `bljfj isf~ zi z`f ìwtmzba! x`maf z`f zxi mlov~fj efl xf~f zbkfl zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil

blj b~~fwzfj, Z`f} xf~f liz fsfl hmsfl xbzf~ zmaa z`f tiwz%ei~zfe fpbemlbzmil ic z`fm~ c~mflj xbw

giljvgzfj z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! Cfn~vb~} >! bczf~ x`mg` zmef z`f} xf~f baaixfj zi flzf~ z`f ìwtmzba,

Z`f zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w ~fwtilwmnaf wbmj z`bz z`f j~msf~ xbw wìz nfgbvwf `f ~fcvwfj zi wzit x`fl

i~jf~fj zi ji wi, Z`f} gabmefj zi `bsf nffl bgzmlh il mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj c~ie Xbjjvxb tiamgf

wzbzmil z`bz z`f wbmj sf`mgaf `bj nffl mlsiasfj ml bl bggmjflz xmz` b sbl, Z`f} bawi gabmefj z`bz z`f

wìz xbw cm~fj bz z`f zm~f ic z`f sf`mgaf nvz jvf zi ~vzw il z`f ~ibj mz xflz bwz~b}, BWT Ob}blz`b

Kvabz`mabkb! `fbjmlh z`f tiwz%ei~zfe mlsfwzmhbzmil! ziaj oiv~lbamwzw z`bz z`f tiamgf `bj bgzfj xmz`ml

z`f abx,



3=

:>, E,B, Cf~lblji? ‑Hfz vt! }iv b~f ovwz t~fzfljmlh―

X`maf t~fwflzmlh `mw tfzmzmil nfci~f z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z ic W~m Ablkb! Emg`bfa Blzìl} Cf~lblji

xbw wflzflgfj zi ilf }fb~ ml t~mwil ci~ gilzfetz ic giv~z n} z`f wbef ovjhf bhbmlwz xìe `f xbw

n~mlhmlh b tfzmzmil,

Il 3 Cfn~vb~} >447! x`maf Cf~lblji xbw t~fwflzmlh b x~mz nfci~f z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z ic W~m Ablkb

`f xbw gilsmgzfj ci~ gilzfetz ic giv~z blj wflzflgfj zi ilf%}fb~ ~mhi~ivw met~mwileflz, Ilf ic

z`f t~fwmjmlh ovjhfw xbw b ~fwtiljflz zi Cf~lblji‐w gabme, Bczf~ Cf~lblji xbw zbkfl zi Xfamkbjb

T~mwil `f xbw ìwtmzbamwfj z`f~f jvf zi b wf~mivw bwzèbzmg giljmzmil, Bw `mw `fbaz` xi~wflfj! `f

xbw zbkfl zi z`f Mlzflwmsf Gb~f Vlmz ic z`f Hflf~ba @iwtmzba,

Il Cfn~vb~} 0! `f xbw zbkfl ivz ic z`bz vlmz blj tvz ml Xb~j ::! nvz z`f~f `f xbw liz hmsfl b nfj

blj xbw mlwzfbj ebjf zi wafft il z`f caii~ xmz` `mw afh g`bmlfj! bw ~frvfwzfj n} z`f t~mwil

bvzì~mzmfw, Zxi t~mwil hvb~jw wzb}fj xmz` `me, Jvf zi wafftmlh il z`f caii~! `f jfsfaitfj b g`maablj `mw giljmzmil bhbml xi~wflfj,

@f xbw tabgfj il b nfj! nvz ziwwmlh blj zv~lmlh! `f cfaa blj mlov~fj `mewfac, Z`fl! bazìvh` `f xbw

wvccf~mlh tbml baa isf~ `mw nij}! `f xbw z~blwcf~~fj nbgk zi z`f t~mwil, Nfzxffl > blj 6te il

Cfn~vb~} 24! bw `f xbw nfmlh zbkfl nbgk zi t~mwil! `f xbw nfbzfl blj kmgkfj n} z`f t~mwil hvb~jw il

z`f ~ibjwmjf blj ml z`f sbl vwfj zi gb~~} `me, Il Cfn~vb~} 23 `f wvnemzzfj b gietabmlz! bw ciaaixw?

‖Il 24 Cfn~vb~} >447! M `bj bl bwzèb bzzbgk bhbml, N} z`fl! M xbw jmwg`b~hfj c~ie z`f ìwtmzba,

Nfgbvwf ic z`f vlnfb~bnaf tbml c~ie z`f bwzèb bzzbgk! M zv~lfj il z`f nfj! blj M cfaa, Z`f tbml mle} nbgk jvf zi z`f cbaa xbw sf~} wfsf~f! ebkmlh mz sf~} jmccmgvaz ci~ ef zi hfz vt, Ilf ìwtmzba

wf~sblz nfhbl zi wìvz! ‘Z`fwf t~mwilf~w ji liz xblz zi afbsf! fsfl x`fl z`f} b~f baa ~mh`z, Mz mw b

zf~~mnaf `fbjbg`f zi vw‐,

‖ Z`fl z`f t~mwil hvb~jw t~ftb~fj zi zbkf ef zi z`f t~mwil, M hiz vt blj wìvzfj! ‘M gblliz [hiU

nfgbvwf e} nbgk mw ml wfsf~f ml tbml,‐ Z`fl b tf~wil xfb~mlh k`bkm z~ivwf~w! b x`mzf w`m~z blj niizw

bwkfj! ‘B~fl‐z }iv z`f tf~wil c~ie Jf`mxfab9 Xf klix xì }iv b~f, Hfz vt! hfz vt, ]iv b~f ovwz

bgzmlh, Xf xmaa aiik bczf~ }iv,‐

‖@ixfsf~! wmlgf M givaj liz hfz vt! M ~febmlfj xmzìvz eismlh, Z`fl z`f t~mwil hvb~jw gb~~mfj ef

ivz ic z`f ìwtmzba zi b sf`mgaf, M xbw tvz jixl n} z`f ~ibj lfb~ z`f ìwtmzba! blj z`f t~mwil hvb~jw

nfhbl zi bwwbvaz ef ml c~ilz ic e} cbz`f~, Z`f tf~wil xì bwwbvazfj ef xbw z`f ilf ml tabml

gaiz`fw‣ X`fl M xbw wìvzmlh ml tbml! e} cbz`f~ Iwxbaj Feeblvfa Cf~lblji- gbef ci~xb~j blj

nfhhfj z`f t~mwil hvb~jw! wb}mlh! ‘]iv gblliz zbkf `me fpgftz ml bl benvablgf,‐ Z`f tf~wil ml

tabmlgaiz`fw jmj liz amwzfl zi bl} ic z`bz, @f gbvh`z ef n} z`f lfgk blj tvw`fj ef mlwmjf z`f tiamgf

sbl,



84

‖E} cbz`f~ wìvzfj! ‘B}}i! z`f} b~f z~}mlh zi kmaa e} wil,‐ Tfitaf bz z`f xb~j hbz`f~fj b~ivlj z`f

sbl `fb~mlh e} cbz`f~‐w g~mfw, Z`f ila} t~mwilf~ ml z`f sbl xbw ef, Iz`f~ z`bl M! z`f~f xbw b t~mwil

iccmgf~! zxi hvb~jw blj z`f j~msf~, Z`f tf~wil xì tvw`fj ef mlzi z`f sbl kmgkfj ef sf~} `b~j blj

wabttfj ef il niz` g`ffkw, M klfaz jixl mlwmjf z`f sbl, Z`fl M xbw kmgkfj wfsf~ba zmefw il e}

wtmlf xmz` `mw niizw, M xbw bc~bmj z`bz M xivaj nf kmaafj, M wìvzfj blj nfhhfj! wb}mlh! ‘Ji liz kmaa

ef‣‐

‖X`fl z`f sbl ~fbg`fj z`f t~mwil t~femwfw! z`f wbef tf~wil wbmj! ‘]iv `bsf li wmgklfww, Hfz jixl

xmzìvz t~fzfljmlh!‐ blj `f hbsf ef b cf x kmgkw, M cfaz bw mc e} wtmlf `bj nffl n~ikfl, M wmeta}

givaj liz hfz vt, M ziaj `me M givajl‐z hfz vt, Z`fl M xbw tvz il b wz~fzg`f~! x`mg` aiikfj amkf zìwf

vwfj ci~ gb~~}mlh gi~twfw! blj zbkfl zi b lfb~n} fpz~fefa} civa%wefaamlh zimafz blj ziaj! ‘Mc }iv

gblliz hfz vt! wzb} z`f~f,‐ Zìvh` M wìvzfj ebl} zmefw! ‘M gblliz nfb~ z`f zf~~mnaf civa wefaa; zbkf

ef bxb} c~ie `f~f!‐ li ilf `fatfj, Z`f} xf~f wb}mlh! ‘]iv `bsf li maalfww, ]iv b~f t~fzfljmlh,‐

‖Efblx`maf! wief t~mwilf~w gbef blj ziaj ef zi hfz vt! zi liz t~fzflj! blj z`f} `b~bwwfj ef, M

cfaz z`bz z`fwf t~mwilf~w gbef bz z`f mlwzmhbzmil ic wiefilf fawf, M nfhhfj z`fe liz zi `b~bww ef, Meb} `bsf nffl kftz lfb~ z`f zimafz ci~ ei~f z`bl >: ìv~w, Z`fl M xblzfj zi hi zi z`f zimafz, M

wìvzfj! bwkmlh ci~ `fat, @ixfsf~! li ilf `fatfj ef, ‘]iv b~f a}mlh, Hfz vt blj hi zi z`f zimafz!‐

wiefilf g~mfj c~ie bcb~, Bw M givaj liz nfb~ z`f tbml! M fpg~fzfj z`f~f, M bawi civlj mz sf~} jmccmgvaz

zi v~mlbzf, Zìvh` M wìvzfj bhbml zi ~feisf ef c~ie z`bz wtiz! li ilf gbef zi `fat ef, Z`fl

wiefilf gbef blj ~feisfj baa ic e} gaiz`fw! afbsmlh ef gietafzfa} lbkfj,

‖@f wbmj! ‘Mc }iv cmlj mz jmccmgvaz zi wzb} amkf z`mw! hfz vt blj gief,‐ M wzb}fj b cv~z`f~ >: ìv~w lfb~

z`f wbef zimafz, Z`fl M ~fcvwfj zi fbz i~ j~mlk blj inwf~sfj b cbwz! jfebljmlh z`bz M nf hmsfl

efjmgba z~fbzeflz,

‖ Z`fl e} v~mlf nfgbef naiij ~fj, E} naiij xbw tbwwmlh xmz` e} v~mlf! blj z`f t~mwil bvzì~mzmfwnfgbef cfb~cva, Z`f} n~ivh`z ef nbgk zi z`f mlzflwmsf gb~f xb~j ic z`f ìwtmzba [Xb~j 8>U il

Cfn~vb~} 28! bz lmh`z, M xbw n~ivh`z ml b sbl bw M xbw ziaj z`bz z`f t~mwil jifw liz `bsf benvablgfw,

M xbw ziaj z`bz ìxfsf~ wf~mivw z`f t~mwilf~‐w giljmzmil xbw! z`mw mw ìx b tf~wil xivaj nf n~ivh`z

zi z`f ìwtmzba, Bz z`f ìwtmzba! M ziaj z`f jigzi~ bnivz baa ic z`f g~vfaz} blj zi~zv~f, M xbw ziaj z`bz

x`bz M `bj wbmj xbw liz ~fgi~jfj ml z`f nfj%`fbj zmgkfz ‚ eb}nf nfgbvwf mz xbw zìvh`z z`bz mz mw liz

hiij zi ~fgi~j z`bz t~mwil iccmgf~w `bsf z~fbzfj b tbzmflz ml z`mw xb}‣–

Bczf~ Cf~lblji‐w ~fafbwf c~ie t~mwil il 28 Igzinf~ >447 `f xbw wvnofgzfj zi gilzmlvivw z`~fbzw

jvf zi `mw bgzmsf gbetbmhlmlh ci~ `mw ~mh`zw, @f cmafj wfsf~ba gbwfw bhbmlwz z`f t~mwil hvb~jw xì

zi~zv~fj `me; ìxfsf~! z`f jbzfw ci~ `fb~mlhw xf~f tiwztilfj, @f bawi cmafj b gieevlmgbzmilnfci~f z`f Vlmzfj Lbzmilw @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemzzff! blj ci~ b jmwgvwwmil ic z`f ivzgief ic z`bz

gbwf tafbwf ~fbj z`f blba}wmw ic gbwfw fawfx`f~f il z`f B@^G xfnwmzf, Cmlbaa}! `f blj `mw cbema}

eisfj bn~ibj zi fwgbtf `b~bwweflz! mlgavjmlh cv~z`f~ z`~fbzw il `mw amcf,

:7, Kv~vkvabwv~m}b T,L,? Zi~zv~fj! z`fl met~mwilfj ci~ >2 eilz`w



82

^fs, C~, Bac~fj Nf~lb~j Giwzb xbw kmaafj il z`f lmh`z ic 24 Eb} >442 bz `mw emwwmil ìvwf ml

Z`maabljvxb! Lfhieni, Il Eb} 27! Lfhieni Tiamgf b~~fwzfj Kizbhbabhf Hbemlm! blj bczf~

hbz`f~mlh mlci~ebzmil c~ie `me! b~~fwzfj Kv~vkvabwv~m}b T~bjfft Lm~blobl! b 74%}fb~%iaj xi~kf~

blj cbz`f~ ic civ~, Bw wiil bw Kv~vkvabwv~m}b flzf~fj z`f Lfhieni Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f tiamgf bwkfj

`me x`fz`f~ `f klfx Kizbhbabhf Hbemlm! blj `f ziaj z`fe `f `bj ila} `fb~j ic `me, Z`fl `f wbx

Kizbhbabhf z`f~f! xì ziaj Kv~vkvabwv~m}b zi zfaa z`f z~vz` bnivz kmaamlh C~ Giwzb, @f wìvzfj bzKizbhbabhf z`bz `f jmj liz klix bl}z`mlh bnivz z`mw, @f ~fbamwfj z`bz z`f tiamgf xf~f cbawfa} blj

tv~tiwfcvaa} metamgbzmlh `me blj tafbjfj `mw mlligflgf,

Z`f tiamgfefl nfhbl zi~zv~mlh Kv~vkvabwv~m}b, Z`f} evzmabzfj `mw `bljw blj cmlhf~w blj z`fl z`f}

`vlh `me vtwmjf jixl xmz` `mw afhw zmfj! x`maf civ~ tiamgfefl! wvtf~smwfj n} MT Lmw`blz`! `mz `me

xmz` g~mgkfz wzvetw il `mw nbgk! afhw! blj wiafw ic `mw cffz,

Bz bnivz 0te z`f tiamgf ziik Kv~vkvabwv~m}b zi z`f ìvwf ic Bgzmlh Ebhmwz~bzf Hijc~f} Gii~b} bz

Kbljblb, Ml z`f efblzmef `mw xmcf `bj gief zi aiik ci~ `me nvz givaj liz flzf~ z`f tiamgf wzbzmil;

tfitaf }faafj z`bz w`f xbw z`f xmcf ic b t~mfwz‐w ev~jf~f~, W`f givaj `fb~ Lm~blobl nfhhmlh liz zi nfzi~zv~fj, Z`fl w`f xflz zi z`f BWT‐w iccmgf blj tafbjfj `f~ `vwnblj‐w mlligflgf! nvz z`f BWT jmj

liz ~fwtilj,

Efblx`maf! z`f tiamgf ziik Kv~vkvabwv~m}b zi Lfhieni ^feblj T~mwil! nvz jmj liz ~fhmwzf~ `me bw

bl mlebzf, Obmaf~ Wieb~bzlf z`f lfpz jb} nfbz `me il b zbnaf x`maf lbkfj, Bczf~ z`bz z`f wzbcc

~fhmwzf~fj `mw lbef! blj z`fl bliz`f~ obmaf~ lbefj Wflbjff~b zi~zv~fj `me! wb}mlh `f ev~jf~fj b

t~mfwz, Z`fl z`f} ziik Lm~blobl zi giv~z! x`f~f z`f ebhmwz~bzf ~fgi~jfj `mw wzbzfeflz, Wvnwfrvflza}

z`f Gflz~ba Mlzfaamhflgf Nv~fbv ziik isf~ z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil blj BWT T~m}blz`b Ob}bkij} ziik `me zi

Tiamgf @fbjrvb~zf~w ml Giaieni blj bhbml ~fgi~jfj `mw wzbzfeflz, Bczf~ z`bz `f xbw ~fzv~lfj zi

~feblj x`f~f `f ablhvmw`fj vlzma Cfn~vb~} >447,

Il >2 Cfn~vb~} >447! z`f ebhmwz~bzf ~fafbwfj Kv~vkvabwv~m}b il mlwz~vgzmilw c~ie z`f Bzzi~lf}

Hflf~ba! blj wbmj z`f~f xivaj nf li afhba bgzmil bhbmlwz `me, Ci~ >2 eilz`w Kv~vkvabwv~m}b wzb}fj

ml z`f ~feblj t~mwil blj jv~mlh z`mw zmef tfitaf bnvwfj blj jfcbefj `mw cbema} wvg` z`bz `mw

g`maj~fl givaj liz fsfl fl~iaa mlwgìia, Z`f} xf~f bawi fpgieevlmgbzfj c~ie z`f g`v~g`,

Kv~vkvabwv~m}b gilzmlvfj zi wvccf~ c~ie z`f bczf~fccfgzw ic zi~zv~f blj givaj liz xi~k ivzjii~w zi

wvtti~z `mw cbema},

::, Wvlma @febg`blj~b? Jfbz` ci~ xmllmlh aizzf~}

Wvlma @febg`blj~b! b 7>%}fb~%iaj ~vnnf~ zbttf~! xil ^w, 7!447!244 VWJ 74!474- ml b aizzf~} il >=

Ovlf >447, B cfx jb}w abzf~! `fb~mlh z`f lfxw! wief tiamgf iccmgf~w smwmzfj `mw ìvwf blj z~mfj zi

fpzi~z eilf} c~ie `me! xmzìvz wvggfww, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f cbema}! bz bnivz 2>?26be il Ova} >:!

tiamgf c~ie Ei~bhb`b`flb wzbzmil bhbml gbef zi z`f ìvwf! blj b~~fwzfj @febg`blj~b xmzìvz

g`b~hf, X`fl `mw cbema} xflz zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil z`f lfpz ei~lmlh! Ova} >6! z`f} civlj `me a}mlh

vlgilwgmivw ml b gfaa! naffjmlh c~ie z`f liwf, Z`f} gabme z`bz bggi~jmlh zi bl f}fxmzlfww bggivlz!



8>

IMG Eb`fftbab! TG Evz`vnbljb blj TG Xmofebllb wbsbhfa} nfbz @febg`blj~b, @f xbw zbkfl zi

z`f @i~blb @iwtmzba blj z`fl z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Lbzmilba @iwtmzba ml Giaieni, @ixfsf~! `f jmfj ml

ìwtmzba il Ova} >3,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f Ei~bhb`b`flb tiamgf! @febg`blj~b xbw b~~fwzfj bailh xmz` bliz`f~ tf~wil!

G`blbkb! xì xbw xblzfj n} z`fe, X`fl `f inofgzfj zi z`f b~~fwz! `f xbw bawi zbkfl zi z`f tiamgfwzbzmil blj aigkfj vt! tiamgf wbmj, Bl iccmgf~ c~ie z`f wzbzmil wtikf il ~bjmi z`bz @febg`blj~b `bj

bl ftmaftzmg cmz blj giaabtwfj x`maf bz z`f wzbzmil, @ixfsf~! `f `bw li `mwzi~} ic bl} maalfww, Z`f

JMH%Xfwzf~l T~ismlgf Wivz`! K,T,T, Tbz`m~blb! efblx`maf ziaj oiv~lbamwzw z`bz z`f ebl `bj cbaafl

blj `mz `mw `fbj nfgbvwf `f xbw j~vlk, B gietabmlz ~fhb~jmlh z`f b~~fwz! zi~zv~f blj jfbz` xbw

ebjf zi z`f BWT%@i~blbe! nvz `f cbmafj zi zbkf bl} bgzmil,

Cv~z`f~ei~f! bggi~jmlh zi lfxwtbtf~w! z`f BWT xì xbw bwwmhlfj zi giljvgz mlrvm~mfw mlzi z`mw

gbwf! bailh xmz` z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w c~ie Ei~bhb`b`flb tiamgf wzbzmil! b~f baafhfja} ~fwtilwmnaf ci~

z`f jfbz`, Z`f smgzme‐w eiz`f~ blj wmwzf~ cmafj b cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw bttamgbzmil ml z`f Wvt~fef

Giv~z,

:6, ^, J`blbtbabwmlh`be! ^, Wb~bsblb~bo # E, T~bn`bkb~bl? Bl bggmjflz afbjw zi bwwbvaz

X`maf ^bebm}b J`blbtbabwmlh`be! bhfj >7! ^bebm}b Wb~bsblb~bo! bhfj >3! blj `mw n~iz`f~

Ev~bhbm}b T~bn`bkb~bl! bhfj >6! xf~f xbakmlh c~ie z`f zixl ic Nihbxblzbabxb zixb~jw G`btfazil

nfzxffl 6 blj 3te il 8 Ova} >447! zxi eizi~mfj z~mw`bxw gbef bz `mh` wtffj c~ie z`f ittiwmzf

jm~fgzmil, Z`f cm~wz ilf `mz J`blbtbabmlh`be! z`~ixmlh `me icc z`f ~ibj,

Wmlgf z`f sf`mgaf cbmafj zi wzit bczf~ z`f bggmjflz! z`f efl xflz zi ebkf b gietabmlz bz z`f

Nbhbxblzbabxb tiamgf wzbzmil, Nvz nfci~f z`f} b~~msfj bz z`f wzbzmil! z`~ff tiamgf ml gmsmambl gaiz`mlh

gbef jixl c~ie b offt xmz` nbzilw blj tiafw blj nfhbl bwwbvazmlh z`fe, Z`f efl gbef zi

vljf~wzblj z`bz ilf xbw z`f IMG ic z`f Nbhbxblzbabxb tiamgf,

Ciaaixmlh z`f bwwbvaz! z`f} xf~f z`fl zbkfl zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil blj nfbzfl bhbml, Bz bnivz 24te! b

jigzi~ b~~msfj blj bczf~ b jmwgvwwmil xmz` z`f IMG! fpbemlfj Wb~bsblb~bo, Bggi~jmlh zi Wb~bsblb~bo!

z`f IMG xb~lfj `me liz zi zfaa z`f jigzi~ z`bz z`f tiamgf `bj bwwbvazfj `me! nvz ~bz`f~ zi nabef mz

il z`f z~mw`bx j~msf~, Z`f IMG `faj b tmwzia bhbmlwz `mw n~iz`f~ blj z`~fbzflfj zi wìiz `me mc `f

ziaj z`f jigzi~ x`bz `bj ~fbaa} `bttflfj, Bggi~jmlh zi Wb~bsblb~bo! z`f jigzi~ jmj liz bwk `me

bl}z`mlh bl}ìx! blj jmj liz fpbemlf z`f xivljw il `mw nbgk gbvwfj n} nfbzmlhw xmz` b tiaf! li~

z`f mlov~mfw wvwzbmlfj n} `mw n~iz`f~,

Z`f efl xf~f wvnwfrvflza} zbkfl ci~ z~fbzeflz zi z`f ìwtmzba! nvz x`fl z`f efl‐w tb~flzw! z`f

g`bm~tf~wil ic z`f Jmwz~mgz Givlgma! blj b aigba z~bjf vlmil ~ft~fwflzbzmsfz~mfj zi smwmz z`fe z`f IMG

g`bwfj z`fe baa bxb} blj ziaj z`fe z`f} givaj gief zi wff z`mlhw ml z`f giv~z, Bczf~ z`f} xf~f

~febljfj ml gvwzij}! b lfmh`niv~ n~ivh`z z`fe ciij ci~ z`f lmh`z nvz `bj ìz xbzf~ z`~ixl bz



87

`me, Il Ova} 0! z`f IMG ci~gfj z`f efl zi wmhl b jigveflz! x`mg` xbw abzf~ wvnemzzfj bw fsmjflgf

zi z`f Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z bz @bzzil,

Ml z`f gietabmlz! z`f tiamgf baafhf z`bz z`f z`~ff efl bwwbvazfj z`f z~mw`bx j~msf~, Z`f efl‐w abx}f~

timlzfj ivz z`bz z`f z`~ff xf~f bgzvbaa} bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf! blj `bj Wb~bsbl~bo amcz `mw w`m~z zi

wìx z`f xivljw il `mw nbgk,

@ixfsf~! z`f ebhmwz~bzf xbw liz mlzf~fwzfj blj mlwzfbj bwkfj z`f tiamgf x`} z`f hvlw hmsfl zi z`fe

xf~f liz vwfj il wvg` iggbwmilw, Z`f efl xf~f z`fl ~febljfj ci~ b cv~z`f~ 2: jb}w,

X`maf bz Nihbenb~b t~mwil! J`blbtbabwmlh`be xbw kftz ml z`f ìwtmzba xb~j ci~ z`~ff jb}w ic

z~fbzeflz il z`f xivljw `f wvwzbmlfj bz z`f `bljw ic z`f tiamgf, Bczf~ z`f efl xf~f nbmafj ivz!

z`f} xf~f bjemzzfj zi z`f Lvxb~bfam}b ìwtmzba blj ~febmlfj z`f~f ci~ civ~ jb}w! jv~mlh x`mg` zmef

z`f} ebjf b wzbzfeflz zi z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ il jvz},

@ixfsf~! fcci~zw zi ebkf b gietabmlz zi WT @bzzil `bj nffl vlwvggfwwcva, Z`f BWT bawi mlmzmbaa}

~fcvwfj zi bggftz z`fm~ gietabmlz nvz! x`fl t~fwflzfj xmz` fsmjflgf n} b ~ft~fwflzbzmsf ic b aigba`vebl ~mh`zw h~ivt! `f ~fgi~jfj wftb~bzf wzbzfeflzw c~ie fbg` ic z`f z`~ff efl,

:3, G, Nbljb~b Ob}b~bzlf? ‑Zfaa z`f z~vz`! iz`f~xmwf xf xmaa kmaa }iv―

N,H, G`bemab Nbljb~b Ob}b~bzlf! b 28%}fb~%iaj `mh` wgìia h~bjvbzf! xbw `vlh c~ie b gfmamlh blj

nfbzfl n} z`f tiamgf! gbvwmlh wf~mivw mlov~} zi `mw afcz b~e, @f jfwg~mnfj x`bz `bttflfj zi `me bw

ciaaixw?

‖Bz b~ivlj :?74%6te ic >4 Ova} >447! ilf gmsmambl tf~willfa bzzbg`fj zi z`f Blkvenv~b Tiamgf

wzbzmil Kblj}- gbef zi e} cbema}‐w ìvwf, Bz z`bz zmef M xbw z`f ila} ilf bz ìef, @f ziaj ef zi

gief xmz` `me blj ziik ef zi b xbmzmlh tiamgf offt, Z`f~f b tiamgf iccmgf~! xìwf lbef M abzf~

afb~lz mw Whz T~febwm~m! ziik ìaj ic ef blj hbsf ef wfsf~ba naixw! wb}mlh! ‘]iv `bsf wgiajfj

wiefilf xì `fatfj vw zi gbzg` wief z`mfsfw"‐ @f `mz ef `b~j il z`f cbgf blj nij} bnivz zfl

zmefw! z`fl `bljgvccfj ef, M xbw tvz ml z`f tiamgf offt! blj wbx ilf ic e} givwmlw! Vtbam! xbw bawi

z`f~f,

‖ Z`f~f xf~f zxi vlmci~efj iccmgf~w ml z`f offt! blj ilf kftz z`f nvzz ic `mw hvl il Vtbam‐w `fbj,

@f wbmj! ‘]iv zfaa z`f z~vz`! iz`f~xmwf xf xmaa kmaa }iv,‐ Bliz`f~ ni} xbw bawi ml z`f offt, Xf xf~fz`fl zbkfl zi z`f Blkvenv~b Tiamgf wzbzmil, Mlwmjf z`f wzbzmil! WM Wflfsm~bz`lb `faj ef! nflz e}

`fbj! blj `mz ef sf~} `b~j il e} wtmlf, Z`fl `f kmgkfj ef il e} cbgf xmz` `mw niizw blj tvw`fj

e} `fbj bhbmlwz z`f xbaa, M xbw zbkfl zi b `baa mlwmjf z`f wzbzmil! blj `bljgvccfj zi b nfjtiwz, M xbw

sf~nbaa} bnvwfj ml g~vjf ablhvbhf blj ziaj n} z`f wbef iccmgf~ z`bz `f xivaj gief bz emjlmh`z blj!

mc M jmjl‐z zfaa z`f z~vz`! `f xivaj zfbg` ef b afwwil, @ixfsf~! linij} gbef bz z`bz zmef,



8:

‖ Z`f lfpz ei~lmlh! bz bnivz =be z`f IMG ic z`f tiamgf wzbzmil gbef blj ziaj ef zi zfaa z`f z~vz` i~

M xivaj nf bwwbvazfj, M xbw z`fl zbkfl zi bliz`f~ tabgf x`f~f z`f~f xbw b nfj! blj z`f IMG ziaj ef

zi ~feisf e} w`m~z blj amf cbgf jixl il z`f nfj, Z`f~f xf~f wfsf~ba iccmgf~w t~fwflz, Ilf tf~wil!

xì xbw liz xfb~mlh b vlmci~e! wbz il e} nbgk, Wiefilf `faj e} afhw zmh`z, Z`fl z`f IMG blj

bliz`f~ iccmgf~ `mz z`f wiafw ic e} cffz,

‖ Z`f IMG `mz ef xmz` b g~mgkfz wzvet blj z`f iz`f~ iccmgf~ `mz ef xmz` b gblf, M xbw ziaj zi bjemz

zi z`mfsf~}, M wbmj z`bz M jmjl‐z klix bl}z`mlh bnivz bl} z`fcz, Z`f} gilzmlvfj zi `mz ef, Z`fl

tfz~ia xbw tvz mlzi b tia}z`flf nbh blj tiv~fj ivz! bczf~ x`mg` z`f tia}z`flf nbh xbw zmfj ilzi e}

cbgf, M xbw ziaj z`bz mc M jmjl‐z zfaa z`f z~vz`! M xivaj nf nv~lz, M xbw `mz ci~ bnivz ilf ìv~ ei~f, M

xbw ziaj zi hfz icc z`f nfj blj zi kfft ovetmlh! nvz nfgbvwf M jmj liz ovet `mh` flivh`! z`f IMG

`mz ef xmz` b tiaf, M wbmj z`bz M jmjl‐z klix bnivz bl} z`fczw,

‖Z`fl z`f IMG wbmj z`bz! ‘Li ilf klixw }iv `bsf nffl b~~fwzfj!‐ blj gbaafj ivz! ‘Afz‐w kmaa `me,‐ @f

ziaj z`f iz`f~w zi `blh ef c~ie z`f gfmamlh nfbe, E} `bljw xf~f wxvlh nf`mlj e} nbgk blj e}

z`venw zmfj zihfz`f~ xmz` b wz~mlh! z`fl z`f} tvz b ~itf nfzxffl e} z`venw blj `vlh ef c~ie bgfmamlh nfbe, Ilf iccmgf~ tvaafj z`f ~itf wi z`bz M xbw amczfj c~ie z`f h~ivlj, X`fl M xbw amczfj!

e} `bljw xf~f zxmwzfj bz z`f fanix blj z`f} nfgbef lven, Z`f IMG kftz `mzzmlh ef il e} afhw

blj wiafw xmz` z`f g~mgkfz wzvetw, @f `mz ef il e} z`mh`w! blj bwkfj ef xì e} c~mfljw xf~f,

‖Nfgbvwf ic z`f vlnfb~bnaf tbml M hbsf `me lbefw blj wbmj! ‘Zìvh` M jmjl‐z ji bl} z`fczw M be

xmaamlh zi bjemz zi bl}z`mlh,‐ Z`f IMG wbmj! ‘Z`bz xil‐z ji, Zmaa }iv zfaa vw bnivz baa z`f z`fczw }iv

`bsf jilf! ilf n} ilf! xf xmaa kfft }iv `blhmlh ‚xf xmaa zmf b wzilf zi }iv~ afhw,‐

‖ Bczf~ z`bz M bjemzzfj zi fsf~} z`fcz z`f} ziaj ef bnivz! ilf bczf~ z`f iz`f~! ovwz zi fwgbtf z`mw

vlnfb~bnaf wmzvbzmil, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w z`fl ziaj ef z`bz z`f} xivaj zbkf ef zi b ofxfaaf~} wìt bz

Benbz`fllb, M xbw ziaj zi wb} z`bz M `bj wziafl zxi ~mlhw blj b g`bml, Bczf~ bnivz `bac bl ìv~! civ~tiamgf iccmgf~w tvz ef bailh xmz` bliz`f~ tf~wil ml b offt blj ziik vw zi e} c~mflj Wbam}b‐w ìvwf,

Wbam}b xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f offt, @f bwkfj ef x`} M jmj baa z`mw nvz M jmjl‐z wb} bl}z`mlh, Xf xf~f baa

zbkfl zi Benbz`fllb, Z`f tiamgf timlzfj zixb~jw b tf~wil blj ziaj ef zi wb} z`bz M `bj hmsfl z`f

wziafl mzfew zi `me, M xbw bhbml z`~fbzflfj z`bz M xivaj nf `vlh vt n} ilf `blj, M jmj bw M xbw ziaj,

Bazìvh` M jmjl‐z klix z`f tf~wil bz baa! z`bz tf~wil xbw bawi zbkfl zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil xmz` Wbam}b

blj ef, M abzf~ afb~lfj z`bz bliz`f~ c~mflj xbw bawi n~ivh`z zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil,

‖M xbw n~ivh`z nfci~f z`fwf tf~wilw blj bwkfj x`fz`f~ z`f} `bj bawi flhbhfj ml z`f ~innf~mfw,

Nfgbvwf ic cfb~! M jmj liz jb~f zi blwxf~, Z`f} ziaj ef z`bz M givaj nf ebjf b wzbzf xmzlfww mc M wbmj

z`bz z`f iz`f~ zxi `bj gieemzzfj z`f z`fczw! nvz z`f} wbmj M xbw liz zi zfaa bl}ilf z`bz z`f} `bjzi~zv~fj ef, Mc b jigzi~ bwkfj ef! M xbw zi wb} z`bz z`f `bljgvccw jbebhfj e} `bljw, M xbw ziaj

z`bz mc M eflzmilfj bl}z`mlh bnivz z`f zi~zv~f z`f~f xivaj nf z~ivnaf ml z`f cvzv~f, Z`f IMG wbmj

z`bz ‘F sf~}z`mlh mw ml iv~ `bljw‐ blj ‘Jil‐z hfz z`mlhw efwwfj vt‐,

‖Il Ova} >8! Vtbam! e} c~mfljw blj M `bj iv~ cmlhf~t~mlzw zbkfl, Bczf~ z`bz! xf xf~f ebjf zi wmhl ml

z`f emjjaf ic b tbhf beilh civ~ i~ cmsf fetz} tbhfw, Bz bnivz 3te xf xf~f baa zbkfl lfb~ z`f



86

Blkvenv~b Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba blj x`maf xf xbmzfj ml z`f offt! iccmgf~w xflz ml blj n~ivh`z

wief tbtf~w nbgk zi vw, Xf xf~f liz zbkfl zi z`f jigzi~,

‖Xf xf~f abzf~ zbkfl zi z`f ebhmwz~bzf‐w iccmgmba ìvwf, Z`f tiamgf ziaj z`f ebhmwz~bzf wiefz`mlh blj

z`fl xf xf~f zbkfl zi z`f Nihbenb~b t~mwil! x`f~f Wbam}b blj Vtbam xf~f jfzbmlfj, Z`~ff iz`f~w

blj M xf~f zbkfl zi z`f ~feblj t~mwil bz ^bobsffjm}b,

‖ X`fl M xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f t~mwil M mlci~efj z`f t~mwil bvzì~mzmfw bnivz z`f mlov~mfw M `bj

wvccf~fj bz z`f `bljw ic z`f tiamgf blj ~frvfwzfj z~fbzeflz, M xbw hmsfl wief zbnafzw nvz li efjmgba

fpbemlbzmil xbw jilf, M xbw bawi liz kftz ml z`f t~mwil ìwtmzba,

‖Il Ova} >0 e} eiz`f~ xbw cmlbaa} bnaf zi effz ef z`f~f, M xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma il Ova} 74,

‖Il Ova} 72! M xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ml Kblj} blj xbw vljf~ z~fbzeflz ci~ wmp jb}w,

Z`f jigzi~w ziaj ef z`bz jvf zi z`f zi~zv~f z`f jbebhf zi e} afcz b~e mw amkfa} zi nf tf~eblflz,

X`fl M xflz zi z`f tiamgf tiwz ic z`f Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ic Kblj} zi ebkf b gietabmlz bnivz z`f

zi~zv~f! z`f ~frvfwz xbw ~fcvwfj blj M xbw ziaj zi ebkf z`f gietabmlz bz z`f Blkvenv~b Tiamgfwzbzmil, Il Bvhvwz 22 M xbw ~fbjemzzfj zi ìwtmzba! blj ziaj z`bz M xmaa `bsf zi `bsf bl itf~bzmil zi

z~} zi gi~~fgz z`f mlov~mfw gbvwfj n} z`f zi~zv~f,–

G`bemab blj `mw cbema} xf~f ci~gfj mlzi `mjmlh bczf~ z`f} ebjf gietabmlzw bnivz z`f gbwf! blj cmafj

b cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw bttamgbzmil ml z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z, Z`f gbwf bawi ~fgfmsfj fli~eivw tvnamgmz} ml

W~m Ablkb, B aigba `vebl ~mh`zw i~hblmwbzmil t~izfgzfj G`bemab, Z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w efblx`maf

gif~gfj aigba g~memlbaw mlzi mlzmemjbzmlh z`f cbema}! blj tiamgf jm~fgza} z`~fbzflfj G`bemab‐w eiz`f~,

Z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w bzzfetzfj zi cbn~mgbzf b gbwf bhbmlwz G`bemab blj ci~gfj wief ni}w zizfwzmc} z`bz z`f smgzme‐w mlov~mfw xf~f gbvwfj n} b cbaa, G`bemab bzzfljfj z`f VL @vebl ^mh`zw

Gieemzzff wfwwmil `faj ml Hflfsb bz z`f flj ic Igzinf~ >447 bw tb~z ic b jfafhbzmil c~ie z`f

BA^G blj z`f Xi~aj Givlgma bhbmlwz Zi~zv~f, X`fl z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemzzff efz z`f

jfafhbzmil! G`bemab lb~~bzfj `mw gbwf zi z`f Gieemzzff, Il z`f lfpz jbzf ic z`f wfwwmil! z`f

Gieemzzff mlrvm~fj bnivz G`bemab‐w baafhbzmilw xmz` z`f W~m Ablkbl hisf~leflz jfafhbzmil, Ilf ic

z`f jfafhbzfw wzbzfj zi z`f Gieemzzff z`bz z`f baafhbzmilw xf~f gietafzfa} cbawf, Z`f nbwmw ic z`mw

wzbzfeflz xbw b ~fti~z cmafj n} z`f Kblj} B~fb Gii~jmlbzi~ ic z`f @^G, Z`mw ~fti~z xbw gietmafj

xmzìvz fsfl zbkmlh b wzbzfeflz c~ie G`bemab i~ `mw cbema}! blj xmzìvz ~fcf~~mlh zi z`f efjmgba

gf~zmcmgbzfw,

Z`f B@^G meefjmbzfa} jfebljfj z`bz z`f g`bm~tf~wil ic z`f @^G jmwemww z`f b~fb gii~jmlbzi~

xmzìvz jfab}, Z`f @^G z`fl ~fitflfj z`f mlrvm~} blj lbefj mzw Jm~fgzi~ ic Mlsfwzmhbzmilw bw z`f

mlrvm~mlh iccmgf~,

B cv~z`f~ mlrvm~} xbw mlmzmbzfj mlzi z`f giljvgz ic z`f Kblj} B~fb Gii~jmlbzi~, Wì~za} z`f~fbczf~!

wfsf~ba aigba `vebl ~mh`zw i~hblmwbzmilw ziik fpgftzmil zi z`f ebllf~ ml x`mg` z`f ~fitflfj

mlrvm~} xbw nfmlh giljvgzfj,



83

Z`f~fbczf~ bl mljftfljflz mlrvm~f~! J~ M~smlf Ob}bwv~m}b! xbw bttimlzfj zi giljvgz niz` mlrvm~mfw,

Z`f IEGZ i~hblmwfj ci~ b wtfgmbamwz zi fpbemlf G`bemab x`maf ml Hflfsb, Z`f jigzi~ gilgavjfj

z`bz z`f mlov~mfw `f `bj wvwzbmlfj xf~f gilwmwzflz xmz` `mw baafhbzmilw ic zi~zv~f, Ci~zvlbzfa}! z`f

jigzi~ xbw bnaf zi ~fti~z z`bz G`bemab xbw amkfa} zi nf bnaf zi ebkf b ~fgisf~} jvf zi `mw }ivz` blj

hiij `fbaz`, @bj wvg` zi~zv~f nffl mlcamgzfj il bl iajf~ tf~wil! mz mw baeiwz gf~zbml z`bz z`f mlov~mfw

xivaj `bsf nffl tf~eblflz! bw wvhhfwzfj n} z`f jigzi~w xì jmj z`f mlmzmba fpbemlbzmil,

:8, Nbljvab Tbjeb Kveb~b blj Wbebl Kveb~b? Zi~zv~fj ci~ baafhfja} wzfbamlh b nvlg` ic

nblblbw

G`bemab Nbljb~b xbw liz z`f ila} g`maj nfmlh zi~zv~fj n} z`f tiamgf bz Blkvenv~b nfzxffl >4 blj

>0 Ova} >447, Nbljvab Tbjeb Kveb~b blj Wbebl Kveb~b! zxi n~iz`f~w bhfj 2: blj 28

~fwtfgzmsfa}! fptf~mflgfj wmemab~ z~fbzeflz c~ie z`f wbef tiamgf, Il Ova} >4! Nbljvab xbw b~~fwzfj

ci~ baafhfja} wzfbamlh b nvlg` ic nblblbw, Bczf~ `mw b~~fwz! `mw eiz`f~ xbw ~fcvwfj bggfww zi `me, @mw

n~iz`f~ xbw b~~fwzfj bz ìef bz bnivz 8te il Ova} >>, Niz` ni}w xf~f kftz bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil

vlzma Ova} >0! x`fl z`f} xf~f ~febljfj ml gvwzij} nfgbvwf ic b ebhmwz~bzf i~jf~ bczf~ tiamgf

cbn~mgbzfj gbwfw bhbmlwz z`fe z`~ivh` gilcfwwmilw inzbmlfj z`~ivh` z`f vwf ic zi~zv~f,

Z`f zi~zv~f mlgavjfj `blhmlh n} z`f z`venw blj tvaamlh il z`fm~ afhw! blj b t~bgzmgf g}lmgbaa}

jfwg~mnfj bw j`b~eb g`bkk~b ‘X`ffa ic Abx‐; b Nvjj`mwz jigz~mlf-, Ml z`mw efzìj ic zi~zv~f! z`f

smgzme‐w b~ew b~f zmfj zi z`f klffw wi z`f nij} ci~ew b gm~gaf; b tiaf mw mlwf~zfj nfzxffl z`f b~ew

blj nij} blj z`f tf~wil mw ~izbzfj il z`mw x`maf nfmlh nfbzfl il z`f wiafw ic z`f cffz, Z`f ni}w

xf~f abzf~ ~fafbwfj il nbma,

:0, W,T,Xmofkilf? Wfsfl%}fb~%iaj zi~zv~fj isf~ wìt z`fcz

Bz bnivz :?74te il >= Ova} >447! IMG Xmof~bzlf blj zxi iz`f~ tiamgfefl ic Tiamtmz`mhbeb xflz zi

z`f ìvwf ic wfsfl%}fb~%iaj Xmofkilf Evjm}blwfabhf Wvomz` T~m}blz`b Xmofkilf! ml b sf`mgaf

nfailhmlh zi z`f Tiatmz`mhbeb Evazm Tv~tiwf Giitf~bzmsf Wigmfz}! blj aiikfj ci~ `me, Wvomz`‐w

eiz`f~ xbw liz bz ìef! wi z`f IMG wflz wiefilf zi n~mlh `f~ zi z`f ìvwf, Bczf~ w`f b~~msfj! z`f

IMG wbmj z`bz `f xblzfj zi zbkf Wvomz` zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil nfgbvwf `f `bj n~ikfl mlzi b

giitf~bzmsf wìt blj wziafl wief hiijw, @mw eiz`f~ t~izfwzfj! wb}mlh z`bz `f xbw mlligflz! nvz z`f

IMG ziaj `f~ zi n~mlh `f~ wil blj `mw wmwzf~ zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil nfci~f 8 be z`f lfpz jb},

Bw w`f givaj liz ~fcvwf! z`f eiz`f~ ziik `f~ zxi g`maj~fl zi Tiatmz`mhbeb tiamgf wzbzmil z`f lfpz

jb}, B gilwzbnaf rvfwzmilfj z`f g`maj~fl vlzma 2te, Z`fl z`f IMG ziik Wvomz` mlzi `mw ~iie bailf,

@mw eiz`f~ `fb~j `f~ wil wg~fbe! nvz xbw `fatafww, Z`f IMG kftz Wvomz` ci~ bnivz ilf ìv~, Abzf~

Wvomz` ziaj `mw eiz`f~ z`bz z`f IMG `bj nfbzfl blj z`~fbzflfj `me, Ml z`f bczf~liil z`f tiamgf ziik

Wvomz` blj `mw wmwzf~ ml b tiamgf sf`mgaf blj wfb~g`fj ci~ b 27%}fb~%iaj ni} gbaafj B~vlb, Bczf~



88

b~~fwzmlh B~vlb! z`f tiamgf ~fafbwfj Wvomz`‐w wmwzf~, Bz bnivz 8?74 te z`f} tvz Wvomz` blj B~vlb mlzi b

gfaa, X`fl Wvomz`‐w eiz`f~ t~izfwzfj z`f z~fbzeflz ic `f~ wil! z`f tiamgf zv~lfj `f~ bxb},

Il z`f ei~lmlh ic Ova} 72! Wvomz`‐w eiz`f~ gbef zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil bhbml blj wbx B~vlb‐w cbema}

z`f~f bawi, IMG Xmof~bzlf ziaj z`fe z`bz `f xivaj ~fafbwf z`f zxi ni}w mc z`f} xivaj tb} ci~ z`f

hiijw wziafl, Z`f} ~fcvwfj! blj bz bnivz 7?74te xflz zi bl bzzi~lf}, Bczf~ z`f bzzi~lf} mlzf~sflfj!z`f IMG bh~ffj zi n~mlh z`f zxi ni}w nfci~f z`f ebhmwz~bzf bz Eb`bsb, Bz emjlmh`z z`f ebhmwz~bzf

~fafbwfj z`f zxi ni}w il nbma,

:=, Vjb}blhb Tf~f~b? Zi~zv~f smgzme gilzmlvfw zi nf smgzmemwfj z`~ff }fb~w bczf~ mlgmjflz

Il 8 Bvhvwz >447! Vjb}blhb Tf~f~b! bl 20%}fb~%iaj wgìiani} bz z`f zmef! xbw b~~fwzfj blj

wvnofgzfj zi wfsf~f zi~zv~f n} tiamgfefl bzzbg`fj zi z`f Xfxfaxbzzf tiamgf tiwz, Bw b ~fwvaz!

Vjb}blhb wvccf~fj mlov~mfw zi `mw fb~ blj `bj zi nf xb~jfj ci~ wfsf~ba jb}w bz z`f ^bzlbtv~b

ìwtmzba, Abzf~! `f aijhfj b gietabmlz ~fhb~jmlh z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f ~fafsblz bvzì~mzmfw! mlgavjmlh z`f@^G,

Vjb}blhb wb}w z`bz z`f ^bzlbtv~b tiamgf z`fl cbn~mgbzfj b cbawf g`b~hf bhbmlwz `me blj wfsf~ba iz`f~w

nfci~f z`f ^bzlbtv~b Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z Gbwf Li, N2720)47; 6:0>2-! lbefa} ! ci~ gbvwmlh emli~

`b~e zi b tiamgfebl, Wvnwfrvflza}! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ ml g`b~hf IMG- ic Xfxfaxbzzf tiamgf tiwz

z`fl baafhfja} ziaj Vjb}blhb z`bz z`f tiamgf xf~f xmaamlh zi xmz`j~bx z`f gbwf bhbmlwz `me ml

fpg`blhf ci~ `mw xmz`j~bxmlh `mw ixl gietabmlz nfci~f z`f @^G, @ixfsf~! Vjb}blhb ~fcvwfj bl}

wvg` wvhhfwzmilw! blj bw b ~fwvaz! z`f gbwf xbw ~fcf~~fj zi z`f Efjmbzmil Nib~j il >2 Oblvb~} >44:

ci~ tiwwmnaf wfzzafeflz,

X`fl z`f gbwf xbw gbaafj il >> Cfn~vb~} >44:! Vjb}blhb ~fcvwfj zi wfzzaf z`f gbwf! blj z`vw z`f

Efjmbzmil Nib~j wflz z`f gbwf smb z`f tiamgf nbgk zi z`f ^bzlbtv~b Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z, @ixfsf~! ci~

z`f lfpz zxi blj b `bac eilz`w! z`f tiamgf e}wzf~mivwa} cbmafj zi ci~xb~j z`fwf gbwf jigveflzw zi

z`f giv~z! zìvh` gafb~a} ~frvm~fj zi ji wi n} abx,

Z`mw xbw bl vlbggftzbnaf wmzvbzmil zi Vjb}blhb! xì xbw blpmivw zi gafb~ `mw lbef blj eisf il

xmz` `mw amcf, Z`f~fci~f! il >0 Bvhvwz >443! `f ci~xb~jfj b eizmil z`~ivh` `mw abx}f~ zi z`f giv~z!

~frvfwzmlh z`bz `mw gbwf nf gbaafj vt nfci~f z`f giv~z,

Z`f ^bzlbtv~b Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z `bw wmlgf gbaafj z`f gbwf civ~ wftb~bzf zmefw‚ m,f, 20 Wftzfenf~

>443! 23 Igzinf~ >443! >= Lisfenf~ >443! blj 28 Oblvb~} >448, @ixfsf~! z`f gbwf xbwvlci~zvlbzfa} tiwztilfj il fbg` ic z`fwf jbzfw jvf zi z`f lil%bttfb~blgf ic z`f gietabmlblz z`f

tiamgf-, Z`f ebhmwz~bzf z`fl mwwvfj b xb~~blz ci~ z`f b~~fwz blj t~ijvgzmil nfci~f z`f giv~z ic z`f

bggvwfj! nvz bggi~jmlh zi Vjb}blhb! z`f tiamgf b~f jfamnf~bzfa} w`m~kmlh z`fm~ ~fwtilwmnmamzmfw ml

fpfgvzmlh z`mw xb~~blz! jfwtmzf z`f cbgz z`bz z`f gietabmlblz `bw nffl wffl ml z`f smgmlmz}, Vjb}blhb

gabmew z`bz z`mw tv~tiwfcvaa} gbvwfj giv~z jfab} xbw b cv~z`f~ bzzfetz n} z`f tiamgf zi `b~bww `me,



80

Z`f~fci~f! Vjb}blhb ilgf bhbml gietabmlfj zi z`f MHT! Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba! LTG blj @^G bnivz

z`mw fpz~fefa} vlwbzmwcbgzi~} wzbzf ic bccbm~w blj cv~z`f~ei~f! jfebljfj z`bz z`f ^bzlbtv~b tiamgf

bgz ml bggi~jblgf xmz` z`f abx blj t~igffj xmz` z`f gbwf,

64, Kv~vtblbxb Hbebhf L,? Nfbzfl blj c~befj

B~ivlj 8%0te il 28 Bvhvwz >447! iccmgf~w ic z`f Vjvhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil b~~fwzfj Kv~vtblbxb

Hbebhf Lm`ba lfb~ Kiljbabxbzzb N~mjhf x`maf `f xbw himlh zi z`f abkf ci~ b nbz`, Wmp i~ wfsfl

tfitaf xfb~mlh gmsmambl gaiz`fw gbef blj bwkfj x`fz`f~ `f xbw Lm`ba i~ liz, Fsfl nfci~f `f

blwxf~fj! ilf tf~wil abzf~ mjflzmcmfj bw WM Xmofkiil meefjmbzfa} nfhbl zi bwwbvaz `me xmz` b tiaf!

vlzma z`f tiaf n~ikf blj Kv~vtblbxb xbw il z`f h~ivlj, Z`fl WM Xmofkiil blj iz`f~ iccmgf~w

gilzmlvfj n} kmgkmlh `mw afhw! cbgf! nbgk blj iz`f~ tb~zw ic `mw nij}! n~fbkmlh `mw liwf blj gbvwmlh

naffjmlh c~ie `mw liwf blj cbgf, Bazìvh` Kv~vtblbxb‐w n~iz`f~ b~~msfj il z`f wgflf blj tafbjfj

ci~ z`f tiamgf zi wzit! z`f} jmj liz ji wi,

Bczf~ z`f tiamgf ziik Kv~vtblbxb zi Vjvhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil `f gilzmlvfj zi naffj gilwzblza}! wi

z`~ff iccmgf~w ziik `me zi Vjvhbeb Jmwz~mgz @iwtmzba, Z`f jigzi~ xì fpbemlfj `me bjsmwfj z`bz

`f nf ìwtmzbamwfj meefjmbzfa}, Kv~vtblbxb xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f ìwtmzba blj zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w

~febmlfj xmz` `me,

X`maf z`f~f! WM Xmofkiil blj bliz`f~ iccmgf~ c~ie Vjvhbeb wzbzmil ci~gfj `me zi tvz `mw z`ven

t~mlz il b nizzaf blj bawi ci~gfj `me zi wmhl wief jigveflzw, Z`f} jmj liz fptabml x`bz z`f

jigveflzw xf~f bnivz blj Kv~vtblbxb xbw ila} wfem%gilwgmivw! z`mlkmlh bz z`bz zmef z`bz `f xbw

j}mlh, Z`f lfpz jb} zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w ci~gfj Kv~vtblbxb zi afbsf z`f ìwtmzba blj hi xmz` z`fe

zi b ebhmwz~bzf, Z`f ebhmwz~bzf i~jf~fj `me zi nf ~febljfj ci~ 2: jb}w! nvz Kv~vtblbxb jmj lizfsfl klix z`f g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me, X`fl `f xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f t~mwil bz Hbaaf! `f bwkfj z`f t~mwil

iccmgf~w zi nf wflz nbgk zi ìwtmzba ci~ efjmgba z~fbzeflz; ìxfsf~! z`f} mhli~fj `mw gietabmlzw,

Il Bvhvwz >2! Kv~vtblbxb‐w ~fabzmsfw wvggffjfj ml nbmamlh `me ivz, @f z`fl xflz nbgk zi z`f

Vjvhbeb Jmwz~mgz @iwtmzba, Z`f jigzi~ xì fpbemlfj `me ziaj `me z`bz `mw giljmzmil xbw wf~mivw

blj z`bz `f wìvaj nf ìwtmzbamfj meefjmbzfa}, @f xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba bz

Kb~btmzm}b blj jmwg`b~hfj il Bvhvwz >8! bczf~ nfmlh bjsmwfj zi hfz cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz, Bggi~jmlh zi

z`f efjmgba ~fti~z hmsfl n} z`f OEI K,M T~febz`mabkb! Kv~vtblbxb `bj z`f ciaaixmlh mlov~mfw zi

`mw `fbj?

2, 7ge ì~milzba abgf~bzfj mlov~} il z`f afcz wmjf ic z`f tb~mfzba ~fhmil 7ge

c~ie z`f emj amlf blj 22ge bnisf z`f afcz fb~

>, Nmabzf~ba nabgk f}f nfaix z`f f}fw



8=

7, 3ge gm~gvab~ ml wxfaamlh il z`f afcz tb~mfzba ~fhmil

Z`f cbema} gietabmlfj zi z`f BWT ic Vjbhbeb,

62, Hb~aml Kblkblbehf W? Gvwzijmba jfbz` blj nij} nv~mfj ml ìtf ic wfgilj tiwz%ei~zfe

Hb~aml Kblkblbehf Wbloffxb! b >6%}fb~%iaj wiajmf~! xbw himlh ìef il >8 Bvhvwz >447 x`fl

iccmgf~w ic z`f Kbjbxbz`b tiamgf wzbzmil b~~fwzfj `me il baafhbzmilw ic ~innf~}, Z`f lfpz jb} `f xbw

jfbj ml b gfaa, Z`f tiamgf gabmefj `f `bj `blhfj `mewfac xmz` z`f nfaz ic `mw z~ivwf~w, @ixfsf~!

Hb~aml‐w eiz`f~ wbmj z`bz `f~ wil‐w cffz xf~f il z`f caii~ ic z`f gfaa x`fl w`f wbx `mw `blhmlh nij}!

bazìvh` z`f wkfzg` ebjf n} tiamgf jifw liz wìx `mw jfbz` z`mw xb}, W`f bawi gabmew zi `bsf wffl

naiij caixmlh c~ie z`f aixf~ tb~z ic `f~ wil‐w nij}! blj b xivlj il ilf ic `mw b~ew, Z`f cbema}

mlwmwzfj z`bz b t~itf~ blj metb~zmba mlrvm~} nf `faj blj b wfgilj mlrvfwz zbkf tabgf nfgbvwf z`f} jiliz bggftz z`f tiwz%ei~zfe giljvgzfj ml z`f tiamgf wzbzmil, Il Wftzfenf~ 2 z`f} nv~mfj z`f nij}

ml b t~msbzf hb~jfl ivz ic cfb~ z`bz z`f tiamgf xivaj gief zi z~} zi zbkf mz blj jfwz~i} z`f fsmjflgf

ic z`fm~ bgzmilw,

Bw Hb~aml xbw b wiamjf~! z`f emamzb~} tiamgf giljvgzfj bl mlrvm~} mlzi z`mw gbwf, Ml z`fm~ ~fti~z! b

git} ic x`mg` xbw mwwvfj zi `mw eiz`f~! z`f mlrvm~f~w gbwz jivnzw bnivz z`f tiamgf sf~wmil ic fsflzw,

Jfwtmzf z`mw ~fti~z! z`f tiamgf bvzì~mzmfw b~f liz klixl zi `bsf vljf~zbkfl bl} cv~z`f~ mlrvm~} mlzi

z`f gbwf bczf~ mlzf~jmgzmlh z`f zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w il jvz} bz z`f zmef ci~ lfhamhflgf isf~ z`f baafhfj

wvmgmjf,

6>, ^,E, Aikv Nbljb? Civlj jfbj ml t~mwil gfaa

B~ivlj z`f wbef jbzf bw Hb~aml aiwz `mw amcf! 34%}fb~%iaj ^,E, Aikv Nbljb `bj b jmwtvzf xmz` zxi

smaabhf~w bnivz b ~ibj gilwz~vgzmil, Tiamgf c~ie Ebzv~bzb wzbzmil mlzf~sflfj blj ziik Nbljb bxb},

@f xbw abzf~ civlj jfbj ml `mw gfaa, Bazìvh` z`f ~fbwil ci~ `mw jfbz` `bw liz }fz nffl ~fsfbafj!

aigba `vebl ~mh`zw h~ivtw baafhfj zi~zv~f, @mw wil gietabmlfj zi z`f bvzì~mzmfw blj z`f cbema}

aijhfj b cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw bttamgbzmil ml z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z,

67, E, ^mwxbl! W, ^bsmg`blj~bl # B, Abzmfc? Nfbzfl xmz` b n~mgk blj n~iiewzmgk

Il 74 Bvhvwz >447 bz bnivz 2>?74te! >7%}fb~%iaj Wvttbm}b ^bsmg`blj~bl xbw j~msmlh b eizi~mwfj

z~mw`bx gb~~}mlh >7%}fb~%iaj Ei`bebj Beff~ Ei`bebj ^mwxbl blj 74%}fb~%iaj Bnjva Kb~me

Ei`bebj îw`bl Abzmfc, B sbl gilzbmlmlh bnivz wmp tabml%gaiz`fw tiamgf iccmgf~w c~ie Xbzzbab

wzbzmil wzittfj z`fe, Z`f tiamgf ci~gfj z`f efl mlzi z`f sbl! namljciajfj z`fe blj ziik z`fe zi

z`f tiamgf wzbzmil,



04

Bz bnivz 8te! wfsf~ba tiamgf iccmgf~w! tb~zmgvab~a} WM Lbsb~bzlf! wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj z`f efl, Z`f

bwwbvaz gilzmlvfj jv~mlh z`f lfpz jb}! blj z`bz lmh`z z`f} xf~f zbkfl zi z`f iccmgf ic z`f JMH Li~z`

Giaieni bz Tfam}bhijb! x`mg` mw z`f tiamgf `fbjrvb~zf~w ci~ z`f b~fb,

Z`f~f b wflmi~ iccmgf~ bwwbvazfj z`f efl il z`fm~ afhw! wziebg`w! g`fwzw blj `bljw! blj ci~gfj z`fe

zi gilcfww zi mlsiasfeflz ml b ~innf~}! bnivz x`mg` z`f} klfx liz`mlh, X`fl z`f efl tafbjfjmlligflgf z`f iccmgf~ bwwbvazfj z`fe xmz` b n~mgk! blj x`fl `f nfbz ^mwxbl il z`f fb~w xmz` z`f

n~mgk! z`f smgzme nfhbl zi naffj c~ie z`f liwf,

Bczf~ z`f n~mgk n~ikf mlzi tmfgfw! bl iccmgf~ c~ie Xbzzbab n~ivh`z bl iaj n~iiewzmgk! x`mg` z`f

wflmi~ iccmgf~ vwfj vlzma mz bawi n~ikf, Baa z`f efl wvccf~fj wfsf~f mlov~mfw! fwtfgmbaa} Abzmfc! xì xbw

gilzmlvivwa} bwwbvazfj ci~ bnivz 74 emlvzfw, @f xbw bawi wzbnnfj xmz` z`f n~ikfl flj ic z`f

n~iiewzmgk blj xbw naffjmlh c~ie z`f g`fwz, Abzmfc xbw bhbml bzzbgkfj z`f ciaaixmlh lmh`z! blj `f

baafhfj z`bz `f xbw zi~zv~fj x`maf `vlh c~ie b nfbe,

Il Wftzfenf~ 2 z`f efl xf~f n~ivh`z nbgk zi z`f Xbzzbab Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f z`f} xf~f aigkfj

vt, Z`f} xf~f hmsfl ila} wief xbzf~ x`maf ml z`f gfaa,

Z`bz fsflmlh! z`fm~ cbema} efenf~w gbef zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil zi wff z`fe! bw jmj z`~ff iccmgf~w ic

z`f @^G! bczf~ ~fgfmsmlh b gietabmlz c~ie z`f cbema}, Z`f} ziik x~mzzfl wzbzfeflzw blj bawi lizfj

z`fm~ mlov~mfw, Z`f} i~jf~fj z`f tiamgf zi t~ijvgf z`f efl nfci~f b OEI! blj z`f tiamgf inamhfj,

Bczf~ z`f OEI‐w fpbemlbzmil! z`f smgzmew xf~f t~ijvgfj nfci~f b ebhmwz~bzf! c~ie xìe z`f tiamgf

inzbmlfj b jfzflzmil i~jf~ wi bw zi mlsfwzmhbzf baafhfj mlsiasfeflz ml z`f j~vh z~bjf, @ixfsf~!

z`~ivhìvz z`f zi~zv~f z`f tiamgf ~fti~zfja} lfsf~ rvfwzmilfj z`f efl bnivz wvg` bgzmsmz}, ^bz`f~! mz

xbw ila} bczf~ z`f @^G smwmz z`bz WM Lbsb~bzlf ziaj z`f efl z`bz wmlgf z`f} gietabmlfj zi z`f @^G

z`f} xivaj nf metamgbzfj ci~ tiwwfwwmil ic lb~gizmg j~vhw, Z`f efl `bsf wmlgf nffl g`b~hfj xmz`z`fcz! blj j~vh%~fabzfj iccflgfw! x`mg` z`f} jfl}, Abzmfc blj ^mwxbl `bsf wmlgf cmafj cvljbeflzba

~mh`zw bttamgbzmilw ml z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z,

6:, @mkkbjvxb Am}blbhf W,? Mlligflz ni} fljv~fw xffk ic bhil}

@mkkbjvxb Am}blbhf Wbljvl Kveb~b! bhfj 23! `bj zi afbsf wgìia bczf~ `mw cbz`f~‐w jfbz` zi

wvtti~z `mw cbema}! blj wzb~zfj xi~k bz b cbgzi~} ixlfj n} ilf Tm}bwflb ml fb~a} Bvhvwz >447,

@ixfsf~! `f abzf~ afcz z`mw xi~k blj xflz zi Betb~b,

Il 24 Wftzfenf~ >447! Wbljvl‐w bvlz xbw mlci~efj z`bz z`f ^bz`hbeb tiamgf xf~f aiikmlh c i~ `me,

@f gbef nbgk ìef blj xflz zi z`f ^bz`hbeb tiamgf wzbzmil il z`f ei~lmlh ic Wftzfenf~ 2>, Z`f

tiamgf rvfwzmilfj `me vlzma 7te blj z`~fbzflfj `me zi ~fsfba z`f x`f~fbnivzw ic wziafl hiijw!

bnivz x`mg` `f klfx liz`mlh, Z`fl z`f} ~fafbwfj `me blj ziaj `me zi gief nbgk z`f lfpz jb},

Bz bnivz 2te il Wftzfenf~ 27! Wb~bz` blj Nbljvab Wmasb! cbema} efenf~w ic Tm}bwflb! gbef xmz`

z`fm~ n~iz`f~w zi z`f Wbljvl‐w ìvwf! zi zbkf `me zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f} ziaj `me mz xbw ila} zi



02

~fgi~j b wzbzfeflz blj t~iemwfj zi ~fzv~l `me xmz`ml bl ìv~, @ixfsf~! z`f} ziik `me zi

Tm}bwflb‐w ìvwf mlwzfbj! blj gbaafj z`f tiamgf wzbzmil wb}mlh z`bz z`f} `bj gbvh`z z`f z`mfc,

Bczf~ z`bz! bz b~ivlj 7te z`f} n~ivh`z `me zi z`f ^bz`hbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil! blj `bljfj `me isf~ zi

WM G~mefw- O,Z, ^be}bwm~m, Wb~bz` blj Nbljvab Wmasb! z`fm~ n~iz`f~w! blj wief tiamgf iccmgf~w ziik

Wbljvl zi z`f nbgk}b~j ic z`f tiamgf wzbzmil, WM O,Z,^be}bwm~m `faj `me n} `mw z%w`m~z giaab~ blj amczfj`me icc z`f h~ivlj! jfebljmlh `f ~fsfba z`f x`f~fbnivzw ic wziafl hiijw,

@f kmgkfj Wbljvl‐w afhw blj j~ittfj `me ilzi `mw nbgk, Z`fl `f z~betafj `me xmz` `mw wìfw! blj

`vlh `me vt il b z~ff n} z`f xbmwznblj ic `mw z~ivwf~w nfci~f j~ittmlh `me ilzi z`f h~ivlj, X`maf

z`f tiamgf bwwbvazfj Wbljvl! Nbljvab Wmasb wtikf zi z`f tiamgf mlwtfgzi~, Bczf~ z`bz! bz bnivz 6te

Nbljvab blj Wb~bz` Wmasb blj z`fm~ n~iz`f~w ziik Wbljvl zihfz`f~ xmz` wief iccmgf~w ml gmsmambl

gaiz`fw zi Tm}bwflb Evjbabam‐w ìvwf,

Z`f~f z`f} wf~sfj bagiìa! gmhb~fzzfw blj ciij zi z`f tiamgf, X`maf z`f} xf~f j~mlkmlh! z`f tiamgf

iccmgf~w bwwv~fj z`f n~iz`f~w z`bz z`f} xivaj hfz z`f aiwz mzfew c~ie Wbljvl, Z`fl z`f} z`~fbzflfj

`me! wb}mlh z`bz z`f} klfx x`bz zi ji zi `me mc `f jmj liz zfaa z`fe z`f x`f~fbnivzw ic z`f wziafl

hiijw,

Baa ic z`fe ~fzv~lfj zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil bz bnivz 3?74te, Z`f tiamgf ziik z`f smgzme zi b gfaa

gilzbmlmlh nfjw xmz` m~il ~bmamlhw blj `bljgvccfj ilf ic `mw `bljw zi ilf, Z`f} hbsf `me wief

ciij! nvz li xbzf~, Z`f lfpz jb}! Wftzfenf~ 2:! z`f tiamgf ziik Wbljvl zi bliz`f~ webaa nvmajmlh

cv~z`f~ bxb} c~ie z`f nbgk}b~j ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f z`f~f xf~f nfjw blj b nbz`~iie, Z`f

iccmgf~w i~jf~fj `me zi ~feisf `mw gaiz`fw blj bttamfj g`maam tixjf~ zi `mw hflmzbaw x`maf `f nfhhfj

z`fe zi wzit, Bczf~ z`bz! z`f} x~bttfj `mw `fbj blj cbgf xmz` `mw z%w`m~z blj tiv~fj xbzf~ il mz!

wvccigbzmlh `me,

Z`f} `faj z`f z%w`m~z ci~ bnivz ilf emlvzf blj ~ftfbzfj mz bnivz civ~ zmefw bz zxi zi z`~ff emlvzf

mlzf~sbaw, Bczf~ z`bz! z`f} c~ffj `mw `bljw blj i~jf~fj `me zi cbgf z`f xbaa, Z`f} z`fl nfbz `mw nbgk!

nvzzigkw blj afhw xmz` z`fm~ `bljw blj xiijfl wzmgkw, Bczf~ bwwbvazmlh `me! z`f} tvz `me nbgk ml z`f

gfaa! x`f~f `f xbw `bljgvccfj zi b nfj bhbml,

Bz bnivz liil! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ziik Wbljvl zi b gfefzf~} ml c~ilz ic z`f lbs} gbet bz Niiwwf!

lfb~ `mw ìef! blj i~jf~fj `me zi jmh b h~bsf, Z`fl z`f} meef~wfj `me ml b xbzf~ tmz, Nbljvab blj

Wb~bz` Wmasb blj z`fm~ n~iz`f~w xf~f t~fwflz ml z`fm~ x`mzf sbl lfb~n}, Wbljvl xbw n~ivh`z nbgk zi

z`f tiamgf wzbzmil bz bnivz 2?74te blj xbw gvccfj zi z`f nfj bhbml,

Wfsf~ba tiamgf iccmgf~w ziik zv~lw bwwbvazmlh `me xmz` `bljw blj xiijfl wzmgkw, Bz bnivz :te! z`ftiamgf ziik `me mlwmjf z`f webaa nvmajmlh bhbml! ~feisfj `mw gaiz`fw! ~ftfbzfj z`f wvccigbzmil

zi~zv~f! blj bwwbvazfj `me,

Il Wftzfenf~ 26! z`f tiamgf ~ftfbzfj z`f zi~zv~f, @f xbw bawi j~bhhfj bailh wblj} gfeflz caii~w

vlzma `mw cffz xf~f naffjmlh, Z`bz fsflmlh! Whz Wmasb blj bliz`f~ iccmgf~ ziik Wbljvl zi z`f nfbg`



0>

nf`mlj z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj i~jf~fj `me zi ~vl, Z`f} z`~fbzflfj zi wìiz `me! blj z`fl bwwbvazfj

`me xmz` b wzmgk x`maf `f xbw `bljgvccfj,

Z`f bwwbvazw gilzmlvfj mlzi Wftzfenf~ 23, Bz bnivz 2>?74te il Wftzfenf~ 28! z`f smgzme‐w eiz`f~

xbw tf~emzzfj zi effz `f~ wil ci~ z`f cm~wz zmef wmlgf `f xbw zbkfl mlzi tiamgf gvwzij}, W`f lizmgfj

ìx `f xbakfj xmz` h~fbz jmccmgvaz}! `bj b nabgk f}f! blj `mw wkml nfaix z`f blkafw xbw wxiaafl blj~fj, @mw fanixw blj klffw xf~f xivljfj! blj `f givaj wmz ila} il z`f fjhf ic z`f g`bm~, Bczf~

wffmlh `f~ wil‐w wf~mivw giljmzmil! w`f ~frvfwzfj z`f tiamgf zi t~ismjf `me efjmgba bzzflzmil! x`mg`

xbw jflmfj, Z`bz fsflmlh! Whz Wmasb `mz Wbljvl‐w `fbj bhbmlwz b xbaa! blj wz~vgk `mw fb~w xmz` `mw

wìfw bnivz cmsf zmefw, @f bawi kmgkfj blj z~betafj `mw afhw,

Z`f tiamgf t~ijvgfj Wbljvl ml giv~z il Wftzfenf~ 2=! blj z`fl wflz `me zi z`f Kmz`vabetmzm}b

^feblj @ief, Z`f iccmgf~w ic z`f ~feblj ìef bjemzzfj `me zi z`f Kb~btmzm}b Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba

il Wftzfenf~ >2! x`f~f `f xbw z~fbzfj blj jmwg`b~hfj! nvz ~fbjemzzfj il Wftzfenf~ >7 nfgbvwf ic

wfsf~f `fbjbg`fw! g`fwz tbmlw blj `fb~mlh aiww, Il Wftzfenf~ >:! Wbljvl xbw t~ijvgfj ml z`f Hbaaf

Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z blj ~fafbwfj il nbma, @mw cbema} cmafj gietabmlzw xmz` z`f @^G! LTG blj ml z`fWvt~fef Giv~z! x`mg` `bw i~jf~fj z`f LTG zi mlsfwzmhbzf, @ixfsf~! bczf~ ebkmlh z`f gietabmlzw

z`f} ~fgfmsfj jfbz` z`~fbzw,

66, Jbxvljbhf T? ‑Mz mw hiij z`bz }iv gbef! iz`f~xmwf M xivaj `bsf nffl kmaafj―

Bz b~ivlj 24?74te il 2 Wftzfenf~ >447! bnivz wmp tiamgf iccmgf~w c~ie z`f Wbam}bxfxb tiamgf tiwz

ml Tvzzbabe! j~fwwfj ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw! gbef zi z`f ìvwf ic 2:%}fb~%iaj Jbxvljbhf

Tvw`tbkveb~b‐w wmwzf~ blj z`~fbzflfj zi wìiz z`fm~ givwml! Lmw`blz`b! mc Tvw`tbkveb~b jmj liz hi

xmz` z`fe, Z`f} h~bnnfj `mw lfgk blj tvw`fj `me mlzi z`fm~ sbl! x`f~f `f wbx civ~ nizzafw ic amrvi~,

Bggi~jmlh zi Lmw`blz`b! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w xflz zi Tvw`tbkveb~b‐w ìvwf c~ie z`f ìvwf ic ilf

Ob}bz`mabkb! x`f~f z`f} `bj j~vlk amrvi~ blj z`~fbzflfj zi wìiz Lmw`blz`b mc `f jmj liz wìx z`fe

Tvw`tbkveb~b‐w ìvwf, Mlwmjf z`f sbl wfsf~ba tiamgf iccmgf~w bwwbvazfj Tvw`tbkveb~b! zfaamlh `me zi

gilcfww zi wzfbamlh b hiaj g`bml, Z`f} ziik `me zi Wbam}bxfxb tiamgf tiwz blj z`~fx `me mlzi b gfaa,

Z`fl z`f} zmfj `mw `bljw nf`mlj `me blj `vlh `me il b nfbe! blj z`f IMG blj wfsf~ba iz`f~w

bwwbvazfj `me, Z`fl z`f} tvz `me ml b ~iie cvaa ic blzw xmz` `mw `bljw wzmaa zmfj, X`fl `mw tb~flzw

xflz zi tiamgf wzbzmil zi wff z`fm~ wil! z`f} wbx Tvw`tbkveb~b `blhmlh c~ie b nfbe xmz` `mw `bljw

zmfj nf`mlj `me xmz` b cmn~f gi~j, @mw eiz`f~ bwkfj bl iccmgf~ zi hfz bggfww zi `f~ wil! nvz b tiamgficcmgf~ ziaj `f~ z`bz z`f IMG xbw liz z`f~f blj zi gief z`f lfpz jb}, Efblx`maf bnivz zfl zi

cmczffl tf~wilw gabmemlh zi nf z`f ixlf~w ic z`f g`bml gbef zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil blj z`~fbzflfj zi

hfz z`f tiamgf zi `b~e `f~ wil mc `f jmj liz ~fzv~l z`f g`bml, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w jmj liz ~fbgz bhbmlwz

bl} ic z`f z`~fbzw ebjf bhbmlwz z`fe,



07

Z`f lfpz ei~lmlh! Tvw`tbkveb~b xbw baaixfj zi wtfbk xmz` `mw eiz`f~ blj wmwzf~! blj `f wìxfj

z`fe `mw xivljfj `bljw! afhw! `fbj blj g`fwz, @f bjjfj! ‖Mz mw hiij z`bz }iv gbef abwz lmh`z!

iz`f~xmwf M xivaj `bsf nffl kmaafj,– Z`f IMG bwkfj Tvw`tbkveb~b x`fz`f~ `f ziik z`f g`bml blj

`f wbmj li, Z`fl z`f IMG baaixfj `me zi hi ìef xmz` `mw eiz`f~, Bczf~ Tvw`tbkveb~b xflz nbgk

ìef! `f gietabmlfj ic `fbjbg`fw! blj cbmlzfj, Z`f lfpz ei~lmlh z`f Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ic

Tvzzbabe bjemzzfj `me,

Il Wftzfenf~ 6 z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ziaj z`f eiz`f~ blj wmwzf~ z`bz Tvw`tbkveb~b xbw liz b z`mfc

blj z`f ~fba gvat~mz `bj nffl b~~fwzfj, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ ziaj z`fe zi ~feisf Tvw`tbkveb~b c~ie

z`f ìwtmzba blj bwkfj z`f wvttiwfj ixlf~ ic z`f g`bml zi hmsf ilf zìvwblj ~vtffw zi z`f eiz`f~,

Z`fl zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w blj z`f ixlf~ ic z`f g`bml ziik z`f eiz`f~ blj wmwzf~ zi z`f Hflf~ba

@iwtmzba! Tvzzbabe bz bnivz 8%0 te, Z`f~f! z`f tiamgf ci~gfj Tvw`tbkveb~b zi afbsf z`f ìwtmzba!

cfb~mlh z`bz b efjmgba ~fgi~j ic `mw mlov~mfw givaj nf vwfj bhbmlwz z`fe ml giv~z,

Tvw`tbkveb~b cfaa sf~} maa bz ìef! blj z`f lfpz jb} b tf~wil ziaj `me z`f z`mfc xbw himlh zi nf

~fafbwfj blj z`bz `f xivaj nf ~f%b~~fwzfj! wi `f wìvaj hi nbgk zi z`f ìwtmzba, @ixfsf~! jvf zitiamgf t~fwwv~f z`f ìwtmzba xivaj liz bjemz `me, Bzzfetzw zi hfz `fat c~ie z`f g`maj xfacb~f iccmgf

bawi cbmafj ci~ cfb~ ic z`f tiamgf, B `vebl ~mh`zw i~hblmwbzmil ~fbg`fj z`f cbema} blj z~mfj zi zbkf

z`f g`maj zi b ìwtmzba ivzwmjf z`f b~fb, Z`f Lbzmilba G`maj T~izfgzmil Bvzì~mz} xbw mlci~efj ic

z`f wmzvbzmil blj ziik Tvw`tbkveb~b zi b ìwtmzba ml Giaieni! x`f~f `f xbw z~fbzfj,

Efblx`maf! b gietabmlz xbw cmafj il `mw nf`bac ml z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z, Z`f cbema} gbef vljf~ wfsf~f

t~fwwv~f c~ie z`f tiamgf zi wzit ebkmlh gietabmlzw, Tiamgf iccmgf~w ic z`f Wbam}bxfxb tiamgf tiwz! bw

xfaa bw t~iemlflz tiamzmgmblw! z`~fbzflfj zi nv~l z`f cbema}‐w ìvwf mc z`f} tv~wvfj z`f ebzzf~,

Tvw`tbkveb~b xbw zbkfl vljf~ z`f t~izfgzmil ic b aigba `vebl ~mh`zw i~hblmwbzmil blj `mw tb~flzw

xf~f ci~gfj zi caff z`fm~ ìef! cfb~mlh ci~ z`fm~ amsfw,

63, G,T,W, Blzìl} # G,O, Abcbnf~? Smgzmew ic jmwtvzf isf~ tabwzmg gvtw

Il 6 Wftzfenf~ >447! >=%}fb~%iaj zfg`lmgmbl Gilhblmhf T~bjfft Wv~flj~b Blzìl} blj >7%}fb~%

iaj `bm~j~fwwf~ G`~mwzit`f~ Ovlmvw Abcbnf~ xf~f `fatmlh b c~mflj! Blzìl} Ov~mf! eblbhf `mw wzbaa bz b

g`v~g` cfzf, Bz bnivz 24te zxi j~vlkfl iccmgf~w c~ie z`f Evzxba Tiamgf wzbzmil gbef zi z`f wzbaa zi

hfz zxi tabwzmg gvtw, X`fl b jmwtvzf n~ikf ivz isf~ z`f gvtw! z`f tiamgf bnvwfj blj wabttfj Ov~mf!

blj bwkfj `me! ‘ B~f }iv wfaamlh z`fwf gvtw zi z`f tiamgf9‐

Ov~mf z`fl xflz zi Evzxba Tiamgf wzbzmil xmz` `mw wil! nvz z`f iccmgf~ z`f~f ~fcvwfj zi ~fgi~j bgietabmlz, Bczf~ z`bz! `f xflz bz bnivz emjlmh`z zi Tiamgf @fbjrvb~zf~w ml Giaieni Ci~z zi aijhf b

gietabmlz, Efblx`maf! Blzìl} blj Abcbnf~ wzb}fj bz z`f wzbaa, Bczf~ Ov~mf `bj hilf WM Wvomz`

Hblhblbz` blj z`~ff iz`f~ iccmgf~w j~isf vt zi z`f wzbaa blj b~~fwzfj z`f zxi efl xmzìvz g`b~hmlh

z`fe i~ fptabmlmlh bl}z`mlh, Z`f} ziik z`fe nbgk zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil blj nfhbl zi nfbz z`fe xmz`

`bljw blj cffz, Z`f zxi efl bwkfj x`} z`f} xf~f nfmlh nfbzfl! nvz z`f naixw ovwz gilzmlvfj vlzma

z`f} givajl‐z wzblj bl} ailhf~, WM Wvomz` Hblhblbz`b z`fl `mz T~bjfft‐w liwf xmz` z`f `bljaf ic `mw



0:

tmwzia! gbvwmlh naffjmlh c~ie niz` liwz~maw! bczf~ x`mg` `f xbw ziaj zi hi blj xbw` bxb} z`f naiij,

Z`f zxi efl xf~f z`fl tvz ml b gfaa,

Bz bnivz 7be z`f tiamgf ziik Blzìl} blj Abcbnf~ zi b JEI ml ^bhbeb! xì mlwz~vgzfj z`f tiamgf

zi bjemz Blzìl} zi b ìwtmzba, Z`f} z`fl ziik z`f zxi efl zi z`f Bggmjflz Xb~j ic z`f Lbzmilba

@iwtmzba ml Giaieni, Abcbnf~ xbw kftz ml z`f sf`mgaf! x`maf Blzìl} xbw zbkfl mlwmjf blj P%~b}fj!nvz n~ivh`z nbgk jfwtmzf bjsmgf n} jigzi~w z`bz `f wìvaj nf kftz ml z`f ìwtmzba! bw `mw liwf xbw

c~bgzv~fj, Z`f zxi efl xf~f n~ivh`z nbgk zi z`f Evzxba Tiamgf wzbzmil! blj x`fl cbema} efenf~w

gbef z`f} xf~f ziaj z`bz z`f efl xf~f liz z`f~f blj g`bwfj bxb},

Bz bnivz 2te il Wftzfenf~ 3 z`f tiamgf ziik Blzìl} blj Abcbnf~ zi b ebhmwz~bzf bz @vaczwji~t

blj cbn~mgbzfj b wzi~} bnivz b gabw` nfzxffl z`f zxi efl blj wief iz`f~ tf~wilw xì fwgbtfj ‚

`flgf z`f efl‐w xivljw, Z`f zxi efl xf~f ~fafbwfj il nbma! bczf~ x`mg` z`f} xflz zi gietabml bz

Tiamgf @fbjrvb~zf~w, Il Wftzfenf~ >:! BWT Lblb}bkkb~b `faj bl mlrvm~} mlzi z`f gietabmlz! blj

ziik wzbzfeflzw c~ie baa z`~ff ic z`f efl mlsiasfj,

68, Ikbljb @fsbhf O? Nfbzfl zi jfbz` isf~ >0:ea ic bagiìa

Il 6 Wftzfenf~ >447! Ikbljb @fsbhf Omlbjbwb! b 64%}fb~ iaj ebwil blj cbz`f~ ic cmsf! xbw

~fzv~lmlh ìef n} nmg}gaf bczf~ xi~k, Zxi gmsma tf~willfa bzzbg`fj zi z`f Ikkbetmzm}b tiamgf tiwz

wzittfj `me blj wfb~g`fj `mw nfailhmlhw, Z`f} civlj zxi tbgkfzw ic maamgmz amrvi~! frvbaamlh >0:ea,

Z`f} nfbz `me blj n~ivh`z `me zi z`f tiamgf tiwz! x`f~f z`f} ~fti~zfja} nfbz `me bhbml xmz` cmwzw

blj tiwzw! wrvfffj `mw zfwzmgafw! blj wz~blhafj `me vlzma `f jmfj, Tiamgf tf~willfa ziik `mw jfbj

nij} zi z`f Ikkbetmzm}b hisf~leflz ~v~ba ìwtmzba! t~fzfljmlh z`bz `f xbw vlgilwgmivw, B jigzi~

fpbemlfj z`f nij} blj t~ilivlgfj z`bz `f `bj jmfj nfci~f b~~msba,

Z`f tiamgf wbmj z`bz Ikbljb cfaa c~ie b g`bm~ blj jmfj, Z`f Eilb~bhbab Ebhmwz~bzf xì `faj z`f

mlrvm~} il Wftzfenf~ 8 i~jf~fj z`f nij} zi nf wflz zi Kb~btmzm}b [HbaafU Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba ci~ bl

bvzitw}, Z`f OEI xì jmj z`f bvzitw} ~fti~zfj z`bz `f civlj mlov~mfw il z`f nij} gbvwfj n} navlz

xfbtilw, Nvz `f cv~z`f~ wzbzfj z`bz Ikbljb‐w jfbz` xbw liz jvf zi z`fwf mlov~mfw! blj ~fwf~sfj `mw

jfgmwmil il z`f gbvwf ic jfbz` zmaa cv~z`f~ mlsfwzmhbzmil xbw gietafzfj,

60, ^bebl Tmaabm K,? înnf~} smgzme zi~zv~fj

Il 3 Wftzfenf~ >447! vlmjflzmcmfj ~innf~w bzzbgkfj :>%}fb~ iaj ^bebl Tmaabm Kfwbe Lb}b~

Bwìkbl x`maf `f xbw gb~~}mlh z`f eilf} c~ie z`f zmaa ic b xmlf wzi~f x`f~f `f xbw xi~kmlh bw

gbw`mf~, Z`f ~innf~w tvz `me mlwmjf b sbl blj vwfj wief g`femgbaw il `mw cbgf! x`mg` ebjf `me

vlgilwgmivw, X`fl `f ~fhbmlfj `mw gilwgmivwlfww! ^bebl civlj `mewfac mlwmjf b tiamgf offt,

B~ivlj 0?74te! `f xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f Kbzvhbwzizb tiamgf wzbzmil blj xbw rvfwzmilfj, @f ziaj z`f

tiamgf z`bz `f xbw ~innfj,



06

B~ivlj =?74te `mw fetai}f~ b~~msfj bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil, Bczf~ z`f ixlf~ zbakfj zi z`f tiamgf ci~

bnivz 24% 26 emlvzfw! z`f tiamgf bggvwfj ^bebl ic wzfbamlh z`f eilf} blj bwwbvazfj `me x`maf

bwkmlh rvfwzmilw, Z`fl z`f} tvz `me ml b gfaa! blj abzf~ ziik `me zi b jigzi~ bz Kbzvhbwzizb ìwtmzba!

blj z`fl zi z`f JEI, Bczf~ fpbemlmlh `me! z`f JEI wbmj z`bz b g`femgba amkf gài~ici~e `bj

nffl vwfj il `me! blj z`bz z`f tiamgf wìvaj zbkf `me wiefx`f~f xmz` nfzzf~ cbgmamzmfw ci~ bl

fpbemlbzmil, @ixfsf~! z`f tiamgf n~ivh`z ^bebl nbgk zi z`f wzbzmil blj ~fzv~lfj `me zi b gfaa,

Bggi~jmlh zi ^bebl! z`f tiamgf z`fl ziik `me vtwzbm~w blj ~feisfj `mw gaiz`fw, Z`f} i~jf~fj `me

zi amf jixl blj namljciajfj `mw f}fw, Z`fl! z`f} nfbz `me `b~j xmz` wiefz`mlh z`bz cfaz amkf b gblf

i~ b tiaf, Z`f tiamgf kftz bwkmlh `me x`fz`f~ `f ziik z`f eilf}! blj x`f~f `f tvz mz, Z`f}

z`~fbzflfj zi tvw` `me jixl c~ie vtwzbm~w blj kmaa `me,

Ilf iccmgf~ ziaj `me zi zfaa z`f z~vz` x`maf `mzzmlh `mw wiafw blj cffz, Z`fl z`f tiamgf ci~gfj `me zi

ovet vt blj jixl, Z`f} bawi ziaj `me zi gb~~} b tiamgf iccmgf~ blj xbak wzbetmlh `mw cffz `fbsma}

il z`f h~ivlj, Bczf~ z`bz! b tiamgf iccmgf~ `mz `mw liwf xmz` b nbzil, @f bhbml ci~gfj z`f smgzme zi amf

jixl blj z`~ff gmsma tf~willfa wbz `fbsma} il `mw nbgk! x`maf z`f tiamgf bhbml `mz `me il z`f wiafw,

Abzf~! z`f tiamgf tvz ^bebl nbgk ml b gfaa, Z`fl z`f} ci~gfj `me zi wmhl b wzbzfeflz bnivz x`mg` `f

klfx liz`mlh, Z`f} ziik `me zi b ebhmwz~bzf! xì i~jf~fj z`bz `f nf ~febljfj, X`maf ml ~feblj!

`f `bj jmccmgvazmfw n~fbz`mlh blj `bj wfsf~f tbml ml `mw nbgk blj wiafw, @f xbw nbmafj ivz ila} il

Wftzfenf~ 23! blj ~fgfmsfj efjmgba z~fbzeflz bz b t~msbzf gamlmg il Wftzfenf~ 28 blj 20, @ixfsf~!

`mw giljmzmil nfgbef xi~wf blj `f xbw ìwtmzbamwfj bz z`f Tf~bjflm}b Hflf~ba @iwtmzba il

Wftzfenf~ >>, X`maf ml ìwtmzba! `mw cbema} ~fgfmsfj z`~fbzw c~ie wief vlklixl tf~wilw,

6=, @mkkbjvxb Am}blbhf Wbljvl Kveb~b? @vlh c~ie b z~ff blj j~ittfj zi z`f h~ivlj

Ml Wftzfenf~ >447! b 23%}fb~%iaj ni}! @mkkbjvxb Am}blbhf Wbljvl Kveb~b! xbw b~~fwzfj n} z`f

^bzhbeb Tiamgf isf~ cbawf g`b~hfw blj xbw wvnwfrvflza} zi~zv~fj, @f xbw b~~fwzfj isf~ baafhbzmilw

`f wziaf bl mzfe x`mg` `f klfx liz`mlh bnivz, Z`f tiamgf kmgkfj `mw afhw! j~ittfj `me il zi `mw

nbgk blj z~betafj `me n} `mw wìfw, Z`f} bawi `vlh `me vt zi b z~ff vwmlh `mw z~ivwf~w xbmwznblj

nfci~f j~ittmlh `me zi z`f h~ivlj,

34, Jitf Tbz`m~blbabhf A,? @vlh n} z`f z`venw

Il >> Igzinf~ >447! tiamgf bzzbg`fj zi Nflzizb tiamgf wzbzmil n~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj Jitf Tbz`m~blbabhf

Abwblz`b T~m}blkb~b! b 77%}fb~%iaj abniv~f~ blj cbz`f~ ic zxi,

Bz bnivz 2?74te z`bz jb}! `f `bj hilf zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil zi mlrvm~f bw zi x`} wief tiamgf `bj

gief aiikmlh ci~ `me, X`fl `f bwkfj z`f IMG x`} `f xbw xblzfj! z`f IMG! WM Wmasb blj zxi iz`f~

tiamgfefl ziik `me zi b nbgk ~iie xmzìvz bl} fptablbzmil, Bz z`f zmef! baa ic z`fe xf~f xfb~mlh

gmsmambl gaiz`fw,



03

Bw wiil bw z`f} flzf~fj z`f ~iie! baa ic z`fe wzb~zfj zi bwwbvaz Jitf, Z`f} vwfj b g~mgkfz nbz!

xiijfl gavnw blj b ~vnnf~ ìwf, X`maf z`f} bwwbvazfj `me! z`f} kftz bwkmlh `me x`fz`f~ `f `bj

n~ikfl mlzi b ìvwf blj wziafl wief hiijw, Bw `f jflmfj z`mw! z`f IMG blj iz`f~w wz~mttfj `me!

zmfj `mw z`venw zihfz`f~ blj `vlh `me vt n} z`fe, X`maf ml z`bz tiwmzmil! baa civ~ tiamgfefl

bwwbvazfj `me bhbml, @f ~ftfbzfja} wzbzfj `mw mlligflgf ‚ fsfl ml z`bz tiwmzmil ‚ blj z`fl z`f tiamgf

n~ivh`z `me jixl! vlzmfj `me! blj z`~fbzflfj zi kmaa `me, Z`f IMG t~fwwfj `mw z~ivwf~w blj Z%w`m~zzi Jitf‐w cbgf! vlzma `f xbw lfb~a} wvccigbzfj, X`fl z`f} cbmafj zi hfz b gilcfwwmil! z`f tiamgf

zxmwzfj `mw b~ew nf`mlj `mw nbgk! zmfj `mw z`venw zihfz`f~ blj `vlh `me vt bhbml, Z`f} ~flfxfj

z`fm~ bwwbvaz! blj WM Wmasb wzb~zfj zi wzbn Jitf‐w nfaa} xmz` b n~ikfl nizzaf, Z`f} gilzmlvfj z`mw vlzma

`f cfaa vlgilwgmivw,

Bczf~ z`bz Jitf xbw zbkfl zi b ~v~ba ìwtmzba wfsf~ba kmaiefz~fw bxb}! n}tbwwmlh Nflzizb

Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba, @f xbw hmsfl b wbamlf mlofgzmil blj n~ivh`z nbgk zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`fl

z`f IMG ziaj `me zi hi nbgk ìef, Jitf ziaj z`fe z`bz `f givaj liz fsfl eisf! blj wìxfj z`fe

naiij wzmaa giemlh c~ie `mw xivljw, Z`fl z`f tiamgf ziik `me zi z`f Nflzizb Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba,

X`maf `f xbw ml z`f tiamgf sf`mgaf! z`f IMG xflz mlwmjf blj wtikf xmz` z`f JEI, Bczf~ wief zmef!z`f IMG n~ivh`z wief efjmgmlf blj hbsf mz zi `me, Z`fl z`f tiamgf ziaj `me zi hfz ivz ic z`f

sf`mgaf blj hi ìef, @f xflz nbgk ìef xmz` h~fbz jmccmgvaz}! bczf~ x`mg` `mw cbema} ziik `me ci~

z~fbzeflz,

32, Nbevlvb~bg`g`m Tbz`m~blbabhf W,? @vlh c~ie z`f gfmamlh

Bz 24?74be il 2 Lisfenf~ >447! zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw c~ie z`f Kvam}btmzm}b Tiamgf

wzbzmil b~~fwzfj Nbevlvb~bg`g`m Tbz`m~blbabhf Wbz`kveb~b bz `mw c~mflj‐w ìvwf, Z`f tiamgf jmj liz

hmsf bl} ~fbwil ci~ `mw b~~fwz, Il z`f xb} zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f} giaafgzfj b xiebl xìeNbevlvb~bg`g`m ~fgihlmwfj bw amsmlh lfb~n} `mw c~mflj‐w ìvwf,

Bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f iccmgf~w ziik Nbevlvb~bg`g`m mlzi b ~iie blj i~jf~fj `me zi ~feisf `mw

w`m~z! nfaz! blj x~mwzxbzg`, Z`fl z`f} wzb~zfj zi nfbz `me wfsf~fa} xmz` b xiijfl tiaf, Z`f} bwkfj

x`fz`f~ `f `bj n~ikfl mlzi b ìvwf blj wziafl wief hiijw! ic x`mg` `f klfx liz`mlh, Abzf~ `f

civlj ivz z`bz b nv~hab~} `bj iggv~~fj bz z`f xiebl‐w ìvwf, Z`f tiamgf i~jf~fj Nbevlvb~bg`g`m

zi amf il z`f caii~ blj nfbz z`f wiafw ic `mw cffz `b~j ci~ zfl emlvzfw, Bczf~ z`bz! z`f} tvz `mw `bljw

nf`mlj `mw nbgk blj `vlh `me c~ie b gfmamlh nfbe n} b l}ail ~itf, Iccmgf~ Tvw`tbkveb~b blj

bliz`f~ tiamgfebl z`fl wxvlh `me ci~ :6 emlvzfw! gbvwmlh fpz~fef tbml zi `mw wìvajf~w blj b~ew,

Bczf~ `f xbw ~feisfj c~ie z`f nfbe! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w i~jf~fj Nbevlvb~bg`g`m zi ovet vt bljjixl blj ~vl ivzwmjf! x`mg` gbvwfj `me h~fbz tbml bczf~ z`f zi~zv~f,

Bczf~ z`bz! b tiamgfxiebl ziik Nbevlvb~bg`g`m‐w eilf} blj nivh`z wief efjmgmlf ci~ `me, @f

xbw ~fafbwfj bz 3?:6te! bz x`mg` zmef z`f} xb~lfj `me liz zi hi ci~ ìwtmzba z~fbzeflz! afwz ~fgi~jw

ic `mw mlov~mfw nf t~ijvgfj, Lilfz`fafww! `mw n~iz`f~ ziik `me zi z`f Kvam}btmzm}b @iwtmzba blj `f

xbw kftz z`f~f vlzma Lisfenf~ :, X`maf z`f~f! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ il jvz} bz z`f ìwtmzba ziik b



08

wzbzfeflz c~ie `me bnivz z`f zi~zv~f, B OEI bawi fpbemlfj `me blj ziik b ~fti~z, @mw n~iz`f~

bawi ebjf b gietabmlz zi z`f JMH Kv~vlfhbab,

3>, W,A, Kvabz`vlhb? Tvnamg ivzg~} bczf~ gvwzijmba jfbz`

Z`~ff iccmgf~w ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw! afj n} Whz H,X, Wm~mtbab! b~~fwzfj blj nfbz >=%}fb~%iaj

Wbeb~bz`vlhb Am}blb B~bg`g`mhf Kvabz`vlhb il 24 Lisfenf~ >447 bz z`f c~ilz ic `mw cbema} ìvwf

ml Lmsmz`mhbab! ci~ ‘mljfgflz nf`bsmiv~‐, Kvabzvlhb xbw zbkfl zi z`f Lmsmz`mhbab tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f

`f xbw ~fti~zfja} bwwbvazfj blj wvccf~fj wf~mivw `fbj mlov~mfw, @ixfsf~! TG Wvhbz` gabmefj `f xbw

mlov~fj x`fl ovetmlh c~ie z`f tiamgf offt il z`f xb} zi b efjmgba zfwz,

Il Lisfenf~ 22 z`f} bjemzzfj `me zi Xbz`vtmzm}b Nbwf @iwtmzba, X`fl aigba tfitaf `fb~j bnivz

z`f bwwbvaz! mz t~isikfj b `vhf ivzg~}, Zìvwbljw ic tf~wilw hbz`f~fj b~ivlj z`f tiamgf wzbzmil! gvz

jixl z~ffw! nb~~mgbjfj z`f ~ibj blj nv~lz zm~fw zi fpt~fww z`fm~ blhf~, B~ivlj ilf zìvwblj

tf~wilw bawi hbz`f~fj bz z`f ìwtmzba, @ixfsf~! Kvabzvlhb xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Lbzmilba @iwtmzbaml Giaieni! x`f~f `f jmfj ic `mw mlov~mfw il Lisfenf~ 2>,

Il Lisfenf~ 27 Kvabz`vlhb‐w cbz`f~ ziaj z`f Bjjmzmilba Gmz} Gi~ilf~ E, Bw`~icc ^ve} z`bz `mw

wil `bj nffl wbsbhfa} nfbzfl ml c~ilz ic `me, @f gabmew z`bz b~ivlj 3?74te il z`f jb} ic z`f b~~fwz

`f `fb~j `mw wil wìvzmlh zi wiefilf liz zi kmaa `me! bz z`f c~ilz ic z`fm~ ìvwf, ‖M wbx zxi

tiamgfefl nfbzmlh e} wil il `mw `fbj blj lfgk, Z`f~fbczf~ z`f} nflz `me blj `mz `me il `mw nbgk!–

`f ~fti~zfj, ‖X`fl M bzzfetzfj zi wbsf `me b tiamgfebl nfbz ef il e} wìvajf~ blj M ~bl bxb} ml

cfb~,– B~ivlj 26 iz`f~ smaabhf~w xmzlfwwfj z`f bzzbgk! mlgavjmlh `mw n~iz`f~; ìxfsf~! z`f} jmj liz

bwwmwz Kvabz`vlhb ivz ic cfb~ z`bz z`f} xivaj bawi nf bwwbvazfj,

37, Lmw`blz`b Kveb~b? Cmczffl%}fb~%iaj nfbzfl ci~ cbmav~f zi aigbzf maamgmz bagiìa wfaaf~

Bz 22?74be il 7 Jfgfenf~ >447! civ~ iccmgf~w c~ie z`f Jftb~zeflz ic Fpgmwf gbef zi 26%}fb~%iaj

Lmw`blz`b Kveb~b‐w ìvwf ml b gbn, Ilf iccmgf~ gbaafj Lbabkb xbw ml vlmci~e! blj z`f iz`f~w xf~f

ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw, Bz z`bz zmef Lmw`blz`b xbw bz ìef ci~ avlg` bczf~ xi~kmlh ml z`f tbjj} cmfajw,

Z`f iccmgf~w meefjmbzfa} `bljgvccfj `me blj bwkfj `me x`fz`f~ `f klfx b tf~wil gbaafj G`vzzf!

bl maamgmz bagiìa wfaaf~, Z`f iccmgf~w bggietblmfj Lmw`blz`b zi wfb~g` ci~ G`vzzf, @ixfsf~! z`f}

givaj liz cmlj `me, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~w ziik Lmw`blz`b zi b lfb~n} ci~fwz! blj il z`f xb} z`f~f! z`f

iccmgf~w nfbz `me, Z`f} z`fl tvz `mw `blj il b wzilf blj tivljfj mz,

Bczf~ z`bz! Lmw`blz`b xbw n~ivh`z nbgk zi `mw ìvwf! n} x`mg` zmef `mw cbz`f~ xbw z`f~f, Z`f

iccmgf~w z`fl ziik niz` ic z`fe zi z`f ci~fwz! blj Lmw`blz`b‐w cbz`f~ xbw ci~gfj zi zbkf b nb~~fa zi

z`f tabgf x`f~f z`f gbn xbw tb~kfj, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~w ci~gfj Lmw`blz`b blj `mw cbz`f~ zi wmhl wief

ci~ew! bnivz x`mg` z`f} klfx liz`mlh, Lmw`blz`b‐w bvlz! xì gbef zi wff `me bz z`bz zmef! bawi `bj

zi tvz `f~ wmhlbzv~f il z`f ci~ew, Bczf~ z`bz! z`f iccmgf~w z`~fbzflfj zi g`b~hf Lmw`blz`b xmz`



00

tiwwfwwmil ic maamgmz bagiìa mc wiefnij} jmj liz gief zi gf~zmc} z`f ci~ew, Z`f iccmgf~w bawi

z`~fbzflfj zi zbkf Lmw`blz`b‐w bvlz mc z`f} xf~f vlbnaf zi bttfb~ nfci~f z`f giv~z,

Lmw`blz`b xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f hisf~leflz ìwtmzba ic Tmenv~b il z`f wbef jb}, @f xbw jmwg`b~hfj

bczf~ z`~ff jb}w! bazìvh` `mw `blj `bj liz }fz `fbafj, @f `bw aijhfj b gietabmlz xmz` z`f tiamgf;

ìxfsf~! z`f} `bsf liz zbkfl bl} wf~mivw wzftw zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`mw gbwf,

3:, W,O, Tbaafkbljb? Bggvwfj ic gb~ z`fcz

Il 3 Jfgfenf~ >447! iccmgf~ @feblz`b blj iz`f~ tiamgf c~ie z`f Kbzvhbwzizb tiamgf wzbzmil gbef

zi z`f ìvwf ic T,E, @febtbab ml Tbaafxbzzb! Tmzbxbab! Lbxbabtmzm}b! blj wfb~g`fj ci~ `mw >>% }fb~%

iaj wil W`m~il Offxblz`b Tbaafkbljb, Bw `f xbw liz bz ìef! z`f} ziik `mw tìzi c~ie z`f ìvwf

blj ziaj `mw cbz`f~ zi wmhl b wzbzfeflz! z`f gilzflzw ic x`mg` z`f} jmj liz fptabml, Z`fl z`f} ziaj

`me zi n~mlh `mw wil zi z`f wzbzmil il Jfgfenf~ 8, @f ~ftamfj z`bz `mw wil givaj liz hi nfgbvwf `f

`bj nffl ziaj zi ~fti~z zi z`f Kfkm~bxb tiamgf wzbzmil il Wvljb}, Z`f iccmgf~w ziaj `me zi n~mlh `mwwil ml z`f bczf~liil, Tbaafkbljb xflz zi ~fti~z zi z`f Kfkm~bxb tiamgf wzbzmil bz bnivz 22be il

Jfgfenf~ 8! xmz` `mw cbz`f~, Z`f tiamgf kftz `me vlzma 8?74te! il ~frvfwz ic z`f Kbzvhbwzizb

tiamgf, B~ivlj 8?74te z`f tiamgf c~ie z`f Kbzvhbwzizb b~~fwzfj `me il wvwtmgmil ic sf`mgaf z`fcz!

blj ziik `me nbgk zi z`fm~ wzbzmil, @mw cbz`f~ ciaaixfj z`fe ml b ai~~}! blj z`fl xflz ìef,

Z`f lfpz jb}! Jfgfenf~ 0! x`fl Tbaafkbljb‐w n~iz`f~ xflz zi wff `me b~ivlj :te! `f civlj z`bz

`mw n~iz`f~ `bj nffl wfsf~fa} nfbzfl, @f gbef nbgk ìef blj mlci~efj `mw cbz`f~! xì b~~msfj bz

z`f wzbzmil b~ivlj 8?74be z`f ciaaixmlh ei~lmlh! Jfgfenf~ =, @mw wil ziaj `me z`bz `f `bj nffl

wfsf~fa} nfbzfl blj siemzfj bw b ~fwvaz! bczf~ x`mg` `f `bj nffl zbkfl zi b t~msbzf jigzi~ nvz liz

hmsfl bl} t~itf~ z~fbzeflz, Z`f tiamgf ziaj z`f cbz`f~ z`bz z`f} givaj liz t~ijvgf Tbaafkbljbnfci~f b ebhmwz~bzf nfgbvwf z`fm~ mlsfwzmhbzmil xbw mlgietafzf,

Bl ìv~ abzf~! `f gbef nbgk zi z`f wzbzmil xmz` b abx}f~! blj z`f tiamgf t~iemwfj z`f abx}f~ z`bz

z`f} xivaj t~ijvgf z`f smgzme ml giv~z il Jfgfenf~ 24, Z`f cbz`f~ gbef zi smwmz bhbml b~ivlj

liil! blj bl iccmgf~ ziaj `me z`bz `mw wil `bj nffl zbkfl mlzi b ~iie zi ~fgi~j b wzbzfeflz, Z`fl

z`f cbz`f~ `fb~j `mw wil g~} ivz,

Bczf~ Tbaafkbljb gbef ivz! `f ziaj `mw cbz`f~ z`bz z`f tiamgf xf~f nfbzmlh `me ml z`f ~iie, X`fl

z`f cbz`f~ gietabmlfj! z`f iccmgf~w z`~fbzflfj `me z`bz z`f} xivaj ~feblj `mw wil mc `f gbef zi z`f

tiamgf wzbzmil bhbml, Bz z`f zmef ic z`f V~hflz Bttfba nfmlh mwwvfj! Tbaafkbljb xbw wzmaa ml gvwzij},

36, Ob}bwfkb~b Smz`blbhf W,? ‑M xmaa ebkf wv~f z`bz }iv xmaa li ailhf~ `bsf b li~eba wfp amcf―

Il 8 Jfgfenf~ >447! Ob}bwfkb~b Smz`blbhf Wbebl T~m}blkb~b! b 7>%}fb~%iaj tivaz~} cb~e ixlf~

blj cbz`f~ ic zxi! xflz zi Ebzbaf Tiamgf wzbzmil bczf~ nfmlh gbaafj n} z`f iccmgf~ bwwmhlfj zi `mw

smaabhf, Z`f iccmgf~ ziaj `me z`bz z`f~f xbw b gietabmlz bhbmlwz `me n} wief aigba bvzì~mzmfw



0=

~fhb~jmlh z`f j~fjhmlh ic wblj ci~ `mw lfx ìvwf, @ixfsf~! z`f gilgf~lfj tf~willfa jmj liz gief

zi z`f wzbzmil! blj fsflzvbaa} z`f iccmgf~ bwkfj `me wief rvfwzmilw blj ziaj `me `f xbw jimlh

liz`mlh maafhba, @f z`fl `bj Ob}bwfkb~b nv} b nizzaf ic havf blj zxi tflw! blj hmsf ^w, 644! bczf~

x`mg` `f t~ftb~fj b jigveflz blj hbsf mz zi Ob}bwfkb~b zi wmhl! x`maf bwwv~mlh `me mz xivaj flj z`f

ebzzf~, Bazìvh` Ob}bwfkb~b jmj liz vljf~wzblj z`f jigveflz! `f wmhlfj mz ivz ic cfb~ blj xmz` z`f

bwwv~blgf z`bz `f givaj gilzmlvf zi j~fjhf z`f beivlz ic wblj `f lffjfj, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~ ziaj `mez`bz `f xivaj gief zi z`f smaabhf il Jfgfenf~ 27! bz x`mg` zmef Ob}bwfkb~b givaj j~fjhf z`f wblj,

Ob}bwfkb~b xflz ìef! blj il Jfgfenf~ 27 j~fjhfj wief wblj bw `f xbw bwwv~fj `f givaj! blj

lizmgfj z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ ml z`f smaabhf,

@ixfsf~! z`f iccmgf~ z`fl btt~ibg`fj `me blj ziaj `me zi wzit j~fjhmlh bz ilgf! zi x`mg`

Ob}bwfkb~b ~ftamfj z`bz z`f iccmgf~ `bj ziaj `me `f givaj ji wi, Bczf~ z`bz! z`f iccmgf~ nfhbl `blhmlh

bnivz bz z`f c~ilz ic `mw ìvwf! blj ivz ic lf~sivwlfww Ob}bwfkb~b gbaafj z`f BWT Ebzbaf zi mlci~e

`me z`bz `f xbw nfmlh mlzmemjbzfj, Z`f BWT bwkfj `me zi gief zi z`f iccmgf zi gietabml, X`fl! bz

b~ivlj 6te! b h~ivt ic iccmgf~w c~ie Ebzbaf Tiamgf wzbzmil b~~msfj bz z`f ìvwf n} offt! Ob}bwfkb~b‐w

xmcf ziaj z`fe z`bz `f~ `vwnblj `bj hilf zi z`f BWT‐w iccmgf zi aijhf b gietabmlz, Ilf iccmgf~bwkfj bnivz z`f jfzbmaw ic z`f gietabmlz! blj w`f fptabmlfj, Z`f iccmgf~ z`fl wtikf zi z`f Tiamgf

wzbzmil vwmlh z`f ìvwf zfaftìlf! blj wzbzfj z`bz z`f t~inafe xbw ila} bnivz wblj j~fjhmlh! blj

liz bnivz b z`fcz, Bczf~ z`bz z`f tiamgf afcz, Bz bnivz :?74te il 6 Oblvb~} >44:! WM Tblbhijb! b

wf~hfblz! blj z`~ff iz`f~ iccmgf~w ml gmsmambl gaiz`mlh c~ie z`f Ebzbaf Tiamgf wzbzmil b~~msfj bz

Ob}bwfkb~b‐w ìef, Z`f} flzf~fj z`f ìvwf blj ziaj Ob}bwfkb~b z`bz z`f} lffjfj zi zbkf `me zi z`f

Tiamgf wzbzmil, X`fl `f bwkfj x`}! `f xbw hmsfl li ~fbwil blj li~ xbw `f g`b~hfj, Mlwzfbj! WM

Tblbhijb `mz `me il `mw g`ffk blj nbgk! `bljgvccfj `me blj ziaj `me zi hfz mlzi z`f offt,

X`fl z`f} b~~msfj bz Ebzbaf Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f tiamgf ziik Ob}bwfkb~b! wzmaa `bljgvccfj! mlzi WM

Tblbhijb‐w ~iie, Z`f~f! WM Tblbhijb ziaj z`f iccmgf~ bwwmhlfj zi Ob}bwfkb~b‐w smaabhf zi tavh ml blfafgz~mg kfzzaf, Bczf~ wief zmef z`f iccmgf~ gbef nbgk xmz` b ab~hf ovh ic nimamlh xbzf~ blj b webaa

gvt, WM Tblbhijb btt~ibg`fj Ob}bwfkb~b blj ziaj `me z`bz z`f} xivaj zbkf ~fsflhf il `me ci~

b~hvmlh xmz` z`fm~ giaafbhvf! blj x`maf i~jf~mlh `me zi zfaa z`f z~vz` nfhbl tiv~mlh z`f nimamlh xbzf~

sf~} waixa} jixl `mw ~mh`z afh, X`maf jimlh z`mw! z`f iccmgf~ tiv~mlh z`f nimamlh xbzf~ ziaj Ob}bwfkb~b

z`bz `f xivaj wff zi mz z`bz `f xivaj liz `bsf b li~eba wfp amcf ml z`f cvzv~f, Z`f xbzf~ ml z`f ovh

ziik bnivz 24 emlvzfw zi cmlmw`! jv~mlh x`mg` zmef Ob}bwfkb~b nfhhfj z`f iccmgf~w liz zi hi il xmz`

z`f zi~zv~f,

Bczf~ z`bz z`f iccmgf~ bwwmhlfj zi `mw smaabhf ~feisfj z`f `bljgvccw blj tvz `me ml b gfaa! x`f~f `f

~feisfj `mw wb~ilh blj g`fgkfj z`f nv~lw, Z`fl Ob}bwfkb~b wbx z`bz z`f xìaf ic `mw z`mh` xbwgisf~fj xmz` namwzf~w, Z`f tiamgfebl z`fl hbsf `me b nizzaf ic efjmgmlba ima blj ziaj `me zi btta} mz

zi z`f xivlj, Bczf~ z`bz! Ob}bwfkb~b xbw afcz ml z`f gfaa ci~ z`f xìaf lmh`z! jv~mlh x`mg` zmef `f

xbw hmsfl li ciij! xbzf~ i~ iz`f~ efjmgbzmil,

Bz b~ivlj 2>?74 te z`f lfpz jb}! Oblvb~} 3! Ob}bwfkb~b xbw zbkfl c~ie z`f gfaa blj ziaj zi afbsf z`f

tiamgf wzbzmil n} z`f ~fb~ jii~, Z`f~f! WM Tblbhijb xb~lfj `me liz zi ~fti~z z`f mlgmjflz i~ wffk

efjmgba `fat ci~ z`f xivlj! i~ `f xivaj nf kmaafj, @f bawi wbmj z`bz z`f tiamgf xivaj kfft b xbzg`



=4

il `me! blj smwmz `mw ìef iczfl zi g`fgk, Ob}bwfkb~b xflz ìef! blj ivz ic cfb~ gietamfj xmz` z`f

tiamgf mlwz~vgzmilw, Z`f iccmgf~w bawi ciaaixfj z`~ivh` xmz` z`f xb~lmlh! smwmzmlh `mw ìef wfsf~ba

zmefw ml vlmci~e! blj b lvenf~ ic iz`f~ zmefw ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw, Cmlbaa}! bz b~ivlj 2>?74te il

Oblvb~} >4! WM Tblbhijb `mewfac blj bliz`f~ iccmgf~ gbef aiikmlh ci~ Ob}bwfkb~b bz b zmef z`bz `mw

eiz`f~ xbw giljvgzmlh bl baew hmsmlh, Ob}bwfkb~b `mj ml z`f ìvwf! blj WM Tblbhijb gbaafj ivz z`bz

nvz ci~ z`f baew%hmsmlh fsflz! `f xivaj liz `bsf wtb~fj Ob}bwfkb~b z`bz jb},

Bczf~ z`bz! Ob}bwfkb~b ebjf b x~mzzfl gietabmlz zi z`f BWT‐w iccmgf! blj btt~ibg`fj b tìzih~bt`f~

zi jigveflz `mw xivljw, Il Oblvb~} >2 `f xflz mlzi Kblj} Hflf~ba @iwtmzba! x`f~f `f xbw

z~fbzfj blj fpbemlfj n} b OEI, Il Oblvb~} >> `f gietabmlfj zi z`f Kblj} tiamgf wzbzmil x`maf il

`mw xb} ìef! blj il Oblvb~} 74 z`f BWT gbaafj `me zi `mw iccmgf ml Ebzbaf il Oblvb~} 72 zi zbkf b

wzbzfeflz, Z`f LTG Iccmgf~ ml Kblj} bawi mlsfwzmhbzfj z`f gbwf blj! bggi~jmlh zi mzw g`bm~ebl! `bw

‖mlmzmbzfj lfgfwwb~} bgzmil– bhbmlwz z`~ff tiamgf iccmgf~w, Ob}bwfkb~b cmafj b cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw

bttamgbzmil ml z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z il Cfn~vb~} >,

33, V Kfkvab ^bzlb}bkf? Bliz`f~ mlgmjflz mlsiasmlh z`f emwvwf ic tixf~ n} z`f

Eb`m}blhblb tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj bliz`f~ gbwf mlsiasmlh z`f cbn~mgbzmil

ic g`b~hfw n} z`f Eb`m}blhblb tiamgf, Z`f smgzme! nfailhmlh zi z`f Bj`msbwm mljmhflivw-

gieevlmz} xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj blj cbawfa} g`b~hfj nfgbvwf `f mlwmwzfj il wtfbkmlh z`f Bj`msbwm

jmbafgz x`fl z`f tiamgf rvfwzmilfj `me, Ml W~m Ablkb! ebl} emli~mz} titvabzmilw ji liz wtfbk

Wml`bab z`f eboi~mz} ablhvbhf- cavflza},

Bczf~ wz~vhhamlh xmz` z`f gbwf ci~ isf~ zxi blj b `bac }fb~w! z`f smgzme xbw bgrvmzzfj n} z`f giv~z il22 Ova} >443, @ixfsf~! li jmwgmtamlb~} blj afhba bgzmil `bw nffl zbkfl bhbmlwz z`f Eb`m}blhblb

tiamgf zmaa jbzf,Il >3 Jfgfenf~ >447! E~, V Kfkvab ^bzlb}bkf ic Jbenblb! ~fgfmsfj b tiamgf

efwwbhf z`bz mlwz~vgzfj `me zi smwmz z`f Eb`m}blhblb tiamgf wzbzmil ml gillfgzmil xmz` b gietabmlz

ebjf n} b smaabhf tiwzebl, Z`f tiwzebl xbw blh~} bz b efjmb wzi~} z`bz ~fti~zfj z`bz `f maafhbaa}

itflfj ebma z`bz xbw bjj~fwwfj zi z`f Bj`msbwm mljmhflivw- gieevlmz} blj tmacf~fj baa z`f

eilfzb~} jilbzmilw gilzbmlfj ml z`fe, @f wvwtfgzfj Kfkvab xbw z`f efjmb‐w wiv~gf,

X`fl Kfkvab xflz zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil! `f xbw xfb~mlh b z~bjmzmilba hb~n gb~~}mlh b wì~z ebeeiz}

w`b~t bh~mgvazv~ba metafeflz- il `mw ilf wìvajf~, X`fl z`f tiamgf nfhbl zi rvfwzmil `me! `f

mlwmwzfj il wtfbkmlh `mw z~bjmzmilba ablhvbhf! z`f Bj`msbwm jmbafgz z`bz z`f tiamgf givaj liz

vljf~wzblj, Ml W~m Ablkb! ebl} ml z`f emli~mz} titvabzmilw ji liz wtfbk Wml`bab z`f eboi~mz}

ablhvbhf- cavflza},

Bczf~ cbmamlh zi gif~gf Kfkvab zi wtfbk ml Wml`bab! bl m~bzf Iccmgf~%Ml%G`b~hf IMG- ic z`f

Eb`m}blhblb tiamgf b~~fwzfj z`mw tii~ ebl blj g`b~hfj `me xmz` b cbn~mgbzfj g~memlba iccflgf ml

~fsflhf, Kfkvab tafbjfj liz hvmaz} blj `mw gbwf x`mg` xbw `fb~j nfci~f z`f Eb`m}blhblb

Ebhmwz~bzf(w Giv~z isf~ b tf~mij ic bnivz zxi blj b `bac }fb~w Gbwf Li? 2==0=-,



=2

Ci~ z`f cm~wz }fb~! Kfkvab ~fzbmlfj z`f wf~smgf c~ie b aigba abx}f~! nvz ~fbamwfj wiil z`bz li t~ih~fww

xbw ebjf ml z`f gbwf blj z`f~f xf~f ~ftfbzfja} jfab}w ml z`f giv~z jbzfw, Kfkvab ~fti~zfj z`bz z`f

aigba abx}f~ bttb~flza} `bj li mlzflz il blzbhilmwmlh z`f aigba tiamgf,

Kfkvab z`fl wivh`z z`f bwwmwzblgf c~ie Oblbwblwbjb}b! b aigba `vebl ~mh`zw i~hblmwbzmil aigbzfj

baeiwz >44 kmaiefzf~w bxb} c~ie `mw ~fwmjflgf! xì z`fl ~fzbmlfj b Giaieni%nbwfj abx}f~ il `mwnf`bac, Cmlbaa} il 22 Ova} >443! z`f Ebhmwz~bzf hbsf bl i~jf~ bgrvmzzmlh Kfkvab ic baa g`b~hfw bhbmlwz

`me,

Bczf~ z`f giv~z ovjheflz! Oblbwblwbjb}b x~izf zi z`f ~fafsblz bvzì~mzmfw mlgavjmlh z`f Lbzmilba

Tiamgf Gieemwwmil LTG- ic W~m Ablkb! Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf MHT-! z`f Jftvz} Mlwtfgzi~

Hflf~ba JMH-%Afhba Wfgzmil blj z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil ic W~m Ablkb zi zbkf meefjmbzf

jmwgmtamlb~} blj afhba bgzmil bhbmlwz z`f f~~blz Eb`m}blhblb tiamgf! mlgavjmlh z`f IMG ci~ z`f maafhba

b~~fwz blj cbn~mgbzmil ic g`b~hfw bhbmlwz Kfkvab! bw xfaa bw z`f eflzba tbml blj `b~bwweflz gbvwfj zi

`me,

@ixfsf~! li wf~mivw bgzmil `bw }fz nffl zbkfl bhbmlwz z`f ~fwtilwmnaf tiamgf iccmgf~w zi jbzf, Ml cbgz!

z`mw mw liz z`f cm~wz gbwf ic cbn~mgbzmil ic g`b~hfw il mlligflz tfitaf gieemzzfj n} z`f Eb`m}blhblb

tiamgf, Z`f B@^G `bw t~fsmivwa} ~fti~zfj z`f gbwf ic E~, B,E, Z`mabk Bj`mkb~m! xì `bj nffl

cbawfa} g`b~hfj n} z`f Eb`m}blhblb tiamgf ml Jfgfenf~ >44: bczf~ ~fcvwmlh zi tb} b n~mnf zi z`f

Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- ic z~bccmg, @f `bj bawi nffl bgrvmzzfj ic baa g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me il 22 Ova}

>443 Wff cv~z`f~? VT%26:%>443 blj VB%43%>446-,

Li bgzmil `bw nffl zbkfl bhbmlwz z`f ~fwtilwmnaf iccmgf~w ml z`mw gbwf bw xfaa,Z`f B@^G v~hfw }iv

zi x~mzf zi z`f ~fafsblz bvzì~mzmfw v~hmlh z`bz zìwf ~fwtilwmnaf wìvaj nf tvlmw`fj meefjmbzfa}

bggi~jmlh zi z`f abx, ]iv~ mlzf~sflzmil ml z`mw gbwf xmaa `fat n~fbk z`f W~m Ablkbl tiamgf‐w jffta}

~iizfj t~bgzmgf ic maafhba b~~fwz blj z`f cbn~mgbzmil ic g`b~hfw,

38, Bwìkb T, Kveb~b! Wbebl Tvwtbkveb~b! L, ^bzlb}bkb! X,T, Tm}bjbwb! Lmablz`b

K,^bobtbkwf! G`bemljb Wv~fw`kveb~! V,L, Ob}blz`b T~febaba # W, Lm}bebkb? Smgzmew ic

Lfx ]fb~’w ~fsfa~}

Il 72 Jfgfenf~ >447 civ~ tiamgfefl ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw c~ie z`f Hikb~faab tiamgf wzbzmil gbef zi

Nbjjfhbeb smaabhf ml Ebjb`btiab blj wivh`z mlci~ebzmil bnivz maamgmzamrvi~, Z`f} btt~ibg`fj >4%

}fb~%iaj Bwìkb T~bjfft Kveb~b blj 28%}fb~%iaj Wbebl Tvwtbkveb~b blj bwkfj! ‖X`f~f ji }iv

hfz maamgmz amrvi~9– X`fl z`f efl wbmj z`bz z`f} jil‐z! z`f tiamgfefl wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj z`fe bljziik z`fe zi z`fm~ sf`mgaf! abzf~ bnbljilmlh z`fe, Z`f zxi xf~f ìwtmzbamwfj ml z`f ~v~ba ìwtmzba bz

Tiahiaab! nvz z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! 2 Oblvb~} >44:! z`f} xf~f ci~gmna} jmwemwwfj, Wbebl xbw bjemzzfj zi

Kblj} @iwtmzba il Oblvb~} 3, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f jigzi~‐w fpbemlbzmil! `mw aixf~ bnjiefl xbw

jbebhfj blj `f xbw gietabmlmlh ic jmmlfww jvf zi naixw il z`f `fbj, Z`f jigzi~ ~fgi~jfj `mw

wzbzfeflz jfwg~mnmlh zi~zv~f n} z`f tiamgf,



=>

Ml z`f efblzmef! bz bnivz 6te il Jfgfenf~ 72! Wbebl‐w eiz`f~ xflz zi z`f Hikb~faab tiamgf

wzbzmil zi aijhf b gietabmlz, X`fl w`f efz IMG Oblbkb Eblbttf~veb! `f wbmj z`bz `f xbw liz

bxb~f ic z`f mlgmjflz, Z`f~f xf~f isf~ >44 tfitaf bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil `bsmlh b Lfx ]fb~ tb~z},

Eiwz xf~f tiamgfefl! ~fzm~fj tiamgfefl blj z`fm~ c~mfljw, Eiwz xf~f bawi j~vlk,

Beilh z`fe xbw MT Xff~b~bzlf! xì mw b wvwtfgz ml b tfljmlh ev~jf~ gbwf xì `bw lilfz`fafwwwzb}fj il ml z`f tiamgf wf~smgf, Vljf~ `mw afbjf~w`mt! eiwz ic z`f tfitaf bz z`f tb~z} xflz zi z`f

smaabhf, B~~msmlh bz z`f smaabhf! z`mw h~ivt ic wief >44 tiamgfefl blj z`fm~ wvtti~zf~w ef~gmafwwa}

bwwbvazfj z`f smaabhf~w xmz` tiafw blj g}gaf g`bmlw, Z`f} xflz mlwmjf z`f ila} wìt blj jfwz~i}fj mzw

gilzflzw, Z`f smaabhf~w givaj liz ~fwmwz nfgbvwf z`f tiamgfefl xf~f b~efj xmz` ~mcafw, Z`f IMG

gbef abzf~ xmz` z`f zi~zv~f smgzme‐w eiz`f~ blj wbx x`bz xbw `bttflmlh! nvz givaj liz wzit z`f

bwwbvaz, Cmsf tf~wilw xf~f wf~mivwa} mlov~fj jv~mlh z`f bzzbgk? ^,E, Lfxzil ^bzlb}bkb! b >=%}fb~%iaj

betvzff! xbw tvw`fj zi z`f h~ivlj blj z~betafj; V,L, Ob}blz`b T~febaba xbw bawi nfbzfl il z`f

wziebg` blj wìvajf~w; Lmablz`b Kveb~b ^bobtbkwf xbw wf~mivwa} mlov~fj ml z`f ~mh`z fb~; X,T,

Tm}bjbwb! bhfj 84! xbw j~bhhfj bailh z`f h~ivlj! gbvwmlh wf~mivw mlov~mfw zi `mw klffw! `bljw blj

cbgf; blj G`bemljb Wv~fw`kveb~ xbw bawi xivljfj,

Z`f tiamgf b~~fwzfj T~febaba! ^bobtbkwf! blj ilf W,B, Wieb~bzlf! blj g`b~hfj z`fe xmz`

inwz~vgzmlh tiamgf bgzmilw bhbmlwz maamgmz n~fxmlh, @ixfsf~! z`f tfitaf ml z`f smaabhf `bj ml cbgz nffl

giljvgzmlh bl blzm%j~vh blj blzm%bagiìa gbetbmhl! blj `bj z`fewfasfw i~hblmwfj ebl} bgzmsmzmfw zi

t~fsflz z`fczw blj iz`f~ wigmba t~inafew ml z`f smaabhf, Bczf~ b~~fwzmlh z`f z`~ff efl! z`f tiamgf ziik

z`fe zi b t~msbzf efjmgba gflz~f bz Mnnbhbevxb, Z`f jigzi~ xì fpbemlfj z`fe ziaj z`f tiamgf

z`bz T~febaba blj Kveb~ wìvaj nf bjemzzfj zi ìwtmzba, @ixfsf~! MT Xff~b~bzlf ziik baa z`~ff zi

z`f Hikb~faab Tiamgf wzbzmil blj aigkfj vt Wieb~bzlf nfci~f zbkmlh z`f iz`f~ zxi zi z`f ~v~ba

ìwtmzba bz Tiahiaab! ml Mnnbhbevxb, Z`f lfpz jb} z`f tiamgf t~ijvgfj Wieb~bzlf nfci~f b

ebhmwz~bzf blj ~febljfj `me bz Kfhbaaf T~mwil,

@ixfsf~! z`f jigzi~ bz Tiahiaab jmj liz xblz zi bjemz z`f zxi mlov~fj efl bw z`fm~ giljmzmilw xf~f

wf~mivw blj z`f ìwtmzba liz frvmttfj ci~ wvg` gbwfw, W`f hbsf z`f ìwtmzba benvablgf blj ~frvfwzfj

z`f tiamgf hi zi z`f Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba ml Kv~vlfhbab, Z`f efl xf~f zbkfl vljf~ hvb~j blj

bjemzzfj, Il Oblvb~} 2! T~febaba xbw itf~bzfj il! nvz ^bobtbkwf jmj liz ~fgfmsf t~itf~ z~fbzeflz,

Il Oblvb~} >! z`f Kv~vlfhbab Ebhmwz~bzf gbef zi z`f ìwtmzba blj i~jf~fj z`f efl ~febljfj bz z`f

T~mwil @iwtmzba ml Kfhbaaf, Il Oblvb~} 0 baa z`~ff bttfb~fj bz z`f Kv~vlfhba Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z blj

xf~f h~blzfj nbma, Z`f lfpz `fb~mlh xmaa nf `faj il >6 Eb~g` >44:,

Bczf~ nfmlh ~fafbwfj! T~febaba ~f%flzf~fj z`f Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba bz Kv~vlfhbab, ^bobtbkwf xflz zi

Giaieni zi `bsf `mw fb~ fpbemlfj,

Efblx`maf! bczf~ z`f b~~fwzw! >6 smaabhf~w blj z`f bnniz ic z`f Nvjj`mwz zfetaf `bj hilf zi z`f

tiamgf wzbzmil zi bwk ci~ z`f efl zi nf ~fafbwfj, Z`f tiamgf baaixfj ila} z`~ff tfitaf blj z`f eilk

zi hi mlwmjf! blj ila} z`f eilk givaj wtfbk zi z`f IMG, Z`f IMG ziaj z`f eilk z`bz mc `f `bj bl}

gietabmlzw `f wìvaj ~fcf~ z`f ebzzf~ zi z`f BWT! xì `bj ovwz b~~msfj ci~ z`f Lfx ]fb~ tb~z},



=7

@ixfsf~! z`f BWT wbmj z`bz `f `bj gief ci~ b gfafn~bzmil! liz zi flzf~zbml gietabmlzw! blj

t~iemwfj `f xivaj gief zi z`f smaabhf xmz` zxi z}tfx~mzf~w bz 22be z`f ciaaixmlh jb} zi mlrvm~f

mlzi z`f mlgmjflz, Vlci~zvlbzfa}! `f jmj liz kfft `mw gieemzeflz, Z`f smaabhf~w xflz zi z`f Tiamgf

wzbzmil bhbml zi aijhf z`fm~ gietabmlz! nvz z`f tiamgf jmj liz zbkf bl} bgzmil, Bczf~ z`mw z`f smaabhf~w

wfafgzfj cmsf ~ft~fwflzbzmsfw zi ~fti~z z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f LTG blj @^G ml Giaieni! blj iccmgmbaw

c~ie @^G gbef zi mlsfwzmhbzf,

@ixfsf~! nfgbvwf ic z`mw smwmz blj efjmb bzzflzmil! z`f tiamgf bz z`f Hikb~faab wzbzmil gbef zi z`f

smaabhf blj z`~fbzflfj tfitaf zi xmz`j~bx z`fm~ gietabmlzw, Z`f} bawi wzittfj z`f nvw wf~smgf zi z`f

smaabhf,

30, Zfllbkiil Evjm}blwfabhf H,? Nfbzfl isf~ b emwwmlh nmg}gaf

Il z`f fsflmlh ic 72 Jfgfenf~ >447! Zfllbkiil Evjm}blwfabhf Hvlfwfkf~b! b 7=%}fb~%iaj xbmzf~

blj cbz`f~ ic z`~ff! xbw wafftmlh ml c~ilz ic z`f G`blj~bwflb @izfa bczf~ xi~k, B~ivlj 24?74te wmpj~vlkfl tiamgfefl bzzbg`fj zi z`f Eb`m}blhblb}b tiamgf wzbzmil gbef zi aiik ci~ b tiamgfebl‐w

nmg}gaf tb~kfj lfb~ z`f ìzfa, X`fl z`f} givaj liz cmlj mz! z`f} xikf vt Zfllbkiil blj rvfwzmilfj

`me, X`fl `f givaj liz blwxf~! z`f} wv~~ivljfj `me blj wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj `me xmz` xiijfl nbzw,

X`fl `f cfaa zi z`f h~ivlj! z`f} z~betafj `me,

Z`f ciaaixmlh fsflmlh! 2 Oblvb~} >44:! Zfllbkiil‐w xmcf civlj `f~ `vwnblj a}mlh il z`f h~ivlj ml

z`f eb~kfztabgf, W`f abzf~ xflz zi Eb`m}blhblb}b tiamgf wzbzmil zi aijhf b gietabmlz! nvz z`f tiamgf

z~mfj zi `vw` vt z`f gbwf n} iccf~mlh `f~ ^w, 644! blj ~fcvwfj zi ~fgi~j `f~ gietabmlz, Zfllbkiil

xbw ìwtmzbamwfj ml Eb`m}bhblb}b blj `mw wzbzfeflz zbkfl n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ il jvz} bz z`f

ìwtmzba! bz z`f ~frvfwz ic z`f JEI, @mw ~mnw xf~f jbebhfj jvf zi z`f bzzbgk, B aigba `vebl ~mh`zwi~hblmwbzmil `fatfj `mw xmcf wflj afzzf~w zi z`f LTG! @^G blj JMH%Vsb,

>44:

3=, J,H, T~febz`mabkb? ‑Mz’w }iv xf’~f wfb~g`mlh ci~"―

B~ivlj 0?74te il 0 Oblvb~} >44:! J,H, T~febz`mabkb blj `mw xmcf xflz zi nv} wief nmwgvmzw ci~z`fm~ amzzaf jbvh`zf~ c~ie z`f aigba wìt, Il z`f xb}! wiefilf wìvzfj! ‖Mz‐w }iv xf‐~f wfb~g`mlh

ci~"– blj wvjjfla} wief tfitaf wzb~zfj zi bwwbvaz `me, @f xbw `mz `b~j il z`f `fbj blj cbgf! z`fl

tvaafj mlzi b sbl blj j~msfl bxb}! x`maf `mw xmcf xbw n} z`f ~ibjwmjf,

Z`f lfpz ei~lmlh! Oblvb~} =! `mw xmcf ~fgfmsfj b gbaa z`bz `f~ `vwnblj xbw bz z`f Kbzvhbwzizb Tiamgf

wzbzmil, W`f wflz `f~ n~iz`f~ z`f~f zi hfz z`f cbgzw, Vtil b~~msba! `f wbx T~febz`mabkb giaabtwfj il



=:

z`f caii~ ml z`f ~feblj gfaa, Bczf~ wmhlmlh b tbtf~! `f givaj n~mlh `mw n~iz`f~%ml%abx ìef,

Bggi~jmlh zi T~febz`mabkb! wief ic z`f tiamgf `bj wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj `me bz z`f wzbzmil,

Z`bz bczf~liil! z`f cbema} bjemzzfj T~febz`mabkb zi z`f Kblj} Tvnamg @iwtmzba, @ixfsf~! bnivz

2?74te z`f lfpz jb}! Oblvb~} 24! z`f ìwtmzba ci~gmna} jmwg`b~hfj `me! wb}mlh `f `bj li wf~mivw

mlov~mfw! fsfl zìvh` `f gietabmlfj ic b wfsf~f `fbjbg`f blj mlbnmamz} zi eisf `mw lfgk, Z`f~f xf~fbawi wief xivljw il `mw afhw blj b~e, Bczf~ nfmlh jmwg`b~hfj! `f xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f Tf~bjflm}b

@iwtmzba, Wtfbkmlh zi b aigba `vebl ~mh`zw h~ivt! T~febz`mabkb fptabmlfj z`bz `f `bj t~fsmivwa}

nffl mlsiasfj ml maafhba amrvi~ wbafw! nvz `bj afcz z`f nvwmlfww, Bczf~ `f hbsf mz vt! z`f tiamgf xf~f

blhf~fj z`bz `f li ailhf~ xbw tb}mlh z`f n~mnfw lfgfwwb~} zi giljvgz wvg` nvwmlfww blj cbn~mgbzfj

g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me, Bggi~jmlh zi T~febz`mabkb! z`f} xf~f cv~z`f~ blhf~fj x`fl `f tafbjfj

mlligflgf ml giv~z! blj z`f bzzbgk wffew zi `bsf nffl tvlmwèflz,

84, Ki~babam}blbhf T? ‑Z`mw mw x`f~f }iv~ `fb~z mw blj M be `mzzmlh }iv wi z`bz }iv xmaa jmf ml

zxi eilz`w―

Ki~babam}blbhf Tbamz`b Zmwwb Kveb~b mw b t~iemlflz b~zmwbl blj 72%}fb~%iaj cbz`f~ ic zxi flhbhfj ml

~fwzi~mlh zxi ìvwfw ml Hbaaf Ci~z ml z`fm~ i~mhmlba 28z` gflzv~} wz}af, @f ziik afbsf c~ie z`mw xi~k

il > Cfn~vb~} >44: blj ~fzv~lfj zi `mw ìvwf bz @baxbab! Ebzvhbeb z`bz lmh`z,

Bnivz 0,74be z`f lfpz jb}! Cfn~vb~} 7! b tiamgf offt blj Tbof~i b~~msfj bz Ki~babam}blbhf‐w ìvwf,

Z`f~f xf~f civ~ iccmgf~w ml z`f offt blj wmp iccmgf~w ml z`f Tbof~i, WM Wmasb hiz ivz ic z`f Tbof~i blj

gbaafj ci~ Kveb~b, @f ziaj `me zi gief zi z`f Xfamtfllb tiamgf wzbzmil blj `fat zi ebkf z`f tiamgf

fenafe ci~ Mljftfljflgf Jb} gfafn~bzmilw il Cfn~vb~} :, Ki~babam}blbhf tvz il `mw w`m~z blj gbef

ivz bw mlwz~vgzfj, Nvz x`fl `f ~fbg`fj z`f Tbof~i! WM Wmasb ziik `mw tmwzia blj `mz `me il z`f g`mlz`~ff zmefw! j~bxmlh naiij, Z`fl `f niizfj Ki~babam}blbhf‐w nbgk blj ziaj `me zi hfz ml,

Ki~babam}blbhf xbw tvw`fj vljf~lfbz` b wfbz! blj z`f gb~ t~igffjfj, Z`f zxi sf`mgafw xflz zi z`f

ìvwf ic Hbabz`b~b Jil W`blz`b bz Hbabz`~b ovlgzmil, Hbabz`b~b xbw bawi n~ivh`z ivz ic `mw ìvwf!

blj tvz ml z`f offt, Wfsf~ba iz`f~ }ivlh tfitaf xf~f tmgkfj vt il z`f xb} nbgk zi Xfamtfllb tiamgf

wzbzmil,

Bczf~ b~~msmlh bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f tiamgf ziik Ki~babam}blbhf zi WM Wmasb‐w ~iie! blj ̀ f xbw

ziaj zi wmz il z`f caii~, Z`f iz`f~ tf~wilw xf~f zbkfl zi z`f gfaaw, B amzzaf abzf~! Hbabz`b~b xbw

n~ivh`z ml blj ebjf zi wmz ittiwmzf Ki~babam}blbhf, Z`fl WM Wmasb ziik b g~mgkfz wzvet blj wzb~zfj

`mzzmlh Ki~babam}blbhf ~ftfbzfja}! nfzxffl z`f wìvajf~w,

X`maf `mzzmlh `me! `f ziaj Hbabz`b~b! ‖Aiik‚z`mw mw ìx z`f iz`f~w xmaa bawi nf z~fbzfj,– @f tvaafj

vt Ki~babam}blbhf blj kftz `mzzmlh `me `b~j baa isf~ `mw nij}, Z`fl `f ziaj Ki~babam}blbhf! ‖Hmsf

vw z`f nienw! hmsf vw z`f xfbtilw! blj zfaa vw bnivz z`f ~innf~mfw }iv `bsf gieemzzfj,–

Ki~babam}blbhf wbmj `f klfx liz`mlh bnivz xfbtilw i~ nienw! blj nfhhfj z`f iccmgf~ zi wzit



=6

`mzzmlh `me, @ixfsf~! z`f nfbzmlh xflz il ci~ tiwwmna} zxi ìv~w! blj ml z`bz zmef Ki~babam}blbhf

~fgbaaw nfmlh `mz bnivz 04 zmefw! il baa tb~zw ic `mw nij}! wibkmlh `mw gaiz`fw xmz` naiij,

Z`f naixw xf~f bz zmefw wi ci~gfcva blj xmaj z`bz z`f iccmgf~ bawi `mz blj webw`fj bl fafgz~mg nvan

il z`f gfmamlh, Z`~ivhìvz z`mw zmef! Hbabz`b~b xbw xbzg`mlh ml zf~~i~, Ki~babam}blbhf lizmgfj z`bz

`f `bj mlsiavlzb~ma} v~mlbzfj il wffmlh z`f ebllf~ ml x`mg` Ki~babam}blbhf xbw nfbzfl vt, Bczf~z`mw! iz`f~ iccmgf~w nfgbef gilgf~lfj bz z`f ~faflzafww nfbzmlh blj wbsbhf~} ic z`f bzzbgk,

Bliz`f~ gbef ml blj wbmj zi WM Wmasb! ‖B~f }iv z~}mlh zi kmaa z`mw ebl9 Wzit `mzzmlh `me,– @ixfsf~!

`f jmj liz wzit, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~ afcz blj gbef nbgk xmz` bnivz fmh`z iz`f~ iccmgf~w! blj ilf ic

z`fe tvaafj z`f g~mgkfz wzvet ivz ic WM Wmasb‐w `bljw,

Bz z`mw wzbhf WM Wmasb afcz blj gbef nbgk xmz` b tf~wil lbefj Wb~bz` xì! bggi~jmlh zi `me! `bj

zvnf~gvaiwmw, Z`f iccmgf~ ci~gfj Ki~babam}blbhf zi itfl `mw eivz` blj `bj Wb~bz` wtmz mlzi mz! zfaamlh

Ki~babam}blbhf z`bz `f xivaj bawi hfz zvnf~gvaiwmw blj jmf, Ki~babam}blbhf tafbjfj liz zi ji z`mw!

wb}mlh z`bz `f xivaj gbzg` z`f jmwfbwf blj wt~fbj mz zi `mw xmcf blj g`maj~fl! nvz zi liz bsbma, Il

wffmlh z`mw! z`f iccmgf~ xì `bj ba~fbj} mlzf~sflfj n~ivh`z b nizzaf ic xbzf~ blj ziaj z`f tfzmzmilf~

zi xbw` `mw eivz`, Bz z`mw wzbhf Ki~babam}blbhf nfhbl zi aiwf gilwgmivwlfww, Bczf~ b x`maf! `f civlj

`mewfac ml b gfaa, Z`f~f! bz b abzf~ zmef z`f wbef iccmgf~ n~ivh`z b ebzz~fww ci~ `me zi wafft il! nvz

bnivz 74 emlvzfw bczf~ WM Wmasb wìxfj vt ziik mz bxb},

Ki~babam}blbhf xbw kftz ml z`f gfaa ci~ bnivz z`~ff jb}w, Ml z`bz zmef `f iczfl siemzfj! blj givaj

liz fbz i~ j~mlk, @f givaj liz fsfl v~mlbzf ml z`f gi~lf~ ìaf! jfwtmzf bzzfetzw n} Hbabz`b~b! xì

xbw aigkfj ml z`f wbef gfaa! zi `fat `me, Fbg` zmef `f z~mfj zi wzblj vt! wfsf~f tbml ml `mw ~mh`z fb~

gbvwfj jmmlfww blj jmwi~mflzbzmil,

Il z`f z`m~j jb}! WM Wmasb gbef blj ziaj Ki~babam}blbhf zi hfz vt! ~bmwf `mw b~ew blj nflj jixl,Ki~babam}blbhf civlj mz sf~} jmccmgvaz! blj wi z`f iccmgf~ tvlg`fj `me ml z`f g`fwz bnivz 27 zmefw!

blj ilgf ml z`f cbgf,

X`maf tvlg`mlh `me `f wbmj! timlzmlh! ‖Z`mw mw x`f~f }iv~ `fb~z mw blj M be `mzzmlh }iv wi z`bz }iv

xmaa jmf ml zxi eilz`w,– Il bliz`f~ iggbwmil! WM Wmasb gbef blj `bljgvccfj Ki~babam}blbhf zi b nb~

ic z`f gfaa jii~! blj z`fl tvaafj z`f jii~ vt blj jixl! mlov~mlh `mw x~mwz,

Jv~mlh z`fwf z`~ff jb}w! Ki~babam}blbhf‐w xmcf xbw bnaf zi smwmz `me! il Cfn~vb~} : blj 6! blj hmsf

wief efjmgmlf zi z~fbz `mw xivljw, Z`f iccmgf~ xì `bj fb~amf~ mlzf~sflfj ml `mw gbwf bawi n~ivh`z

wv~hmgba wtm~mz, Bawi! il Cfn~vb~} 6! :4%64 tf~wilw xf~f n~ivh`z zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil bz sb~mivw zmefw

blj wìxl z`f jfzbmlffw, Zxi gbef~befl ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw bawi gbef blj ziik wftb~bzftìzih~bt`w ic z`f jfzbmlffw,

Il Cfn~vb~} 6! z`f z`m~j jb} ic jfzflzmil! wief iz`f~ iccmgf~w ziik Ki~babam}blbhf zi Mzz`btblb

Jmwz~mgz @iwtmzba, Z`f jigzi~ xì fpbemlfj `me ~fcvwfj zi bjemz `me nfgbvwf `mw mlov~mfw xf~f zii

wf~mivw, Z`f tiamgf n~ivh`z `me nbgk zi z`f wzbzmil blj z`fl bhbml ziik `me zi z`f ìwtmzba! zi nf

fpbemlfj n} bliz`f~ jigzi~! xì bawi wbmj `f givaj liz nf bjemzzfj z`f~f, Bczf~ z`bz z`f tiamgf



=3

ziik Ki~babam}blbhf zi z`f Xfzz`fxb Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba! x`f~f `f xbw amkfxmwf ~fcvwfj

bjemwwmil, Nvz x`maf z`f~f! b abx}f~ gbef blj efz `me blj zbakfj zi z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w! bczf~ x`mg`

`f ciaaixfj z`fe nbgk zi z`f wzbzmil, Z`f abx}f~ jfebljfj z`f tiamgf n~mlh Ki~babam}blbhf nfci~f b

ebhmwz~bzf! blj xbmzfj ci~ wief zmef bz z`f wzbzmil, @ixfsf~! fsflzvbaa} `f gbef zi z`f gfaa blj ziaj

Ki~babam}blbhf z`bz mz jmj liz wffe z`bz z`f tiamgf xivaj n~mlh `me nfci~f b ebhmwz~bzf blj nfgbvwf

ic iz`f~ gieemzeflzw `f `bj zi afbsf,

Z`bz lmh`z WM Wmasb gbef nbgk zi z`f gfaa blj ziik b h~flbjf ivz ic mzw tbgkmlh, Z`fl `f tvaafj

Ki~babam}blbhf‐w `blj z`~ivh` z`f nb~w blj ziik `mw z`vent~mlz xmz` xb~e gfmamlh xbp! x ̀ mg` `f ml

zv~l `f tablzfj il z`f h~flbjf, @f ziik jixl Ki~babam}blbhf‐w tf~wilba jfzbmaw blj gbef nbgk xmz`

b wzbzfeflz z`bz `f ci~gfj `me zi wmhl! xmzìvz fptabmlmlh bl}z`mlh ic z`f gilzflzw, @f bawi

cmlhf~t~mlzfj Ki~babam}blbhf,

Ml z`f ei~lmlh ic Cfn~vb~} 3 Ki~babam}blbhf xbw bhbml zbkfl zi Xfzz`bxb Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba!

nvz `f ~fgfmsfj li z~fbzeflz blj xbw kftz `bljgvccfj x`maf z`f tiamgf xflz zi hfz b wmhlbzv~f il

wief jigveflzw c~ie ilf tf~wil z`f~f, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~w n~ivh`z `me nbgk zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil,

Bz bnivz 6,74te `f xbw zbkfl zi bl iccmgf ml z`f Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z ic Ebzvhbeb! x`f~f `f xbw

t~ijvgfj xmz` wfsf~ba iz`f~w nfci~f bl bgzmlh ebhmwz~bzf, Ki~babam}blbhf ziaj z`f bgzmlh ebhmwz~bzf

z`bz `f xbw wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj blj z`bz `mw z`vent~mlz `bj nffl tablzfj il b h~flbjf! blj bwkfj ci~

efjmgba z~fbzeflz, B abx}f~ bttfb~mlh il `mw nf`bac ~frvfwzfj z`bz `f nf fpbemlfj n} b OEI! x`mg`

z`f bgzmlh ebhmwz~bzf jva} ~fgi~jfj,

Bczf~ z`f `fb~mlh! Ki~babam}blbhf xbw zbkfl zi Kbavzb~b ^feblj T~mwil blj bjemzzfj zi z`f t~mwil

ìwtmzba, Il Cfn~vb~} 24 `f xbw bhbml n~ivh`z nfci~f b ebhmwz~bzf! blj il Cfn~vb~} 2> `f xbw

zbkfl zi b OEI bz z`f Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ic Giaieni, Wfsf~ba jigzi~w fpbemlfj blj lizfj `mw

mlov~mfw! ziik P%~b}w blj tìzih~bt`w, Z`f OEI `bw mlwz~vgzfj z`bz `f nf n~ivh`z ci~ cv~z`f~fpbemlbzmilw,

Zxi gbwfw xf~f cmafj bhbmlwz Ki~babam}blbhf! ci~ tiwwfwwmil ic b h~flbjf blj ci~ ~innf~},

Efblx`maf! `f `bw aijhfj b cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw bttamgbzmil ml z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z,

82, J,H, Bz`vab Wbebl Kveb~b? Zbkfl c~ie z`f eb~kfztabgf

Il 23 Cfn~vb~} >44:! b h~ivt ic tiamgf iccmgf~w gbef zi z`f xìafwbaf eb~kfz bz Kbzvhbwzizb! ml

Kblj}! x`f~f J,H, Bz`vab Wbebl Kveb~b xbw gb~~}mlh ivz `mw nvwmlfww! blj ziik `me zi z`f

Kbzvhbwzizb tiamgf wzbzmil, @mw xmcf xflz zi wff `me ml z`f fsflmlh ic z`f wbef jb} blj civlj z`bz

`f~ `vwnblj xbw wfsf~fa} xivljfj nfgbvwf ic zi~zv~f giljvgzfj n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w, Kveb~b ziaj

`mw xmcf z`bz z`f tiamgf jmj liz hmsf bl} ~fbwil ci~ `mw b~~fwz! i~ ebkf bl} ~fgi~j, Abzf~ z`bz lmh`z!

`mw xmcf xflz zi wff `me bhbml! blj wbx `f~ `vwnblj wvccf~mlh ml h~fbz tbml! gbvwfj n} z`f zi~zv~f,



=8

Bz z`f zmef ic z`mw ~fti~z! Kveb~b xbw wzmaa ml jfzflzmil xmz` `mw cvaa gm~gvewzblgfw vlklixl, @mw

xmcf `bw aijhfj gietabmlzw xmz` z`f @^G blj LTG ml Giaieni blj wivh`z v~hflz mlzf~sflzmil zi

hfz efjmgba z~fbzeflz ci~ `f~ `vwnblj,

8>, Nfaablbsmz`blbhf W,],? Wìz jfbj x`maf mlsfwzmhbzmlh b cbema} rvb~~fa

Il >> Cfn~vb~} >44:! civ~ iccmgf~w ic Nbjv~bam}b Tiamgf wzbzmil afj n} WM Jbeemkb xflz zi

mlsfwzmhbzf b gietabmlz ic b cbema} rvb~~fa bz z`f ìvwf ic B}bw`b Jbeb}blz`m! z`f wmwzf~ ic >>% }fb~%

iaj Nfaablbsmz`blbhf Wblbz` ]bwb~bzlf, Cmljmlh li ilf bz z`f ìvwf! z`f} xf~f ~fzv~lmlh zi z`f

wzbzmil x`fl z`f} wbx ]bwb~bzlf bz b wìt, ^fgihlmwmlh `me! TG Wv~m}bb~bg`g`m btt~ibg`fj `me zi

rvfwzmil `me bnivz z`f gietabmlz, X`maf mlsfwzmhbzmlh `me! TG Wv~m}bb~bg`g`m ~fti~zfja} wzb~zfj zi

nfbz ]bwb~bzlf `b~j xmz` `mw z~vlg`fil,

Z`f smgzme z~mfj zi fwgbtf z`f naixw n} ~vllmlh bxb}, Bliz`f~ iccmgf~ cm~fj zxi wìzw blj ]bwb~bzlf

cfaa ml z`f wz~ffz, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f ebl} f}fxmzlfwwfw! z`f tiamgf bnbljilfj ]bwb~bzlf blj jmjliz`mlh zi `fat `me,

Abzf~! `mw n~iz`f~ blj wfsf~ba iz`f~ tfitaf ziik `me zi z`f Xbzzbfxb @iwtmzba, @ixfsf~! `f jmfj

x`maf nfmlh z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ml Giaieni,

B tiwz%ei~zfe mlrvm~} n} z`f OEI bz Lbhijb @iwtmzba gilcm~efj z`bz z`f jfbz` xbw gbvwfj n}

hvlwìz, Z`f smgzme‐w cbema} xblzfj b cvaa mlrvm~}, @ixfsf~! z`f} cfb~fj z`bz z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w xivaj

bzzfetz zi g~fbzf b cbawf wzi~} zi bsimj ambnmamz} ci~ z`f jfbz`,

87, Jf`mxbzzf Hfjf~b Ob}bz`mabkb? Bggvwfj ic tiwwfwwmlh maamgmz amrvi~

Il = Eb~g` >44:! tiamgfefl afj n} WM Nbljb~blb}bkf! xì mw c~ie z`f ]bzbxbzzf Tiamgf Wfgv~mz}

Nb~~mf~ vljf~ gilz~ia ic z`f Eb`bxfab tiamgf wzbzmil! b~~fwzfj Jf`mxbzzf Hfjf~b Ob}bz`mabkb,

Wffmlh Ob}bz`mabkb wzbljmlh bz b nvw wzbzmil! z`f tiamgf bggvwfj `me ic tiwwfwwmlh maamgmz amrvi~ blj

ziik `me zi z`f Eb`bxfab tiamgf wzbzmil, Bz bnivz 3?74 z`bz fsflmlh! Ob}bz`mabkb‐w wil! J,H,W,

^vtbkveb~b! xbw mlci~efj n} z`f Eb`bxfab tiamgf z`bz `mw cbz`f~ xbw ml gvwzij}! blj xbw ziaj zi

gief blj nbma `me ivz, X`fl z`f wil z`vw xflz zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil! Ob}bz`mabkb ziaj `me z`bz z`f

tiamgf n~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj `me blj `f xbw wvccf~mlh c~ie wfsf~f tbml baa isf~ `mw nij} jvf zi zi~zv~f,

Z`f wil wmhlfj z`f nbma ci~e blj Ob}bz`mabkb xbw ~fafbwfj b~ivlj 22te, Z`f} afcz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil

ml b z`~ff%x`ffaf~, Il z`f xb} ìef! z`f smgzme bwkfj `mw wil zi nv} b nizzaf ic xmlf! wb}mlh `f

xblzfj zi `bsf b j~mlk zi ~famfsf z`f tbml ml `mw nij}, Z`f wil inamhfj! zìvh` `f bawi xblzfj zi

zbkf z`f smgzme zi wff b jigzi~, Ob}bz`mabkb wbmj `f xivaj hi zi ìwtmzba z`f lfpz ei~lmlh, Nfgbvwf

z`fm~ ìvwf xbw aigbzfj ml b `maa} b~fb! Ob}bz`mabkb hiz ivz ic z`f sf`mgaf blj xbakfj zixb~jw z`f

ìvwf! x`maf z`f wil tb~kfj z`f z`~ff%x`ffaf~ lfb~n}, X`fl z`f wil hiz ìef `mw cbz`f~ xbw liz



=0

z`f~f! nvz z`mlkmlh `mw cbz`f~ `bj hilf wiefx`f~f lfb~n}! `f xflz zi wafft kfftmlh z`f c~ilz jii~

itfl,

@ixfsf~! il z`f ciaaixmlh ei~lmlh! b lfmh`niv~! Wiebxbz`mf! civlj Ob}bz`mabkb‐w jfbj nij} ml

c~ilz ic `mw ìvwf, @mw wil ~vw`fj zi z`f Eb`bxfab tiamgf wzbzmil zi aijhf b gietabmlz bnivz `mw

cbz`f~‐w zi~zv~f blj ~fwvazblz jfbz`, Nvz! bggi~jmlh zi `me! z`f tiamgf jmj liz t~itf~a} x~mzf jixl`mw wzbzfeflz, Z`f wbef jb}! tfitaf ic z`f smaabhf hbz`f~fj ml Eb`bxfab Zixl zi t~izfwz bhbmlwz z`f

IMG blj WM Nbljb~blb}bkf ic z`f Eb`bxfab tiamgf wzbzmil ci~ gbvwmlh z`f jfbz` ic Ob}bz`mabkb, Z`f

smgzme‐w nij} xbw zbkfl zi z`f Kblj} @iwtmzba ci~ z`f tiwz%ei~zfe fpbemlbzmil blj ~fzv~lfj zi `mw

ìvwf il 22 Eb~g`, Z`f OEI ml Kblj} xì fpbemlfj z`f nij} gf~zmcmfj bz z`f mlrvfwz z`bz z`f

smgzme‐w ~mnw xf~f n~ikfl blj z`f~f xf~f n~vmwfw civlj baa isf~ `mw nij}, Mz xbw bawi ~fti~zfj z`bz

cvlf~ba b~~blhfeflzw ic Ob}bz`mabkb xf~f vljf~zbkfl n} z`f Eb`bxfab tiamgf, B cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw

bttamgbzmil xbw cmafj nfci~f z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z,

8:, Evz`vz`blz`~mhf G`beba ^blomz` Gii~b}? Jmfj ovwz bczf~ ~fafbwf c~ie tiamgf gvwzij}

Evz`vz`blz`~mhf G`beba ^blomz` Gii~b} xbw b~~fwzfj il 28 Bt~ma >44: il wvwtmgmil ic z`fcz blj

jmfj ml gvwzij} zxi jb}w abzf~! baafhfja} bw b ~fwvaz ic tiamgf zi~zv~f, Bz z`f zmef ic b~~fwz `f xbw b

~fwmjflz ic Fhijb%v}blb! Ei~bzvxb! blj b abniv~f~ bz b zmenf~ wbxemaa, Il z`mw cbzfcva jb}! mz mw

~fti~zfj z`bz zxi tf~wilw lbefj Cfamp blj Nbnv `bljfj Gii~b} isf~ zi z`f Eijb~b Tiamgf Tiwz!

bggvwmlh `me ic n~fbkmlh itfl z`f zmaa tabgfj bz z`f wzbzvf ic Wz Eb~} blj wzfbamlh z`f giaafgzmil, Bz

z`f tiamgf tiwz z`f tiamgf `bj baafhfja} wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj Gii~b} blj zbkfl `me zi z`f Ei~bzvxb

tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f `f xbw cv~z`f~ zi~zv~fj, Bggi~jmlh zi bl f}fxmzlfww! Jmlfw`! xì xbw bawi

b~~fwzfj zihfz`f~ xmz` z`f jfgfbwfj! z`f tiamgf `bj `mz z`f smgzme il `mw `fbj blj n~vzbaa} kmgkfj `me

il z`f ~fwz ic `mw nij} xmz` niizw,

Bw b gilwfrvflgf ic z`f ilwabvh`z Gii~b} giaabtwfj vlgilwgmivw! nvz z`f tiamgf jmj liz bcci~j `me

bl} efjmgba z~fbzeflz, Z`f lfpz jb}! Gii~b} `bj nffl t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ei~bzvxb Ebhmwz~bzf

blj ~febljfj, Il 2= Bt~ma `f xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma, Vtil b~~msmlh ìef `mw ~fabzmsfw ~fbamfj z`bz

`f xbw ml b g~mzmgba giljmzmil blj ~vw`fj `me zi z`f Tblbjv~b Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba, Nvz xmz`ml `bac

ìv~! blj nfci~f z`f} ~fbg`fj z`f ìwtmzba! `f xbw jfbj,

Z`f tiwz%ei~zfe xbw giljvgzfj il >4 Bt~ma bz z`f Tblbjv~b Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba blj z`f

gi~ilf~ ~fti~zfj z`bz z`f smgzme‐w jfbz` xbw jvf zi bwwbvaz, @ixfsf~! Gii~b}‐w cbema} itmlfj z`bz

wmlgf z`f} xf~f sf~} tii~ z`f g`blgfw ic b cbm~ blj metb~zmba `fb~mlh mlzi z`f jfbz` ic z`fm~ aisfj

ilf xf~f wame, Z`f} xf~f abzf~ mlci~efj z`bz zx i tf~wilw ~fwtilwmnaf ci~ Gii~b}‐w b~~fwz! Cfamp blj

Nbnv! `bj nffl b~~fwzfj blj ~febljfj ci~ bwwbvazmlh z`f jfgfbwfj nfci~f `bljmlh `me isf~, Z`f

jfgfbwfj‐w cbema} cfb~fj z`bz z`f tiamgf xf~f lix w`mczmlh z`f nabef il z`fwf zxi tfitaf ml b nabzblz

bzzfetz zi gisf~ vt z`fm~ ixl fpgfwwfw,



==

86, Wflb~bz` @fzzmb~g`g`mabhf Bnf}wmlh`f? Jfbz` jvf zi “lbzv~ba’ gbvwfw

Bz z`f zmef ic `mw jfbz`! Wflb~bz` @fzzmb~g`g`mabhf Bnf}wmlh`f xbw b ^fwf~sf Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf

^TG- bz z`f Z~mlgiebaff tiamgf wzbzmil, Il 28 Eb} >44:! Bnf}wmlh`f xbw civlj jfbj ml `mw nfj!

blj mz xbw wbmj z`bz `f `bj jmfj ml `mw wafft, Z`f efwwbhf ic `mw jfbz` xbw gilsf}fj zi `mw xmcf!

G,T,F, Tbz`m~blb! xì xbw ~fwmjflz ml Giaieni bz z`f zmef, Z`f wbef jb}! Tbz`m~blb bggietblmfj`f~ cbz`f~ zi Z~mlgiebaff, Z`f mlrvfwz mlzi z`f jfbz` xbw `faj z`f lfpz jb} Eb} 20-! jv~mlh x`mg`

Tbz`m~blb fpt~fwwfj `f~ jivnzw bnivz z`f gbvwf ic `f~ `vwnblj‐w jfbz`, W`f wbmj z`bz z`f jfgfbwfj

`bj fb~amf~ gilcmjfj ml `f~ z`bz `f `bj nffl wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil blj bjemzzfj zi

z`f Z~mlgiebaff @iwtmzba c~ie >7 zi >= Bt~ma >44:-, @ixfsf~! x`fl w`f `bj mlrvm~fj bnivz z`f

mlgmjflz! `f ziaj `f~ z`bz `f xivaj hmsf `f~ baa z`f jfzbmaw abzf~, Tbz`m~blb gietabmlfj z`bz jfwtmzf

mlrvm~mfw! li ilf `bj hmsfl `f~ b tabvwmnaf fptablbzmil ci~ `f~ `vwnblj‐w wvjjfl jfbz`, Wief `bsf

ziaj z`fe z`bz mz xbw b jfbz` jvf zi lbzv~ba gbvwfw! x`maf iz`f~w wzbzfj z`bz `f `bj jmfj jvf zi

j~mlkmlh,

Bczf~ z`f mlrvfwz! z`f smgzme‐w nij} xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f Z~mlgiebaff tiamgf wzbzmil blj il z`f wbefjb} zbkfl zi Nbablhijb xmz` tiamgf fwgi~z, Z`f Z~mlgiebaff tiamgf `bj vljf~zbkfl baa cvlf~ba

b~~blhfeflzw blj z`f jfgfbwfj‐w xmcf xbw bawi tbmj ^w, >6!444 c~ie z`f tiamgf xfacb~f cvlj, Z`f

cvlf~ba xbw `faj il >4 Eb} >44: xmz` tiamgf ìliv~w, Abzf~! wief tiamgfefl bz z`f Z~mlgiebaff

wzbzmil mlci~efj z`f xmcf z`bz z`f jfgfbwfj xbw il jvz} fsfl bz z`f zmef ic jfbz`! bw `f `bj liz

wmhlfj icc, Z`fl 24 jb}w abzf~ x`fl Tbz`m~blb itflfj z`f nbh gilzbmlmlh `f~ `vwnblj‐w nfailhmlhw!

w`f jmwgisf~fj wief tbtf~w c~ie ilf ic `mw w`m~z tigkfzw, Mlgavjfj xbw b tìzigit} ic b afzzf~ wflz

n} Bnf}wmlh`f jv~mlh `mw wzb} ml ìwtmzba- zi z`f @^G ml Z~mlgiebaff zi x`mg` b t~ietz ~fta} `bj

nffl wflz n} z`f @^G jbzfj >0 Bt~ma >44: blj wmhlfj n} ilf S, Ebz`m}btb~be, Tbz`m~blb bawi

jmwgisf~fj z`f jmbhliwmw ~fti~z c~ie z`f ìwtmzba mwwvfj il >= Bt~ma >44:! x`mg` mljmgbzfj z`bz

Bnf}wmlh`f `bj nffl b smgzme ic tiamgf zi~zv~f,

Z`f afzzf~ blj efjmgba ~fti~zw t~ismjfj ~fbwilbnaf h~ivljw ci~ wvwtmgmil ml z`mw gbwf, Cv~z`f~ei~f!

Tbz`m~blb bawi wbmj z`bz `f~ `vwnblj ebmlzbmlfj b jmb~}! nvz z`mw givaj liz nf aigbzfj! bw z`f tiamgf

`bj liz `bljfj mz isf~ zi `f~, W`f bawi ~fgbaafj z`bz x`maf `f xbw bamsf! Bnf}wmlh`f `bj gietabmlfj

bnivz t~inafew xmz` `mw Efww Eblbhf~! Ob}bz`mabkb, Bawi! ml `mw gietabmlz zi z`f @^G%Z~mlgiebaff!

`f `bj eflzmilfj z`bz Ob}bz`mabkb `bj bzzbgkfj `me xmz` b xiijfl wzm~~f~ vwfj ci~ giikmlh ~mgf,

83, Ebjvhijb ^bababhf Jil Wbebl T~m}blz`b Hvlb~bzlf? Ev~jf~fj n} tiamgf

E,^,J,W,T,Hvlb~bzlf xbw b nvwmlfwwebl jfbamlh ml nvmajmlh ebzf~mbaw, @f giljvgzfj `mw nvwmlfww

c~ie z`f ~fwmjflgf ic `mw cmblgíf! xì xbw z`f ebml mlsfwzi~ ml `mw nvwmlfww, W`f `bj nffl xmjixfj

fb~amf~ x`fl `f~ `vwnblj! b wiajmf~! xbw kmaafj ml bgzmil, Bggi~jmlh zi Hvlf~bzlf‐w cmblgíf! bczf~ `f~

`vwnblj jmfj! w`f xbw `b~bwwfj n} WM Wmasb ic z`f Xfamtfllb tiamgf wzbzmil zi flzf~ mlzi b wfpvba

~fabzmilw`mt xmz` `me! x`mg` w`f `bj ~fcvwfj, Lizxmz`wzbljmlh z`mw! WM Wmasb ~faflzafwwa} `b~bwwfj `f~

n} xb} ic lmh`z smwmzw zi `f~ ìef blj iz`f~ vlwiamgmzfj btt~ibg`fw, W`f `bj gietabmlfj zi z`f

tiamgf bnivz WM Wmasb‐w nf`bsmiv~! nvz amzzaf i~ li bgzmil `bj nffl zbkfl zi wzit `me,



244

Efblzmef! w`f `bj jfsfaitfj b ~ieblzmg ambmwil xmz` Hvlf~bzlf, Z`fl il 74 Eb} >44:! b~ivlj

8?74te! Hvlb~bzlf xbw n~vzbaa} ev~jf~fj! baafhfja} n} zxi tiamgfefl ic z`f Xfamtfllb Tiamgf

wzbzmil, @f xbw wìz jfbj xmz` b Z%63 xfbtil x`maf ~fzv~lmlh ìef ml `mw sf`mgaf, F}fxmzlfwwfw zi

z`f mlgmjflz wbmj z`bz z`f zxi tiamgfefl `bj z~mfj zi fwgbtf bczf~ z`f wìizmlh nvz z`bz smaabhf~w `bj

btt~f`fljfj z`fe blj t~fsflzfj z`fm~ fwgbtf, Bczf~ z`f} xf~f btt~f`fljfj! z`f zxi tiamgfefl

bzzfetzfj zi ovwzmc} z`fm~ maafhba bgzmil wb}mlh z`bz z`f} xf~f gietfaafj zi wìiz z`f jfgfbwfj x`fl`f ~fcvwfj zi wzit `mw sf`mgaf bw i~jf~fj,

Z`f} bawi wbmj z`bz Hvlb~bzlf xbw z~blwti~zmlh maamgmz zmenf~! nvz f}fxmzlfwwfw wbmj z`bz `mw sf`mgaf

xbw fetz} bz z`bz zmef, Bz z`f mlrvfwz `faj ml z`f Ebz`vhbeb Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z il 0 Ovlf >44:!

z`f abx}f~ aiikmlh bczf~ z`f mlzf~fwz ic z`f jfgfbwfj‐w cbema} n~ivh`z z`f ciaaix mlh zi z`f bzzflzmil

ic z`f Ebhmwz~bzf? b- Z`f tiamgf sf~wmil z`bz z`f smgzme xbw z~blwti~zmlh maafhba zmenf~ xbw cbawf; n-

Z`f zxi tiamgfefl xf~f ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw; g- Z`f zxi tiamgfefl xf~f vwmlh b t~msbzf eizi~g}gaf;

j- Z`f} z~mfj zi fwgbtf bczf~ z`f wìizmlh; f- Z`f t~iofgzmaf ~feisfj c~ie z`f `fbj ic z`f smgzme

jv~mlh z`f tiwz ei~zfe xbw `bljfj isf~ zi z`f tiamgf blj zbkfl bxb} n} z`fe xmzìvz t~itf~

wfbamlh; c- Zìvh` z`f~f xf~f ebl} xmzlfwwfw zi z`f mlgmjflz xì gbef ci~xb~j! z`f tiamgf `bj liz~fgi~jfj z`fm~ zfwzmeilmfw,

Jfwtmzf z`fwf jmwzv~nmlh cbgzw nfmlh n~ivh`z zi z`f bzzflzmil ic z`f giv~z! z`f ebhmwz~bzf jmj liz

ebjf bl} i~jf~ i~ inwf~sbzmilw il z`fe, Bl BWT xbw tvz ml g`b~hf ic giaafgzmlh fsmjflgf bz z`f

mlrvm~}, @ixfsf~! z`f smgzme‐w ~fabzmsfw xf~f tfwwmemwzmg bnivz z`f metb~zmbamz} ic z`f tiamgf mlrvm~}

blj xf~f ic z`f smfx z`bz z`f~f xbw b nabzblz bzzfetz zi cbn~mgbzf cbgzw blj ovwzmc} z`f ìemgmjf,

88, Babhm}bxbjv Abkeba G`bz`v~blhb blj A,T, T~bjfft Kveb~bhf? T~fwwv~f n}

Benbablhijb tiamgf il zi~zv~f smgzmew

Il 8 Bvhvwz >44:! tiamgf ml gmssmfw c~ie z`f Benbablhijb tiamgf wzbzmil b~~fwzfj Babhm}bxbjv

Abkeba G`bz`v~blhb! bhfj 26 blj A,T,T~bjfft Kveb~bhf! bhfj 2:! il z`f bggvwbzmil ic wzfbamlh b

hiaj g`bml, Z`f zxi ni}w xf~f z`fl zbkfl zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil xmzìvz nfmlh bggietblmfj n} z`fm~

tb~flzw! ml smiabzmil ic abx,

Z`f ni}w xf~f z`fl baafhfja} wz~mttfj lbkfj blj namljciajfj bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f z`f} xf~f

n~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w xmz` xiijfl wzmgkw, Z`f zxi ni}w xf~f ~fafbwfj il = Bvhvwz

>44:! bczf~ z`fm~ tb~flzw tbmj ^w, 7444 VWJ >=- zi z`f tiamgf blj wmhlfj b jvnmivw wzbzfeflz

x~mzzfl n} z`f tiamgf,

Abzf~ il z`f tb~flzw ic z`f ni}w aijhfj b gietabmlz bhbmlwz z`f gilgf~lfj tiamgf iccmgf~w zi z`f

MHT! LTG! @^G! Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba blj iz`f~w, Z`f @^G nfhbl bl mlrvm~} mlzi z`f mlgmjflz! x`maf

z`f MHT ~fcf~~fj z`f gbwf zi z`f Wtfgmba Mlsfwzmhbzmil Vlmz WMV- xìwf iccmgf~w `bj smwmzfj z`f

smgzmew‐ ìef blj ~fgi~jfj wfsf~ba wzbzfeflzw,



242

Efblx`maf z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w wzb~zfj z`~fbzflmlh z`f cbema} ic Babhm}bxbjv Abkeba

G`bz`v~blhb zi xmz`j~bx z`f gietabmlz ebjf bhbmlwz z`fe, Z`f eiz`f~ ic A,T, T~bjfft Kveb~bhf

bawi ebjf wfsf~ba gietabmlzw zi z`f @^G ic W~m Ablkb! z`f LTG blj z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba ~fhb~jmlh

z`f z`~fbzw ebjf c~ie z`f tiamgf bvzì~mzmfw bhbmlwz `f~ blj `f~ cbema},

Bttb~flza}! z`f @^G ic W~m Ablkb `bw giljvgzfj bl mlrvm~} mlzi z`mw gietabmlz ebjf n} z`f smgzmew‐cbemamfw, @ixfsf~! mz wffew z`f~f b~f li ~fgieefljbzmilw jm~fgzfj zi z`f tiamgf bvzì~mzmfw il z`mw

ebzzf~,

80, Nbemlb @bllbjmhf Hbemlm Cf~lblji? Li g~memlba bgzmil bhbmlwz zxi tiamgfefl bczf~

@^G gilcm~ew zi~zv~f ic b ebl

Il > Wftzfenf~ >44:! Tiamgf Wf~hfblz ^,X,X, Tbam`bxbjblb Tiamgf MJ Li,>>:00- blj WM K,B

Tbjebwm~m ic Ei~bzvxb tiamgf wzbzmil b~~fwzfj Nbemlb @bllbjmhf Hbemlm Cf~lblji, Z`fwf zxi

tiamgf iccmgf~w! xmzìvz b xb~~blz i~ bl} fsmjflgf! b~~fwzfj Hbemlm blj baafhfja} ml`vebla} zi~zv~fj

`me x`maf ml gvwzij} bz Ei~bzvxb tiamgf wzbzmil, Hbemlm xbw wz~mttfj! `vlh blj bwwbvazfj n~vzbaa}

xmz` g~mgkfz wzvetw, Bw b ~fwvaz! `mw afhw xf~f wxiaafl blj `mw cffz xf~f gvz blj z`f} nafj, Mz xbw

afb~lfj abzf~ z`bz Hbemlm xbw bggvwfj ic wzfbamlh wief hiijw wvg` bw b~~bgk blj smjfi gbwwfzzfw, @f

xbw zi~zv~fj ml c~ilz ic z`f ixlf~ ic z`f baafhfja} wziafl mzfew, Bw z`f~f xbw mlwvccmgmflz fsmjflgf zi

t~isf `mw hvmaz! Hbemlm xbw baafhfja} zi~zv~fj ml i~jf~ zi ci~gf b gilcfwwmil c~ie `me,

Il = Wftzfenf~ >44:! Hbemlm xbw n~ivh`z nfci~f z`f Ei~bzvxb Ebhmwz~bzf! blj z`fl ~febljfj

ci~ wfsf~ba jb}w bz Xfamkbjb t~mwil blj Kbavzb~b t~mwil, Il Wftzfenf~ 2=! z`f giv~z cmlbaa} ~fafbwfj

Hbemlm bw li gietabmlz xbw n~ivh`z bhbmlwz `me, Hbemlm xbw wvnwfrvflza} ìwtmzbamfj bz z`f

Lbhijb Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ci~ efjmgba z~fbzeflz, @mw xmcf! K,V, W`m~iem Jmbw! aijhfj b gietabmlz zi

z`f @^G, Bczf~ giljvgzmlh bl mlrvm~}! z`f @^G civlj z`f zxi tiamgf hvmaz} ic n~fbg`mlh z`f nbwmg

~mh`zw ic z`f smgzme,

Il >0 Eb~g` >448! zxi%blj%b%`bac }fb~w bczf~ z`f mlgmjflz! z`f @^G cmlbaa} ~fgieefljfj z`bz z`f

zxi tf~tfz~bzi~w tb} gietflwbzmil ic ^w, 2>!644! z`bz mw ^w, 8644 c~ie Wf~hfblz Tbam`bxb~jblb blj

6444 c~ie WM K,B, Tbjebwm~m! zi z`f smgzme, Z`f ~fgieefljbzmil n} z`f @^G xbw b gafb~ mljmgbzmil

ic z`f abgk ic ~fwtfgz ci~! i~ vljf~wzbljmlh ic! mlzf~lbzmilba li~ew blj wzbljb~jw n} z`f

gieemwwmil, Mz mw rvmzf wmeta} bl mlwvaz zi z`f smgzmew zi jfgab~f b rvblzve ic eilfzb~} jbebhfw ic

b amzzaf isf~ b `vlj~fj VW jiaab~w ci~ z`f vwf ic wf~mivw zi~zv~f,

8=, ^bz`lbwm~m Wflbj`ff~b? Tiamgf mlsfwzmhbzmil ic b wfsf~f zi~zv~f gbwf j~bhw il xmz` li

z~blwtb~flg}

WM Wbam}b! z`f z`fl%IMG ic z`f @i~blb Tiamgf wzbzmil! il >= Wftzfenf~ >44: baafhfja} n~vzbaa}

zi~zv~fj ^bz`lbwm~m Wflbj`ff~b x`maf `f xbw smwmzmlh `mw n~iz`f~! xì xbw ml tiamgf gvwzij}, Bczf~

z`f mlgmjflz! `f gietabmlfj zi z`f @^G! LTG blj Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba,

Z`f @^G giljvgzfj bl mlrvm~} mlzi z`f mlgmjflz [Li, @^G)64:0)4:)Mms-U blj il : Ova} >443

~fgieefljfj z`bz jf~mwi~} gietflwbzmil ic ^w, 6444 b~ivlj VWJ 64- nf t~ismjfj n} z`f



24>

~fwtiljflz! WM Wbam}b! zi z`f tfzmzmilf~ z`f smgzme-, B git} ic z`f ~fgieefljbzmil xbw wflz zi z`f

MHT! Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba blj LTG ci~ wvmzbnaf jmwgmtamlb~} blj afhba bgzmil zi nf zbkfl bhbmlwz z`f

gilgf~lfj WM, @ixfsf~! li bgzmil mw klixl zi `bsf nffl zbkfl,

Efblx`maf! z`f tiamgf mlrvm~} mlzi Wflbj`ff~b‐w gbwf j~bhhfj il blj il! blj isf~ zxi }fb~w bczf~

z`f bgzvba mlgmjflz! mz `bj liz fljfj, Z`f smgzme wvwtfgzfj z`bz z`f vljvf jfab} xbw gbvwfj n} nmbwbhbmlwz `me blj nmbw ci~ z`f tiamgf, @f ~fti~zfj z`bz z`f mlrvm~} iccmgf~ xi~kmlh il `mw gbwf mw z`f

BWT ml g`b~hf ic wvtf~smwmlh z`f @i~blb tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f `f `bj nffl zi~zv~fj! blj z`f

t~iwfgvzmil iccmgf~ mw z`f @fbjrvb~zf~w Mlwtfgzi~ @RM- ic z`f Tblbjv~b tiamgf wzbzmil! x`mg` mw ml

z`f wbef jmsmwmil bw z`bz ic z`f @i~blb tiamgf wzbzmil, Gilwmjf~mlh z`f cbgz z`bz z`f gilgf~lfj WM

xbw z`f ci~ef~ IMG ic z`f @i~blb tiamgf wzbzmil! mz givaj ila} nf bwwvefj z`bz z`f mlrvm~} blj

t~iwfgvzmil iccmgf~w b~f giaafbhvfw ic z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~,

Ci~ fpbetaf! Wflbj`ff~b mlci~efj z`bz il : Wftzfenf~ >443 `f ~fgfmsfj b afzzf~ ~frvfwzmlh `me!

bailh xmz` iz`f~ xmzlfwwfw! zi bzzflj b jftb~zeflzba mlrvm~} giljvgzfj bhbmlwz z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w n}

BWT Lbhb`bevaab ic @i~blb jmwz~mgz, Z`f mlrvm~} xbw zi nf giljvgzfj bz z`f iccmgf ic z`f WWT ic Tblbjv~b jmsmwmil bz 24be il 22 Wftzfenf~ >443, @ixfsf~! x`fl Wflbj`ff~b zihfz`f~ xmz` z`~ff

iz`f~ xmzlfwwfw xflz ci~ z`f wbmj mlrvm~} bz 24 be! BWT Lbhb`bevaab xbw liz ml `mw iccmgf blj z`f}

xbmzfj ei~f z`bl 2> ìv~w vlzma 22?26te, Bw z`f mlrvm~} iccmgf~ BWT Lbhb`bevaab `bj wzmaa liz

b~~msfj bz z`f iccmgf ci~ z`f mlrvm~}, Wflbj`ff~b blj z`f iz`f~ xmzlfwwfw z`fl afcz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil,

@f wb}w z`bz `f li ailhf~ ebmlzbmlw bl} cbmz` ml z`f tiamgf mlrvm~} blj xiljf~w x`bz ovwzmgf gbl nf

fptfgzfj vljf~ z`f gv~~flz gm~gvewzblgfw,

@f gietabmlfj zi z`f WWT ic z`f Tblbjv~b jmsmwmil! z`f MHT blj z`f LTG ~fhb~jmlh z`f lfhamhflz

bzzmzvjfw ic z`f mlrvm~} iccmgf~ blj bawi ~bmwfj `mw gilgf~lw bnivz z`f metb~zmbamz} ic z`f tiamgf

mlrvm~} xmz` z`fe; ìxfsf~! `f `bj liz ~fgfmsfj bl} ~fwtilwfw,

04, @f~ebl Rvmlzvw Tf~f~b? Nfbzfl ci~ ~fcvwmlh zi wfaa bagiìa zi tiamgf

Il 7 Igzinf~ >44:! z`f Tiaillb~vxb tiamgf baafhfja} kmaafj @, Rvmlzvw Tf~f~b! b ~fwzbv~blz eblbhf~

blj cbz`f~ ic zxi, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f ~fwzbv~blz ixlf~! bw mz xbw Ti}b Jb} ‚ il x`mg` z`f wbaf ic

amrvi~ xbw t~i`mnmzfj n} abx ‚ ̀ f gaiwfj z`f amrvi~ givlzf~ bz `mw ~fwzbv~blz, @ixfsf~! zxi

tiamgfefl b~~msfj bz `mw ~fwzbv~blz n} eizi~nmkf blj jfebljfj b nizzaf ic amrvi~, Tf~f~b! xì xbw

z`f eblbhf~! tiamzfa} ~fcvwfj z`fe! fptabmlmlh z`bz z`f amrvi~ givlzf~ xbw gaiwfj, Z`f tiamgfefl afcz

nvz wiil ~fzv~lfj xmz` b ab~hf gilzmlhflg} ic tiamgfefl ml b tiamgf offt, Z`f} t~igffjfj zi nfbz vt

Tf~f~b blj z`f iz`f~ xi~kf~w bz z`f ~fwzbv~blz, Z`f~fbczf~! z`f tiamgf ci~gfj Tf~f~b blj `mw cfaaix

xi~kf~w mlzi z`f offt blj ziik z`fe bxb},

Z`f ciaaixmlh ei~lmlh Igzinf~ :-! z`f ~fwzbv~blz‐w bwwmwzblz eblbhf~ smwmzfj z`f Tiaillb~vxb

tiamgf wzbzmil zi mlrvm~f bczf~ z`f xfaa nfmlh ic zìwf xì xf~f b~~fwzfj mlgavjmlh Tf~f~b, Z`f iz`f~

xi~kf~w ziaj `me z`bz Tf~f~b xbw liz xmz` z`fe ml z`f gfaa, Z`f bwwmwzblz eblbhf~ z`fl smwmzfj z`f

aigba ìwtmzba nvz givaj liz cmlj Tf~f~b, @f z`fl smwmzfj z`f ei~zvb~} x`f~f `f civlj Tf~f~b‐w nij},



247

Z`f tiamgf bvzì~mzmfw! ìxfsf~! ziaj z`f aigba efjmb z`bz b cmh`z `bj flwvfj x`fl z`f tiamgf ~bmjfj

z`f ~fwzbv~blz % z`bz z`f} wvwtfgzfj z`f wbaf ic maamgmz amrvi~ blj z`bz Tf~f~b `bj nffl kmaafj jv~mlh z`f

gieeizmil, Z`f Tiaillb~vxb Tiamgf % bz xìwf `bljw mz mw baafhfj z`f jfgfbwfj jmfj % cbmafj zi

gilcm~e z`mw wzi~},

02, E, ^bewil Tfm~mw? Bwwbvazfj xmz` b navlz xfbtil

Il 6 Jfgfenf~ >44: b~ivlj >te! 6=%}fb~%iaj gb~tflzf~ E, ^bewil Tfm~mw xflz zi ilf Ebablm‐w

ìvwf zi `bsf b j~mlk, Zxi tiamgf wf~hfblzw! Wmasb blj Ob}blz`b Tf~f~b ic z`f Ei~bzvxb Tiamgf! `bj

nffl t~fwflz z`f~f! blj ci~ li bttb~flz ~fbwil! z`f} wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj Tfm~mw blj ziik `me bxb} zi

z`f Ei~bzvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil ml b z`~ff%x`ffaf~ gbn, Bz z`f wzbzmil! z`f} `bj ~fwvefj z`fm~ n~vzba

bwwbvaz il Tfm~mw, Abzf~! z`f Jftvz} Eb}i~ ic z`f Ei~bzvxb Evlmgmtba Givlgma! J,G, Cf~lblji

mlci~efj z`f jfgfbwfj cbema} ic `mw b~~fwz, @f `bj bawi mlrvm~fj bnivz z`f jfgfbwfj b~~fwz c~ie z`f

tiamgf! nvz z`f tiamgf lix jflmfj Tfm~mw‐ b~~fwz,

X`fl wiefzmef abzf~ z`f jfgfbwfj Tfm~mw‐ ~fabzmsfw smwmzfj z`f tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f} wbx Tfm~mw a}mlh ml b

tiamgf ìajmlh gfaa, Bw `f aiikfj wfsf~fa} mlov~fj! z`f ~fabzmsfw ~frvfwzfj z`f tiamgf zi zbkf `me zi

z`f ìwtmzba ci~ efjmgba z~fbzeflz! nvz z`f tiamgf ~fcvwfj, Z`fl! b~ivlj 24te z`f wbef jb}! z`f

Ei~bzvxb tiamgf `bj zbkfl z`f jfgfbwfj zi z`f Avlbxb Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba % xmzìvz mlci~emlh

`mw cbema}, Z`f} baafhfja} `bj hmsfl b cbawf wzbzfeflz zi z`f ìwtmzba z`bz z`f} `bj civlj z`f

jfgfbwfj il z`f ~ibjwmjf, Bw Tfm~mw xbw ml b g~mzmgba giljmzmil! `f xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Kbavnismab

Hflf~ba @iwtmzba blj abzf~ zi Lbzmilba @iwtmzba Giaieni! x`f~f `f wvggvenfj zi `mw mlov~mfw

b~ivlj 22?74be il 3 Jfgfenf~ >44:,

Il 0 Jfgfenf~ >44: smaabhf~w gietabmlfj ic z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f @^G ic W~m Ablkb blj z`fjfgfbwfj‐w wil bawi gietabmlfj zi z`f @^G il Jfgfenf~ 27, Z`f @^G `bj ziaj z`f gietabmlblzw

zi t~ijvgf z`f tiwz%ei~zfe ~fti~z zi nfhml bl mlsfwzmhbzmil; ìxfsf~! z`fwf jigveflzw b~f vwvbaa}

liz ebjf tvnamg! fsfl zi z`f jfgfbwfj‐w meefjmbzf cbema}, Blj bz z`f zmef ic z`f B@^G‐w V~hflz

Bttfba z`f @^G `bj liz ebjf b wf~mivw bzzfetz zi inzbml z`mw jigveflz,

Wfsf~ba jb}w abzf~! z`f lil%wveeb~} mlrvm~} mlzi z`f jfgfbwfj kmaamlh nfhbl ml z`f Ei~bzvxb

Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z, @ixfsf~! z`f jfgfbwfj‐w cbema} baafhfj z`bz z`f Ez, Absmlmb Tiamgf iccmgf~ z`bz

xbw ml g`b~hf ic mlsfwzmhbzmilw mlzi z`f mlgmjflz xbw mlzflzmilbaa} blj gilwzblza} fsbjmlh z`f wbmj

Ebhmwzf~mba Giv~z mlrvm~}, Bggi~jmlha} z`f} `bsf nffl bnwflz ml giv~z il cmsf mlrvm~} jbzfw sm, il

27! 2:! 26! 23 ic Jfgfenf~ >44: blj 6 Oblvb~} >446,

Z`f OEI! xì giljvgzfj bl mlrvfwz il z`f smgzme‐w nij}! `bj fb~amf~ wzbzfj ml `mw tiwz%ei~zfe

~fti~z z`bz z`f smgzme `bj nffl bwwbvazfj xmz` ‖b navlz xfbtil– blj z`f gbvwf ic `mw jfbz` xbw

wtilzblfivw mlz~b gf~fn~ba `bfei~~`bhf, @f cv~z`f~ wzbzfj z`bz z`f smgzme `bj evazmtaf emli~

mlov~mfw il `mw lfgk! vttf~ amenw blj aixf~ amenw! wvhhfwzmsf ic navlz ci~gf mlov~mfw blj fsmjflgf ic

`mh` naiij t~fwwv~f, Nvz z`f smgzme‐w cbema} wbmj z`bz z`f smgzme `bj lfsf~ zbkfl bl} z~fbzeflz ci~

`mh` naiij t~fwwv~f nfci~f,



24:

Ml z`f efblzmef! Ebablm! xì xmzlfwwfj z`f smgzme‐w bwwbvaz blj maafhba b~~fwz bz `f~ ìvwf! hbsf `f~

wzbzfeflz zi z`f Ez, Absmlmb Tiamgf blj z`f Ei~bzvxb Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z, Jfwtmzf wvg` gafb~

efjmgba blj iz`f~ fsmjflgf! z`f Ez, Absmlmb Tiamgf jmj liz b~~fwz z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w,

0>, T,H,^, Ob}bwfkf~b? Cbmav~f n} wzbzf iccmgmbaw zi ~fafbwf mlci~ebzmil blj mlsfwzmhbzf z`f

maafhba b~~fwz! zi~zv~f blj cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw ic b ~fzm~fj hisf~leflz wf~sblz n} @benblzizb

tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh z`f maafhba b~~fwz

blj n~vzba zi~zv~f ic E~, T,H,^, Ob}bwfkf~b! b 63%}fb~%iaj ~fzm~fj hisf~leflz wf~sblz c~ie

Kfzbljiab! ^bzlbtv~b n} z`f @benblzizb Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf BWT-! blj z`f

Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- blj b tiamgf iccmgf~ n} z`f lbef ic Emwkml c~ie z`f Kbzb~bhbeb Tiamgf

wzbzmil il >> Jfgfenf~ >44:,

Zi jbzf baa mlsiasfj tb~zmfw `bsf zbkfl amzzaf bgzmil ml ~fhb~jw zi z`mw gbwf blj b~f zbkmlh h~fbz fcci~zwzi gilgfba bl} ~fabzfj mlci~ebzmil,Il >> Jfgfenf~ >44:! E~, Ob}bwfkf~b! zihfz`f~ xmz` zxi c~mfljw

xf~f il b tmah~mebhf zi Kbzb~bhbeb x`fl tiamgf b~~fwzfj z`fe, Bz b~ivlj =?44be z`bz jb}! z`f

@benblzizb BWT blj z`f IMG blj tiamgf iccmgf~ Emwkml c~ie Kbzb~bhbeb tiamgf gilc~ilzfj E~,

Ob}bwfkf~b blj `mw c~mfljw! tabgfj z`fe il b z~bgzi~! blj ziik z`fe zi z`f emjjaf ic z`f ]bab hbef

ci~fwz~},

Z`f lfpz jb} z`~ff tiamgf iccmgf~w n~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj z`fe x`mawz ml z`f ci~fwz, Mz xbw jv~mlh z`mw

bwwbvaz z`bz z`f tiamgf jfebljfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh b ev~jf~ ml z`f b~fb,Bczf~ z`mw mlgmjflz! E~,

Ob}bwfkf~b gietabmlfj zi z`f tiamgf bnivz `mw maafhba b~~fwz blj zi~zv~f, Z`mw blhf~fj z`f iccmgf~w

xì z`fl ci~gmna} wz~mttfj `me ic `mw gaiz`fw blj zmfj `mw z`venw zihfz`f~! `vlh `me c~ie b z~ff!blj ef~gmafwwa} bwwbvazfj `me xmz` tiafw blj cmwzw,

Bw b ~fwvaz! E~, Ob}bwfkf~b xbw ~fljf~fj vlgilwgmivw blj abzf~ civlj `mewfac bz z`f Kbzb~bhbeb

tiamgf wzbzmil,Z`bz lmh`z! z`f Zmwwbeb`b~beb ebhmwz~bzf smwmzfj z`f tiamgf wzbzmil blj lizmgfj z`bz

E~, Ob}bwfkf~b wffefj zi nf mlov~fj blj lffjfj meefjmbzf efjmgba bzzflzmil, @f wvhhfwzfj z`bz z`f

Kbzb~bhbeb tiamgf zbkf `me zi z`f ìwtmzba, Tf~ z`f ebhmwz~bzf(w ~frvfwz! z`f Kbzb~bhbeb tiamgf ziik

E~, Ob}bwfkf~b zi z`f Kbzb~bhbeb ìwtmzba, @ixfsf~! bczf~ z`f efjmgba bzzfljblzw lizmgfj z`bz E~,

Ob}bwfkf~b xbw tbwwmlh naiij xmz` `mw v~mlf blj xbw ml cb~ zii wf~mivw ic b giljmzmil ci~ z`fe zi

`fat `me! z`f ìwtmzba ~fcvwfj zi bjemz `me blj ~fcf~~fj `me zi z`f Ebzb~b ìwtmzba, ^bz`f~ z`bl

ciaaixmlh z`f bjsmgf ic z`f efjmgba bzzfljblzw! z`f Kbzb~bhbeb tiamgf ziik E~, Ob}bwfkf~b zi z`f

@benblzizb ~feblj t~mwil mlwzfbj,B cfx jb}w abzf~! E~, Ob}bwfkf~b xbw z~blwcf~~fj c~ie z`f

@benblzizb ~feblj t~mwil zi z`f Zblhbaaf t~mwil blj z`f~fbczf~ zi z`f Eilf~bhbab t~mwil,

Baa ic z`fwf mlwzmzvzmilw jfcmfj z`f Ebhmwz~bzf(w i~jf~ zi t~ismjf z`f wf~mivwa} maa E~, Ob}bwfkf~b

lfgfwwb~} efjmgba z~fbzeflz, Bczf~ `f xbw z~blwcf~~fj c~ie Eilf~bhbab t~mwil zi z`f Ebzb~b t~mwil!

E~, Ob}bwfkf~b xbw cmlbaa} bjemzzfj zi z`f Ebzb~b ìwtmzba, Bnivz z`~ff eilz`w abzf~! bggi~jmlh zi

E~, Ob}bwfkf~b! `f xbw bgrvmzzfj c~ie z`f g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me, Jv~mlh z`f giv~wf ic `mw z~mba! E~,



246

Ob}bwfkf~b cfb~afwwa} fptabmlfj zi z`f giv~z z`f jfzbmaw ic `mw ì~~mcmg zi~zv~f blj abgk ic efjmgba

bzzflzmil,

Bczf~ `mw ~fafbwf! E~, Ob}bwfkf~b xbw bnaf zi ~fgfmsf z~fbzeflz bz z`f ^bzlbtv~b ìwtmzba,Iv~ wiv~gfw

zfaa vw z`bz bz z`f ^bzlbtv~b ìwtmzba! z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- xì fpbemlfj E~,

Ob}bwfkf~b ~frvfwzfj efjmgba ~fti~zw il z`f smgzme c~ie niz` z`f Ebzb~b ìwtmzba blj z`f@benblzizb ~feblj t~mwil; ìxfsf~! z`fwf efjmgba jigveflzw `bsf }fz zi nf ~fafbwfj, E~,

Ob}bwfkf~b `bw gietabmlfj zi z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil blj iz`f~ bvzì~mzmfw bnivz `mw maafhba

b~~fwz! `mw evazmtaf mlwzblgfw ic zi~zv~f! z`f cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw ic ev~jf~! blj z`~ff eilz`w ml z`f

@benblzizb ~feblj t~mwil! nvz z`f~f `bw nffl amzzaf bgzmil zi jbzf ~fhb~jmlh `mw gbwf,

Iv~ wiv~gfw zfaa vw z`bz baa mlsiasfj tb~zmfw! mlgavjmlh z`f BWT c~ie @benblzizb tiamgf! z`f IMG

blj tiamgf iccmgf~ Emwkml c~ie Kbzb~bhbeb tiamgf! blj iz`f~ tiamgf blj t~mwil iccmgmbaw b~f

mlzflzmilbaa} gilgfbamlh mlci~ebzmil ~fabzfj zi z`mw gbwf,E~, Ob}bwfkf~b(w f}f wmh`z blj `fb~mlh `bw

nffl jbebhfj jvf zi z`f evazmtaf mlwzblgfw ic zi~zv~f, @f `bw bawi wvccf~fj c~ie sb~mivw t`}wmgba

blj eflzba bmaeflzw ~fabzfj zi `mw n~vzba flgivlzf~ xmz` z`f tiamgf,

>446

07, K Smgzi~ Cf~lblji? Cbmav~f n} tiamgf blj iz`f~ bvzì~mzmfw zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`f n~vzba

bwwbvaz ic bl fajf~a} ebl

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh z`f n~vzba

bwwbvaz ic 83%}fb~%iaj E~, K Smgzi~ Cf~lblji n} Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf ^bzxbzzf ic z`f Tblbjv~b Wivz`

tiamgf wzbzmil il 27 Cfn~vb~} >446! blj z`f tiamgf‐w cbmav~f zi zbkf bgzmil ml z`mw gbwf! jfwtmzf b }fb~

`bsmlh lix tbwwfj,

Il 27 Cfn~vb~} >446! E~, Cf~lblji smwmzfj z`f Tblbjv~b Wivz` tiamgf wzbzmil zi gietabml bhbmlwz

z`f `b~bwweflz efzfj ivz zi `me n} `mw lfmh`niv~w! Eilmkb blj `f~ g`maj~fl, @f xbw bggietblmfj

n} `mw jbvh`zf~! K, Mlj~blm Cf~lblji blj `f~ `vwnblj! ^bsmlj~b G`blj~bwm~m Jmbw,

X`fl z`f} b~~msfj bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil! TG ^bzxbzzf! xì xbw ~fgi~jmlh Eilmkb‐w wzbzfeflz!

wìvzfj! ‖Hfz ivz! hfz ivz– bz `me, Z`fl TG ^bxbzzf btt~ibg`fj E~, Cf~lblji blj tvw`fj `me

vwmlh ci~gf, @f z`fl tvaafj E~, Cf~lblji n} `mw w`m~z blj wabttfj `mw cbgf wi `b~j z`bz E~,

Cf~lblji cfaa zi z`f h~ivlj, Z`fl TG ^bzxbzzf xbakfj vt zi z`f cbaafl smgzme blj kmgkfj `me

smgmivwa}, TG ^bzxbzzf z`fl bzzfetzfj zi `mz E~, Cf~lblji bhbml fsfl bczf~ `mw jbvh`zf~ blj wil%ml%

abx mlzf~sflfj blj fwgi~zfj `me ivzwmjf ic z`f tiamgf wzbzmil,



243

X`fl E~, Cf~lblji bzzfetzfj zi aijhf b gietabmlz ~fhb~jmlh z`f mlgmjflz `f xbw t~fsflzfj c~ie

jimlh wi,Il z`f wbef jb} Cfn~vb~} 27-! E~, Cf~lblji xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f Lbhijb ìwtmzba x`f~f

`f xbw z~fbzfj ci~ z`~ff jb}w ci~ mlov~mfw wvwzbmlfj bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil, Bz z`f ìwtmzba E~,

Cf~lblji gietabmlfj bnivz z`f bwwbvaz zi z`f jigzi~w! ìwtmzba tiamgf bw xfaa bw z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba

Iccmgf~ OEI-, B cfx jb}w abzf~ b Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf c~ie z`f Tblbjv~b Wivz` Tiamgf wzbzmil bawi

~fgi~jfj `mw wzbzfeflz,

Bnivz b eilz` abzf~! z`f Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf BWT- wveeilfj E~, Cf~lblji, Nvz

x`fl E~, Cf~lblji xflz zi effz z`f BWT! z`f abzzf~ simgfj `mw jmwnfamfc ic z`f mlgmjflz wb}mlh? ‖Mc

}iv `bj nffl bwwbvazfj! }iv xivaj `bsf cbaafl jixl jfbj–, Abzf~ E~, Cf~lblji bawi gietabmlfj ml

x~mzmlh zi z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil! z`f Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil! z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba

ic Tiamgf! z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba blj z`f Jftvz} Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba,

@ixfsf~! jfwtmzf z`fwf gietabmlzw `bsmlh nffl aijhfj blj b }fb~ lix `bsmlh tbwwfj wmlgf z`f

mlgmjflz! z`f tiamgf `bsf cbmafj zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`f smgzme‐w gietabmlz! g`b~hf z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w ml giv~z

i~ fsfl mlwzmzvzf b jmwgmtamlb~} mlrvm~} mlzi z`f ebzzf~, Ila} z`f Lbzmilba @vebl ^mh`zwGieemwwmil mw giljvgzmlh bl mlrvm~} mlzi z`mw gbwf,

Vlc i~zvlbzfa}! E~, Cf~lblji‐w gbwf mw liz bl mwiabzfj ilf x`f~fn} z`f tiamgf cbma zi mlsfwzmhbzf b

gietabmlz, Z`f B@^G `bw ~fti~zfj wfsf~ba gbwfw ~fabzfj zi z`f ~fcvwba ic z`f tiamgf zi t~itf~a}

flrvm~f mlzi gietabmlzw aijhfj nfci~f z`fe wff cv~z`f~? VB%>2%>446 blj VB%77%>442-, Z`mw mw

`b~ja} wv~t~mwmlh hmsfl z`bz z`f gv~~flz t~igfjv~f ci~ aijhmlh b gietabmlz bhbmlwz z`f tiamgf ml W~m

Ablkb mlsiasfw ~fti~zmlh z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f sf~} wbef Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w

b~f nbwfj, Z`mw nfmlh z`f gbwf! gietabmlzw b~f ~ivzmlfa} mhli~fj,

0:, W, J, Kijmzvxbkkv! B, N, Bnf}xb~jflb! B, ^vxblzmwwb blj X, W`blz`b? Tiamgf wfsf~fa}

zi~zv~fj cmsf efl blj wvnwfrvflza} cmafj cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz z`fe,

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ic }fz bliz`f~ gbwf ic

maafhba b~~fwz! jfzflzmil! n~vzba zi~zv~f blj z`f wvnwfrvflz cmamlh ic cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz z`f

smgzmew il >0 Cfn~vb~} >446, Z`f b~~fwz ic smgzmew W, J, Kijmzvxbkkv! xì mw b ìzfa ixlf~! blj

`mw fetai}ffw! B, N, Bnf}xb~jflb! B, ^vxblzmwwb blj X, W`blz`b! xbw baafhfja} i~g`fwz~bzfj n} z`f

Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf I,M,G,- ic z`f Jmgkxfaab tiamgf wzbzmil ml bl fcci~z zi zbkf isf~ Kijmzvxbkkv‐w

ìzfa nvwmlfww ci~ b aigba tiamzmgmbl,

Z`f civ~ efl xf~f g`b~hfj xmz` maafhba tiwwfwwmil ic cm~fb~ew! x`mg` mw b lil%nbmabnaf iccflwf ml W~mAblkb, Bz z`f zmef ic Kijmzvxbkkv blj `mw fetai}ffw‐ jfzflzmil! Kijmzvxbkkv‐w }ivlhf~ n~iz`f~!

Wvoffxb! xbw b~~fwzfj! jfzbmlfj blj wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj n} wief tiamgfefl bzzbg`fj zi z`f

Zmwwbeb`b~beb tiamgf wzbzmil, Bczf~ z`f mlgmjflz! z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- wvnemzzfj b

~fti~z ~fhb~jmlh z`f smgzmew‐ gbwf,



248

B ci~eba gietabmlz xbw bawi cmafj bz z`f Lbzmilba @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil L@^G-, Z`f

gietabmlzw! ìxfsf~! `bsf liz wìxl wìx bl} t~ih~fww,Xf gbaa ci~ }iv~ mlzf~sflzmil zi flwv~f

z`bz bl metb~zmba blj mljftfljflz mlsfwzmhbzmil mlzi z`mw gbwf zbkfw tabgf, Z`f g`b~hfw bhbmlwz z`f

cmsf efl ml giv~z evwz nf j~ittfj, Mc z`f baafhbzmilw bhbmlwz z`f tiamgfefl mlsiasfj b~f z~vf!

btt~it~mbzf g`b~hfw evwz nf cmafj bhbmlwz z`fe, Cmlbaa}! tafbwf v~hf z`f L@^G zi ~fwiasf z`f

smgzme‐w gietabmlz bz z`f fb~amfwz tiwwmnaf zmef, Btt~it~mbzf gietflwbzmil evwz amkfxmwf nf bcci~jfjzi z`fe, Z`f} evwz bawi nf tabgfj vljf~ b hisf~leflz%wtilwi~fj ~f`bnmamzbzmil t~ih~beef ci~

z~bveb z~fbzeflz, Z`f hisf~leflz evwz gieta} xmz` z`fwf ~frvm~feflzw bw wzmtvabzfj ml z`f

Gilsflzmil bhbmlwz Zi~zv~f Bgz ic W~m Ablkb,

Lbef ic z`f smgzmew? W, J, Kijmzvxbkkv! B, N, Bnf}xb~jflb! B, ^vxblzmwwb! X, W`blz`b blj

Wvoffxb Kijmzvxbkkv

Baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w? Z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf I,M,G,- ic z`f Jmgkxfaab Tiamgf wzbzmil blj wfsf~ba

tiamgfefl bzzbg`fj zi z`f Zmwwbeb`b~beb tiamgf wzbzmil

Jbzf ic mlgmjflz? >0 Cfn~vb~} >446 blj wfsf~ba wvnwfrvflz jbzfw

Il >0 Cfn~vb~} >446! z`f smgzmew! lbefa} W, J, Kijmzvxbkkv! ixlf~ ic b ìzfa lbefj ‘Zmwwb Smaabhf

@izfa‐ ml Zmwwbeb`b~beb! blj `mw fetai}ffw B, N, Bnf}xb~jflb! B, ^vxblzmwwb! X, W`blz`b! xf~f

b~~fwzfj n} z`f IMG ic Jmgkxfaab Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f IMG mw ~fti~zfja} b ~fabzmsf ic b tiamzmgmbl

xìe W,J, Kijmzvxbkkv `bj b jmwtvzf xmz`, Mz mw baafhfj z`bz z`f g`b~hfw bhbmlwz W, J,

Kijmzvxbkkv blj `mw fetai}ffw xf~f cbn~mgbzfj n} z`f IMG ml bl fcci~z zi zbkf isf~ Kijmzvxbkkv‐w

ìzfa nvwmlfww ci~ b aigba tiamzmgmbl,X`maf ml tiamgf gvwzij}! z`f civ~ efl xf~f baafhfja} wfsf~fa}

bwwbvazfj, Z`f ìzfa xbw bawi aiizfj,

Z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- `bj ba~fbj} wvnemzzfj b ~fti~z ~fhb~jmlh z`f mlov~mfw wvccf~fj n}

z`f smgzmew, Bl mlrvm~} ~fhb~jmlh z`mw mlgmjflz blj baafhbzmilw ic cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw mw tfljmlh nfci~f

z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil,Z`f civ~ smgzmew bggvwf z`f IMG ic Jmgkxfaab tiamgf wzbzmil ic

baafhfja} giaavjmlh xmz` z`f n~iz`f~ ic b tiamzmgmbl zi cbn~mgbzf g`b~hfw bhbmlwz z`fe, Mz mw wbmj z`bz

z`f cmamlh z`f g`b~hf ic maafhba tiwwfwwmil ic cm~fb~ew bhbmlwz z`f smgzmew! x`mg` mw b lil%nbmabnaf

iccflwf! mw mlzfljfj zi ìaj z`fe ml t~iailhfj jfzflzmil,

Z`f civ~ efl xf~f ~fafbwfj bczf~ z`f Giv~z ic Bttfba h~blzfj z`fe nbma il Jfgfenf~ >>, X`maf z`f

civ~ efl xf~f ml obma! z`f }ivlhf~ n~iz`f~ ic W, J, Kijmzvxbkkv! lbefj Wvoffxb Kijmzvxbkkv xbw

bawi b~~fwzfj! zi~zv~fj blj z`~fbzflfj xmz` jfbz`, Mz mw ~fti~zfj z`bz z`f tiamgfefl z`~fx tfz~ia il

Wvoffxb‐w cbgf,

Z`f }ivlhf~ Kijmzvxbkkv mw b wzvjflz bz z`f Tf~bjflm}b Vlmsf~wmz}, Wvoffxb Kijmzvxbkkv cmafj bcvljbeflzba ~mh`zw bttamgbzmil bhbmlwz z`f fmh`z tiamgf iccmgf~w mlgavjmlh z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf

IMG- ic Zmwwbeb`b~beb tiamgf wzbzmil,

06, L, Wbljbwm~maba Cf~lblji? Afcz a}mlh il z`f ~ibj n} tiamgf



240

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f jfgfbwfj‐w n~iz`f~! Jfftba Cf~lblji! il >3 Eb~g` >446 b c~bgbw `bj flwvfj bz b

lfmh`niv~mlh ìvwf blj `f xflz zi mlzf~sflf, Z`f~fbczf~! b lfmh`niv~ bggvwfj Jfftba Cf~lblji ic

wzbnnmlh `me! bl baafhbzmil z`bz Cf~lblji jflmfj, Z`f lfpz jb} Eb~g` >8- z`f lfmh`niv~ smwmzfj

Cf~lblji‐w ìvwf xmz` zxi tiamgfefl c~ie z`f Tblbjv~b tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f tiamgf t~igffjfj zi

b~~fwz `me blj j~bhhfj `me mlzi z`f tiamgf offt, Bz z`mw ovlgzv~f! z`f jfgfbwfj wbx `mw n~iz`f~ nfmlh

zbkfl bxb} blj! nfmlh vljf~ z`f mlcavflgf ic amrvi~! ~fnvkfj z`f tiamgf ci~ b~~fwzmlh `mw n~iz`f~, Z`mw bttb~flza} blli}fj z`f tiamgf! xì bamh`zfj c~ie z`f offt blj `mz z`f jfgfbwfj il `mw nbgk!

lfgk blj cbgf, Ilf tiamgfebl wìsfj `me ml `mw obx, Aiwmlh `mw nbablgf z`f jfgfbwfj `bj cbaafl

nbgkxb~jw! `mz `mw `fbj il z`f zb~~fj ~ibj! blj nfgief vlgilwgmivw,

Z`f tiamgf! mlwzfbj ic bzzfljmlh zi z`f smgzme blj ~vw`mlh `me zi ìwtmzba! wmeta} afcz `me a}mlh z`f~f

blj t~igffjfj zi hi xmz` Jfftba Cf~lblji zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil, Il Eb~g` >0! Jfftba Cf~lblji

xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma blj xflz ìef zi cmlj `mw n~iz`f~ ml b g~mzmgba giljmzmil, Wi `f ~vw`fj z`f

jfgfbwfj zi z`f Tblbjv~b @iwtmzba x`f~f z`f jigzi~w bzzfetzfj zi ~fsmsf `me, @ixfsf~! `mw

giljmzmil jfzf~mi~bzfj cv~z`f~ blj `f nfhbl zi siemz blj aiwf gilz~ia ic `mw nixfaw, @f xbw

z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Lbzmilba @iwtmzba! Giaieni nvz jmfj b cfx ìv~w abzf~, Z`f cbema} gietabmlfj ziz`f @^G! z`f LTG blj z`f MHT bnivz z`f mlgmjflz! nvz abzf~ jfgmjfj bhbmlwz tv~wvmlh z`f ebzzf~ ci~

cfb~ ic ~ft~mwbaw c~ie z`f tiamgf, Z`f} `bj ~fgfmsfj li mlci~ebzmil bnivz bl} tiamgf mlsfwzmhbzmil i~

mlrvm~} mlzi Wbljbwm~maba Cf~lblji‐w kmaamlh blj lfmz`f~ `bj z`f} nffl tbmj gietflwbzmil, Wbljbwm~maba

Cf~lblji xbw wv~smsfj n} `mw z`~ff wgìia himlh g`maj~fl! bhfj 22! 2: blj 28,

03, O, B, Vtflj~b Hb}bl? Cbmav~f ic z`f tiamgf zi mlsfwzmhbzf e}wzf~mivw jfbz` ic >7%}fb~%iaj

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- x~mzfw zi ~bmwf mzw gilgf~l bnivz b e}wzf~mivw jfbz`

ic b }ivlh ebl blj z`f tiwwmnaf gisf~%vt n} `mw cbz`f~! xì mw b tiamgf mlwtfgzi~! wv~~ivljmlh z`f

gm~gvewzblgfw ic z`f jfbz`, O, B, Vtflj~b Hb}bl xbw >7%}fb~w%iaj bz z`f zmef ic `mw e}wzf~mivw

jfbz` il > Bt~ma >446, @f `bj ~fgflza} eb~~mfj W`bkmab Bnf}wfkf~b jfwtmzf gilwmjf~bnaf ittiwmzmilc~ie `mw cbz`f~! Wbewil Ob}bwv~m}b! b tiamgf mlwtfgzi~,

Vtflj~b jmfj bz `mw nib~jmlh ìvwf! x`mg` `f w`b~fj xmz` bliz`f~ ebaf c~mflj! baafhfja} bw b

~fwvaz ic bl fptaijmlh hbw g}amljf~, Wvnwfrvflza} z`f tiamgf wbmj z`bz z`f nij} `bj nffl nv~lfj

nf}ilj ~fgihlmzmil, Wmlgf `f~ `vwnblj‐w jfbz` Ew, Bnf}wfkf~b `bw wz~ilha} wvwtfgzfj `f~ cbz`f~%ml%

abx‐w mlsiasfeflz ml z`f mlgmjflz blj z`bz `f xbw emwvwmlh `mw tiamgf tixf~w zi gilgfba smzba cbgzw

tf~zbmlmlh zi Vtflj~b‐w jfbz`, @f~ wvwtmgmilw `bj nffl b~ivwfj n} z`f ciaaixmlh mlgmjflzw?

2, E~, Ob}bwv~m}b `bj t~fsflzfj z`f tiamgf c~ie mlci~emlh Ew, Bnf}wfkf~b bnivz `f~ `vwnblj‐w

jfemwf; z`f~fci~f mz xbw ila} bczf~ gilwmjf~bnaf jfab} z`bz w`f afb~lfj ic `f~ `vwnblj‐w jfbz`,

>, E~, Ob}bwv~m}b `bj xmz` vljvf `bwzf ‘mjflzmcmfj‐ z`f nv~lfj nij} bw nfailhmlh zi `mw wil!

giljvgzfj z`f cvlf~ba ~mzfw blj nv~mfj z`f nij},

7, Z`f~f xbw li mljftfljflz fsmjflgf wvtti~zmlh z`f baafhfj fptaiwmil ic b hbw g}amljf~,

:, Xmzlfww bggivlzw lizf z`bz b amzzaf x`maf nfci~f z`f jfbz` iggv~~fj Vtflj~b‐w c~mflj blj ~iie

ebzf! Mlfw` Eblb`fsb `bj afcz z`f nib~jmlh ìvwf,



24=

6, Bazìvh` Mlfw` xbw b~~fwzfj bw b wvwtfgz ml z`f gbwf! z`f tiamgf wiil bczf~ ~fafbwfj `me baafhfja}

bz z`f mlwmwzflgf ic E~, Ob}bwv~m}b blj Mlfw` `bj wmlgf jmwbttfb~fj,

3, Z`f tiamgf bzzfetzfj zi giljvgz z`f mlrvfwz n} emw~ft~fwflzmlh zi z`f giv~z z`bz z`f jfgfbwfj

xbw vleb~~mfj, Mz xbw ila} x`fl Ew, Bnf}wfkf~b wtfgmcmgbaa} n~ivh`z z`mw zi z`f lizmgf ic z`f

Ebhmwz~bzf z`bz w`f xbw baaixfj zi tb~zmgmtbzf ml z`f mlrvfwz t~igffjmlhw,

Z`f Ebhmwz~bzf i~jf~fj b JLB fpbemlbzmil ic z`f nij}, @ixfsf~! zi jbzf z`mw `bw liz nffl jilf

blj Ew, Bnf}wfkf~b wb}w z`bz z`f tiamgf b~f mlzflzmilbaa} w`m~kmlh z`fm~ ~fwtilwmnmamzmfw ml gieta}mlh

xmz` z`f giv~z i~jf~, Wi evg` wi z`bz Ew, Bnf}wfkf~b‐w abx}f~ mw ml z`f t~igfww ic v~hmlh z`f giv~z

zi mwwvf bliz`f~ i~jf~ ci~ z`f JLB fpbemlbzmil,

^fhb~jmlh Mlfw` Eblb`fsb! Ew, Bnf}wfkf~b wb}w z`bz meefjmbzfa} t~mi~ zi z`mw mlgmjflz! `f~

`vwnblj `bj ~fgfmsfj wfsf~ba zfaftìlf gbaaw zi `mw einmaf tìlf c~ie Mlfw`, @ixfsf~! z`f

Xfamkbjb tiamgf `bj hmsfl b x~ilh bjj~fww ci~ Mlfw` blj z`vw z`f giv~zw xf~f vlbnaf zi aigbzf `me,

X`fl z`mw xbw jmwgisf~fj! z`f smaabhf `fbj `bj inzbmlfj z`f gi~~fgz bjj~fww blj smwmzfj `mw ìef

ila} zi nf mlci~efj n} `mw cbz`f~ z`bz Mlfw` `bj emh~bzfj zi Bvwz~bamb,

Ew, Bnf}wfkf~b bawi wb}w z`bz wiil bczf~ w`f ~frvfwzfj z`f giv~z ci~ z`f bci~feflzmilfj JLB

~fti~z zi nf t~ijvgfj! w`f nfhbl ~fgfmsmlh blil}eivw tìlf gbaaw zi niz` `f~ ìef blj iccmgf ml

x`mg` w`f xbw z`~fbzflfj liz zi tv~wvf z`f ebzzf~ bl} cv~z`f~! i~ z`bz w`f zii xivaj effz xmz` z`f

wbef cbzf bw z`bz ic `f~ `vwnblj, Wvnwfrvflza}! w`f `bj z~bgfj z`f gbaa bw i~mhmlbzmlh c~ie Bmzkml

Wtflgf Gietbl} ml Giaieni ‗ z`f cm~e ml x`mg` `f~ jfgfbwfj `vwnblj `bj nffl t~fsmivwa}

fetai}fj,

Zìvh` w`f `bw n~ivh`z z`fwf ebzzf~w zi z`f bzzflzmil ic z`f GMJ xì mw ml g`b~hf ic

mlsfwzmhbzmilw! zi jbzf li bgzmil `bw nffl zbkfl n} z`f tiamgf, Ew, Bnf}wfkf~b z`fl wivh`z z`f `fatic Oblbwblwbjb}b zi iccmgmbaa} gietabml ml x~mzmlh il `f~ nf`bac zi z`f ~fafsblz bvzì~mzmfw zi `fat

n~mlh ovwzmgf zi z`mw gbwf blj zi t~fsflz z`f gilzmlvbzmil ic z`f `b~bwwmlh blj z`~fbzflmlh zfaftìlf

gbaaw, W`f mw bz b aiww bw zi x`} z`f tiamgf `bsf nffl wi mlbgzmsf ml `f~ `vwnblj‐w gbwf blj xiljf~w

x`fz`f~ z`f mlzflzmilba jfab} mw jvf zi `f~ cbz`f~%ml%abx‐w mlzf~sflzmil,

08, Jil Xmof~bzlb Evlbwmlh`f? Bwwbvazfj ci~ cbmamlh zi wzit meefjmbzfa}

J,X, Evlbwmlh`f `bj nffl ~fzv~lmlh ìef xmz` `mw xmcf W`b~eb Abamlm blj 23%}fb~%iaj wil bczf~

wìttmlh ci~ z`f Lbzmilba Lfx ]fb~! x`fl z`fm~ z`~ff%x`ffaf~ sf`mgaf xbw wzittfj n} tiamgfeflc~ie z`f z~bccmg n~blg` ic z`f Eb`b~bhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil bz bnivz 6te il 24 Bt~ma >446, Bz z`f

zmef Evlbwmlh`f xbw j~msmlh z`f sf`mgaf, Ilf tiamgfebl `bj hfwzv~fj zi `me zi wzit! x`mg` `f

cbmafj zi inf} meefjmbzfa}, Blj zìvh` `f wvnwfrvflza} wzittfj! nfgbvwf ic z`f jfab} z`f

tiamgfebl xbakfj vt zi z`fe blj wìvzfj ‖z`bevwf nffabjb9– B~f }iv j~vlk9- Blj z`fl! x`fl

Evlbwmlh`f jmj liz ~fta}! wg~fbefj! ‖z`bevwf nff~mjb9– B~f }iv jfbc9- Nvz }fz `f `bj ~febmlfj

wmaflz, Wffmlh z`f tiamgfebl hfzzmlh sf~} blh~} Abamlm `bj mlzf~sflfj blj fptabmlfj? ‖Iccmgf~! xf



224

`bsf ovwz nffl wìttmlh, X`maf xf xf~f bxb}! M jil‐z klix x`fz`f~ z`mw ebl j~blk, Nvz tafbwf afz

vw hi bw xf b~f ~fzv~lmlh c~ie Lfx ]fb~ wìttmlh blj bawi nfgbvwf e} `vwnblj mw liz zii xfaa–,

Nvz z`f tiamgfebl mhli~fj `f~ tafbjmlhw blj wìvzfj bz Evlbwmlh`f zi hfz ivz ic z`f sf`mgaf, @f

bawi ebjf b gbaa il `mw ~bjmi, B cfx emlvzfw tbwwfj! blj w`f wbx zxi tiamgfefl xbakmlh zixb~jw

z`fe, Ilf xì xbw xfb~mlh nbjhf Li, >>8>0! tvaafj Evlbwmlh`f n} `mw w`m~z giaab~! blj wabttfj

`me `b~j bg~iww z`f cbgf, Z`f~fbczf~ `f gilzmlvfj zi ef~gmafwwa} bwwbvaz `me baa isf~ `mw nij}, Abamlmwbmj z`bz w`f xbw sf~} xi~~mfj ci~ `f~ `vwnblj‐w `fbaz` blj tafbjfj xmz` z`f tiamgfefl liz zi

bwwbvaz `me bw `f xbw b `fb~z tbzmflz! `bj wvccf~fj zxi t~fsmivw `fb~z bzzbgkw blj bawi gb~~mfj `mw

efjmgmlfw xmz` `me, Nvz `f~ tafbw wffefj zi cbaa il jfbc fb~w,

N} lix! b ab~hf g~ixj `bj hbz`f~fj b~ivlj, W`f `bj gilzmlvfj zi tafbj xmz` z`f tiamgfefl zi wtb~f

`f~ `vwnblj! nvz z`f} wmeta} g`bwfj `f~ blj z`f wil bxb}! tvaafj z`f z`~ff%x`ffaf~ zi z`f wmjf ic

z`f ~ibj blj gilzmlvfj xmz` z`f bwwbvaz, Cmlbaa} z`f tiamgfebl Li, >>8>0- kmgkfj `f~ `vwnblj il

`mw wtmlf! blj x`fl `f cfaa ilzi z`f caii~ wtbgf bz z`f nbgk ic z`f sf`mgaf! z`f tiamgfebl wbz il z`f

wfbz! tvz `mw cffz il `mw nij} blj gilzmlvfj zi kmgk blj z~betaf `me! x`maf bliz`f~ tf~wil j~isf

z`f sf`mgaf zixb~jw z`f Eb`b~bhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Fb~a} lfpz ei~lmlh bz bnivz 2?64be Abamlm~fgfmsfj b tìlf gbaa c~ie z`f Eb`b~bhbeb Tiamgf zi gief zi z`f wzbzmil ml z`f ei~lmlh blj ~fafbwf

`f~ `vwnblj, Bz b~ivlj 3?:6be! z`f tiamgf gbaafj bhbml blj bwkfj `f~ zi ‖meefjmbzfa} gief blj

zbkf `f~ `vwnblj ìef–, W`f ~vw`fj zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil nvz `bj zi xbmz vlzma z`f IMG b~~msfj bz

24?74be, Z`f tiamgf z`fl ~fafbwfj Evlbwmlh`f il nbma, Tiamgf iccmgf~w bawi xflz zi z`fm~ ìef blj

`bljfj isf~ z`f z`~ff%x`ffaf~ zi Abamlm,

X`fl `f b~~msfj ìef! Evlbwmlh`f fptabmlfj z`f wfsf~f zi~zv~fj `f `bj fljv~fj bz z`f `bljw ic

z`f Eb`b~bhbeb Tiamgf, @f wbmj z`f tiamgf bwwbvazfj `me xmz` g~mgkfz wzvetw baa isf~ `mw nij},

@ixfsf~! jfwtmzf `mw wf~mivw mlov~mfw blj vlnfb~bnaf tbml! `f xbw ~favgzblz zi hi zi z`f ìwtmzba ivz

ic w`bef bw xfaa bw cfb~, Blj zìvh` `mw cbema} z~fbzfj `me xmz` tb~bgfzfeia blj `f~nba ~fefjmfw`mw giljmzmil h~bjvbaa} xi~wflfj, Cmlbaa} z`f} tf~wvbjfj `me zi wffk efjmgba z~fbzeflz bz b t~msbzf

gamlmg lfb~n} blj abzf~ bz z`f Kbavnismab @iwtmzba Xb~jw >3 blj z`fl 6, X`maf ml ìwtmzba Abamlm wbx b

aiz ic jb~k navf eb~kw il `f~ `vwnblj‐w nij} bw xfaa bw mlov~mfw zi `mw `bljw! cbgf! z`mh`w! afhw! blj

nbgk, W`f bawi lizmgfj b nmh nvet il `mw `fbj, X`fl w`f smwmzfj `me il Bt~ma 23 `f `bj nffl

z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Mlzflwmsf Gb~f Vlmz, Z`f jigzi~w `bj ziaj `f~ zi wtfbk zi `f~ `vwnblj! nvz `f `bj

liz ~ftamfj, Ilgf `f `bj wìvzfj! ‘xbzf~! xbzf~‐ nvz w`f jivnzfj mc `f xbw ~fbaa} gilwgmivw bz z`f

zmef, Cmlbaa}! x`fl w`f smwmzfj `me z`bz fsflmlh! `f xbw jfbj,

00, @, A, Wvwblz`b Kvabz`vlhb? Jbvh`zf~w ziaj z`f} xmaa liz wff z`fm~ cbz`f~ bhbml

Il 24 Bt~ma >446 b~ivlj liil! cmsf tiamgfefl ic z`f ^bksblb Tiamgf wzbzmil aigbzfj Kvabz`vlhb bz

b lfmh`niv~‐w ìvwf blj b~~fwzfj `me, Bttb~flza} `f xbw xblzfj n} z`f tiamgf blj `bj zxi b~~fwz

xb~~blzw mwwvfj bhbmlwz `me, Bggi~jmlh zi f}fxmzlfwwfw! z`f tiamgf wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj z`f smgzme x`mawz

`f xbw nfmlh b~~fwzfj blj z`f} t~fwvebna} gilzmlvfj zi ji wi baa z`f xb} zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil bw

xfaa bw mlwmjf z`f wzbzmil, Il 2= Bt~ma! zxi tiamgfefl smwmzfj z`f smgzme‐w ìvwf blj ziaj `mw zxi



222

jbvh`zf~w; bhfj 22 blj 0! z`bz z`f} xivaj liz wff z`fm~ cbz`f~ bhbml! wi z`f} `bj nfwz hi blj smwmz

`me ci~ z`f abwz zmef, Il z`f wbef jb}! z`f tiamgf bawi btt~ibg`fj z`f smgzme‐w eiz`f~ blj flrvm~fj

bnivz `mw x`f~fbnivzw, X`fl z`f eiz`f~ ~ftamfj z`bz `f~ wil xbw ml tiamgf gvwzij}! z`f tiamgfefl

jflmfj b~~fwzmlh `me, Z`f eiz`f~! ìxfsf~! mlwmwzfj z`bz z`f} `bj zbkfl `me bxb},

Il >4 Bt~ma! Kvabz`vlhb‐w n~iz`f~ smwmzfj `me ml tiamgf gvwzij} blj bawi hbsf `me wief ciij, Z`f~fbczf~! z`f n~iz`f~ `bj afcz z`f ^bksblb Wzbzmil blj gbvh`z b nvw nbgk ìef, @ixfsf~! bailh

z`f xb} b eizi~g}gamwz `bj wzittfj z`f nvw blj v~hflza} mlci~efj z`f n~iz`f~ z`bz z`f smgzme `bj

`blhfj `mewfac x`mawz ml gvwzij}, Wi z`f n~iz`f~ meefjmbzfa} bamh`zfj c~ie z`f nvw blj ~vw`fj zi

z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f `f wbx z`f jfgfbwfj `blhmlh c~ie b wz~mt ic gaiz` zi~l c~ie `mw wb~ilh-

z`bz xbw bzzbg`fj zi z`f h~maa ic `mw ìajmlh gfaa jii~, Z`f n~iz`f~ bawi lizmgfj z`bz bw z`f jfgfbwfj

xbw baeiwz 3 cffz zbaa! `f xbw ml cbgz! zbaaf~ z`bl z`f `fmh`z ic z`f ìajmlh gfaa; z`vw `f xbw `blhmlh

xmz` `mw klffw il z`f caii~ blj `mw `bljw bz `mw nbgk % b ~bz`f~ vlvwvba tiwmzmil zi gieemz wvmgmjf,

Z`f tiamgf ziik Kvabz`vlhb‐w nij} zi z`f ^bksblb @iwtmzba! nvz z`f ìwtmzba ~fcvwfj zi bggftz mz,

Z`f~fbczf~ z`f nij} xbw zbkfl zi z`f ^bzlbtv~b @iwtmzba x`f~f! il >> Bt~ma! z`f tiwz ei~zfe xbw`faj, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme‐w wmwzf~! zìvh` z`f jfgfbwfj xbw baafhfj zi `bsf gieemzzfj wvmgmjf n}

`blhmlh `mewfac! z`f tiwz ei~zfe ~fsfbafj li mlov~} zi `mw lfgk, Mlwzfbj z`f tiwz ei~zfe ~fti~z

`bj ~fsfbafj ei~f z`bl 248 mlov~mfw wt~fbj isf~ baa tb~zw ic z`f smgzme‐w nij}, Il >2 Bt~ma z`f

smgzme‐w n~iz`f~ blj wmwzf~ bawi ebjf gietabmlzw zi z`f BWT! ^bzlbtv~b, Z`f mlrvfwz `fb~mlh mlzi

z`f jfbz` nfhbl bz z`f Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z ic ^bzlbtv~b il >8 Bt~ma >446, Jv~mlh z`f mlrvfwz

`fb~mlh! z`f jfgfbwfj‐w jbvh`zf~w hbsf fsmjflgf bnivz tiamgfefl smwmzmlh z`fm~ ìef il 2= Bt~ma %

x`maf z`fm~ cbz`f~ xbw ml gvwzij}, Ml giv~z z`f} bawi mjflzmcmfj z`f zxi tiamgfefl xì smwmzfj z`fe,

Wvnwfrvflza} z`f g`maj~fl wbmj z`bz z`f} xf~f z`~fbzflfj n} z`f tiamgfefl! xì wbmj z`bz ‖}iv xmaa

wvccf~ z`f wbef cbzf bw }iv~ cbz`f~ mc }iv eflzmil vw bhbml–,

X`fl z`f gbwf xbw gbaafj il : Eb}! z`mw cbgz xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f bzzflzmil ic z`f Ebhmwz~bzf! xì

xb~lfj z`f tiamgfefl bhbmlwz wmemab~ nf`bsmiv~ ml z`f cvzv~f, Z`f smgzme‐w ~fabzmsfw bawi gietabmlfj

zi z`f @^G ic W~m Ablkb! z`f LTG blj z`f MHT,

0=, ^, Jbeemkb Jmwwblb}bkf? ‑Xf `bsf wflz `me icc―

Il 74 Bt~ma >446! ^,J, Jmwwblb}bkf zihfz`f~ xmz` `mw c~mfljw bzzfljfj b evwmgba wìx, Bggi~jmlh

zi `mw c~mfljw! z`f} `bj baa jblgfj blj floi}fj z`fewfasfw bz z`f wìx, Wvjjfla} z`f} lizmgfj

Jmwwblb}bkf emwwmlh blj aiikmlh b~ivlj wbx `me nfmlh bggiwzfj n} civ~ tiamgfefl, Ilf xbw

ìajmlh `me n} `mw w`m~z giaab~ x`maf zxi iz`f~ tiamgfefl xf~f ìajmlh `me blj ~fwz~mgzmlh `mw

eisfeflzw, Z`f c~mfljw baafhfj z`bz z`fwf tiamgfefl ziik Jmwwblb}bkf bxb}, Abzf~ ilf c~mflj `bj

rvf~mfj c~ie b tiamgfebl x`f~f Jmwwblb}bkf xbw, Z`f tiamgfefl `bj ~ftamfj! ‖Xf `bsf wflz `me

icc–, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f tiamgf ~fti~z li, N2847)46 cmafj n} z`f Kbjbxbz`b Tiamgf ml z`f Ebhmwz~bzf‐w

Giv~z! Jmwwblb}bkf‐w nij} `bj nffl civlj ml b xfaa lfb~ `mw ìef, Z`f xfaa `bj nffl

btt~ipmebzfa} >4 cffz jfft blj 8 cffz ml jmbefzf~! nvz z`f xbzf~ afsfa xbw ila} vt zi bnivz :%blj%b%

`bac cffz, Z`f~f xbw ilf naiijwzbml il b xbaa lfb~ z`f xfaa blj bliz`f~ naiijwzbml il z`f xfaa xbaa,



22>

Z`f OEI fpbemlmlh z`f nij} `bj ~fgi~jfj 73 mlov~mfw % lilf ic x`mg` xf~f civlj zi nf cbzba,

@ixfsf~! nbwfj il z`f efjmgba ~fti~z! x`mg` wzbzfj z`f gbvwf ic jfbz` bw ‘j~ixlmlh‐! z`f giv~z zii

hbsf b sf~jmgz ic ‘jfbz` jvf zi j~ixlmlh‐, @ixfsf~! Jmwwblb}bkf‐w cbema} blj c~mfljw xf~f jffta}

wvwtmgmivw bnivz `mw jfbz` bljnfamfsfj z`bz z`f tiamgf `bj gbvwfj `mw jfbz` blj z`fl jmwtiwfj z`f

nij} ml z`f xfaa, Z`f} gbaafj ci~ bl iccmgmba mlrvm~} mlzi z`f gm~gvewzblgfw ic z`f b~~fwz! z`f mlov~mfw

civlj il z`f nij} blj ìx z`f nij} fljfj ml z`f xfaa, Z`f} bawi wbmj z`bz z`f~f xbw li fsmjflgf ziwvhhfwz Jmwwblb}bkf gieemzzfj wvmgmjf,

=4, Kiweb Wveblbwm~m? @fbj ~ftfbzfja} wabeefj bhbmlwz b xbaa

Il >4 Eb} >446! b~ivlj liil! bnivz cmsf tiamgfefl ic z`f ^bz`hbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil xbakfj mlzi

Kiweb Wveblbwm~m‐w ìef baafhfja} il b zmt%icc z`bz hbenamlh xbw zbkmlh tabgf bz `mw ìef, Vtil

wffmlh Wveblbwm~m tab}mlh gb~jw xmz` z`~ff c~mfljw! z`f tiamgfefl b~~fwzfj baa ic z`fe, Bggi~jmlh zi

z`f smgzme‐w wmwzf~! Affabwmam! xì xmzlfwwfj z`f mlgmjflz! Tiamgf Wf~hfblz Ob}b~bzlf bwwbvazfj `f~

n~iz`f~ nfci~f `f xbw zbkfl bxb}, Wveblbwm~m xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Hbaaf Ebhmwz~bzf z`bz wbef

jb}! nvz vlbnaf zi tb} z`f cmlf ic ^w, 7444 metiwfj! `f xbw ~febljfj, Z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! il

`fb~mlh z`bz z`f smgzme blj `mw c~mfljw xf~f ~febljfj! Affabwmam blj `f~ fajf~a} eiz`f~ xflz zi

t~mwil zi wff `me, @ixfsf~! zìvh` z`f} xf~f bnaf zi effz xmz` z`f iz`f~w! z`f} xf~f liz baaixfj

zi effz Wveblbwm~m, X`fl z`f} bwkfj z`f c~mfljw x`f~f `f xbw z`f} ~ftamfj z`bz `f xbw maa, Z`f} bawi

wbmj z`bz x`maf bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f smgzme `bj nffl n~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf xì kmgkfj

`me baa isf~ `mw nij} blj ~ftfbzfja} wabeefj `mw `fbj il z`f xbaa, Bw b ~fwvaz! z`f smgzme `bj nafj

c~ie `mw fb~w blj cbaafl vlgilwgmivw, Z`f} bawi wbmj z`f tiamgf zi~zv~fj `me nfgbvwf `f xmz`j~fx `mw

cmlhf~ x`fl `mw cmlhf~t~mlzw xf~f nfmlh inzbmlfj,

Bhbml il >7 Eb} Affabwmam smwmzfj `f~ n~iz`f~ nvz z`f t~mwil bvzì~mzmfw mlwmwzfj `f xbw wzmaa vlxfaa, X`fl w`f smwmzfj z`f ~feblj t~mwil il >: Eb}! z`f t~mwil iccmgmbaw ziaj `f~ z`bz Wveblbwm~m `bj

nffl z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Mlzflwmsf Gb~f Vlmz MGV- ic z`f Kb~btmzm}b Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba, Affabwmam

~vw`fj zi z`f ìwtmzba ziwff `f~ n~iz`f~ ml z`f MGV! blj bwkfj b jigzi~ bnivz `f~ n~iz`f~‐w

giljmzmil, Z`f jigzi~ `bj ~ftamfj z`bz z`f smgzme xbw wvccf~mlh c~ie b n~bml `bfei~~`bhf blj z`bz

‖`f xbw gaiwf~ zi z`f lfpz xi~aj! z`bl z`mw xi~aj–, Il >8 Eb} Wveblbwm~m xbw jfbj, Il > Ovlf! z`f

jfgfbwfj‐w eiz`f~! Smz`b~blb Sb~bamw`be} hbsf fsmjflgf bz bl mlrvfwz `faj bz z`f ^bz`hbeb

Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z, Affabwmam wbmj z`bz bz z`f zmef ic `mw b~~fwz! `f~ n~iz`f~ xbw ml hiij `fbaz` blj

z`vw z`f ila} ~fbwil ci~ `mw vlzmefa} jfbz` xbw z`f ml`vebl zi~zv~f efzfj ivz n} z`f tiamgf,

@ixfsf~! lfmz`f~ z`f ^bz`hbeb Tiamgf li~ z`f t~mwil bvzì~mzmfw ml Hbaaf bggftzfj z`bz bl} maa

z~fbzeflz ml z`fm~ t~femwfw iggv~~fj, Z`f t~mwil bvzì~mzmfw gabmefj z`bz Wveblbwm~m xbw j~vh

jftfljblz blj z`bz `f jfsfaitfj xmz`j~bxba w}etziew x`maf ml z`f t~mwil, Bggi~jmlh zi z`fe! z`f

mlov~mfw wvwzbmlfj n} z`f smgzme eb} `bsf nffl gbvwfj bw b gilwfrvflgf ic bl bwwbvaz n} cfaaix

t~mwilf~w mc liz n} b cbaa, Ml z`f efblzmef! b ~fz~iwtfgzmsf wgflf smwmz zi z`f Hbaaf t~mwil xbw

tf~ci~efj il 74 Eb},



227

Bl bvzitw} il z`f smgzme‐w nij} xbw bawi tf~ci~efj il >= Eb} blj b ~fti~z il z`f bvzitw}

cmljmlhw xbw bcci~jfj zi z`f mlsfwzmhbzmlh bvzì~mzmfw il 2 Ovlf, Z`f Hbaaf Ebhmwz~bzf gbaafj z`f OEI

zi hmsf fsmjflgf il z`f bvzitw} cmljmlhw il 26 Ovlf, Bggi~jmlha} z`f bvzitw} ~fti~z `bj wzbzfj z`bz

z`f gbvwf ic jfbz` xbw g~blmi%gf~fn~ba mlov~mfw blj wfgiljb~} n~bml mlov~} xmz` gf~fn~ba mlcb~gzmil, Mz

wbmj z`bz z`f~f xf~f mlov~mfw ic evazmtaf bhfw il z`f fpzf~lba fpbemlbzmil blj wief wvtf~cmgmba

mlov~mfw xf~f ei~f z`bl wfsfl jb}w iaj, Z`f ~fti~z gilgavjfj z`bz z`f cbzba mlov~mfw xf~f zi z`f `fbjblj z`bz z`f evwgvai%gvzblfivw mlov~mfw inwf~sfj xf~f liz gietbzmnaf xmz` b cbaa blj xivaj `bsf

eiwz amkfa} nffl gbvwfj n} navlz ci~gf,

=2, Afaxbab Hbebhf Lbljm~bob? Tiamgf gb~~}mlh hvlw blj gavnw

Il >= Eb} >446 wfsf~ba tiamgfefl c~ie z`f Xfamxf~m}b blj Tmzmhbab Tiamgf wzbzmilw `bj b~~msfj bz

Lbljm~bob‐w ìvwf bz lmh`z, Bggi~jmlh zi `mw wmwzf~ zxi tiamgfefl xf~f xfb~mlh vlmci~ew! civ~

iz`f~w xf~f ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw blj z`f} xf~f baa gb~~}mlh hvlw blj gavnw ml z`fm~ `bljw, Z`f tiamgf

`bj kligkfj il z`f jii~ aiikmlh ci~ Lbljm~bob blj x`fl z`f wmwzf~ bwkfj z`fe x`} z`f} xblzfj

`f~ n~iz`f~! z`f} ~ftamfj z`bz z`f} `bj gief zi b~~fwz `me,

X`fl w`f ziaj z`fe `f~ n~iz`f~ xbw bwafft mlwmjf z`f ~iie! z`f} meefjmbzfa} flzf~fj z`f ~iie blj

wfsf~fa} nfbz `me baa isf~ `mw nij}, X`fl `mw wmwzf~ tafbjfj xmz` z`fe liz zi `v~z `me! z`f} mhli~fj

`f~, Amkfxmwf! z`f} jmj liz ~fwtilj x`fl w`f bwkfj x`f~f z`f} xf~f zbkmlh Lbljm~bob i~ x`bz z`f

g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me xf~f, Mz xbw abzf~ jmwgisf~fj z`bz z`f smgzme xbw wvwtfgzfj ic wzfbamlh hiijw

c~ie b cv~lmzv~f wìt,- B wì~z x`maf abzf~! z`f tiamgf j~bhhfj Lbljm~bob lbkfj blj wg~fbemlh c~ie

z`f ìvwf blj ziik `me bxb} ml b sbl,

Z`f lfpz jb} bz bnivz 0?74be! Lbljm~bob xbw ~fti~zfja} ~vw`fj zi z`f Hbetb`b Jmwz~mgzHisf~leflz @iwtmzba, @ixfsf~! mz mw nfamfsfj z`bz z`f smgzme emh`z `bsf ba~fbj} nffl jfbj bz z`f

zmef, @mw wmwzf~ cv~z`f~ wbmj z`bz x`fl tiamgfefl c~ie z`f Tmzmhbab Tiamgf wzbzmil smwmzfj `f~ ìvwf

z`bz

fsflmlh zi mlzf~smfx `f~ blj inzbml `f~ wzbzfeflz! z`f} jmj liz fsfl niz`f~ zi mlci~e `f~ bnivz `f~

n~iz`f~‐w jfbz`, Mlwzfbj! w`f ila} ~fgfmsfj z`f wbj lfxw ic `mw jfemwf il z`f ei~lmlh ic 72 Eb},

Z`f wmwzf~ cm~ea} nfamfsfj z`bz Lbljm~bob jmfj bw b gilwfrvflgf ic nfmlh zi~zv~fj n} z`f tiamgf blj

wbmj z`bz `f `bj li wf~mivw `fbaz` t~inafew z`bz givaj `bsf gbvwfj `mw jfbz`, W`f bjjfj z`bz `f `bj

ila} b wg~bzg` eb~k il `mw ci~f`fbj! x`fl `f xbw b~~fwzfj,

=>, @fzzmb~bg`g`mhf Bnf}wm~m? Bwwbvazfj xmz` g~mgkfz wzvetw blj kmaafj

@, Bnf}wm~m xbw b `b~jxi~kmlh jbma} tbmj abniv~f~! xì xi~kfj ml b ìvwf ic ^bzlb}bkf! b ci~ef~

tiamgf iccmgf~ xì `bj hilf bn~ibj blj xbw jvf zi ~fzv~l wiil, Ilf jb}! z`f abj} ic z`f ìvwf!

^bzlb}bkf gietabmlfj zi z`f Tfam}bhijb Tiamgf z`bz w`f`bj aiwz `f~ gi~jafww zfaftìlf c~ie `f~

ìvwf, @flgf il 27 Ova} >446 b~ivlj 22?74te b h~ivt ic tiamgfefl c~ie z`f Tfam}bhijb Tiamgf



22:

wzbzmil smwmzfj Bnf}wm~m‐w ìvwf, @f `bj nffl wafftmlh bz z`f zmef! nvz z`f tiamgf bxikf `me blj

ziik `me mlzi gvwzij} wb}mlh z`bz `f xbw xblzfj ci~ z`fcz,

Bggi~jmlh zi Bnf}wm~m‐w fajf~ wmwzf~! z`f tiamgfefl jmj liz t~ijvgf bl b~~fwz xb~~blz nvz `bj

wabttfj Bnf}wm~m‐w wfsf~ba zmefw nfci~f zbkmlh `me ml, Cv~z`f~ei~f! fpgftz ci~ z`f tiamgf j~msf~! z`f}

`bj baa nffl xfb~mlh gmsmambl gaiz`fw bz z`f zmef, Z`f lfpz jb} 2:-! z`f tiamgf ziik Bnf}wm~m nbgk zi`mw ìvwf blj `mw lft`fx wbx z`bz `f xbw `bljgvccfj,

Z`f tiamgf z`fl b~~fwzfj Bnf}wm~m‐w lmfgf‐w `vwnblj! A,T, Bwikbkveb~b blj jfebljfj zi klix

x`f~f z`f wziafl hiij xbw wiaj, Z`f tiamgf ziik z`f zxi efl zi ^bzlb}bkf‐w ìvwf blj wfsf~ba

tfitaf wbx `f~ wabttmlh Bnf}wm~m, Z`f zxi xf~f zbkfl nbgk zi z`f g~mef wfgzmil ic z`f Tfam}bhijb

Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Bggi~jmlh zi Bwikbkveb~b! bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f tiamgf n~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj Bnf}wm~m xmz` g~mgkfz

xmgkfz tiafw ci~ bnivz `bac bl ìv~, Bl WM `bj xbakfj ml zihfz`f~ xmz` bliz`f~ tiamgfebl blj `f

zii zi~zv~fj Bnf}wm~m, Bwikbkveb~b givaj liz nfb~ zi xbzg` nfgbvwf mz xbw baa zii n~vzba! wi `f `bj

eisfj bxb} c~ie z`f wgflf,

X`fl `f ~fzv~lfj bnivz `bac bl ìv~ abzf~! `f wbx z`f civ~ tiamgfefl ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw! gb~~}mlh

Bnf}wm~m‐w amcfafww nij} zi ìwtmzba, Bwikbkveb~b xbw liz zi~zv~fj blj z`f tiamgf ~fgi~jfj `mw

wzbzfeflz blj ~fafbwfj `me bz 8?74te, X`fl `f bwkfj z`f tiamgf bnivz `mw vlgaf! z`f} wbmj `f xbw

ìwtmzbamwfj nfgbvwf `f xbw wmgk, Ml z`f efblzmef! b~ivlj 6te! b tiamgfebl `bj hilf zi Bnf}wm~m‐w

ìvwf blj bwkfj wiefilf zi hi zi z`f Tfam}bhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil, X`fl Of~ief Baamwzbgf! b ~fabzmsf

ic Bnf}wm~m! xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! `f xbw mlci~efj z`bz Bnf}wm~m xbw wmgk blj z`bz z`f tiamgf

`bj zbkfl `me zi z`f ìwtmzba! x`f~f `f jmfj,

Z`f~fbczf~! Baamwzbgf xflz zi z`f ei~zvb~} bailh xmz` wfsf~ba iz`f~w, Z`f BOEI! J~, H,B,N, Bnf}wmlh`f ic z`f Giaieni Lbzmilba @iwtmzba! fpbemlfj z`f jfgfbwfj nij}! blj wzbzfj ml `mw tiwz

ei~zfe ~fti~z z`bz Bnf}wm~m `bj liz jmfj ic lbzv~ba gbvwfw; mlwzfbj `mw jfbz` xbw jvf zi mlov~mfw

gbvwfj n} navlz mlwz~veflzw, Baamwzbgf `bj lizmgfj wfsf~ba mlov~mfw il z`f jfgfbwfj‐w nij}! mlgavjmlh

zi `mw `fbj blj afcz afh, Z`f smgzme‐w nij} xbw ~fafbwfj zi z`f cbema} il 26 Ova} blj `mw cvlf~ba ziik

tabgf il z`f 28z`,

=7, K,J, W`blz`b Xmofz`mafkb? B~nmz~b~} wìizmlhw blj ~fgkafwwlfww n} z`f Itblb}bkf tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh z`f gbwf ic E~, Xmofz`mafkb xì xbw wìz zxmgf ml z`f nbgk n} zxi Itblb}bkf tiamgf iccmgf~w, Z`f smgzme xbw

~vllmlh bxb} c~ie bl vlt~isikfj bzzbgk n} z`f Itblb}bkf tiamgf il b g~ixj ic smaabhf~w xì xf~f

aiikmlh bz wfsf~ba sbavbnaf hfewzilfw jmwgisf~fj ml b hfeemlh cmfaj, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w `bj bmefj

wfsf~ba hvlwìzw blj ~ivljw ic zfb~ hbw il z`f g~ixj ic smaabhf~w, Z`f smaabhf~w meefjmbzfa} ziik z`f

wfsf~fa} mlov~fj E~, Xmofz`mafkb zi z`f Nbablhijb @iwtmzba x`f~f `f xbw abzf~ z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f



226

^bzlbtv~b Hflf~ba @iwtmzba, Ilf ic z`f nvaafzw tflfz~bzfj z`f smgzme‐w avlh blj `f xbw ìwtmzbamwfj

ci~ ei~f z`bl 24 jb}w,

Bazìvh` gietabmlzw bhbmlwz z`f Itblb}bkf tiamgf xf~f ~fgi~jfj n} z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf bw xfaa bw

z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~! zi jbzf li wzftw `bsf nffl zbkfl zi mlsfwzmhbzf i~ mlrvm~f mlzi z`f

bgzmil ic z`f Itblb}bkf tiamgf, Cv~z`f~ei~f! jvf zi z`f wf~mivw lbzv~f ic z̀ f smgzme‐w mlov~mfw `f`bw nffl vlbnaf zi amcz bl} xfmh`z blj z`mw `bw wfsf~fa} metfjfj vtil `mw amsfamìij, Xf ~frvfwz

}iv~ v~hflz bgzmil ml bwkmlh z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic z`f Tiamgf! zi flwv~f z`bz z`f Wtfgmba

Mlsfwzmhbzmilw Vlmz meefjmbzfa} gieeflgfw bl mlsfwzmhbzmil mlzi z`f baafhfj giljvgz ic z`f tiamgf

iccmgf~w c~ie z`f Itblb}bkf Tiamgf wzbzmil bhbmlwz z`f smaabhf~w blj E~, Xmofz`mafkb,

Cv~z`f~ei~f! z`f Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil blj z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil wìvaj zbkf

meefjmbzf afhba bgzmil bhbmlwz z`f f~~blz tiamgfefl wi z`bz z`f} b~f ebjf bggivlzbnaf ci~ z`fm~

g~mefw, Mc mz mw civlj z`bz z`f zxi tiamgfefl jmj wìiz E~, Xmofz`mafkb z`fl z`f} evwz nf n~ivh`z

nfci~f b g~memlba giv~z blj z~mfj ci~ z`fm~ emwgiljvgz, T~izfgzmil evwz bawi nf bcci~jfj zi z`f

smgzme blj `mw cbema} jv~mlh z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil ic z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w blj gietflwbzmil lffjw zi nficcf~fj zi E~, Xmofz`mafkb ci~ efjmgba z~fbzeflz blj z`f z~bveb `f `bw wvccf~fj,

K,J, W`blz`b Xmofz`mafkb! >: }fb~ iaj! z~bjf~ ml ti~gfabml hiijw blj b ~fwmjflz ic Vjbhbeb smaabhf!

Itblb}bkfBaafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w? Tiamgfefl bzzbg`fj zi z`f Itblb}bkf Tiamgf wzbzmil,Tabgf ic

mlgmjflz? Lfb~ b hfeemlh cmfaj ml z`f zixl ic Itblb}bkfJbzf ic mlgmjflz? >2 Ova} >446

Z`f ^bzlbtv~b Jmwz~mgz! bnivz 344 emafw Wivz` Fbwz ic Giaieni mw cbeivw ci~ mzw avg~bzmsf hfeemlh

mljvwz~}, Itblb}bkf mw b zixl ml z`f ̂ bzlbtv~b Jmwz~mgz, Il >2 Ova} >446 b~ivlj 2> liil! wfsf~ba

sbavbnaf hfew xf~f vlfb~z`fj ml b hfeemlh cmfaj lfb~n} Vjbhbeb, W`blz`b Xmofz`mafkb zihfz`f~

xmz` `mw n~iz`f~%ml%abx ~vw`fj zi z`f b~fb! x`mg` xbw ba~fbj} cmaamlh xmz` cfaaix smaabhf~w baa fbhf~ zi

xmzlfww z`f jmwgisf~} ic z`f hfew, Bggi~jmlh zi E~, Xmofz`mafkb! x`fl `f xbw btt~ibg`mlh z`fwgflf! `f `fb~j wfsf~ba hvl wìzw, Z`f tfitaf nfgbef c~mh`zflfj blj nfhbl zi jmwtf~wf! wìvzmlh

z`bz z`f tiamgf xf~f wìizmlh bz z`fe,

Z`fl! b ~ivlj ic zfb~ hbw xbw bawi bmefj bz z`f g~ixj, Z`vw ml cfb~ ic `mw wbcfz}! E~, Xmofz`mafkb

jfgmjfj zi afbsf z`f tabgf blj ~bl bailh b wì~z gvz z`bz afj zi `mw ìvwf, Bz z`bz eieflz `f xbw

wìz ml z`f nbgk blj x`fl `f zv~lfj b~ivlj zi wff xì `bj wìz `me! `f wbx zxi tiamgfefl bmemlh

z`fm~ hvlw bz `me, Jfwtmzf nfmlh `mz! z`f smgzme j~bhhfj ̀ mewfac bnivz >6 zi 74 cffz bxb} c~ie z`f

tiamgf, Nvz `f xbw wìz bhbml ml z̀ f nbgk ci~ b wfgilj zmef n} z`f wbef tiamgf iccmgf~w fsfl zìvh`

`f xbw zizbaa} vlb~efj blj tiwfj li z`~fbz zi bl}nij},

Z`f smgzme wb}w z`fl x`fl `f aiikfj nf`mlj `me! `f ~fgihlmwfj z`f tiamgfefl xì xf~f wìizmlh

bz `me, Z`f smaabhf~w ~vw`fj z`f wfsf~fa} mlov~fj smgzme zi z`f Nbablhijb @iwtmzba x`f~f `f xbw abzf~

z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f ̂ bzlbtv~b Hflf~ba @iwtmzba, Ilf ic z`f nvaafzw `bj tflfz~bzfj z̀ f smgzme‐w avlh

blj wi `f xbw gietfaafj zi wzb} ml z`f ìwtmzba ci~ ei~f z`bl 24 jb}w, X`fl z`f smgzme xbw cmz

flivh`! `f cmafj b gietabmlz bhbmlwz z`f Itblb}bkf tiamgf xmz` z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf bw xfaa bw xmz`

z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~,



223

@ixfsf~! zi jbzf li mlsfwzmhbzmil i~ afhba bgzmil `bw nffl zbkfl bhbmlwz z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w xì wìz

E~, Xmofz`mafkb ml z`f nbgk, Jvf zi z`f ìwtmzbamwbzmil blj z`f wfsf~f lbzv~f ic ̀ mw mlov~mfw! z`f

smgzme `bw nffl vlbnaf zi amcz bl} xfmh`z blj z`mw `bw wf~mivwa} metfjfj vtil `mw amsfamìij,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smaabhf~w x`fl z`f tfitaf wzb~zfj hbz`f~mlh b~ivlj z`f tabgf x`f~f z`f hfe wzilfw

xf~f jmwgisf~fj! z`mw c~mh`zflfj z`f hfe ef~g`blzw xì `bj gbaafj ml z`f tiamgf zi jmwtf~wf z`f

g~ixj, Mz mw baafhfj z`bz z`f tiamgf! ml z̀ fm~ isf~%flz`vwmbwe zi tafbwf z`f hfe ef~g`blzw! ~bljiea} cm~fj bz z`f smaabhf~w zi n~fbk vt z̀ f g~ixj, Z`mw nf`bsmiv~ tvz z`f smaabhf~w‐ amcf ml ofitb~j} blj afj

zi z`f wfsf~f mlov~} zi E~, Xmofz`mafkb,

=:, Bazil Abkwèbl Efljmw? Tiamgf cbma zi mlsfwzmhbzf gbwf bw z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~ mw z`f

wil ic bl Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh bl bggmjflz

smgzme Bazil Abwkwèbl Efljm xì xbw afcz vlgilwgmivw n} z`f tiamgf xì mlwz~vgzfj z`f cbema}

efenf~w blj zìwf b~ivlj zi zbkf z`f wf~mivwa} mlov~fj smgzme zi z`f ìwtmzba, Z`mw xbw x`mawz z`f

Tbljv~b tiamgf fwgi~zfj z`f tf~tfz~bzi~ zi z`f Ei~bzvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Zi jbzf! z`f Ei~bzvxb

tiamgf ji liz bttfb~ zi `bsf nfhvl mlsfwzmhbzmilw blj `bsf liz cmafj afhba bgzmil bhbmlwz z`f

tf~tfz~bzi~ ml z`f giv~zw,

Bazil Abwkwèbl Efljmw‐w xmcf `bw gietabmlfj bnivz z`f Ei~bzvxb tiamgf‐w ~fcvwba zi hmsf `f~

jfzbmaw ic z`f tf~tfz~bzi~ ml rvfwzmil! bczf~ x`mg` w`f jmwgisf~fj z`f tf~tfz~bzi~ xbw ml cbgz z`f wil

ic bl Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf, Z`f B@^G mw jffta} gilgf~lfj z`bz z`mw ebzzf~ `bw liz

nffl mlsfwzmhbzfj blj gbaaw ci~ }iv~ mlzf~sflzmil ml z`mw ebzzf~, Z`f B@^G ~frvfwzw z`bz m~~fwtfgzmsf

ic z`f tf~tfz~bzi~‐w mjflzmz} z`bz `f nf n~ivh`z nfci~f z`f abx ml ~fwtfgz zi z`f wf~mivw mlov~mfw

gbvwfj zi Bazil Abwkwèbl Efljmw,

Lbef ic smgzme? Bazil Abkwèbl Efljmw :=- 664! 6z` ablf! Ki~babxfaab! Ei~bzvxb

Lbef ic baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w? iccmgf~w ic Ei~bzvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil

Jbzf ic mlgmjflz? >0 Wftzfenf~ >446

Il >0 Wftzfenf~ >446! bnivz 7,44 t,e, z`f smgzme Bazil Abkwèbl Efljmw :=- xbw kligkfj jixl

n} b eizi~g}gamwz, X`fl z`f eizi~g}gamwz xbw bzzfetzmlh zi caff z`f wgflf! `f xbw btt~f`fljfj n}

z`f g~ixj z`bz `bj hbz`f~fj b~ivlj, Z`f eizi~g}gamwz `bj z`fl ~fti~zfja} zfaftìlfj z`f tiamgf

xì `bj wflz b gilzmlhflz c~ie z`f Tblbjv~b tiamgf ml b offt blj fwgi~zfj `me zi z`f Ei~bzvxb

Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Z`f tiamgf! ìxfsf~! wmeta} i~jf~fj cbema} efenf~w blj zìwf b~ivlj zi zbkf z`f wf~mivwa} mlov~fj

smgzme zi z`f ìwtmzba,Z`bz lmh`z Bazil Abkwèbl Efljmw‐w giljmzmil nfgbef t~fgb~mivw blj `f `bj

zi nf z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Lbzmilba @iwtmzba! Giaieni! x`f~f `f xbw xb~jfj ml z`f mlzflwmsf gb~f vlmz

ci~ baeiwz b eilz`, @f xbw z`fl n~ivh`z nbgk zi z`f Tblbjv~b ìwtmzba x`f~f `f `bw nffl xb~jfj

ci~ bnivz z`~ff eilz`w,



228

Zi jbzf! z`f tiamgf ji liz bttfb~ zi `bsf nfhvl mlsfwzmhbzmilw mlzi z`f mlgmjflz li~ cmafj afhba bgzmil

bhbmlwz z`f tf~tfz~bzi~ ml giv~zw, Z`f smgzme‐w xmcf bawi gietabmlfj z`bz z`f Ei~bzvxb tiamgf

~fcvwfj zi hmsf `f~ jfzbmaw ic z`f eizi~g}gamwz‐w lbef! bjj~fww! eizi~g}gaf lvenf~ i~ mlwv~blgf

gietbl} jfzbmaw, Z`f xmcf abzf~ jmwgisf~fj z`bz z`f eizi~g}gamwz xbw ml cbgz z`f wil ic bl Bwwmwzblz

Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf,M~~fwtfgzmsf ic `mw mjflzmz}! z`f tf~tfz~bzi~ evwz nf n~ivh`z nfci~f z`f abx

ml ~fwtfgz zi z`f wf~mivw mlov~mfw gbvwfj zi Bazil Abkwèbl Efljmw,

=6, Lm`ba Kmz`wm~m? B~nmz~b~} jfzflzmil blj zi~zv~f gieemzzfj }fz bhbml n} z`f @i~blb tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh z`f zi~zv~f blj

b~nmz~b~} jfzflzmil ic Lm`ba Kmz`wm~m, Lm`ba xbw b~~fwzfj n} WM Wmasb blj TG Nbljb~b blj zbkfl zi z`f

@i~blb Tiamgf wzbzmil xmzìvz nfmlh g`b~hfj, Z`f smgzme xbw baafhfja} ml`vebla} blj n~vzbaa}

bwwbvazfj baa isf~ `mw nij}, @f wb}w z`bz z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bawi wvwtfljfj `me c~ie b gfmamlh x`f~f

`f xbw nfbzfl,

Il z`f wbef jb}! zxi ic Lm`ba‐w c~mfljw! Kveb~b blj Wvemz` @btvz`blz~m xf~f b~~fwzfj n} z`f

wbef tiamgf iccmgf~w xì `bj zi~zv~fj Lm`ba, Z`f} xf~f zbkfl zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f z`f} zii

xf~f wvnofgzfj zi wfsf~f zi~zv~f, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bawi gilcmwgbzfj wfsf~ba ic Lm`ba‐w nfailhmlhw!

mlgavjmlh b nmg}gaf blj b ~bjmi, Zi z`mw jbzf z`f z`~ff smgzmew b~f wzmaa b~nmz~b~ma} jfzbmlfj xmzìvz

g`b~hf bz z`f @i~blb Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f z`f} b~f gilzmlvbaa} nfmlh wvnofgzfj zi zi~zv~f blj bnvwf

c~ie z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w,

Z`f B@^G v~hfw }iv zi mlzf~sflf ml z`mw ebzzf~, Tafbwf x~mzf b afzzf~ zi z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic

Tiamgf zi flwv~f z`bz z`f z`~ff smgzmew b~f meefjmbzfa} ~fafbwfj i~ t~ijvgfj nfci~f b Ebhmwz~bzf‐w

Giv~z, Z`f} evwz nf fpbemlfj n} b Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- blj bcci~jfj efjmgba z~fbzeflzci~ z`fm~ `fmlivw mlov~mfw, Cv~z`f~ei~f! z`f Wtfgmba Mlsfwzmhbzmilw Vlmz evwz meefjmbzfa}

gieeflgf bl mlsfwzmhbzmil mlzi z`mw gbwf! ml i~jf~ zi ebkf zìwf tiamgf iccmgf~w c~ie @i~blb Tiamgf

wzbzmil bggivlzbnaf ci~ z`f baafhfj zi~zv~f, Mc mz mw civlj z`bz z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w `bj gieemzzfj

g~mefw bhbmlwz z`f z`~ff smgzmew! z`fl z`f} evwz nf ebjf bggivlzbnaf ci~ z`fm~ bgzmilw blj mc civlj

hvmaz} ic zi~zv~f! mljmgzfj vljf~ z`f GBZ Bgz Li, >> ic 2==:,

T~izfgzmil evwz nf bcci~jfj zi z`f smgzmew blj z`fm~ cbemamfw x`maf z`f hvmaz} iccmgf~w b~f nfmlh

mlsfwzmhbzfj blj gietflwbzmil evwz nf bxb~jfj, Z`f B@^G mw jmwbttimlzfj zi cmlj z`bz z`f W~m

Ablkbl hisf~leflz `bw cbmafj zi zbkf bl} bgzmil bhbmlwz z`f @i~blb tiamgf gilwmjf~mlh z`f

lvef~ivw v~hflz bttfbaw xf `bsf jilf il z`fm~ iccmgf~w‐ emwgiljvgz! mlgavjmlh ilf abwz xffk! ilf

ml Jfgfenf~ blj ilf ml Ovlf >446,

Xf ìtf z`bz z`mw v~hflz bttfba xmaa nf zbkfl wf~mivwa} n} z`f W~m Ablkbl hisf~leflz blj gbl ~fwvaz

ml z`f hvmaz} tb~zmfw nfmlh n~ivh`z zi ovwzmgf,

Lbef ic smgzmew? Lm`ba Kmz`wm~m! 74! eb~~mfj xmz` ilf g`maj! iggvtbzmil % gbwvba abniv~f~; blj

Kveb~b blj Wvemz` @btvz`bz~m! c~mfljw ic z`f smgzme,



220

Baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w? Tiamgfefl mlgavjmlh Nbljb~b blj Kbajf~b ic z`f @i~blb Tiamgf wzbzmil

Jbzf ic mlgmjflz? 8 Jfgfenf~ >446

Lm`ba Kmz`wm~m xbw b~~fwzfj il 8 Jfgfenf~ >446 bz b~ivlj 24,44be n} WM Wmasb blj TG Nbljb~b ic

z`f @i~blb tiamgf, Lm`ba xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f iccmgf~w Nbljb~b blj Kbajf~b

baafhfja} n~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj Lm`ba baa isf~ `mw nij}, Z`f smgzme xbw z`fl wvwtfljfj c~ie z`f gfmamlh blj ilgf bhbml wfsf~fa} nfbzfl,

Z`f mlov~mfw wvwzbmlfj c~ie z`f baafhfj zi~zv~f xf~f xmzlfwwfj n} z`f smgzme‐w eiz`f~ blj abx}f~

xì xf~f baaixfj zi wff `me x`maf `f xbw ml tiamgf gvwzij}, Z`f} wbx b lvenf~ ic mlov~mfw baa isf~

`mw nij} blj lizmgfj z`bz `f xbw ml wfsf~f tbml, Z`f b~~fwz n} z`f @i~blb tiamgf xbw gietafzfa}

vlt~isikfj blj z`f} wzmaa `bsf liz cmafj bl} g`b~hfw bhbmlwz z`f smgzme,Abzf~! ml z`f fsflmlh ic z`f

wbef jb}! tiamgf iccmgf~w Nbljb~b blj Kbajf~b b~~fwzfj Kveb~b blj Wvemz` @btvz`blz~m xì b~f

c~mfljw ic Lm`ba,

Z`f} xf~f zbkfl zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil blj baafhfja} wvnofgzfj zi bgzw ic zi~zv~f c~ie z`f tiamgf

iccmgf~w, Kveb~b wvwzbmlfj wfsf~f nv~l mlov~mfw zi `mw nij}, Z`f tiamgf bawi xflz zi Lm`ba‐w ìef

x`f~f z`f} gilcmwgbzfj wfsf~ba mzfew mlgavjmlh b nmg}gaf blj b ~bjmi, Il Jfgfenf~ 22! Lm`ba‐w

n~iz`f~ mlci~efj z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil smb z`fm~ ‘zi~zv~f ìzamlf‐ ~fhb~jmlh z`f smgzmew‐

zi~zv~f bz z`f ̀ bljw ic z`f @i~blb tiamgf, @ixfsf~! jfwtmzf z`fwf lizmcmgbzmilw! z`f smgzmew

gilzmlvf zi nf b~nmz~b~ma} jfzbmlfj blj zi~zv~fj bz z`f `bljw ic z`f @i~blb tiamgf iccmgf~w,

=3, Lbsmllb B~bg`g`mhf Eblovab T~bwbj? N~vzba zi~zv~f ic b >8%}fb~%iaj ebl n} z`f

Tbevlvhbeb Tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- x~mzfw zi mlci~e }iv z`bz b >8%}fb~%iaj ebl!

Lbsmllb B~bg`g`mhf Eblovab T~bwbj! xbw n~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj n} tiamgfefl bzzbg`fj zi z`fTbevlvhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil il 20 Jfgfenf~ >446, T~bwbj xbw il `mw xb} ìef x`fl z`f

tiamgfefl wzittfj `me blj ziik `me zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil ci~ rvfwzmilmlh ~fhb~jmlh z`f aiizmlh ic

gittf~ xm~fw, Z`f~f z`f tiamgfefl n~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj T~bwbj x`maf `f xbw nfmlh mlsfwzmhbzfj,Il

Jfgfenf~ 2=! z`f tiamgf ci~gfj T~bwbj zi wmhl b wzbzfeflz z`f} t~ftb~fj xmzìvz `bsmlh `me ~fbj

mzw gilzflz,

@f xbw zbkfl zi b ~v~ba ìwtmzba ml Tbevlvhbeb x`f~f `f xbw tb~zmbaa} z~fbzfj ci~ `mw mlov~mfw, Z`f

Ebhmwz~bzf Giv~z ml Xbzzbab ~febljfj `me jfwtmzf bl bttfba ebjf n} `mw abx}f~! E~ Bemz`b

B~m}b~bzlf! z`bz mz xbw b gbwf ic tiamgf zi~zv~f, T~bwbj xbw zbkfl zi z`f Eb`b~b ^feblj t~mwil

x`f~f `f xbw ~febljfj, @f xbw liz hmsfl bl} bjfrvbzf z~fbzeflz mlwmjf z`f t~mwil, Il Jfgfenf~

>8! `f xbw ~fafbwfj blj wvnwfrvflza} wivh`z z~fbzeflz bz z`f ^bhbeb @iwtmzba,]iv~ v~hflz

mlzf~sflzmil mw ~frvm~fj zi `bsf z`f smgzme‐w baafhbzmil ic m~~fhvab~mzmfw ml z`f b~~fwz! cmamlh ic g`b~hfw

blj n~vzba zi~zv~f tf~tfz~bzfj n} z`f tiamgfefl mlsfwzmhbzfj zì~ivhà} bw wzmtvabzfj ml z`f

Gilsflzmil bhbmlwz Zi~zv~f Bgz GBZ- Li, >> ic 2==: ic W~m Ablkb,



22=

Z`f tiamgfefl mlsiasfj evwz nf wvwtfljfj c~ie z`fm~ jvz} ilgf z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil gieeflgfw,

G`b~hfw bhbmlwz z`f smgzme ml giv~z evwz nf j~ittfj mc mz mw civlj z`bz z`f fsmjflgf bhbmlwz `me xbw

inzbmlfj n} xb} ic zi~zv~f,

Cmlbaa}! tafbwf v~hf z`f gilgf~lfj hisf~leflz bhflgmfw ml W~m Ablkb zi ~fmenv~wf z`f smgzme ic `mw

efjmgba fptflwfw, Bl mlrvm~} wìvaj bawi nf giljvgzfj mlzi xì evwz nf `faj ~fwtilwmnaf c~ie z`ftiamgf blj t~mwil iccmgmbaw ci~ z`fm~ cbmav~f zi `bsf z`f smgzme z~fbzfj x`maf ml z`fm~ gvwzij}, Wvg`

cbmav~f blj mlbgzmil evwz nf jfbaz xmz` bggi~jmlha}, Bjjmzmilbaa}! z`f smgzme evwz nf tabgfj ml b

~f`bnmamzbzmil t~ih~beef ci~ bjfrvbzf efjmgba blj z~bveb z~fbzeflz,

Lbef ic z`f smgzme? Lbsmllb B~bg`g`mhf Eblovab T~bwbj >8-! b nbkf~ amsmlh bz :83)74!

Wbhb~wm~mhbeb! Ftbevaab! Tbevlvhbeb,

Baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w? Civ~ tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Tbevlvhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil ml z`f

Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic z`f Tiamgf BWT- Jmsmwmil ic Lfhieni

Jbzf ic z`f mlgmjflz? 20 Jfgfenf~ >446

Il 20 Jfgfenf~ >446! bz :?74te Lbsmllb B~bg`g`mhf Eblovab T~bwbj xbw ~mjmlh b nmg}gaf il `mw

xb} ìef c~ie Nitmzm}b x`fl zxi tiamgfefl xfb~mlh tabml gaiz`fw wzittfj `me lfb~ z`f Afi

Wzbjmve, @f xbw ziaj z`bz z`f} xblzfj `me zi hi xmz` z`fe zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil ci~ rvfwzmilmlh

~fhb~jmlh z`f aiizmlh ic gittf~ xm~fw, Bz z`f wbef zmef! bliz`f~ tiamgfebl b~~msfj ilnib~j b z`~ff

x`ffaf~ blj xflz xmz` z`fe zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,Vtil b~~msba bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f tiamgfefl

wzb~zfj rvfwzmilmlh T~bwbj bnivz z`f aiizmlh x`mg` ziik tabgf bz b lfb~ n} gietbl} x`f~f wfsf~ba

Mljmbl fetai}ffw xi~k, X`fl T~bwbj jflmfj bl} klixafjhf ic z`f aiizmlh! `f xbw zbkfl zi b ~iie

x`f~f z`f tiamgf ~feisfj `mw w`m~z blj vwfj mz zi zmf `mw `bljw blj afhw zihfz`f~, @f xbw wvwtfljfj

ml nfzxffl b `bac%wmf xbaa blj b g`bm~ bczf~ bl m~il nb~ xbw mlwf~zfj ml nfzxffl `mw `bljw blj afhw,

X`maf ml z`mw tiwmzmil! z`f tiamgfefl tvw`fj T~bwbj blj wzb~zfj nfbzmlh `me baa isf~ `mw nij} xmz` b~vnnf~ tmtf, X`fl `f gilzmlvfj zi jfl} x`bz `f xbw nfmlh bggvwfj ic! z`f tiamgf nfhbl bwwbvazmlh

`me ef~gmafwwa} xiijfl tiaf, Z`f zi~zv~f abwzfj ci~ ilf blj b `bac ìv~w,

Abzf~ `f xbw vlzmfj blj i~jf~fj zi xbak lmlf zmefw b~ivlj b zbnaf x`maf ovetmlh! b t`}wmgba bgzmsmz}

x`mg` xbw sf~} jmccmgvaz ci~ z`f smgzme zi tf~ci~e hmsfl z`f meeflwf tbml `f xbw ml, Bczf~ z`bz! z`f

tiamgf z`~fbzflfj zi zi~zv~f `me cv~z`f~ abzf~ z`bz lmh`z blj tabgfj `me ml b jfzflzmil gfaa, Bz b~ivlj

8te! T~bwbj‐w eiz`f~ b~~msfj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, W`f efz z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- ic z`f

Tiamgf wzbzmil nfci~f nfmlh baaixfj zi wff `f~ wil,

Z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! Jfgfenf~ 2=! bz =?74te b tiamgf iccmgf~ ci~gfj T~bwbj zi wmhl b wzbzfeflz z`f}

t~ftb~fj xmzìvz `bsmlh `me mlci~efj i~ baaixmlh `me zi ~fbj mzw gilzflz, @f xbw zbkfl zi b ~v~ba

ìwtmzba ml Tbevlvhbeb, Bz z`f ìwtmzba! `mw ~fabzmsfw mlci~efj z`f ìwtmzba wzbcc z`bz T~bwbj `bj

nffl wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj nvz z`f} xf~f mhli~fj, Z`f} ila} bzzfljfj zi z`f smgzme‐w xivljw,

Bczf~ z`bz T~bwbj xbw zbkfl zi z`f Ebhmwz~bzf Giv~zw ml Xbzzbab, Z`f Ebhmwz~bzf ~febljfj `me

jfwtmzf bl bttfba n} `mw abx}f~! E~ Bemz`b B~m}b~bzlf z`bz `mw gamflz xbw wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj, Z`f

Ebhmwz~bzf mlwzfbj mwwvfj i~jf~w zi z`f tiamgf zi `bsf T~bwbj g`fgkfj n} efjmgba tf~willfa blj



2>4

~frvm~fj z`bz b efjmgba gf~zmcmgbzf nf t~ijvgfj bz z`f ciaaixmlh `fb~mlh, @f xbw zbkfl zi z`f Eb`b~b

^feblj t~mwil vlzma `f xbw ~fafbwfj il Jfgfenf~ >8,

X`maf ml t~mwil gvwzij}! `f xbw liz bcci~jfj bl} efjmgbzmil bzzflzmil jfwtmzf `bsmlh `me gilcmlfj

bz z`f t~mwil‐w ìwtmzba, Z`f wbef jb} bczf~ `mw ~fafbwf! T~bwbj xflz zi z`f ^bhbeb @iwtmzba ci~

z~fbzeflz bw `mw nbgk xbw wxiaafl blj `mw cmlhf~w lven, @f xbw gilcmlfj ml Xb~j 6, X`maf bz z`fìwtmzba! z`f tiamgfefl bwwmhlfj bz z`f ìwtmzba ~fgi~jfj z`f smgzme‐w wzbzfeflz ~fhb~jmlh z`f

mlgmjflz, Z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- amkfxmwf fpbemlfj `me, Il Jfgfenf~ >0! z`f tiamgf

iccmgf~w z`fl gbef nbgk blj bwkfj `me zi wmhl b jigveflz z`f} t~ftb~fj, Z`f tiamgf! ìxfsf~! jmj

liz t~itf~a} mlci~e T~bwbj ic mzw gilzflz i~ `bsf `me ~fbj mz, @f xbw wflz ìef ml z`f fsflmlh ic

z`bz jb},

=8, N, Lmeba? n~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj blj maafhbaa} jfzbmlfj n} z`f Xbljv~benb tiamgf nfgbvwf `mw

wil `bj jmwbttfb~fj xmz` b }ivlh abj}

Il 20 Jfgfenf~ >446 bz bnivz =?74te! wfsf~ba tiamgfefl c~ie z`f Xbljv~benb Tiamgf wzbzmil

smwmzfj N, Lmeba‐w ìef blj jfebljfj zi klix z`f x`f~fbnivzw ic `mw >7%}fb~%iaj wil, Z`f tiamgf

mlci~efj Lmeba z`bz `mw wil `bj ~vl bxb} xmz` b }ivlh xiebl blj hbsf Lmeba zxi jb}w zi

t~ijvgf `mw wil bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil,

Z`f~fbczf~! il Jfgfenf~ >> nfzxffl 24?74%22te! x`maf Lmeba! `mw xmcf blj }ivlhf~ wil xf~f

bwafft! z`f tiamgf bhbml smwmzfj z`fm~ ìef blj kligkfj il z`f jii~, Lmeba itflfj z`f jii~ blj

wbx zxi tiamgfefl bz `mw jii~wzft! ilf ml vlmci~e blj ilf ml gmsmambl j~fww, Z`f ilf ml vlmci~e

bwkfj Lmeba! ‖X`f~f mw }iv~ wil9– Lmeba ~ftamfj z`bz `f jmj liz klix x`f~f `mw wil xbw, Z`f

tiamgf z`fl mlwmwzfj z`bz ml z`f bnwflgf ic `mw wil `f `bj zi bggietbl} z`fe zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmilblj z`fl ci~gfj Lmeba mlzi z`fm~ sf`mgaf, X`fl `mw xmcf tafbjfj xmz` z`f tiamgfefl liz zi b~~fwz

`f~ `vwnblj! z`f} ziaj `f~ zi hi zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil z`f lfpz ei~lmlh zi gabme `f~ `vwnblj, Lmeba

xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Xbljv~benb tiamgf wzbzmil,

Z`f tiamgfefl xì fwgi~zfj Lmeba ziik `me zi z`f IMG blj wbmj! ‖@f~f wm~! xf n~ivh`z `me,– Z`f

IMG bwkfj! ‖X`f~f mw }iv~ wil9– Lmeba ~fmzf~bzfj z`bz `f jmj liz klix, Z`f IMG z`fl nfhbl

bwwbvazmlh `me ml b eiwz n~vzba blj ml`vebl cbw`mil! baa z`f x`maf jfebljmlh zi klix z`f

x`f~fbnivzw ic `mw wil, Lmeba tafbjfj xmz` z`f IMG liz zi `mz `me blj ziaj `me z`bz `f jmj liz

klix x`f~f `mw wil xbw, Nvz z`f IMG mlwmwzfj z`bz `f klfx blj gilzmlvfj zi zi~zv~f `me, Z`f IMG

z`fl h~bnnfj Lmeba n} `mw w`m~z giaab~ blj! amczmlh `me! z`~fx `mw nij} bhbmlwz z`f nb~w ic z`f

ìajmlh gfaa, Bggi~jmlh zi Lmeba! `mw `fbj blj wtmlf wabeefj bhbmlwz z`f nb~w gbvwmlh `me

vlnfb~bnaf bhil}, Z`f IMG `bj z`fl tvw`fj `me mlzi z`f gfaa blj wabeefj z`f jii~ w`vz,

Lmeba xbw aigkfj vt vlzma z`f fsflmlh ic z`f ciaaixmlh jb} Jfgfenf~ >7-, X`fl `mw xmcf smwmzfj

`me! w`f zii xbw ci~gfj ilzi b nflg` blj jfzbmlfj bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil n} z`f IMG, Bz bnivz

:?74te! niz` z`fm~ wzbzfeflzw xf~f ~fgi~jfj blj z`f} xf~f ci~gfj zi wmhl z`fe xmzìvz klixmlh

x`bz z`f tiamgf `bj x~mzzfl, Z`f} xf~f z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Nfjjfhbeb Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z blj bw z`f



2>2

ebhmwz~bzf xbw bnwflz! z`f} xf~f t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Hbabhfjf~b Bgzmlh Ebhmwz~bzf! Nvjj`mkb O,

Fjm~mwmlh`f, Zìvh` z`f smgzmew bzzfetzfj zi fptabml ebzzf~w! z`f} xf~f ~febljfj ci~ ei~f z`bl b

xffk vlzma > Oblvb~} >443,

Nvjj`mkb O, Fjm~mwmlh`f! xì xbw bgzmlh ebhmwz~bzf il z`f jb} Lmeba blj `mw xmcf xf~f t~ijvgfj

nfci~f z`f Nfjjfhbeb Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z! z`f~fbczf~ ~ft~fwflzfj Lmeba blj `mw xmcf bz z`f nbma`fb~mlh, Z`f fz`mgba giljvgz ic z`f afhba t~icfwwmilba mw `mhà} rvfwzmilbnaf bw w`f cm~wz bttfb~fj ml

z`f gbtbgmz} ic z`f ebhmwz~bzf blj z`fl bw givlwfa ci~ z`f smgzme, Z`f} xf~f g`b~hfj xmz` wief

iccflgf ic x`mg` lfmz`f~ `bj bl} mjfb blj! wz~blhfa}! z`fm~ abx}f~ jmj liz zbkf z`f z~ivnaf zi mlci~e

z`fe ic z`f jfzbmaw,

Bggi~jmlh zi Lmeba! z`f t~inafe nfhbl x`fl `mw >7%}fb~%iaj wil cfaa ml aisf xmz` bl 20%}fb~%iaj

hm~a xìwf tb~flzw ittiwfj z`f ~fabzmilw`mt, Z`f} z`fl ~bl bxb} zihfz`f~ blj hiz eb~~mfj, @f

wz~ilha} nfamfsfw z`bz z`f hm~a‐w ~fabzmsfw `bj vljva} mlcavflgfj z`f Xbljv~benb tiamgf zi `b~bww `me

blj `mw xmcf, Cmlbaa} il >6 Jfgfenf~ >446! Lmeba‐w wil blj `mw n~mjf smwmzfj `mw tb~flzw‐ ìef,

Z`bz jb}! b tiamgfebl lbefj Wbeb~blb}bkf c~ie z`f Xbljv~benb tiamgf gbef zi z`fm~ ìef bljziik bxb} z`fm~ eb~~mbhf gf~zmcmgbzf, X`fl z`f} ~frvfwzfj z`bz `f ~fzv~l z`f gf~zmcmgbzf! z`f

tiamgfebl ziaj z`fe z`bz `f `bj `bljfj mz isf~ zi z`f giv~zw,

=0, Bemaab T~bwbj? Maafhba b~~fwz blj zi~zv~f ic b ebl n} z`f Z`blbebasmab Tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- x~mzfw zi mlci~e }iv ic }fz bliz`f~ gbwf ic tiamgf

zi~zv~f ml W~m Ablkb, Il >4 Jfgfenf~ >446! Bemab T~bwbj xbw baafhfja} wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj n} wfsf~ba

tiamgfefl bzzbg`fj zi z`f Z`blbebasmab Tiamgf bczf~ nfmlh b~~fwzfj xmzìvz bl} g`b~hfw, @f mw

t~fwflza} nfmlh z~fbzfj ci~ `mw mlov~mfw ml ìwtmzba,

Bczf~ z`f mlgmjflz! z`f tiamgfefl mlsiasfj baafhfja} cbn~mgbzfj wzi~mfw bhbmlwz z`f tfitaf xì `bj

hbz`f~fj ml c~ilz ic z`f tiamgf wzbzmil zi t~izfwz Bemab‐w b~~fwz blj zi~zv~f,

Z`mw mw }fz ilf ei~f mlgmjflz ic z`f eiwz gb~fafww blj wflwfafww bgzw ic zi~zv~f tf~tfz~bzfj n}

tiamgfefl z`~ivhìvz z`f givlz~}, Z`f B@^G `bw ~fti~zfj ̀ vlj~fjw ic gbwfw ic z`f ~bljie

smiaflgf tiamgf iccmgf~w iczfl efzf ivz il gmsmamblw, Mz `bw nfgief tb~z ic z`f lbzv~f ic tiamgmlh ml

W~m Ablkb ci~ iccmgf~w zi nf`bsf amkf hblh blj bwwbvaz tfitaf ~bljiea},

Z`f B@^G v~hfw ci~ }iv~ mlzf~sflzmil zi flwv~f z`bz bl meefjmbzf blj mljftfljflz mlrvm~} mlzi

z`f mlgmjflz mw giljvgzfj, Btt~it~mbzf g`b~hfw evwz nf cmafj bhbmlwz z`fe blj z`f} evwz nf

~fwz~mgzfj c~ie z`fm~ jvz} ilgf z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil gieeflgfw, Z`f hisf~leflz evwz ~fmenv~wf z`f smgzme‐w efjmgba fptflwfw bw wzmtvabzfj ml z`f Gilsflzmil bhbmlwz Zi~zv~f Bgz GBZ- Li, >> ic 2==:

ic W~m Ablkb,

Lbef ic z`f smgzme? Bemab T~bwbj

Jbzf ic mlgmjflz? >4 Jfgfenf~ >446

Baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w? Wief iccmgf~w c~ie z`f Z`blbebasmab Tiamgf wzbzmil Eilf~bhbab-



2>>

Il >4 Jfgfenf~ >446! Bemab T~bwbj xbw baafhfja} b~~fwzfj xmzìvz bl} g`b~hfw n} tiamgfefl

bzzbg`fj zi z`f Z`blbebasmab Tiamgf wzbzmil, X`maf ml tiamgf gvwzij}! wief tiamgf iccmgf~w wfsf~fa}

zi~zv~fj `me, B ab~hf g~ixj hbz`f~fj bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil zi jfeilwz~bzf bhbmlwz z`f b~~fwz blj

zi~zv~f ic z`mw }ivlh ebl,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f tiamgf! z`f} `bj hilf zi wfzzaf b jmwtvzf nfzxffl zxi tb~zmfw blj xf~f bwwbvazfj n} tf~wil t~fwflz, @ixfsf~! z`f} `bsf liz bggvwfj Bemab ic nfmlh z`bz tf~wil, Cv~z`f~ei~f! z`f

tfitaf ml z`f smgmlmz}! xì xflz zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil zi ~fwgvf Bemab! wzbzfj z`bz li wvg` bwwbvaz

fsf~ ziik tabgf, Mz mw ~fti~zfj z`bz Bemab `bj liz`mlh zi ji xmz` bl} mlgmjflz nvz xbw ~bljiea}

b~~fwzfj n} z`f tiamgf blj n~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj, Efblx`maf! b gietabmlz `bw nffl ebjf zi z`f Iccmgf~%

ml%G`b~hf ic z`f tiamgf wzbzmil blj Bemab mw gv~~flza} nfmlh z~fbzfj bz z`f ìwtmzba,

==, WB Bkmab G`bzv~blhb? B~nmz~b~} b~~fwz! jfzflzmil blj zi~zv~f ic b ebl n} z`f @i~blb

Tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil c~ie b ~fambnaf wiv~gf

~fhb~jmlh z`f b~nmz~b~} b~~fwz! jfzflzmil blj zi~zv~f ic b ebl n} tiamgf tf~willfa c~ie z`f @i~blb

Tiamgf wzbzmil, WB Bkmab G`bzv~blhb xbw jfzbmlfj n} z`f tiamgf il >> Jfgfenf~ >446 blj b~~fwzfj

ci~ b wffemlha} cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hf ic gbzzaf z`fcz, Bczf~ zbkmlh z`f smgzme zi z`f ìef ic abx}f~

Kvabzvlhb @fzzmb~bg`g`m! xìwf gbzzaf mz xbw gabmefj xf~f wziafl! z`f tiamgf z`fl ~fzv~lfj z`f smgzme

zi z`f @i~blb Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f z`f} ef~gmafwwa} zi~zv~fj `me,

Z`mw mlgavjfj `blhmlh z`f smgzme c~ie z`f gfmamlh! blj nfbzmlh `me xmz` tiafw, Bczf~ jfzbmlmlh blj

~ftfbzfja} zi~zv~mlh z`f smgzme ci~ b jb}! z`f tiamgf z`fl ci~ebaa} g`b~hfj `me, Z`f} ci~gfj `me zi

wmhl b x~mzzfl wzbzfeflz blj t~ijvgfj `me nfci~f b ìwtmzba jigzi~ xì wmhlfj b jigveflz xmzìvz

`bsmlh fsfl fpbemlfj z`f smgzme, Z`f} z`fl t~ijvgfj z`f smgzme nfci~f z`f @i~blb Ebhmwz~bzf‐w

Giv~z x`f~f `f xbw liz bcci~jfj z`f itti~zvlmz} zi mlci~e z`f giv~z ic z`f giljvgz n} z`f tiamgfzixb~jw `me blj lfmz`f~ jmj `mw afhba ~ft~fwflzbzmsf mlci~e z`mw zi z`f giv~z,

Z`f smgzme xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma blj xbw wvnwfrvflza} z~fbzfj ml ìwtmzba ci~ z`~ff jb}w ci~ z`f

mlov~mfw `f wvwzbmlfj bw b ~fwvaz ic z`f gvwzijmba zi~zv~f,

Z`mw mw }fz ilf ei~f ic z`f eiwz gb~fafww blj wflwfafww bgzw ic zi~zv~f tf~tfz~bzfj n} tiamgfefl

c~ie z`f @i~blb tiamgf, Z`f B@^G `bw ~fti~zfj il wfsf~ba t~fsmivw iggbwmilw mlgmjflzw x`f~f

tf~wilw `bsf nffl b~nmz~b~ma} jfzbmlfj blj zi~zv~fj n} tf~willfa c~ie z`f @i~blb tiamgf tafbwf wff?

VB%>70%>446; VB%247%>446; VB%2:2%>44:-, Ml cbgz z`f wbef tf~wil mlsiasfj ml z`mw zi~zv~f!

Wf~hfblz Kbajf~b! xbw bawi metamgbzfj ml b t~fsmivw gbwf xf ~fti~zfj il afww z`bl ilf eilz` bhi

VB%>70%>446-, Z`f B@^G v~hfw ci~ }iv~ mlzf~sflzmil zi flwv~f z`bz bl meefjmbzf blj

mljftfljflz mlrvm~} mlzi z`mw mlgmjflz mw giljvgzfj, Z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w evwz nf ~fwz~mgzfj c~ie

z`fm~ jvz} ilgf z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil gieeflgfw blj btt~it~mbzf g`b~hfw evwz nf cmafj bhbmlwz z`fe

vljf~ z`f Gilsflzmil bhbmlwz Zi~zv~f Bgz Li, >> ic 2==: mc z`f baafhbzmilw b~f civlj zi nf z~vf,

Tafbwf bawi bwk z`bz z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil aiik mlzi z`f ~iaf z`f abx}f~ tab}fj ml z`mw mlgmjflz! bw z`f~f b~f

wz~ilh gilgf~lw z`bz z`f tiamgf‐w giljvgz eb} `bsf nffl bz `mw ~frvfwz,



2>7

Cv~z`f~! tafbwf v~hf z`f gilgf~lfj Hisf~leflz bhflgmfw zi bcci~j efjmgba blj ~f`bnmamzbzmil

bwwmwzblgf zi z`f smgzme xmzìvz jfab}, Z`f smgzme blj `mw ~fabzmsfw evwz bawi nf t~ismjfj xmz`

btt~it~mbzf t~izfgzmil mc z`f wmzvbzmil ~frvm~fw, Z`f} evwz nf t~izfgzfj c~ie bl} `b~bwweflz blj

mlzmemjbzmil wìvaj z`f} cmaf g`b~hfw ml b giv~z ic abx bhbmlwz z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w,

Lbef ic baafhfj smgzme? WB Bkmab G`bzv~blhb! >>! vleb~~mfj;Iggvtbzmil? cb~e`blj

Lbefw ic baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w? Z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf ic @i~blb Tiamgf wzbzmil! Wf~hfblz Kbajf~b

blj Tiamgf Gilwzbnafw ^ 2830 blj 72>00,

Jbzf ic baafhfj mlgmjflz? >> Jfgfenf~ >446

Tabgf ic baafhfj mlgmjflz? @i~blb Tiamgf wzbzmil

Il >> Jfgfenf~ >446! bz btt~ipmebzfa} 6be! z`f smgzme! Bkmab G`bzv~blhb xbw gilc~ilzfj ml `mw

ìef n} Wf~hfblz Kbajf~b blj Tiamgf Gilwzbnafw 2830 blj 72>00, Xmzìvz t~ismjmlh bl b~~fwz

xb~~blz i~ hmsmlh bl} ~fbwil ci~ z`fm~ bgzmil! z`f tiamgf ziik z`f smgzme mlzi gvwzij}, Ilgf z`f~f! z`f

smgzme xbw z`~fbzflfj n} Wf~hfblz Kbajf~b zi ~fzv~l wziafl gbzzaf `f xbw baafhfj zi `bsf zbkfl c~ieb abx}f~, Wf~hfblz Kbajf~b z`fl n~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj z`f smgzme xmz` b tiaf,

Z`f smgzme xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f abx}f~ Kvabzvlhb @fzzmb~bg`g`m‐w ìvwf, Wf~hfblz Kbajf~b

gilzmlvfj zi nfbz z`f smgzme xmz` z`f tiaf, Nbgk bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil z`f tiamgf ~feisfj z`f smgzme‐w

gaiz`fw blj namljciajfj `me xmz` b wb~ilh, Z`f} `bljgvccfj `me! tabgfj `mw b~ew il `mw afhw blj

mlwf~zfj b tiaf nfzxffl `mw fanixw blj klffw, Z`f} z`fl `vlh `me ml z`f j`b~eb g`bk~b ‘ X`ffa ic

Abx‐ - tiwmzmil blj ef~gmafwwa} nfbz `me il `mw z`f wiafw ic `mw cffz! afhw blj nvzzigkw xmz` tiafw,

Z`f smgzme gabmew z`bz `f xbw zi~zv~fj ml z`mw ebllf~ ci~ btt~ipmebzfa} z`~ff ìv~w,

Z`f tiamgf z`fl aixf~fj z`f smgzme jixl blj ci~gfj `me zi ovet vt blj jixl ~ftfbzfja} il z`f

wtiz, Z`f} z`fl hiz `me zi amf cbgf jixl il b nflg` blj ~ftfbzfj z`f nfbzmlh xmz` tiafw il `mwwiafw blj nvzzigkw, @f xbw z`fl aigkfj ml b gfaa, B~ivlj 7te z`f tiamgf ziik z`f smgzme ivz ic z`f

gfaa blj j~bhhfj `me zi z`f tiamgf nb~~bgkw x`f~f z`f} tvlg`fj `me xmz` z`fm~ cmwzw, @f xbw z`fl

g`bmlfj zi b nfjtiwz vlzma 3te, Efblx`maf z`f tiamgf gilzmlvfj zi rvfwzmil z`f smgzme bnivz z`f

baafhfj z`fcz ic z`f abx}f~‐w gbzzaf, Ixmlh zi z`mw! z`f~f b~f wz~ilh gilgf~lw z`bz z`f tiamgf‐w bgzmilw

bhbmlwz z`f smgzme xf~f giljvgzfj bz z`f ~frvfwz ic z`f wbmj abx}f~,

Z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! il Jfgfenf~ >7! bz b~ivlj =be! Wf~hfblz Kbajf~b ci~gfj z`f smgzme zi wmhl b

x~mzzfl wzbzfeflz, Z`f} ziik `me zi z`f @i~blb ìwtmzba x`f~f z`f smgzme xmzlfwwfj b jigzi~

wmhlmlh b jigveflz hmsfl n} z`f tiamgf xmzìvz z`f jigzi~ fsfl fpbemlmlh `me, Bz 24 be z`f smgzme

xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f @i~blb Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z, Z`f smgzme gabmew z`bz `f xbw liz bcci~jfj blitti~zvlmz} zi mlci~e z`f giv~z ic `mw b~~fwz blj zi~zv~f! blj `mw afhba ~ft~fwflzbzmsf bawi jmj liz

mlci~e z`f giv~z, @f xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma, Z`f~fbczf~! z`f smgzme xflz zi z`f Kbavzb~b Hflf~ba

@iwtmzba x`f~f `f xbw bjemzzfj zi xb~j 22 vlzma Jfgfenf~ >3, Z`f smgzme mlci~efj z`f ìwtmzba

bvzì~mzmfw blj z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf tiwz bnivz `mw zi~zv~f,Z`f smgzme mw bjbeblz z`bz `f xbw cbawfa}

g`b~hfj n} z`f tiamgf ~fhb~jmlh z`f z`fcz ic z`f gbzzaf,



2>:

244, T,K,H, Ob}bxb~jflb! ^boblhblb}b Hfevlvtv~b? N~vzba zi~zv~f ic b ebl blj

wvnwfrvflz cmamlh ic cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me n} z`f Z`benvz`z`fhbeb tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- x~mzfw zi mlci~e }iv z`bz b ebl xbw n~vzbaa}

zi~zv~fj n} z`f tiamgf! xì wvnwfrvflza} cmafj cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me il >7 Jfgfenf~ >446,

Z`f smgzme! T,K,H, Ob}bxb~jflb :3-! xbw zi~zv~fj n} tiamgfefl bzzbg`fj zi z`f Z`benvz`z`fhbeb

tiamgf wzbzmil ciaaixmlh `mw b~~fwz, Z`f tiamgfefl! ilf ic xìe xbw mjflzmcmfj bw Wvn Mlwtfgzi~

Efljmw! ~ftfbzfja} `mz z`f smgzme xmz` b tiaf baa isf~ `mw nij}, Bczf~ z`f mlgmjflz! z`f smgzme cmafj b

gietabmlz bhbmlwz z`f tiamgfefl mlsiasfj nfci~f z`f Z`benvz`z`fhbeb tiamgf wzbzmil ‗ z`f wbef

wzbzmil x`f~f z`f smgzme xbw jfzbmlfj blj x`f~f z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w b~f bwwmhlfj, Fsfl zìvh`

z`f tiamgf ~fgi~jfj z`f smgzme‐w wzbzfeflzw! z`f B@^G mw jffta} gilgf~lfj z`bz bl} mlsfwzmhbzmil

mlzi z`mw gbwf xmaa liz nf metb~zmba mc z`f wbef baafhfja} tf~wilw ~fwtilwmnaf ci~ z`f bzzbgk b~f bawi zi

mlrvm~f mlzi mz,

]iv~ v~hflz mlzf~sflzmil mw ~frvm~fj zi ~frvfwz ci~ bl metb~zmba blj mljftfljflz mlsfwzmhbzmil n} z`f

Wtfgmba Mlsfwzmhbzmilw Vlmz ~fhb~jmlh Ob}bxb~jflb‐w gbwf, Baa z`f ~fgi~jw blj jigveflzw il `mw gbwf

evwz bawi nf zv~lfj isf~ zi z`fe, Bjjmzmilbaa}! z`f g`b~hfw bhbmlwz z`f smgzme ml Giv~z evwz nf

j~ittfj vlgiljmzmilbaa},Cmlbaa}! tafbwf v~hf z`f gilgf~lfj hisf~leflz bhflgmfw ml W~m Ablkb zi zbkf

fccfgzmsf blj bjfrvbzf wzftw il Ob}bxb~jflb‐w gbwf ml bggi~jblgf xmz` z`f Gilsflzmil bhbmlwz

Zi~zv~f Bgz Li, >> ic 2==:, Btt~it~mbzf gietflwbzmil blj ~fmenv~wfeflz ic z`f smgzme‐w efjmgba

fptflwfw evwz nf bcci~jfj zi `me xmzìvz jfab},

Lbef ic z`f smgzme? T,K,H, Ob}bxb~jflb :3-! eb~~mfj! ^boblhblb}b Hfevlvtv~b

Baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w? Wvn Mlwtfgzi~ Efljmw blj z`~ff tiamgfefl bzzbg`fj zi z`f Z`benvz`z`fhbeb

tiamgf wzbzmil lfb~ Blv~bj`btv~b-

Jbzf ic mlgmjflz? >7 Jfgfenf~ >446

Il >7 Jfgfenf~ >446! bz b~ivlj 24?74te civ~ tiamgfefl xfb~mlh tabml gaiz`fw! ilf ic xìe xbw

Wvn Mlwtfgzi~ Efljmw! b~~msfj bz z`f ìvwf ic T,K,H, Ob}bxb~jflb, Z`f tiamgf wfb~g`fj

Ob}bxb~jflb‐w ìvwf blj wvnwfrvflza} b~~fwzfj `me, Z`f tiamgf bawi ziik b wxi~j nfmlh kftz n} z`f

smgzme c~ie `mw ìvwf,Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme! z`f tiamgfefl wzb~zfj bwwbvazmlh `me bczf~ `mw b~~fwz,

@f xbw zbkfl zi b lfb~n} nivzmrvf blj xbw ci~gfj zi ~fzv~l z`f hiijw `f baafhfja} wziaf, Baa z`f

civ~ tiamgfefl ~ftfbzfja} `mz `me xmz` tiafw, Z`f zi~zv~f abwzfj ci~ bnivz zxi ìv~w, X`fl z`f

smgzme‐w eiz`f~ blj `mw wmnamlhw xflz zi z`f tabgf blj z~mfj zi wzit z`f tiamgf! z`f} xf~f wfz vtil n} z`f tiamgf! xì z`~fbzflfj zi zi~zv~f z`fe bw xfaa,

Z`f smgzme‐w ~fabzmsfw ~bl ci~ wbcfz},Bczf~ z`bz! z`f tiamgf ziik z`f smgzme zi b lfb~n} gfefzf~} x`f~f

`f xbw bhbml wfsf~fa} nfbzfl ci~ bnivz `bac bl ìv~, @f xbw z`fl zbkfl zi b lfb~n} wgìia x`f~f z`f

tiamgf ci~gmna} j~bhhfj `me ivz ic z`f tiamgf sf`mgaf z`f} xf~f ~mjmlh ml, Bz b~ivlj >be z`f lfpz

jb}! `f xbw zbkfl zi z`f Z`benvz`z`fhbeb tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f `f xbw n~mfca} jfzbmlfj,Bz bnivz

6te z`f tiamgf ziik `me zi z`f Z`benvz`z`fhbeb ìwtmzba,



2>6

Z`f smgzme z`fl ziaj z`f jigzi~ bz z`f ìwtmzba z`bz `f xbw zi~zv~fj n} z`f tiamgfefl, @f xbw zbkfl

zi z`f Ebhmwz~bzf‐w iccmgmba ~fwmjflgf blj z`f abx}f~ xì ~ft~fwflzfj `me mlci~efj z`f Ebhmwz~bzf ic

z`f zi~zv~f gieemzzfj n} z`f tiamgfefl bhbmlwz z`f smgzme, Z`f smgzme xbw ~fafbwfj il

nbma,Ciaaixmlh `mw ~fafbwf! bz b~ivlj 3?74te z`f smgzme xflz nbgk zi z`f Z`benvz`z`fhbeb Tiamgf

wzbzmil ‗ z`f wbef tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f `f xbw jfzbmlfj blj z`f tiamgfefl xì zi~zv~fj `me xf~f

bwwmhlfj,

@f aijhfj b gietabmlz bhbmlwz z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w, Mz xbw ~fgi~jfj bw 84)788) GMN ‗

>446)2>)>:, B tiamgfebl bwwmhlfj zi `mw gietabmlz gbwf hbsf `me b ìwtmzba ci~e blj ziaj `me zi

t~igffj zi z`f ìwtmzba, Bz b~ivlj 0te! `f xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Blv~bj`btv~b ìwtmzba x`f~f `f

xbw bjemzzfj ci~ z~fbzeflz ci~ zxi jb}w, @f mw bjbeblz z`bz `f xbw cbawfa} bggvwfj ic b g~mef blj

z`bz z`f tiamgf cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me ml i~jf~ zi gilgfba z`fm~ g~mefw ic zi~zv~mlh `me

242, E,@, T~m}blz`b Emlmtv~b? B ebl wvccf~w `fb~mlh aiww bczf~ nfmlh zi~zv~fj n} z`f

B}bhbeb tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- x~mzfw zi mlci~e }iv bnivz z`f zi~zv~f ic b ebl!

E,@, T~m}blz`b Emlmtv~b >6-! n} tiamgfefl bzzbg`fj zi z`f B}bhbeb tiamgf tiwz ciaaixmlh `mw

b~~fwz ci~ baafhfja} tiwwfwwmlh t~i`mnmzfj amrvi~ il >: Jfgfenf~ >446, Z`f smgzme‐w afcz fb~

wvwzbmlfj wfsf~f mlov~mfw! ~fwvazmlh ml gietafzf `fb~mlh aiww bczf~ `f xbw wfsf~fa} nfbzfl n} z`f

tiamgfefl,Bazìvh` z`f smgzme aijhfj b ci~eba gietabmlz bhbmlwz z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w! mjflzmcmfj

bw Wvn Mlwtfgzi~ WM- Ob}bzmwwb blj iz`f~ tiamgfefl bz z`f B}bhbeb tiamgf tiwz nfci~f z`f Bwwmwzblz

Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic z`f Tiamgf BWT-! z`f gbwf `bw liz wìxl bl} t~ih~fww,

Bjjmzmilbaa}! jfwtmzf z`f smgzme `bsmlh nffl mlzf~smfxfj blj fpbemlfj n} z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf blj Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- bzzbg`fj zi z`f ^bzlbtv~b Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba! li cv~z`f~ bgzmil

`bw nffl zbkfl zi t~iwfgvzf z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w,]iv~ meefjmbzf mlzf~sflzmil mw ~frvm~fj zi gbaa vtil

z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic z`f Tiamgf MHT- zi zbkf bjfrvbzf bgzmil ml z`mw gbwf, Z`f MHT evwz i~jf~

z`f Wtfgmba Mlsfwzmhbzmilw Vlmz zi gieeflgf bl mlsfwzmhbzmil,

Z`f tiamgfefl mlsiasfj evwz nf mljmgzfj mc z`f baafhbzmilw b~f civlj zi nf z~vf ci~ smiabzmil ic z`f

Gilsflzmil bhbmlwz Zi~zv~f Bgz ic 2==:, Ilgf z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil gieeflgfw! z`f baafhfj

tf~tfz~bzi~w evwz nf wvwtfljfj c~ie z`fm~ jvz} blj ~fwz~mgzmilw metiwfj il z`fe,Cmlbaa}! tafbwf

v~hf z`f gilgf~lfj hisf~leflz bhflgmfw ml W~m Ablkb! ml tb~zmgvab~ z`f Lbzmilba @vebl ^mh`zw

Gieemwwmil L@^G- zi t~ismjf ~fmenv~wfeflz ci~ z`f smgzme‐w efjmgba fptflwfw! blj zi flwv~f

z`bz btt~it~mbzf gietflwbzmil mw bcci~jfj zi `me, Bl} hisf~leflz mlzf~sflzmil i~ bwwmwzblgf evwz

flwv~f z`f smgzme‐w cvaa ~fgisf~},

Lbef ic z`f smgzme? E,@, T~m}blz`b Emlmtv~b >6-! wmlhaf blj b cb~ef~ n} iggvtbzmil amsmlh ml

B}bhbeb

Baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w? Wvn Mlwtfgzi~ WM- Ob}bzmwwb blj iz`f~ tiamgfefl bzzbg`fj zi z`f B}bhbeb



2>3

tiamgf tiwz

Jbzf ic mlgmjflz? >: Jfgfenf~ >446

Il >: Jfgfenf~ >446! bz b~ivlj >?74te Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf TG- Vtbam Jmwwblb}bkf! ìef hvb~j

Hvlbwfkf~b blj bliz`f~ tiamgfebl bzzbg`fj zi z`f B}bhbeb tiamgf tiwz b~~fwzfj E,@, T~m}blz`b

Emlmtv~b xmz` bl itfl xb~~blz, Emlmtv~b xbw kftz xmz` Hvlbwfkf~b x`maf z`f iz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~wwzb~zfj wfb~g`mlh ci~ Kbwmttv! b z}tf ic amrvi~ z`bz mw t~i`mnmzfj! b~ivlj z`f smaabhf, Bz b~ivlj

3?74te! z`f tiamgfefl ~fzv~lfj, Z`f} z`fl ziik z`f smgzme zi z`fm~ tiamgf tiwz,

Vtil b~~msba bz z`f tiamgf tiwz! Wvn Mlwtfgzi~ WM- Ob}bzmwwb! xì xbw z`f iccmgf~ ml g`b~hf ic z`f

tiwz! jfebljfj Kbwmttv c~ie Emlmtv~b, X`fl z`f smgzme jflmfj tiwwfwwmlh Kbwmttv! WM Ob}bzmwwb

`mz `me xmz` b wz~ilh naix zi `mw afcz fb~, Bw b ~fwvaz! z`f smgzme‐w afcz fb~j~ve xbw jbebhfj blj `f

wvnwfrvflza} cfaa zi z`f h~ivlj, Emlmtv~b xbw abzf~ `bljgvccfj zi b nfj, @bac bl ìv~ abzf~ `mw

`bljgvccw xf~f ~feisfj blj z`f tiamgf wzb~zfj nfbzmlh `me xmz` b gblf, Z`f tiamgf ~ftfbzfja} `mz

`me il `mw nvzzigkw blj nbgk, Bczf~xb~jw! `f xbw bhbml `bljgvccfj zi z`f wbef nfj vlzma z`f lfpz

ei~lmlh, Z`f tiamgf abzf~ ~feisfj `mw `bljgvccw nvz jfzbmlfj `me bz z`f tiamgf tiwz z`f xìaf jb},

Il Jfgfenf~ >3! bz bnivz 24be Emlmtv~b xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma bczf~ `f xbw zbkfl zi z`f ^bzlbtv~b

Ebhmwz~bzf Giv~z,

Z`f lfpz jb}! `f aijhfj b gietabmlz bhbmlwz `mw zi~zv~f~w nfci~f z`f Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic

Tiamgf BWT-, @f xbw hmsfl b afzzf~ blj xbw bjsmwfj zi t~igffj zi z`f B}bhbeb ìwtmzba ci~ efjmgba

bzzflzmil, Wmlgf z`f B}bhbeb ìwtmzba jmj liz `bsf t~itf~ frvmteflz zi z~fbz fb~ bmaeflzw! Emlmtv~b

xbw bjsmwfj zi wffk z~fbzeflz bz z`f ^bzlbtv~b Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba,Il Jfgfenf~ >0! Emlmtv~b

xflz zi z`f ^bzlbtv~b Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba x`f~f `f xbw z~fbzfj blj gilcmlfj bz z`f Fb~ Liwf

Z`~ibz FLZ- xb~j ci~ cmsf jb}w,

@f xbw bawi wffl n} z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba iccmgf~ OEI-, Bggi~jmlh zi J~, Km~m`flb! bl FLZ

Wv~hfil bz z`f ^bzlbtv~b Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba! z`f smgzme wvccf~fj b wfsf~f fb~bg`f blj aiww ic

`fb~mlh ml z`f afcz fb~ bw b ~fwvaz ic z`f z~bvebzmg tf~ci~bzmil ic z`f fb~ jvf zi bwwbvaz,Bczf~ z`f

cmljmlh xbw ~fafbwfj! z`f smgzme ~fti~zfj z`f bwwbvaz baafhfja} tf~tfz~bzfj n} z`f tiamgf zi z`f

ìwtmzba tiamgf bz z`f ^bzlbtv~b Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba, Bczf~ `f xbw jmwg`b~hfj c~ie z`f ìwtmzba `f

xbw mlwz~vgzfj zi `bsf b ~fhvab~ g`fgk vt xmz` z`f FLZ gamlmg ci~ cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz,

>44324>, Ebli`b~bl ^bhm`b~ wil-? B cbz`f~ ic b wil fpz~b%ovjmgmbaa} kmaafj mw z`~fbzflfj xmz`

jfbz` ci~ tv~wvmlh ovwzmgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj z`f ciaaixmlh afzzf~ c~ie J~, K,

Ebli`b~bl ic Z~mlgiebaff! xìwf wil xbw ilf ic cmsf wzvjflzw ev~jf~fj il > Oblvb~} >443, Bw xf

nfamfsf z`bz z`f t~inafew `f `bw ~bmwfj b~f ic z`f h~fbzfwz meti~zblgf c~ie z`f timlz ic smfx ic



2>8

xmzlfww t~izfgzmil ml W~m Ablkb xf b~f ~ft~ijvgmlh z`f afzzf~ `f~f,Ml z`f tbwz z`f B@^G `bw

gilwzblza} ~bmwfj z`f mwwvf ic xmzlfww t~izfgzmil blj z`f jfbja} ~ftf~gvwwmilw `vebl ~mh`zw smgzmew

`bsf cbgfj ml z`f bzzfetz zi tv~wvf gietabmlzw bnivz h~iww smiabzmilw ic `vebl ~mh`zw, Z`f gbwf ic

Hf~baj Tf~f~b `mhàmh`zw z`mw mwwvf blj z`f~f b~f wi ebl} iz`f~ gbwfw z`bz xf `bsf t~fwflzfj ml z`f

tbwz ~fabzmlh zi z`mw ebzzf~,

Z`f GBZ Gieemzzff! ml z`fm~ wfwwmilw il W~m Ablkb ml Lisfenf~ >446! ebjf z`f ciaaixmlh

~fgieefljbzmil il xmzlfww t~izfgzmil?‖Ml bggi~jblgf xmz` b~zmgaf 27! z`f Wzbzf tb~z} wìvaj zbkf

fccfgzmsf wzftw zi flwv~f z`bz baa tf~wilw ~fti~zmlh bgzw ic zi~zv~f i~ maa%z~fbzeflz b~f t~izfgzfj c~ie

mlzmemjbzmil blj ~ft~mwbaw ml ebkmlh wvg` b ~fti~z, Z`f Wzbzf tb~z} wìvaj mlrvm~f mlzi baa ~fti~zfj

gbwfw ic mlzmemjbzmil ic xmzlfwwfw blj wfz vt t~ih~beefw ci~ xmzlfww blj smgzme t~izfgzmil,–

Xf v~hf fsf~}ilf zi zbkf btt~it~mbzf bgzmil zi bwwmwz J~, Ebli`b~bl zi cmlj t~izfgzmil blj ml

wffkmlh ovwzmgf ci~ `mw wil,

J~, K, Ebli`b~bl 2: Wz, Eb~}(w Wz~ffz Z~mlgiebaff >3 4> >443

Jfb~ Wm~

M be wvnemzzmlh z`f ciaaixmlh cbgzw ci~ }iv~ kmlj mlci~ebzmil xmz` b smfx zi inzbmlmlh }iv~ bjsmgf

blj hvmjblgf,E} wfgilj wil Ebli`b~bl ^bhm`b~ bhfj >4! b H,G,FYB)2 wzvjflz xì xbw ilf ic z`f

cmsf wzvjflzw xì xbw ev~jf~fj il z`f >lj Oblvb~} >443 lfb~ z`f Eb`bzeb Hbljm wzbzvf nfzxffl

z`f Jigk}b~j ~ibj blj z`f Wfb Nfbg`! Z~mlgiebaff,

Il z`f 24z` ic Oblvb~} >443 z`f~f xbw b emlmwzf~mba mlrvm~} bz z`f Ebhmwz~bzf giv~z Z~mlgiebaff blj

M hbsf fsmjflgf il nf`bac ic e} wil, Bczf~ z`f mlrvm~} xbw isf~! z`bz lmh`z blj ci~ wfsf~ba lmh`zw

bczf~ z`bz! z`f~f xf~f b lvenf~ ic zfaftìlf gbaaw! z`~fbzflmlh ef blj z`f amsfw ic z`f iz`f~

efenf~w ic e} cbema} ci~ `bsmlh hmsfl wvg` fsmjflgf, M `bsf ba~fbj} mlci~efj }iv bnivz z`mw ml

x~mzmlh,Cv~z`f~ei~f! ciaaixmlh z`mw mlgmjflz! abzf bz lmh`z wief tfitaf wzb~zfj nblhmlh bz z`f jii~ ic

e} ìvwf blj z`~ixmlh wzilfw bz z`f ~iic, M xbw wgb~fj zi itfl z`f jii~ zi hi ivz blj wff xì

xbw jimlh z`mw, Nvz fsf~}nij} klixw,

Bczf~ z`f gilzmlvmlh t~inafew! z`f xìaf gmz} `bw nfgief wmaflz blj li gmsmamblw afbsf z`fm~ ìefw,

Nvz z`f ci~gfw wzmaa xbak b~ivlj z`f gmz}, E} xmcf blj M b~f Efjmgba T~bgzmzmilf~w n} T~icfwwmil, Nvz

bczf~ e} wil‐w jfbz` xf zfeti~b~ma} gaiwfj iv~ Efjmgba gamlmg, Jv~mlh z`f jb} wz~blhf~w! giemlh n}

eizi~nmkfw! ~frvfwzfj ci~ z~fbzeflz c~ie ef, Nvz x`fl e} xmcf iccf~w `f~ wf~smgfw! z`f wz~blhf~w

wb} z`f} xblz zi effz ef tf~wilbaa}! ~fcvwf `f~ iccf~ ic z~fbzeflz blj afbsf, Z`f} ji liz afbsf

z`fm~ lbefw blj baxb}w xfb~mlh `faefzw zi `mjf z`fm~ cbgfw,

Bczf~ z`fwf cfb~cva mlgmjflzw e} cbema} efenf~w hi zi wzb} ml jmccf~flz tabgfw bz lmh`z, Bczf~ z`f

jfbz` ic e} wil b tf~wil `fatfj ml z`f tv~g`bwf ic ìvwfìaj hiijw il ilf i~ zxi iggbwmilw, Z`f

ci~gfw bwkfj `me bw zi xìe `f tv~g`bwfj z`f hiijw ci~ x`fl `mw ìef xbw fawfx`f~f, @f ziaj

z`fe `f xbw `fatmlh ef blj z`f} ziaj `me liz zi hi zi e} ̀ ivwf, E} c~mfljw! ~fhvab~a} giemlh zi

effz e} cbema} zi hmsf ei~ba wvtti~z xf~f bawi ziaj z`fe liz zi hi zi e} ìvwf,



2>0

M iczfl hi zi Ebhmwz~bzf‐w giv~zw! bczf~ z`f mlrvm~} zmaa z`f gbwf mw zbkfl vt blj M wmz bailh xmz` z`f

tb~flzw ic z`f iz`f~ civ~ smgzmew, Ml e} bnwflgf! z`f Tiamgf `bw nffl gieeflzmlh z`bz! xf b~f

‘kizzm}bw‐ efblmlh Zmhf~w- blj wtfbk ml sm~vaflz ablhvbhf, Baa ic z`fwf mlgmjflzw g~fbzf b ei~ba cfb~

ml iv~ emljw,

M xmaa n~mlh zi }iv~ lizmgf! bl mlgmjflz zi maavwz~bzf e} cfb~w? Z`f Z~mlgiebaff ~fti~zf~ zi z`f‘WVJB^ %IAM‐ Zbema Lfxwtbtf~ `bj zbkfl tìziw ic z`f cmsf wzvjflzw ev~jf~fj blj `bw hmsfl b

smsmj ~fti~z ic z`mw mlgmjflz, Z`mw bttfb~fj il z`f c~ilz tbhf ic z`f tbtf~, Z`mw ~fti~z `mhàmh`zfj

z`f bz~igmzmfw tf~tfz~bzfj il z`f Zbemaw n} z`f ci~gfw! zi z`f ivzwmjf xi~aj, Z`mw ~fti~zf~ xbw wìz

jfbj il z`f >:z` ic z̀ mw eilz` bz 3?74 be x`maf himlh ci~ xi~k, Z`f li~eba sf~wmil ic z`f

bvzì~mzmfw mw z`bz bl vlklixl tf~wil `bw kmaafj z`f smgzme, Li~ebaa} z`f ev~jf~w tf~tfz~bzfj n}

z`f b~efj ci~gfw hi vllizmgfj! blj b~f gabwwmcmfj bw nfmlh ev~jf~w ic vlklixl tfitaf blj

z`f~fci~f mlsfwzmhbzmilw gblliz nf jilf, Ml z`mw gbwf ic ev~jf~ ic z`fwf cmsf wzvjflzw z`f~f mw gafb~

fsmjflgf zi wìx z`bz mz xbw tf~tfz~bzfj n} z`f b~efj ci~gfw,

Lix M jil‐z ~vl z`f Efjmgba Gamlmg cfb~mlh ev~jf~ bz bl} zmef c i~ ef i~ e} xmcf i~ e} iz`f~ zxiwilw, E} zxi wilw b~f vlbnaf zi bzzflj wgìia! nfgbvwf z`f ci~gfw bwk z`fe x`fz`f~ z`f} b~f z`f

n~iz`f~w ic z`f ‘abzf kizzm}b‐, Bw z`f lfxwtbtf~ `bj tvnamw`fj z`f tìziw ic e} abzf wil bailh xmz`

e} ixl blj e} iz`f~ wilw! mz mw bawi ~mwk} ci~ vw zi wfzzaf ml bl} iz`f~ tb~z ic z`f mwablj,Wm~! M z`mlk

}iv gbl vljf~wzblj z`f ~mwk zi amcf M blj e} cbema} b~f cbgmlh,

Xf gblliz hfz isf~ z`f jfftfwz wi~~ix ic emwwmlh e} aismlh wil ^bhm`b~ blj xf ~fbaa} ji liz xblz

bliz`f~ jfbz` ml iv~ cbema}, Gbl }iv `fat ef ml bl} xb} zi bz afbwz wbcfhvb~j z`f iz`f~ efenf~w ic

e} cbema}9

247, ^,J, Kblmw`kb Hb}bl? B }ivlh ebl zi~zv~fj baafhfja} ml ~fsflhf ci~ `mw tb~flzw’ gbetbmhl bhbmlwz z`f maamgmz amrvi~ z~bjf

Mz `bw gief zi z`f bzzflzmil ic z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- z`bz b >2%}fb~%iaj

ebl xbw zi~zv~fj n} tiamgf tf~willfa bzzbg`fj zi z`f @i~blb Tiamgf wzbzmil il 6 Oblvb~} >443, Z`f

tiamgf ~bmjfj z`f smgzme‐w ìvwf blj ziik `me mlzi gvwzij} xmzìvz t~ismjmlh bl} b~~fwz xb~~blz i~

hmsmlh bl} ~fbwil ci~ `mw jfzflzmil, Z`f smgzme wtflz ilf jb} ml jfzflzmil! x`f~f `f gabmew `f xbw

zi~zv~fj n} wief tiamgf iccmgf~w! mlgavjmlh Wf~hfblz ^bobtbkwf blj Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf G`blj~b~bzlf,

Il `mw ~fafbwf! z`f smgzme xbw zbkfl zi z`f @i~blb ìwtmzba x`f~f `f xbw xb~jfj ci~ wfsf~ba jb}w,

Zi jbzf z`f smgzme `bw liz nffl mlci~efj n} z`f tiamgf bw zi x`fz`f~ `f mw wvwtfgzfj ic `bsmlh

gieemzzmlh b g~mef, @mw tb~flzw ìxfsf~! gabme z`bz z`fm~ wil xbw jfzbmlfj blj zi~zv~fj ml ~fwtilwf

zi z`fm~ ~fgflz gbetbmhl bhbmlwz z`f maamgmz amrvi~ z~bjf,

]iv~ v~hflz mlzf~sflzmil mw ~frvm~fj zi `bsf z`f smgzme‐w baafhbzmil ic b~nmz~b~} jfzflzmil blj zi~zv~f

tf~tfz~bzfj n} z`f tiamgfefl mlsfwzmhbzfj zì~ivhà} bw wzmtvabzfj ml z`f Gilsflzmil bhbmlwz

Zi~zv~f Bgz GBZ- Li, >> ic 2==: ic W~m Ablkb, Z`f tiamgfefl mlsiasfj evwz nf wvwtfljfj c~ie

z`fm~ jvz} ilgf z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil gieeflgfw,



2>=

Bl mlrvm~} wìvaj bawi nf giljvgzfj mlzi xì mlwz~vgzfj z`f tiamgf zi jfzbml z`f smgzme ml z`f cm~wz

mlwzblgf,Tafbwf bawi v~hf z`f gilgf~lfj hisf~leflz bhflgmfw ml W~m Ablkb zi ~fmenv~wf z`f smgzme ic

`mw efjmgba fptflwfw, Bjjmzmilbaa}! z`f smgzme evwz nf tabgfj ml b ~f`bnmamzbzmil t~ih~beef ci~

bjfrvbzf efjmgba blj z~bveb z~fbzeflz,

Lbef ic smgzme? ^,J, Kblmw`kb Hb}bl! >2%}fb~w%iaj! vleb~~mfj;Iggvtbzmil? efg`blmg;

Lbef ic baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w? Wf~hfblz ^bobtbkwf! TG G`blj~b~bzlf blj iz`f~w c~ie z`f @i~blb

tiamgf

Jbzf ic mlgmjflz? 6 Oblvb~} >443

Il 6 Oblvb~} >443 b~ivlj 2,44be z`f~f xbw wìvzmlh blj nblhmlh il z`f c~ilz jii~ ic H,

Blvabxbz`m‐w ìef, Z`f gbaaf~w mjflzmcmfj z`fewfasfw bw z`f tiamgf blj jfebljfj z`bz z`f} itfl z`f

jii~, Blvabxbz`m‐w jbvh`zf~! Zbeb~bwm itflfj z`f jii~, Z`~ff tiamgfefl b~efj xmz` hvlw nb~hfj

mlzi z`fm~ ìef blj jfebljfj zi wff `f~ n~iz`f~! Kblmw`kb Hb}bl, Zbeb~bwm wbmj `f xbw wafftmlh,

Ilf tiamgfebl! G`blj~b~bz`lf ~fh, li 72>00- xflz mlzi z`f ~iie ml x`mg` z`f smgzme xbwwafftmlh, Z`f iz`f~ zxi tiamgfefl xflz mlzi z`f ~iiew ml x`mg` civ~ hm~aw xf~f wafftmlh blj nfhbl

zi wfb~g` z`f ~iie, Z`f} j~bhhfj z`f smgzme ivzwmjf blj ~fbjmfj z`fewfasfw zi zbkf `me zi z`f

Tiamgf wzbzmil,

@mw eiz`f~ bwkfj x`} z`f} xf~f b~~fwzmlh `f~ wil nvz z`f ila} ~fta} w`f hiz xbw b nb~~bhf ic cmaz`}

ablhvbhf, Z`f} fsfl z`~fx wzilfw bz `f~, Z`f} z`fl tvz z`f wil mlzi b t~msbzf sf`mgaf ml x`mg` z`f}

`bj b~~msfj blj xflz bxb}, B~ivlj :,44be Kblmw`kb Hb}bl‐w cbz`f~ blj n~iz`f~%ml%abx xflz zi z`f

@i~blb tiamgf wzbzmil ml wfb~g` ic `me, Z`f} b~~msfj ìef b~ivlj 24 z`bz wbef ei~lmlh blj wbmj

z`bz z`f ni} `bj nffl wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil,

Z`f} `bj nffl ziaj zi ~fzv~l zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil b~ivlj 22,44be, Z`f~fci~f! bz 22 z`f} ~fzv~lfj ziz`f tiamgf wzbzmil! bailh xmz` z`f eiz`f~, Z`f} efz xmz` z`f Iccmgf~%Ml%G`b~hf! Mlwtfgzi~ M~bwmlh`f

xì wbmj z`f ni} xivaj nf ~fafbwfj ml z`f fsflmlh, B~ivlj 6te Kblmw`kb Hb}bl ~fzv~lfj ìef,

@f gietabmlfj z`bz `f `bj nffl zi~zv~fj bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil blj xbw cffamlh maa, @f bawi wbmj z`bz

Wf~hfblz ^bobtbkwf n~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj `me blj z`bz `f givaj ~fgihlmwf z`f iz`f~ tf~tfz~bzi~w mc wffl

bhbml,

Abzf~! z`f cbema} ziik `me zi z`f @i~blb ìwtmzba x`f~f `f xbw xb~jfj ci~ wfsf~ba jb}w, Zi jbzf z`f

smgzme `bw liz nffl mlci~efj n} z`f tiamgf bw zi x`fz`f~ `f mw wvwtfgzfj ic `bsmlh gieemzzmlh b

g~mef,Nvz bggi~jmlh zi Blvabxbz`m! `f~ blj `f~ `vwnblj `bj ~fgflza} i~hblmwfj b h~ivt ic smaabhf~w

zi wzblj vt bhbmlwz z`f vwf ic maamgmz amrvi~ ml z`fm~ smaabhf,

Bz z`f cm~wz effzmlh z`f `vwnblj blj xmcf wtikf wz~ilha} bhbmlwz z`mw h~ixmlh eflbgf, Z`f} wvwtfgz

z`bz z`fm~ wil xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj blj zi~zv~fj bw ~fsflhf n} zìwf xì `bj nffl bjsf~wfa} bccfgzfj

n} z`fm~ gbetbmhl, Z`bz mw! z`f z~bccmgkf~w bw xfaa bw z`f tiamgf xì amsf icc z`f zbkmlhw c~ie z`mw

avg~bzmsf nvwmlfww, Blvabxbz`m bawi wvwtfgzw z`bz z`f t~msbzf sbl ml x`mg` z`f tiamgf gbef zi b~~fwz

`f~ wil nfailhfj zi ilf ic z`fwf maamgmz amrvi~ z~bjf~w,



274

24:, J,B, Hb}bl ^bwmkb? Meefjmbzf z~fbzeflz blj efjmgmlfw ~frvm~fj ci~ b zi~zv~f smgzme

t~fwflza} jfzbmlfj bz z`f Kbavzb~b ~feblj t~mwil

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- x~mzfw zi mlci~e }iv ic }fz bliz`f~ gbwf ic n~vzba

zi~zv~f ic b ebl! J,B, Hb}bl ^bwmkb >:-! n} z`f Xfamtfllb tiamgf ciaaixmlh `mw b~~fwz il 8 Oblvb~}

>443, X`maf ml tiamgf gvwzij}! `mw ~fabzmsfw ~fti~zfj zi z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil ic W~m Ablkb@^G- ‖zi~zv~f ìzamlf– wffkmlh z`fm~ mlzf~sflzmil, @ixfsf~! z`f tf~wil xìe z`f cbema} zbakfj zi

ziaj z`fe zi afz z`fm~ abx}f~ mlci~e z`f Giv~z ic z`f zi~zv~f mlgmjflz ilgf `f mw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f

Ebhmwz~bzf,

Mz mw ~fti~zfj z`bz z`f smgzme mw wvccf~mlh c~ie efjmgba bmaeflzw blj mw nfmlh jflmfj efjmgba

z~fbzeflz blj efjmgmlfw n} t~mwil bvzì~mzmfw bz z`f Kbavzb~b x`f~f `f mw t~fwflza} jfzbmlfj, @f `bw

nffl zbkmlh ~fhvab~ efjmgbzmil ci~ z`mw t~mi~ zi `mw nfmlh wflz zi t~mwil,Z`f B@^G mw jffta}

gilgf~lfj n} z`f t~mwil bvzì~mzmfw‐ mlbjfrvbzf bgzmil zi `bsf z`f smgzme bjfrvbzfa} z~fbzfj blj

t~ismjfj xmz` wvccmgmflz efjmgmlfw, Z`f bvzì~mz}‐w cbmav~f zi flwv~f z`f smgzme‐w t`}wmgba ~fgisf~}

blj ~fhvab~ `fbaz` gb~f mw zizbaa} vlbggftzbnaf,

Bjjmzmilbaa}! z`f @^G‐w mlbjfrvbzf ~fwtilwf zi z`mw gbwf mw bttbaamlh,]iv~ meefjmbzf mlzf~sflzmil mw

~frvm~fj zi ~frvfwz z`f tiamgf blj t~mwil bvzì~mzmfw zi `bsf z`f smgzme z~fbzfj blj t~ismjfj xmz`

wvccmgmflz efjmgmlfw, Z`f Wtfgmba Mlsfwzmhbzmilw Vlmz WMV- evwz mlmzmbzf bl mlrvm~} blj tabgf z`f

tiamgfefl mlsiasfj bz z`f Xfamtfllb tiamgf vljf~ mlsfwzmhbzmil, Ilgf z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil gieeflgfw!

z`f tiamgfefl evwz nf wvwtfljfj c~ie z`fm~ jvz} zi t~fsflz z`fe c~ie mlcavflgmlh z`f mlrvm~},

Lbef ic z`f smgzme? J,B, Hb}bl ^bwmkb >:-! eb~~mfj! b ~fwmjflz ic Kbabsmab! Nf~vxfab, @f mw

t~fwflza} jfzbmlfj bz z`f Kbavzb~b ~feblj t~mwil,

Baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w? Zxi tiamgfefl bzzbg`fj zi z`f Xfamtfllb Tiamgf wzbzmil blj tf~willfa bz z`f

Kbavzb~b t~mwilJbzf ic z`f mlgmjflz? 8 Oblvb~} >443

Il 8 Oblvb~} >443! bz bnivz 7?26be zxi tiamgfefl bzzbg`fj zi z`f Xfamtfllb Tiamgf wzbzmil

b~~fwzfj J,B, Hb}bl ^bwmkb bz `mw ìvwf blj ziik `me zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f `f xbw baafhfja}

n~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj, X`fl `f xbw smwmzfj n} `mw eiz`f~ z`bz fsflmlh! z`f smgzme xbw naffjmlh c~ie `mw

liwf blj eivz`, @f `bj wfsf~f mlov~mfw baa isf~ `mw nij} blj givaj liz fsfl wzblj il `mw cffz, Z`f

smgzme mlci~efj `mw eiz`f~ bnivz z`f zi~zv~f gieemzzfj bhbmlwz `me jfwtmzf `bsmlh h~fbz jmccmgvaz}

ml wtfbkmlh,

Cfb~mlh ci~ Hb}bl ^bwmkb‐w wbcfz}! `mw tb~flzw mlci~efj z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil‐w ‘Zi~zv~f

@izamlf‐ bnivz z`f b~~fwz! maafhba jfzflzmil blj zi~zv~f ic z`fm~ wil, Mlwzfbj ic nfmlh ~fbwwv~fj z`bz

z`fm~ wil‐w gbwf xivaj nf mlsfwzmhbzfj mlzi! z`f tb~flzw xf~f ziaj zi xbmz vlzma z`fm~ wil xbw

t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf blj `bsf `mw abx}f~ mlci~e z`f Giv~z ~fhb~jmlh z`f gietabmlz ic

zi~zv~f, Mz xbw abzf~ afb~lfj z`bz z`f smgzme xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebzvhbeb Ebhmwz~bzf z`bz wbef

jb} blj xbw ~febljfj zi z`f Kbavzb~b ~feblj t~mwil,



272

Il Oblvb~} 0! z`f smgzme‐w tb~flzw blj `mw xmcf smwmzfj z`f smgzme x`f~f `f xbw ~febljfj, Z`f}

xf~f ì~~mcmfj zi wff z`f wfsf~f mlov~mfw baa isf~ z`f smgzme‐w nij}, @f givaj liz xbak blj `bj zi nf

bwwmwzfj n} t~mwil iccmgf~w, Z`f t~mwil iccmgf~w ziaj z`f smgzme‐w ~fab zmsfw ic z`f tiamgf n~vzbamz} blj

zi~zv~f, Mz mw ~fti~zfj z`bz z`f smgzme xbw wvwtfljfj c~ie z`f gfmamlh blj bwwbvazfj baa isf~ `mw nij},

Bw b ~fwvaz! `f xbw ml meeflwf tbml,

Bazìvh` z`f t~mwil bvzì~mzmfw b~f t~ismjmlh z`f smgzme xmz` wief efjmgmlf! `f `bw liz nffl zbkfl

zi z`f t~mwil ìwtmzba ci~ bjfrvbzf efjmgba z~fbzeflz, Z`f smgzme b `bw `mwzi~} ic wvccf~mlh c~ie

wfsf~f `fbjbg`fw blj ftmaftw} cmzw, @f `bw nffl zbkmlh ~fhvab~ efjmgbzmil ci~ z`mw t~mi~ zi `mw nfmlh

wflz zi t~mwil,

@mw cbema} mw jffta} gilgf~lfj z`bz ml z`f bnwflgf ic efjmgmlfw! z`f smgzme emh`z wvccf~ b ~fabtwf ic

`mw bmaeflzw, Z`f cbema} wbmj z`f t~mwil bvzì~mzmfw evwz meefjmbzfa} z~fbz Hb}bl ^bwmkb ci~ `mw

mlov~mfw blj t~ismjf `me wvccmgmflz efjmgmlfw ci~ `mw ~fhvab~ `fbaz` mwwvfw,

246, Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf? Bwwbvaz il b cfebaf tiamgf gilwzbnaf n} bl

Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf ic z`f Ebzvhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh z`f bwwbvaz ic b

cfebaf tiamgf gilwzbnaf Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf XTG Li 727:- n} bl Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf bz z`f

Ebzvhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil,Tafbwf wflj b afzzf~ zi z`f ~fafsblz bvzì~mzmfw amwzfj nfaix bwkmlh z`fe zi

mlzf~sflf ml z`mw gbwf blj zi flwv~f z`bz z`f t~bgzmgf ic bwwbvaz jifw liz gilzmlvf, Afhba bgzmil evwz

bawi nf zbkfl bhbmlwz z`f Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf xì smiabzfj z`f ~mh`zw ic z`mw smgzme, Cmlbaa}! tafbwf

~frvfwz z`bz baa bgzmil nf zbkfl zi mlwz~vgz z`f tiamgf zi ~fc~bml c~ie smiabzmlh z`f cvljbeflzba ~mh`z

zi c~ffjie c~ie zi~zv~f! g~vfa! ml`vebl blj jfh~bjmlh z~fbzeflz hvb~blzffj n} z`f Gilwzmzvzmil

Lbef ic smgzme? Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf XTG Li 727:-! 76! bzzbg`fj zi z`f

Ebzvhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Lbef ic baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w? Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf Kbwzv~mb~bg`g`m blj z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf ic

Bjemlmwz~bzmil ic z`f Ebzvhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil

Jbzf ic mlgmjflz? 22 Oblvb~} >443

Tabgf ic mlgmjflz? Ebzvhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil

Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf XTG Li 727:- `bw nffl b tiamgf gilwzbnaf wmlgf 2==3 blj nfhbl xi~k bz z`f

Ebzvhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil il 2> Eb} >44:,Il 22 Oblvb~} >443 bz b~ivlj 8,64be! Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf

xbw il jvz} bz z`f Ebzvhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Ml z`f giv~wf ic `f~ xi~k! w`f `bj iggbwmil zi smwmz z`f

tiamgf ~fwf~sf zi aiik ci~ z`f G~mefw Mlci~ebzmil Niik GMN-, Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf lizmgfj z`f IMG%

bjemlmwz~bzmil! Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf Kbwzv~mb~bg`g`m xbw mlzmebzfa} zbakmlh xmz` z`f zfaftìlf

itf~bzi~! XTG! Boblz`b, Bggi~jmlh zi Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf! z`f Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf `bj nffl

blli}fj bz `f~ mlz~vwmil,



27>

@f ~bmwfj `mw simgf blj bwkfj! ‖X`} `bsf }iv zbkfl isf~ z`mw jvz}9–

Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf blwxf~fj! ‖Z`mw mw e} jvz} z`bz Boblz`b `bj zbkfl isf~–,

@f~ ~fta} mlcv~mbzfj z`f Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf xì wìvzfj cmaz`} ablhvbhf bz Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf blj

ziaj `f~ zi w`vz vt, Z`f Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf z`fl xbakfj vt zi Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf z`~fbzflmlha}!

x~bttfj `mw cmlhf~w zmh`za} b~ivlj `f~ lfgk blj xmz` `mw iz`f~ `blj wabttfj `f~ `b~j il `f~ cbgf

blj fb~w,

@f z`fl smiaflza} wìsfj Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf nbgkxb~jw blj z`fl z`~fx `f~ bhbmlwz b xbaa,Wvlfz`~b

Kiwxbzzf z`fl xflz zi gietabml zi z`f wzbzmil%IMG nvz `f xbw liz t~fwflz bz z`f wzbzmil, W`f

z`f~fci~f wflz b efwwbhf zi `mw iccmgmba ~fwmjflgf, Z`f wzbzmil%IMG ~ftamfj zi Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf zi

~febml bz z`f Ebzbhveb wzbzmil! vlzma `mw ~fzv~l,

X`fl z`f IMG ~fzv~lfj! Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf gietabmlfj bnivz z`f Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf

Kbwzv~mb~bg`g`m‐w bwwbvaz il `f~, Z`f IMG z`fl ziaj Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf zi xbmz vlzma z`f Bwwmwzblgf

Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf gbef zi z`f Ebzbhveb wzbzmil, Bz b~ivlj 22be z`f BwwmwzblgfWvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf b~~msfj, Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf bhbml gietabmlfj bnivz z`f bwwbvaz zi z`f

Bwwmwzblgf Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf,

Z`f Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf bjsmwfj Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf zi hi zi ìwtmzba, Bz 22,:6be

Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf ebjf bl flz~} ml z`f wzbzmil aih niik z`bz w`f xbw himlh zi z`f ìwtmzba, Bz z`mw

zmef Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf‐w `vwnblj b~~msfj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj zihfz`f~ z`f} xflz zi z`f

Tmenv~b Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba x`f~f Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf ~fgfmsfj z~fbzeflz, Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf

bawi ziaj z`f ìwtmzba bvzì~mzmfw bnivz `f~ bwwbvaz bz z`f `bljw ic z`f Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf,Il Oblvb~}

2> Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf xbw zbkfl n} benvablgf zi z`f Lbhijb Hflf~ba @iwtmzbax`f~f w`f ilgf

bhbml! gietabmlfj bnivz z`f bwwbvaz, Il Oblvb~} 27 z`f IMG%Nvabz`wml`bab Tiamgf wzbzmil inzbmlfjWvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf‐w x~mzzfl wzbzfeflz, Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf bawi gietabmlfj zi z`f OEI xì

fpbemlfj `f~,

Il Oblvb~} 2: Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf xbw jmwg`b~hfj c~ie ìwtmzba, Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf xbw h~blzfj 24

jb}w ic efjmgba afbsf, Jv~mlh z`mw zmef Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf xbw bawi jm~fgzfj zi z`f gamlmg blj

i~jf~fj zi xfb~ b lfgk giaab~ ci~ mlov~mfw gbvwfj zi `f~, Wvlfz`~b Kiwxbzzf lix ~fti~zw z`bz w`f `bw

nffl tflbamwfj ci~ gietabmlmlh bhbmlwz z`f tf~tfz~bzi~! bw w`f `bw nffl z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f

Nvabz`wml`bab Tiamgf wzbzmil, Zi jbzf! li jmwgmtamlb~} i~ iz`f~ bgzmil `bw nffl mlwzmzvzfj bhbmlwz z`f

wbmj tf~tfz~bzi~,

243, Wvlma T~febz`mabkf? Maafhba b~~fwz blj jfzflzmil n} z`f Hikb~faab tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw gief zi afb~l ic b gbwf mlsiasmlh z`f maafhba

b~~fwz blj jfzflzmil ic b ebl n} z`f Hikb~faab tiamgf! jfwtmzf z`f abzzf~ nfmlh mlci~efj z`bz z`f ebl

z`f} `bj b~~fwzfj xbw liz z`f tf~wil z`f} xf~f bczf~, E~, Wvlma T~febz`mabkf xbw gilc~ilzfj n} z`f

tiamgf xì xf~f wffkmlh b E~, Wvlma T~feb~bz`lf,



277

Zìvh` z`f lbefw sb~mfj blj E~, T~febz`mabkf timlzfj z`mw ivz! z`f tiamgf t~igffjfj zi b~~fwz `me

~fhb~jafww blj ziik `me mlzi z`fm~ gvwzij}, Z`f ciaaixmlh jb} E~, T~febz`mabkf xbw n~ivh`z nfci~f

z`f Kv~vlfhbab Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z x`f~f `f xbw ~febljfj vlzma : Cfn~vb~} >443! blj abzf~ ~fafbwfj

il nbma, Z`f lfpz jbzf ic `fb~mlh ml z`mw gbwf mw il Eb~g` 74,

Il >0 Oblvb~} >443! bz btt~ipmebzfa} >be! civ~ tiamgfefl mlgavjmlh b ìef hvb~j lbefj Bomz`b~~msfj bz E~, T~febz`mabkf‐w ìvwf blj jfebljfj! ‖Xì mw Wvlma T~feb~bz`lf9– X`fl E~,

T~febz`mabkf wbmj `f xbw ‖Wvlma T~febz`mabkf–! z`f tiamgfefl mlci~efj `me z`bz z`f~f xbw b

xb~~blz ci~ `mw b~~fwz blj t~igffjfj zi b~~fwz `me,

E~, T~febz`mabkf mlwmwzfj z`bz `f xbw liz z`f ebl z`f} xf~f aiikmlh ci~ blj `bj lfsf~ `bj b

xb~~blz mwwvfj bhbmlwz `me, Z`f tiamgfefl! ìxfsf~! mhli~fj `me blj fwgi~zfj `me ivzwmjf,@f xbw

`bljgvccfj zihfz`f~ xmz` bliz`f~ tf~wil xìe `f abzf~ afb~lz xbw Wvlma T~feb~bz`lf % b z~bjf~ ml

maamgmz amrvi~ blj xì iczfl giaavjfj xmz` z`f Hikb~faab tiamgf ci~ z`f nfzzf~eflz blj cmlblgmba hbml

ic niz` tb~zmfw,

Mz mw nfamfsfj z`bz Wvlma T~feb~bz`lf iczfl bttfb~fj ml giv~z vljf~ sb~mivw cbawf lbefw wi z`bz `mw

t~mi~ g~memlba ~fgi~j xivaj nf gilgfbafj c~ie z`f giv~z, Mz mw cv~z`f~ nfamfsfj z`bz `f giaavjfj xmz`

z`f tiamgf zi jfgfmsf niz` z`f giv~zw blj ebhmwz~bzf, Efblx`maf `f xbw bawi fsbjmlh b giv~z xb~~blz

ci~ `mw b~~fwz! baa z`f x`maf bttfb~mlh ml giv~z vljf~ twfvji lbefw, Z`f smgzme bawi wb}w z`bz Wvlma

T~feb~bz`lf xbw ~favgzblz zi bttfb~ ml giv~z ml ~fwtilwf zi z`f xb~~blz bw `f cfb~fj `f xivaj nf

b~~fwzfj, Wi `f mljvgfj z`f tiamgf zi b~~fwz b zizbaa} mlligflz ebl! cbawfa} g`b~hf `me blj z`fl

t~ijvgf `me ml giv~z % mlwzfbj ic z`f amrvi~ z~bjf~ `mewfac,

Ciaaixmlh `mw b~~fwz bz `mw ìvwf! E~, T~febz`mabkf xbw zbkfl zi z`f Hikb~faab Tiamgf wzbzmil blj tvz

mlzi b ìajmlh gfaa, Ml z`f ei~lmlh! `mw xmcf blj wmnamlhw b~~msfj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj ziaj z`f

tiamgf z`bz `f xbw Wvlma T~febz`mabkf; liz Wvlma T~feb~bz`lf, Nvz z`f tiamgf ~fcvwfj zi amwzfl ziz`fe, Bz bnivz =be z`f tiamgf ziik `me zi z`f Kv~vlfhbab Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z blj t~fwflzmlh `me bw

Wvlma T~feb~bz`lf blj hiz `me ~febljfj vlzma Cfn~vb~} :,

Il Cfn~vb~} 6 `f xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma, Z`f lfpz jbzf ic `fb~mlh ml z`mw gbwf gbwf lvenf~ 7=>7)N-

mw wfz ci~ Eb~g` 74,E~, T~febz`mabkf wvwtfgzw z`bz z`f tiamgf mlzflzmilbaa} blj c~bvjvaflza} b~~fwzfj

`me! t~ijvgfj `me ml giv~z blj ~febljfj `me ml amfv ic Wvlma T~feb~bz`lf bhbmlwz xìe b xb~~blz

ic b~~fwz `bj nffl mwwvfj il b t~fsmivw iggbwmil, @f z`f~fci~f ~frvfwzw z`bz z`f tiamgf nf v~hfj zi

meefjmbzfa} t~ijvgf z`f ~fba bggvwfj ml z`f gbwf blj z`bz meefjmbzf bgzmil nf zbkfl bhbml z`f f~~blz

tiamgfefl xì emwafj z`f giv~z ~fhb~jmlh z`f mjflzmz} ic z`f bggvwfj,

@f bawi jfebljw z`bz `f nf tbmj gietflwbzmil ci~ `mw maafhba b~~fwz blj ci~ nfmlh cbawfa} jft~msfj ic

`mw amnf~z} ci~ wfsf~ba jb}w,Mz wìvaj nf lizfj z`bz z`f wvnwzmzvzmil ic bggvwfj tf~wilw ml z`f

Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z % fwtfgmbaa} gilgf~lmlh maamgmz amrvi~ gbwfw % mw b gieeil t~bgzmgf n} z`f aigba

tiamgf bg~iww z`f givlz~}, X`fl bl ixlf~ ic bl maamgmz amrvi~ wìt mw btt~f`fljfj blj cmlfj!

~fhvab~a} mz mw ilf ic `mw)`f~ xi~kf~w xì bttfb~w ml giv~z! tb}w z`f cmlf blj fsfl hfzw ~febljfj,

Z`mw mw ebjf tiwwmnaf nfgbvwf ~b~fa} mw t~iic ic MJ ic z`f bggvwfj ~frvm~fj ml z`f Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z,

Niz` g~memlbaw blj z`f tiamgf b~f nflfcmzmlh c~ie z`mw w}wzfe,



27:

248, Jbemz` Kveb~b? Bwwbvaz blj cbn~mgbzmil ic g`b~hfw n} z`f Tijjbab Tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw gief zi afb~l ic b gbwf mlsiasmlh z`f cbn~mgbzfj

g`b~hfw ic b ebl! ixmlh zi z`f amlf ic xi~k `f mw flhbhfj ml, Zìvh` z`f tiamgf `bsf g`b~hfj z`f

smgzme xmz` tiwwfwwmlh hblob eb~movblb-! `f ebmlzbmlw z`bz `f xbw g`b~hfj nfgbvwf ic z`f maamgmz

emlmlh giljvgzfj n} `mw fetai}f~ xì c~frvflza} `bw zi n~mnf z`f tiamgf zi gilzmlvf ml z`fm~bgzmsmzmfw,

Zìvh` z`f smgzme mw ivz il nbma! `f mw wzmaa cbgmlh wf~mivw g`b~hfw x`mg` mw flzm~fa} vlbggftzbnaf

hmsfl z`bz z`f} b~f cbn~mgbzfj,Il 0 Cfn~vb~} >443! bz bnivz 8te! Jbemz` Kveb~b `bj wzittfj bz b

z`~ff%x`ffa tb~k zi g`bz xmz` b c~mflj, Bz z`bz zmef! z`f Tijjbab tiamgf IMG zihfz`f~ xmz` bliz`f~

tiamgfebl ‚ niz` ml gmssmfw ‚ btt~ibg`fj ml b offt,

Z`f IMG bamh`zfj c~ie z`f offt blj wìvzfj! ‖]iv zxi! gief `f~f meefjmbzfa}–, Niz` E~, Kveb~b

blj `mw c~mflj xbakfj vt zi z`f IMG, Bw z`f} j~fx lfb~! z`f IMG wabttfj niz` efl `b~j bg~iww

z`fm~ cbgfw, Z`f} xf~f z`fl ci~gfj mlzi z`f offt blj zbkfl zi z`f Tijjbab Tiamgf wzbzmil, Lfmz`f~ xbw

mlci~efj bnivz z`f ~fbwilw ci~ z`fm~ b~~fwz, Bz z`f wzbzmil z`f} xf~f zbkfl zi z`f IMG‐w ~iie, @f

gilwvazfj b tmfgf ic tbtf~ blj bwkfj z`fm~ lbefw,

X`fl z`f} ziaj `me z`fm~ lbefw! `f wbmj E~, Kveb~b‐w lbef xbw il z`f amwz blj mlwz~vgzfj z`f

tiamgfefl zi jfzbml E~, Kveb~b blj ~fafbwf `mw c~mflj,Z`f IMG t~igffjfj zi bwwbvaz blj `b~bww E~,

Kveb~b, @f z`fl mlwz~vgzfj bliz`f~ tiamgfebl zi ‘niik E~, Kveb~b ci~ j~vhw‐, E~, Kveb~b xbw

z`fl aigkfj ml b ìajmlh gfaa, Bazìvh` `f ~ftfbzfja} ~frvfwzfj zi klix x`bz z`f g`b~hfw xf~f

bhbmlwz `me! z`f tiamgf ~fcvwfj zi zfaa `me, Z`f lfpz jb} bz bnivz 0be b tiamgfebl flzf~fj z`f gfaa

xmz` bl flsfaitf blj jfebljfj z`bz E~, Kveb~b tvz `mw cmlhf~t~mlz il z`f gisf~, E~, Kveb~b

gietamfj jvf zi cfb~,

Z`fl! bz bnivz 22be! `f xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Hbaaf Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z blj mz xbw ila} z`f~f `f

jmwgisf~fj z`bz `f `bj nffl g`b~hfj xmz` tiwwfwwmlh hblob eb~movblb- blj cbn~mgbzfj gbwf Li,

36328 `bj nffl abmj bhbmlwz `me, @ixfsf~! jfwtmzf nfmlh zf~~mcmfj! E~, Kveb~b mlwmwzfj il tafbjmlh

liz hvmaz} zi z`f g`b~hfw cmafj bhbmlwz `me blj bggi~jmlha} xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma,Bggi~jmlh zi E~,

Kveb~b! `mw eiz`f~ mw bmamlh blj z`vw `f mw ci~gfj zi xi~k ci~ b wblj emlmlh evjbabam

nvwmlfwwebl- ‚ ilf ic z`f cfx gbwvba oinw bsbmabnaf ml `mw ìef zixl,

Mz mw lizfxi~z`} z`bz z`f nvwmlfwwefl inzbml b amgflwf zi emlf ci~ wblj wfsf~ba jb}w b xffk nvz ml

~fbamz}! z`f} flhbhf ml maamgmz emlmlh z`~ivhìvz z`f xffk, Z`mw mw iczfl jilf ml giaavwmil xmz` z`f

b~fb tiamgf xì b~f `fbsma} n~mnfj zi ‘aiik z`f iz`f~ wmjf‐, @ixfsf~ fsf~} ilgf ml b x`maf! z`f tiamgf

b~~fwz b xi~kf~! t~ijvgf `me ml giv~z blj cmlf `me ‚ z`f cmlf nfmlh tbmj n} z`f ixlf~, Nvz z`f

nvwmlfwwebl mw lfsf~ b~~fwzfj blj z`f maamgmz bgzmsmz} gilzmlvfw vlbnbzfj, Wiefzmefw! z`f

nvwmlfwwebl mw ~frvm~fj zi ‘hmsf b gbwf‐ zi z`f tiamgf! m,f, wflj b xi~kf~ zi z`f tiamgf zi nf g`b~hfj!

tafbj hvmaz} nfci~f giv~z blj zi tb} z`f ~frvmwmzf cmlf, Z`mw xb}! z`f tiamgf flwv~f z`f} b~f liz tvaafj

vt n} wvtf~mi~w ci~ ‘liz zbkmlh bgzmil‐ bhbmlwz maafhba bgzmsmzmfw,



276

Bggi~jmlh zi E~, Kveb~b! zìvh` z`f tiamgf `bj il wfsf~ba iggbwmilw bzzfetzfj zi b~~fwz `me! `f

`bj baxb}w eblbhfj zi fsbjf z`mw, Fsfl `mw fetai}f~ `bj liz ~frvfwzfj `me zi hi zi z`f tiamgf

‘xmz` b gbwf‐, @f z`f~fci~f nfamfsfw z`bz z`f tiamgf cbn~mgbzfj z`f ‘hblob g`b~hf‐ bhbmlwz `me ml i~jf~

zi wiefìx ‘zfbg` `me b afwwil‐,E~, Kveb~b v~hfw z`bz z`f bvzì~mzmfw zbkf meefjmbzf bgzmil

bhbmlwz z`f Tijjbab tiamgf blj flwv~f z`bz z`f cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me b~f xmz`j~bxl blj z`bz

`f mw liz cv~z`f~ `b~bwwfj,

@f bawi v~hfw z`bz meefjmbzf jmwgmtamlb~} blj afhba bgzmil nf zbkfl bhbmlwz z`f f~~blz

tiamgfefl,Oblbwblwbjb}b! z`f `vebl ~mh`zw i~hblmwbzmil xì mw gv~~flza} bwwmwzmlh E~, Kveb~b `bw

ba~fbj} lizmcmfj z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil! z`f Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil! z`f Mlwtfgzi~

Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf blj z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba bnivz z`mw w`befcva mlgmjflz blj ìtf z`bz z`fwf

mlwzmzvzmilw zbkf lfgfwwb~} bgzmil zi flwv~f z`bz ovwzmgf mw jilf,

240, J, Mljmkb Xbwblz`b blj Kvevjmlm Ebakblz`m? B t~fhlblz xiebl blj `f~ `vwnblj

n~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj n} z`f ^bz`hbeb tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh b n~vzba zi~zv~f

ic b }ivlh givtaf! lbefa} E~, J, Mljmkb Xbwblz`b blj E~w, Kvevjmlm Ebakblz`m! n} z`f ^bz`hbeb

tiamgf il 23 Cfn~vb~} >443, Mz mw bab~emlh z`bz z`f tiamgf jmj liz `fwmzbzf zi bwwbvaz z`f fmh`z eilz`w

t~fhlblz xiebl! xì xbw il `f~ xb} zi ìwtmzba bz z`f zmef zi effz xmz` b jigzi~, Ew, Ebakblz`m

xbw ml b wf~mivw giljmzmil blj z`f~f mw b tiwwmnmamz} z`bz z`f vlni~l g`maj eb} `bsf wvccf~fj c~ie

m~~ftb~bnaf jbebhf jvf zi z`f bwwbvaz,

Mz mw baafhfj z`bz z`f givtaf xbw b~nmz~b~ma} zbkfl mlzi gvwzij} blj bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf jvf zi z`f

`vwnblj(w ~fcvwba zi aflj `mw sf`mgaf zi z`f tiamgf b cfx jb}w nfci~f z`f mlgmjflz, Jfwtmzf z`fm~gietabmlzw zi z`f Hbaaf tiamgf! li b~~fwz `bw nffl ebjf bhbmlwz z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w, Bz b~ivlj

6?74te il 23 Cfn~vb~} >443! J, Mljmkb Xbwblz`b afcz `mw ìvwf ml Ixbkbljb! ^bz`hbeb zi zbkf `mw

fmh`z eilz`w t~fhlblz xmcf! Kvevjmlm Ebakblz`m! zi b jigzi~ bw w`f xbw gietabmlmlh ic wfsf~f

bnjiemlba tbmlw, @ixfsf~! z`f} xf~f gbvh`z ml ~vw` ìv~ z~bccmg obe,

X`fl `mw sf`mgaf waixa} btt~ibg`fj lfb~ z`f ^bz`hbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil! Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf MT-

Ob}b~bz`lf! xì xbw wzbljmlh ml c~ilz ic z`f wzbzmil! wìvzfj aivja} bz E~, Xbwblz`b! ‖Bji‘@f}

}iv-"., X`fl E~, Xbwblz`b wzittfj `mw sf`mgaf! MT Ob}b~bz`lf i~jf~fj `me zi j~msf `mw sf`mgaf mlzi

z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil t~femwfw, X`fl E~, Xbwblz`b mlrvm~fj mlzi z`f ~fbwil ci~ z`mw! z`f MT ila}

~ftamfj! ‖}iv xmaa cmlj ivz mlwmjf z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,.

Fsfl zìvh` E~w, Ebakblz`m bwkfj z`f MT zi baaix z`fe zi hi nfgbvwf z`f} xf~f ~vw`mlh zi wff b

jigzi~! z`f MT ~fcvwfj zi amwzfl zi `f~, X`fl E~, Xbwblz`b j~isf `mw sf`mgaf mlzi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil

t~femwfw! MT Ob}b~bz`lf gbaafj ivz zi `mw giaafbhvfw! mlgavjmlh Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf TG- Li 37437 blj

cmsf iz`f~w civ~ ml vlmci~e blj ilf ml gmsmambl gaiz̀ fw-! zi gief ivzwmjf, Meefjmbzfa} TG Li,

37437 wabttfj E~, Xbwblz`b(w cbgf xmzìvz wb}mlh b xi~j, Wffmlh z`bz `f~ `vwnblj xbw naffjmlh

c~ie `mw amt! E~w, Ebakblz`m nfhhfj z`f TG liz zi bwwbvaz `me,



273

Bhbml! w`f fptabmlfj z`bz z`f} xf~f ~vw`mlh zi z`f ìwtmzba bw w`f `bj wfsf~f bnjiemlba tbmlw blj

nfhhfj z`f tiamgfefl zi afz z`fe hi, Mlwzfbj! MT Ob}b~bz`lf sf~nbaa} bnvwfj `f~ ml cmaz`}! jfh~bjmlh

blj `vemambzmlh ablhvbhf, E~, Xbwblz`b givaj liz nfb~ z`f sf~nba mlwvaz il `mw xmcf blj bamh`zfj

c~ie `mw sf`mgaf, Wmp i~ wfsfl tiamgfefl z`fl meefjmbzfa} tivlgfj il `me blj n~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj

`me xmz` z`fm~ cmwzw blj niizw,

X`fl E~w, Ebakblz`m z~mfj zi w`mfaj `f~ `vwnblj! z`f tiamgfefl bawi nfbz `f~ nij}! mlgavjmlh `f~

bnjiefl, W`f cmlbaa} cfaa vlgilwgmivw, Nvz z`f tiamgfefl jmj liz fsfl bzzfetz zi zbkf `f~ zi z`f

ìwtmzba blj gilzmlvfj zi nfbz E~, Xbwblz`b,Efblx`maf! wfsf~ba smaabhf~w hbz`f~fj ivzwmjf z`f

tiamgf wzbzmil blj wbx z`f mlgmjflz, Z`f} wìvzfj bz z`f tiamgf zi wzit bwwbvazmlh E~, Xbwblz`b blj

`mw xmcf blj v~hfj z`fe zi baaix Ew, Ebakblz`m zi nf zbkfl zi ìwtmzba, @ixfsf~! z`f tiamgfefl jmj

liz amwzfl zi z`f smaabhf~w blj bzzfetzfj zi j~bh z`f mlov~fj E~, Xbwblz`b mlzi z`f wzbzmil,

Z`f smaabhf~w z`fl t~fsflzfj z`f tiamgf c~ie jimlh wi blj `fatfj E~, Xbwblz`b blj `mw xmcf zi

afbsf ci~ z`f ìwtmzba,Il z`f wbef jb} Cfn~vb~} 23-! niz` E~, Xbwblz`b blj E~w, Ebakblz`m xf~f

bjemzzfj zi z`f Kb~btmzm}b @iwtmzba, Z`f jigzi~w! xì fpbemlfj z`f xmcf! wbmj z`bz w`f xbw ml b sf~} wf~mivw giljmzmil blj eb} nf ml ~mwk ic aiwmlh `f~ g`maj,

W`f xbw abzf~ z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Eb`beijb~b @iwtmzba x`f~f w`f xbw z~fbzfj ci~ civ~ jb}w, E~,

Xbwblz`b xbw bawi ìwtmzbamwfj ci~ zxi jb}w, Ew, Ebakblz`m xbw zi hmsf nm~z` ml Bt~ma nvz z`f

jigzi~w mlci~efj `f~ z`bz z`f jvf zi z`f bwwbvaz w`f mw zi ~fzv~l zi z`f ìwtmzba ml Eb~g` zi jfamsf~

z`f nbn} n} gbfwb~fbl wfgzmil,

Z`f givtaf cfb~ z`bz z`fm~ vlni~l g`maj eb} `bsf wvccf~fj c~ie m~~ftb~bnaf jbebhf jvf zi z`f n~vzba

bwwbvaz n} z`f ^bz`hbeb tiamgf,Z`f givtaf wvnwfrvflza} gietabmlfj bnivz z`f mlgmjflz zi niz` z`f

ìwtmzba bvzì~mzmfw blj z`f Hbaaf tiamgf! xì smwmzfj z`fe ml ìwtmzba zi inzbml z`fm~ wzbzfeflz,

@ixfsf~! li wf~mivw bgzmil `bw }fz nffl zbkfl n} z`f tiamgf zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`f mlgmjflz blj z`fbaafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w b~f wzmaa bz ab~hf,

E~, Xbwblz`b gabmew z`bz z`f ~fbwil ci~ z`f bwwbvaz il `me blj `mw xmcf mw z`bz `f ~fcvwfj MT

Ob}b~bz`lf(w ~frvfwz zi aflj `mw sf`mgaf zi z`f tiamgfefl! xì xblzfj zi vwf mz zi bzzflj b xfjjmlh

cvlgzmil! b cfx jb}w nfci~f z`f mlgmjflz, @f nfamfsfw z`bz z`f mlgmjflz xbw ml ~fsflhf ci~ `mw

~fcvwba,W~m Ablkbl tiamgf `bsf nffl lizi~mivw ci~ z`fm~ n~vzbamz} mlgavjmlh b~nmz~b~} b~~fwz! jfzflzmil

blj zi~zv~f ic mlligflz tfitaf ci~ b ailh zmef,

Z`f wmzvbzmil mw baa z`f ei~f bab~emlh bw z`f Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil LTG-! x`mg` xbw hmsfl

tixf~ ic jmwgmtamlb~} gilz~ia isf~ z`f tiamgf n} xb} ic z`f 28z` Befljeflz zi z`f W~m Ablkbl

Gilwzmzvzmil! `bw liz cvlgzmilfj wmlgf abwz Lisfenf~ >446 bczf~ mzw ebljbzf cmlmw`fj, @ixfsf~!

mlwzfbj ic bttimlzmlh lfx gieemwwmilf~w zi z`f LTG! z`f W~m Ablkbl hisf~leflz `bw nffl jfab}mlh

z`mw t~igfww blj efblx`maf wfsf~ba wflmi~ hisf~leflz iccmgmbaw `bsf itfla} wbmj z`bz z`f LTG(w

tixf~ wìvaj nf z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf MTG-, Z`mw! ìxfsf~! mw zizbaa}

bhbmlwz z`f inofgzmsf ic z`f befljfj gilwzmzvzmil,



278

24=, @fsbhf? Zi~zv~f ic b eflzbaa} maa ebl n} z`f Tijjbab Tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- x~mzfw zi mlci~e }iv ic bl mlgmjflz x`f~fn} zxi

tiamgfefl c~ie Tijjbab tiamgf b~f baafhfj zi `bsf ~ftfbzfja} zi~zv~fj b eflzbaa} maa ebl! xì z`f}

bggvwfj ic `bsmlh wziafl b einmaf tìlf, X`fl z`f tiamgf xf~f mlci~efj z`bz z`f emwwmlh tìlf

`bj ml cbgz nffl civlj! z`f} ~fafbwfj z`f ebl! nvz ebjf wfsf~ba z`~fbzw ‗ mlgavjmlh jfbz` z`~fbzw ‗ bhbmlwz z`f smgzme blj `mw cbema} ci~ `bsmlh aijhfj gietabmlzw zi z`f bvzì~mzmfw ~fhb~jmlh z`fm~

giljvgz,

Il 28 Cfn~vb~} >443! zxi tiamgfefl lbefj Mljmkb blj G`bemljb ic z`f Tijjbab tiamgf smwmzfj E~,

@fsbhf bz `mw ìef blj b~~fwzfj `me % bttb~flza} il z`f mlwz~vgzmilw ic z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf

IMG- % blj ziik `me mlzi gvwzij} bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Il z`f xb} zi z`f wzbzmil! z`f tiamgf

t~igffjfj zi bwwbvaz z`f smgzme, Z`f} jmj z`mw jfwtmzf z`f smgzme‐w eiz`f~ `bsmlh ziaj z`fe bz z`f

zmef ic b~~fwz z`bz `f~ wil xbw wvccf~mlh c~ie eflzba `fbaz` mwwvfw,Ilgf bz z`f wzbzmil! z`f tiamgf

ilgf bhbml wbsbhfa} bwwbvazfj E~, @fsbhf xmz` gavnw! z`fm~ cmwzw blj niizw,

Z`f} z`fl t~ijvgfj b ~vnnf~ ìwf tmtf blj bwwbvazfj z`f smgzme xmz` z`mw zi `mw `fbj, X`maf

bwwbvazmlh `me! z`f tiamgf bggvwfj `me ic wzfbamlh b einmaf tìlf c~ie ilf Jbemz` % z`f wil ic b

aigba nvwmlfwwebl lbefj Ob}bwflb % blj jfebljfj zi klix z̀ f x`f~fbnivzw ic z`f tìlf, E~,

@fsbhf xbw bawi zbkfl zi Ob}bwflb‐w ìvwf blj zi~zv~fj bhbml,Bczf~ ~fzv~lmlh c~ie z`f ìvwf! z`f

smgzme xbw aigkfj vt ml b tiamgf ìajmlh gfaa, Wiefzmef abzf~ mz mw nfamfsfj z`bz Jbemz` gilzbgzfj z`f

tiamgf blj mlci~efj z`fe z`bz `f `bj civlj `mw aiwz einmaf tìlf,

Z`f~fbczf~! il z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! Cfn~vb~} 20! bz b~ivlj >te z`f tiamgf ~fafbwfj E~, @fsbhf

xmzìvz g`b~hf,Baeiwz meefjmbzfa}! E~, @fsbhf xbw ~vw`fj zi z`f Kb~btmzm}b ìwtmzba x`f~f `f xbw

bjemzzfj blj efjmgbaa} z~fbzfj ci~ cmsf jb}w ml xb~j wmp `mw nfj `fbj zmgkfz ~fbj N@Z- Li 4287=2-,

Efblx`maf! il z`f jb} ic b~~fwz! z`f smgzme‐w eiz`f~ gietabmlfj zi baa ~fafsblz bvzì~mzmfw ml z`f

givlz~}! mlgavjmlh z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil! z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf! z`f Bzzi~lf}

Hflf~ba! blj z`f Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil bnivz z`f bwwbvaz il `f~ eflzbaa} maa wil, Wvnwfrvflz

zi z`fwf x~mzzfl gietabmlzw il Eb~g` 23 z`f zxi tf~tfz~bzi~w! Mljmkb blj G`bemljb smwmzfj z`f

smgzme‐w ìef ml b tiamgf offt blj wgiajfj `me blj `mw cbema} ml cmaz`} ablhvbhf blj z`~fbzflfj z`fe

zi xmz`j~bx z`fm~ gietabmlzw,

Z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! zxi vlklixl tf~wilw xìe z`f smgzme‐w cbema} wvwtfgz zi nf tiamgfefl! smwmzfj

z`fm~ ìef il b eizi~g}gaf blj jfebljfj z`bz z`f} xmz`j~bx z`fm~ gietabmlzw blj z`~fbzflfj z`fe

xmz` jfbz`,Mz mw nfamfsfj z`bz z`f tiamgf bwwbvazfj z`f smgzme il z`f mlwzmhbzmil ic z`f nvwmlfwwebl!

Ob}bwflb blj `mw wil! Jbemz`, Z`mw bwwvetzmil mw nbwfj il z`f cbgz z`bz z`f smgzme jmj ijj oinw ci~

sb~mivw tf~wilw ml z`f smaabhf! mlgavjmlh z`f nvwmlfwwefl! xìwf ìvwf z`f smgzme xbw bz x`fl z`f

einmaf tìlf xflz emwwmlh, Bttb~flza} z`f nvwmlfwwebl `bj meefjmbzfa} gilzbgzfj z`f tiamgf blj

mljvgfj z`fe % eilfzb~ma} i~ iz`f~xmwf % zi b~~fwz blj bwwbvaz z`f smgzme,



270

224, E, K, Nvjj`mkb? Zi~zv~f ic b xiebl n} z`f Nbjjfhbeb tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh z`f zi~zv~f ic

Ew, E, K, Nvjj`mkb n} z`f Nbjjfhbeb tiamgf il 28 Cfn~vb~} >443, Ew, Nvjj`mkb tafbjfj xmz` z`f

tiamgf zi wzit nfbzmlh `f~ bw w`f xbw ~fgisf~mlh c~ie Gbfwb~mbl wv~hf~}, @ixfsf~! z`f tiamgf

mhli~fj `f~ tafb blj gilzmlvfj zi nfbz `f~ ~fhb~jafww,

Il Cfn~vb~} 28! Ew, Nvjj`mkb xbw bz b c~mflj‐w ìvwf x`fl wfsf~ba ic `f~ givwmlw! lbefa} W~m}blm!

Ebamlm blj G`blj~blm ci~gfj `f~ mlzi z`f sbl ic b E~, Wvlma, Bz b~ivlj 24te! z`f} ziik `f~ zi z`f

Nbjjfhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil blj `bljfj `f~ isf~ zi Wvn%Mlwtfgzi~ WM- Beb~bxblwb! aivja}

bllivlgmlh! ‖Xf n~ivh`z }iv z`f ~ihvf–,

WM Beb~bxblwb blj bliz`f~ tiamgfebl ~fh, li, 200>3- nfhbl `mzzmlh Ew, Nvjj`mkb bnivz z`f `fbj

blj cbgf blj jfebljfj! ‖X`f~f b~f z`f hiijw9–

Z`f ci~gf ic z`f naix xbw wi wz~ilh z`bz Ew, Nvjj`mkb cfaa zi z`f h~ivlj, W`f tafbjfj xmz` z`f

tiamgfefl liz zi bwwbvaz `f~ blj mlci~efj z`fe z`bz w`f xbw ~fgisf~mlh c~ie wv~hf~} blj `bj lizwziafl bl}z`mlh, @ixfsf~! z`f tiamgfefl ~ftamfj z`bz z`f} jmj liz gb~f x`fz`f~ w`f jmfj i~ liz blj

gilzmlvfj zi kmgk `f~ bnjiefl, Vlbnaf zi nfb~ z`f tbml! z`f smgzme nfgbef vlgilwgmivw, Abzf~

x`fl w`f bxikf! w`f lizmgfj z`bz w`f xbw naffjmlh c~ie `f~ eivz` blj ilf ic `f~ zffz` `bj

n~ikfl, Z`f smgzme cv~z`f~ wzbzfj z`bz `f~ givwmlw blj E~, Wvlma xf~f t~fwflz x`maf w`f xbw nfmlh

zi~zv~fj,

Z`f smgzme wtflz z`f lmh`z ml tiamgf gvwzij}, Z`f lfpz ei~lmlh z`f tiamgf bhbml mlzf~~ihbzfj z`f

smgzme bw zi x`fz`f~ w`f wziaf gf~zbml mzfew! nvz x`fl w`f jflmfj z`f baafhbzmil! z`f} ~fgi~jfj `f~

wzbzfeflz, Abzf~ w`f wbmj tiamgfebl li, 200>3! Lmeblz`b blj b Xiebl Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf XTG-

bggietblmfj `f~ zi z`f ^feblj T~mwil ml Hbaaf,Z`f smgzme mlci~efj z`f t~mwil bvzì~mzmfw z`bz z`ftiamgf `bj zi~zv~fj `f~ blj w`f xbw ml wfsf~f tbml,

Z`f} bcci~jfj `f~ efjmgmlf c~ie z`f t~mwil ìwtmzba, Il Cfn~vb~} >4! z`f smgzme xbw t~ijvgfj

nfci~f giv~z blj ~fafbwfj il nbma, Vlci~zvlbzfa}! bw `f~ cbema} efenf~w xf~f wzmaa vlbxb~f ic `f~

met~mwileflz! li ilf xbw t~fwflz zi wmhl `f~ nbma nilj! blj z`vw w`f xbw ~f%~febljfj, Bz z`f

~feblj t~mwil w`f xbw bnaf zi mlci~e `f~ tb~flzw smb bliz`f~ jfzbmlff xì xbw afbsmlh t~mwil,

Gilwfrvflza}! il Eb~g` 27! `f~ vlgaf smwmzfj z`f t~mwil blj wfgv~fj `f~ ~fafbwf il nbma il Eb~g`

26,Z`f smgzme `bw wmlgf gietabmlfj z`bz w`f mw wvccf~mlh c~ie c~frvflz `fbjbg`fw blj naffjmlh blj

mlcfgzmil c~ie `f~ wv~hmgba xivlj, W`f xbw mlmzmbaa} vlbnaf zi ~fgfmsf ìwtmzba z~fbzeflz ixmlh zi b

wz~mkf! nvz abzf~ xmz` z`f `fat ic b t~msbzf jigzi~ ~fgfmsfj efjmgba bzzflzmil,

222, Kb~m}bxbwbe Tf~bji~btbhf Zwvmz`b Fomz`? Zi~zv~f blj cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw abmj bhbmlwz b

ebl n} z`f Ob%Fab tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- x~mzfw zi mlci~e }iv bnivz b ebl xì xbw zi~zv~fj

n} z`f tiamgf blj xì mw lix gv~~flza} ablhvmw`mlh ml t~mwil bczf~ `bsmlh `bj cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw abmj

bhbmlwz `me, Kb~m}bxbwbe Tf~bji~btbhf Zwvmz`b Fomz` xbw cm~wz wzittfj n} z`f Ob%Fab tiamgf il 24



27=

Igzinf~ >446! ci~ baafhfj z~bccmg iccflwfw, Bczf~ z`f smgzme ~fcvwfj zi bjemz zi bl} iccflwf! b wgvccaf

flwvfj ~fwvazmlh ml z`f smgzme tvw`mlh b tiamgf iccmgf~ isf~, Bw b ~fwvaz! z`f smgzme cafj blj xflz mlzi

`mjmlh, X`fl z`f smgzme‐w x`f~fbnivzw nfgbef klixl il >7 Cfn~vb~} >443! efenf~w c~ie z`f Ob%

Fab tiamgf xflz bczf~ `me blj vtil cmljmlh `me! t~igffjfj zi zi~zv~f `me, Z`~fbzw xf~f z`fl ebjf

bhbmlwz niz` z`f smgzme blj `mw xmcf mc z`f} jb~fj mlci~e bl} bvzì~mz} bnivz z`f zi~zv~f, Z`f smgzme

xbw cmlbaa} t~ijvgfj ml z`f Ebhmwz~bzfw Giv~z! xmzìvz afhba wvtti~z! blj g`b~hfj xmz` bwwbvaz ic btiamgf iccmgf~ blj nien tiwwfwwmil! bz x`mg` timlz nbma xbw jflmfj,

Il 24 Igzinf~ >446! z`f smgzme! Fomz`! xbw j~msmlh bailh ml `mw sf`mgaf OX 7=77- x`fl wzittfj bz

bnivz 6te n} b Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf c~ie z`f Ob%Fab tiamgf, Z`f Gilwzbnaf sf~nbaa} bnvwfj z`f smgzme

blj bggvwfj `me ic `bsmlh smiabzfj z~bccmg ~fhvabzmilw, Z`f Gilwzbnaf z`fl bwwbvazfj z`f smgzme!

gbvwmlh b gvz il z`f smgzme‐w cbgf, X`fl z`f Gilwzbnaf ilgf bhbml btt~ibg`fj z`f smgzme! blj xmz`

z`f smgzme nfamfsmlh z`bz z`f Gilwzbnaf xivaj wz~mkf `me bhbml! z`f smgzme tvw`fj bhbmlwz z`f

Gilwzbnaf xì wvnwfrvflza} cfaa zi z`f h~ivlj, Cfb~mlh ci~ `mw wbcfz} z`f smgzme z`fl cafj z`f wgflf!

mlci~efj `mw xmcf ic x`bz `bj `bttflfj! blj xflz mlzi `mjmlh, X`fl z`f tiamgf xflz aiikmlh ci~

z`f smgzme bz `mw ìef! z`f} z`~fbzflfj zi kmaa `me ilgf z`f} aigbzfj `mw x`f~fbnivzw, Il >7Cfn~vb~} >443! z`f smgzme xbw btt~f`fljfj x`fl `f xbw wtizzfj bz b hb~bhf blj z`mw xbw mlci~efj

zi z`f tiamgf, Tiamgf tf~willfa c~ie z`f Ob%Fab Tiamgf wzbzmil xflz zi z`f hb~bhf blj t~igffjfj zi

zi~zv~f z`f smgzme xmz` wzmgkw blj gavnw, Ml cbgz `f xbw zi~zv~fj zi wvg` bl fpzflz z`bz `f givaj li

ailhf~ xbak,

X`fl z`f smgzme‐w xmcf afb~lz ic `f~ `vwnblj‐w b~~fwz! w`f meefjmbzfa} xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil zi

effz xmz` `me, @ixfsf~! z`f tiamgf jflmfj `bsmlh fsf~ b~~fwzfj `f~ `vwnblj, Abzf~ z`f} bjemzzfj zi

`bsmlh b~~fwzfj `me nvz mlci~efj `f~ z`bz z`f} xivaj kmaa `me, W`f xbw bawi z`~fbzflfj z`bz mc w`f

ziaj bl}ilf ic z`mw mlgmjflz! z`f~f xivaj nf ~ftf~gvwwmilw, Amkfxmwf! z`f tiamgf bawi mlci~efj z`f

smgzme z`bz mc `f mlci~efj bl}ilf ic `mw gbwf! z`f} xivaj ab} cbn~mgbzfj nien tiwwfwwmil g`b~hfwbhbmlwz `me, Z`f~fci~f! x`fl z`f smgzme xbw zbkfl zi b ìwtmzba zi ~fgfmsf z~fbzeflz! `f ~febmlfj

wmaflz bnivz z`f z~fbzeflz efzfj ivz zi `me, @f xbw liz! ìxfsf~! t~ijvgfj nfci~f b Ovjmgmba

Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- blj z`f~fci~f li efjmgba ~fti~z xbw ebjf ic `mw mlov~mfw,

Z`f ciaaixmlh jb} z`f smgzme‐w xmcf aijhfj b gietabmlz xmz` z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil ic W~m

Ablkb, X`fl w`f mlci~efj z`mw cbgz zi z`f tiamgf z`f} wzbzfj z`bz z`f} jmj liz gb~f! z`bz z`f} xf~f

liz bc~bmj! blj mc wzbcc c~ie z`f @^G btt~ibg`fj z`fe! z`f} xivaj kmaa z`fe zii,Efblx`maf! z`f

smgzme xbw jfzbmlfj isf~lmh`z blj ci~gfj zi wmhl b wzbzfeflz `f jmj liz ~fbj, @f xbw t~ijvgfj z`f

ciaaixmlh jb} ml z`f Ebhmwz~bzfw Giv~z x`f~f `f xbw g`b~hfj xmz` bwwbvazmlh z`f Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf

xmz` bl m~il ~ij x`mg` `f ml cbgz jmj liz `bsf- blj nien tiwwfwwmil,

Bw z`f abzzf~ g`b~hf mw b lil%nbmabnaf iccflwf! z`f smgzme xbw liz t~ismjfj afhba wvtti~z blj `f xbw

~febljfj ml gvwzij} blj wflz zi t~mwil, Vtil b~~msmlh bz t~mwil! `f xbw zbkfl zi z`f t~mwil ìwtmzba

x`f~f `f ~fgfmsfj z~fbzeflz ci~ `mw mlov~mfw ci~ wmp jb}w,



2:4

Bw b ~fwvaz ic z`f smgzme‐w jfzflzmil! blj wvnwfrvflz aiww ic mlgief! `mw xmcf blj 20%eilz`%iaj wil

b~f lix wz~vhhamlh zi wv~smsf,

22>, T,X, Z`b~blhb Kveb~b? Bttb~flz tiamgf mlbgzmil mlzi z`f jflmba ic fjvgbzmil ic b ni}

bczf~ bwwbvaz n} `mw wgìiazfbg`f~ ml Hbaaf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz wfsfl%}fb~%iaj T,X,

Z`b~blhb Kveb~b! b wzvjflz ic Hilbtmlvxfab Wb~bablkb~b Wgìia! Hilbtmlvxfab! Hbaaf Jmwz~mgz! W~m

Ablkb! xbw bwwbvazfj n} b zfbg`f~ il > Eb~g` >443 blj b~nmz~b~ma} wvwtfljfj n} z`f wgìia t~mlgmtba

il z`bz jb} ‗ z`mw bczf~ `mw iajf~ n~iz`f~! Tvw`tbkveb~b! xbw wmemab~a} bwwbvazfj bnivz b }fb~ fb~amf~

VB%23:%>446-, Il > Eb~g` >443! b zfbg`f~ n} z`f lbef ic T~m}bj`b~w`mlm bwwbvazfj wfsfl%}fb~%iaj

Z`b~blhb Kveb~b bz b~ivlj 2>?74te ci~ liz efjmzbzmlh,

Z`b~blhb `bj ba~fbj} cbgfj lvef~ivw z`~fbzw c~ie wgìia iccmgmbaw ml ~fzbambzmil ci~ `mw eiz`f~‐w

gietabmlzw bhbmlwz wgìia bvzì~mzmfw blj tiamgf ml ~fhb~jw zi Tvw`tbkveb~b‐w gbwf, Z`bz bczf~liil

x`fl Z`b~blhb‐w eiz`f~ smwmzfj z`f wgìia zi giaafgz `f~ wil! `mw gabww zfbg`f~ n~ivh`z z`f ni} zi

`f~ blj fptabmlfj x`bz `bj iggv~~fj, @ixfsf~! z`f t~mlgmtba blj bliz`f~ zfbg`f~ n} z`f lbef ic

^blomlm ~vw`fj zi z`f wgflf blj wgiajfj z`f gabww zfbg`f~ ci~ gilsf~wmlh xmz` z`f eiz`f~, W`f afcz

xmz` `f~ wil blj il Eb~g` 7 aijhfj b gietabmlz ~fhb~jmlh z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f @mkkbjvxb Tiamgf

wzbzmil, W`f xbw ziaj zi ~fzv~l zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil il Eb~g` 23 ci~ bjjmzmilba mlrvm~mfw mlzi z`f

mlgmjflz,

Il Eb~g` 26! x`fl Z`b~blhb ~fzv~lfj zi wgìia bczf~ ~fgisf~mlh c~ie bl maalfww! z`f @mkkbjvxb

tiamgf smwmzfj z`f wgìia blj ~fgi~jfj `mw wzbzfeflz bw xfaa bw z`f wzbzfeflzw ic zxi ic `mw

gabwwebzfw,X`fl `mw eiz`f~ ~fzv~lfj zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil bw mlwz~vgzfj il Eb~g` 23! Tiamgf

Wf~hfblz Li, 32>> wìvzfj bz `f~ xmz` jfh~bjmlh blj inwgflf ablhvbhf blj bawi z`~fbzflfj `f~ n} ~bmwmlh b g`bm~ zi `mz `f~ mlwzfbj ic baaixmlh `f~ zi ~fgi~j `f~ gietabmlz,

X`fl w`f ~fzv~lfj zi z`f wzbzmil il Eb~g` 28! z`f tiamgf `bljfj `f~ b ovjmgmba efjmgba ci~e ‗ b

jigveflz z`bz wìvaj `bsf nffl hmsfl zi `f~ z`f jb} w`f mlmzmbaa} aijhfj `f~ gietabmlz! liz zxi

xffkw bczf~ z`f mlgmjflz,Wvnwfrvflza}! z`f eiz`f~ ~fgfmsfj b afzzf~ c~ie z`f wgìia t~mlgmtba il

Eb~g` 28 mlci~emlh `f~ z`bz Z`b~blhb Kveb~b `bj nffl wvwtfljfj c~ie wgìia vlzma cv~z`f~ lizmgf

ci~ li wtfgmcmfj ~fbwil blj z`bz z`mw xbw jilf il z`f bjsmgf ic z`f _ilba Jm~fgzi~ ic Fjvgbzmil,

B }fb~ fb~amf~! Z`b~blhb‐w n~iz`f~ xbw bawi wvwtfljfj bczf~ nfmlh bwwbvazfj blj `bw liz nffl bnaf zi

~fzv~l zi wgìia i~ zbkf `mw Jfgfenf~ I)A fpbemlbzmil! jft~msmlh `me ic `mw ~mh`z zi fjvgbzmil,

Z`f zfbg`f~w blj t~mlgmtba ic Hilbtmlvxfab Wb~bablkb~b Wgìia `bsf nffl flhbhfj ml b gilwzblz

fcci~z zi gif~gf z`f Kveb~b cbema} mlzi xmz`j~bxmlh z`fm~ gietabmlzw blj gbwf bhbmlwz z`f

tf~tfz~bzi~,

Z`b~blhb‐w eiz`f~ wz~ilha} nfamfsfw z`bz `f xbw wvwtfljfj c~ie wgìia ml ~fs flhf ci~ `f~

gietabmlzw bhbmlwz z`f wgìia bvzì~mzmfw ci~ z`f `b~bwweflz ic `f~ fajf~ wil! Tvw`tbkveb~b, Iv~

wiv~gfw `bsf bawi mlci~efj vw z`bz z`f wgìia bvzì~mzmfw blj tiamgf `bsf bawi mlwzmhbzfj iz`f~



2:2

tb~flzw zi `b~bww blj mlzmemjbzf z`f Kveb~b cbema}, Gv~~flza}! niz` Kveb~b ni}w b~f nfmlh

jft~msfj ic z`fm~ ~mh`z zi fjvgbzmil,Z`f B@^G mw h~bsfa} gilgf~lfj n} z`mw wf~mivw gbwf, Z`f tiamgf

`bsf liz ila} cbmafj zi t~izfgz z`f ni}(w ~mh`z zi fjvgbzmil nvz bawi tvz `mw cbema} ml h~fbzf~ jblhf~

n} lfhafgzmlh z`f cbema}(w gilwzblz gietabmlzw, Z`mw mw }fz bliz`f~ fpbetaf z`bz maavwz~bzfw z`f

j}wcvlgzmil ic z`f tiamgmlh w}wzfe ml W~m Ablkb,

227, S,E, Jvemljb Ob}bxb~jflb? Zi~zv~f ic b ebl n} z`f Emzm}bhijb tiamgf


bwwbvaz ic S,E, Jvemljb Ob}bxb~jflb n} zxi tiamgfefl c~ie z`f Emzm}bhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil il 22

Eb~g` >443,Il Eb~g` 22! bz b~ivlj :t,e! E~, Ob}bxb~jflb xbw ~fzv~lmlh ìef x`fl zxi

tiamgfefl c~ie z`f Emzm}bhijb tiamgf wzbzmil b~~fwzfj `me, Bz z`f zmef `mw wmwzf~ blj n~iz`f~%ml%abx

xf~f bawi t~fwflz, Il mlrvm~} `f xbw ziaj `f xbw nfmlh b~~fwzfj il wvwtmgmil ic z`fcz, E~,

Ob}bxb~jflb xbw tvz mlzi b offt blj zbkfl zi z`f Emzm}bhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Bz z`f wzbzmil! `f xbw

zbkfl mlzi b ~iie blj ci~gfj zi ~feisf baa `mw gaiz`fw,

@mw `bljw xf~f zmfj nf`mlj `mw nbgk z`fl `f xbw wz~vlh vt xmz` ~itf il b nfbe bg~iww z`f gfmamlh

blj wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj il z`f wiafw ic `mw cffz! `mw `fbj blj nbgk, Z`f tiamgf bwwbvazfj `me xmz` b

xiijfl gavn ml bl bzzfetz zi ebkf `me gilcfww zi z`f z`fcz, E~, Ob}bxb~jflb wg~fbefj ml tbml

mlwmwzmlh z`bz `f jmj liz wzfba bl}z`mlh blj z`bz `f xbw liz bxb~f ic bl} z`fcz, @ixfsf~! z`f

tiamgfefl mlwmwzfj z`bz `f `bj wziafl ofxfaaf~} blj gilzmlvfj zi ml`vebla} wvnofgz `me zi zi~zv~f,

Abzf~ `f xbw n~ivh`z jixl blj xbzf~ xbw tiv~fj il `mw nij}, Jfwtmzf z`f cbgz z`bz `mw b~ew xf~f

lven blj `mw cffz xf~f wxiaafl z`f tiamgf ci~gfj `me zi ovet vt blj jixl blj zi xbak bnivz, Z`f} z`fl baaixfj `me zi hfz j~fwwfj blj ziik `me nbgk zi `mw ìvwf, Z`f} wfb~g`fj `mw ìvwf nvz

jmj liz cmlj bl} mlg~memlbzmlh fsmjflgf! wi z`f} ~fzv~lfj `me zi z`f wzbzmil blj aigkfj `me ml b

ìajmlh gfaa, Mz xbw bz z`mw zmef z`bz `f wbx Ew, Ebab Ob}bxb~jflb! z`f tf~wil xì `bj bggvwfj `me

ic z`fcz, @f lizmgfj z`bz Ew, Ebab blj gietbl} ~febmlfj bz z`f wzbzmil vlzma b~ivlj 8te blj z`bz

z`f} `bj n~ivh`z j~mlkw blj gmhb~fzzfw ci~ z`f tiamgfefl,

E~, Ob}bxb~jflb gietabmlfj z`bz bazìvh` Ew, Ob}bxb~jflb mw ~fabzfj zi `me! ixmlh zi b ablj

jmwtvzf! z`f zxi cbemamfw xf~f liz il hiij zf~ew,Z`f lfpz jb} Eb~g` 2>-! E~, Ob}bxb~jflb xbw

zbkfl zi z`f Nbzbtiab @iwtmzba n} z`f wbef zxi tiamgfefl xì zi~zv~fj `me, @f wbmj z`bz z`f tiamgf

cmaafj ml zxi jigveflzw; ilf ic x`mg` z`f} `bljfj isf~ zi z`f jigzi~ x`maf z`f iz`f~ z`f} ziik

nbgk zi z`f wzbzmil, @f wbmj z`bz zìvh` `f gietabmlfj bnivz `mw tbml blj z`f jigzi~ inwf~sfj `mw

wxiaafl cffz! lven b~ew blj `mw jmccmgvaz} ml xbakmlh! `f jmj liz ~fgfmsf bl} efjmgba bzzflzmil,

Z`f~fbczf~ z`f tiamgf t~ijvgfj `me nfci~f z`f Bgzmlh Ebhmwz~bzf ‗ xì xbw bawi b abx}f~ t~bgzmgmlh

ml giv~zw % bz z`f Ebhmwz~bzf‐w t~msbzf ~fwmjflgf, Z`f Ebhmwz~bzf cbmafj zi mlrvm~f mlzi bl} jfzbmaw c~ie

z`f smgzme blj wmeta} ~febljfj `me mlwzfbj, @f xbw zbkfl zi z`f Nbabtmzm}b ~feblj t~mwil blj z`f

lfpz jb} z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Hbaaf t~mwil, @f bawi wbmj z`bz zìvh` `mw bvlz ~fzbmlfj b abx}f~ il



2:>

nf`bac ic `me! z`f abx}f~ Wbwblkb cbmafj zi n~mlh `mw n~vzba zi~zv~f bz z`f `bljw ic z`f tiamgf zi z`f

bzzflzmil ic z`f Ebhmwz~bzf,

E~, Ob}bxb~jflb `bw gietabmlfj z`bz ei~f z`bl zxi xffkw bczf~ z`f mlgmjflz `f mw wzmaa wvccf~mlh

c~ie z`f mlov~mfw `f wvwzbmlfj bw b ~fwvaz ic z`f tiamgf zi~zv~f, Bw b ~fwvaz `f mw vlbnaf zi flhbhf ml

xi~k x`mg` `bw h~bsfa} bccfgzfj `mw amsfamìij,

Vlci~zvlbzfa}! E~, Ob}bxb~jflb mw }fz bliz`f~ fpbetaf ic z`f h~ixmlh smiaflgf nfmlh tf~tfz~bzfj n}

tiamgfefl ml W~m Ablkb, Z`f B@^G `bw t~fsmivwa} ~fti~zfj il ebl} gbwfw ml W~m Ablkb ~fhb~jmlh

z`mw ebzzf~ Wff cv~z`f~? VB%20>%>446! VB%>7:%>446! VB%44=%>443 blj VT%4:4%>443-, Wvg`

giljvgz n} z`f tiamgf mw b gafb~ smiabzmil blj bw b tvnamg iccmgf~ z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w wìvaj nf

wvnofgzfj zi z`f t~ismwmil ic z`f Gilsflzmil bhbmlwz Zi~zv~f Bgz Li >> ic 2==: GBZ- x`mg` wzbzfw

b emlmeve wfsfl }fb~ wflzflgf ci~ zi~zv~f gilsmgzmil,

22:, Wbeff~b @b~mwg`blj~b? Gitw blj ~innf~w bz z`f Lig`g`m}bhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil

Il 2> Eb~g` >443! bz bnivz 3te! bl b~hveflz flwvfj nfzxffl Wbeff~b @b~mwg`blj~b blj c~mfljw

blj civ~ tf~wilw xì xf~f tiwmlh bw ‘gbzzaf z~bjf~w‐, Bczf~ wief zmef z`f civ~ tf~wilw bamh`zfj c~ie

z`fm~ sf`mgaf ‗ b x`mzf z~vgk nfb~mlh z`f amgflwf tabzf :8%73=> ‗ blj xbakfj vt zi Wbeff~b blj

n~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj `me, Wi wfsf~f xbw z`f bwwbvaz z`bz Wbeff~b‐w afh xbw c~bgzv~fj, Z`f civ~ tf~wilw

z`fl j~bhhfj `me n} `mw afh blj z`~fx `me mlzi z`fm~ z~vgk, Nvz inamsmivw zi z`f mlov~mfw z`f smgzme

`bj wvccf~fj z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w gilzmlvfj zi nfbz `me blj z`~fbzflfj zi z`~ix `mw nij} il b tmaf ic

nv~lmlh z}~fw, Z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w bawi bwwbvazfj Wbeff~b‐w c~mflj! Nvjj`mkb blj bliz`f~ tf~wil! nvz

z`f} niz` eblbhfj zi hfz bxb},Wfsf~ba tfitaf xì wbx Wbeff~b‐w bnjvgzmil ciaaixfj z`f z~bgk blj

bw z`f} ~fbg`fj lfb~n} z`f Lig`g`m}bhbeb tiamgf wzbzmil! eblbhfj zi isf~zbkf z`f z~vgk blj wìvzzi z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w zi ~fafbwf Wbeff~b, @ixfsf~! z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w mhli~fj z`mw blj wiil zv~lfj z`fm~

z~vgk mlzi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil gietivlj,

Mz xbw ila} z`fl z`bz ilaiikf~w lizmgfj z`bz ilf ic z`f civ~ tf~tfz~bzi~w mlwmjf z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil

xbw ml cbgz b wf~smlh tiamgfebl,Vtil `fb~mlh ic z`mw gbwf! Wbeff~b‐w n~iz`f~ blj z`f gietabmlblz ml

z`mw gbwf! E~, Avwblz`b @b~mwg`blj~b t~igffjfj zi z`f Lig`g`m}bhbeb tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f~f `f

lizmgfj z`bz Wbeff~b xbw naffjmlh blj wzmaa nfmlh jfzbmlfj mlwmjf ic z`f z~vgk, X`fl Avwblz`b! blj

`mw iz`f~ n~iz`f~ Fjxb~j! wìvzfj ‖x`} b~f }iv z~}mlh zi kmaa iv~ n~iz`f~9–! wfsf~ba tiamgfefl

tivlgfj il z`fe blj t~igffjfj zi bwwbvaz z`fe xmz` z`fm~ cmwzw blj niizw, Bczf~ >4 emlvzfw ic z`mw!

z`f n~iz`f~w xf~f b~~fwzfj blj jfzbmlfj, Wiil bczf~! blj ciaaixmlh gilwmjf~bnaf t~izfwzw n} z`f aigba

smaabhf~w! z`f tiamgf ziik Wbeff~b zi ìwtmzba,

Z`bz lmh`z! z`~ff ic z`f civ~ tf~tfz~bzi~w xf~f tabgfj mlzi z`f ìajmlh gfaa, X`maf z`f} xf~f ~fafbwfj

ml z`f ei~lmlh! z`f n~iz`f~w xf~f ila} ~fafbwfj b~ivlj 7te, Z`f n~iz`f~w bawi gabme z`bz jv~mlh

z`fm~ jfzflzmil z`bz lmh`z! b tiamgfebl lbefj Z}~il Cf~lblji btt~ibg`fj z`fe blj bggvwfj z`fe

ic bwwbvazmlh `me, E~, Cf~lblji wbmj z`f} xivaj ila} nf ~fafbwfj mc z`f} tbmj `me ^w, >4!444, X`fl



2:7

z`f n~iz`f~w mlwmwzfj mz xbw z`f} xì xf~f z`f smgzmew ic bwwbvaz! liz `me! E~, Cf~lblji z`~fbzflfj

zi `bva z`fe nfci~f giv~z,

Z`f n~iz`f~w wbmj z`bz mz xbw ila} bczf~ z`f} tbmj z`f tiamgf ^w, >4!444 ‗ x`mg` z`f} hiz c~ie ilf ic

z`fm~ ~fabzmsfw ‗ z`bz z`f} xf~f ~fafbwfj c~ie z`f wzbzmil, Z`f tiamgf z`fl ci~gfj z`f n~iz`f~w zi

wfzzaf z`f gbwf ic gbvwmlh h~mfsivw mlov~mfw zi Wbeff~b n} bggftzmlh ^w, 8!444 c~ie z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w,

Z`f~fbczf~ bw z`f n~iz`f~w zii xf~f mlov~fj! z`f} smwmzfj ìwtmzba blj ~fgfmsfj z~fbzeflz ci~ zxi

jb}w, X`maf ml ìwtmzba! z`f} ebjf z`f bvzì~mzmfw bxb~f ic z`f bwwbvaz gieemzzfj bhbmlwz z`fe, Abzf~

z`fm~ cbz`f~ gietabmlfj bnivz z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf ml

Blv~bj`btv~b,Z`f n~iz`f~w cv~z`f~ wb} z`bz x`maf ml tiamgf gvwzij} z`f} inwf~sfj z`f gaiwf

~fabzmilw`mt nfzxffl z`f tiamgf blj z`f z`~ff gmsmambl wvwtfgzw,

Z`f} abzf~ jmwgisf~fj z`bz bazìvh` ml z`f hvmwf ic gbzzaf z~bjf~w! z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w xf~f bgzvbaa}

~ibemlh bnivz bw gbzzaf z`mfsfw blj z`bz ilf beilh z`fe xbw gilcm~efj bw b tiamgfebl,Wbeff~b

xbw z~blwcf~~fj c~ie z`f Lig`g`m}bhbeb ìwtmzba zi z`f Blv~bj`btv~b ìwtmzba x`f~f `f xbw

z~fbzfj ci~ ei~f z`bl ilf xffk,

226, F, Hlblbjbwb? Cbmav~f n} z`f tiamgf zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`f n~vzba bwwbvaz ic b Kbabsblb

cb~ef~


bwwbvaz ic b 7=%}fb~%iaj cb~ef~ c~ie Tmzmhbab @maa! Kbabsblb n} zxi tiamgfefl c~ie z`f Kbabsblb

tiamgf wzbzmil il 2> Eb~g` >443, Z`f tiamgfefl bawi ci~gfj E~, F, Hlblbjbwb zi wmhl b x~mzzfl

wzbzfeflz! z`f gilzflzw ic x`mg` `f xbw vlbxb~f, E~, Hlblbjbwb mw gv~~flza} ~fgisf~mlh ml z`f

ìwtmzba! nvz z`f tiamgf `bsf cbmafj zi ~fgi~j `mw gietabmlz i~ zbkf bl} bgzmil ml ~fhb~jw zi `mw

gbwf,Il 2> Eb~g` >443 bz b~ivlj 24?74be! zxi tiamgfefl c~ie z`f Kbabsblb tiamgf wzbzmil!

j~fwwfj ml gmsmambl gaiz`mlh! smwmzfj E~, F, Hlblbjbwb(w ìef blj jfebljfj z`bz `f t~ijvgf b hvl,

Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w z`fl `mz E~, Hlblbjbwb xmz` b zi~g`! blj tvlg`fj blj kmgkfj `me ml c~ilz ic `mw

xmcf blj zxi%}fb~%iaj g`maj, Z`f iccmgf~w z`fl ziik E~, Hlblbjbwb zi z`f ìef ic `mw fajf~ n~iz`f~!

E~, F, Wm~mtbab! blj nfhbl zi wfb~g` z`f ìvwf ml z`f abzzf~(w bnwflgf,

Liz wbzmwcmfj! z`f} ziik E~, Hlblbjbwb nbgk zi `mw ìvwf blj bwwbvazfj `me bhbml! wìvzmlh! .Mc }iv

jil(z hmsf vw z`f hvl! bz afbwz hmsf vw z`f efbz,.Z`f~fbczf~ z`f tiamgf ci~gfj E~, Hlblbjbwb zi wmhl b

x~mzzfl wzbzfeflz! z`f gilzflzw ic x`mg` `f xbw vlbxb~f, Z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! Eb~g` 27! E~,Hlblbjbwb(w giljmzmil ziik b zv~l ci~ z`f xi~wf blj `f xbw ~vw`fj zi z`f Kbabsblb ìwtmzba x`f~f

`f xbw bjemzzfj blj z~fbzfj ci~ `mw mlov~mfw,

Z`bz wbef jb}! z`f smgzme(w n~iz`f~! E~, Wm~mtbab smwmzfj z`f Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf BWT-

zi gietabml bnivz z`f mlgmjflz; ìxfsf~! z`f BWT ~fcvwfj zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`f gbwf blj mlwzfbj ziaj

`me zi aijhf `mw gietabmlz xmz` z`f Kbabsblb tiamgf! z`f wbef tiamgf xì bwwbvazfj z`f smgzme,E~,

Hlblbjbwb gilzmlvfw zi ~febml ml z`f ìwtmzba! nvz zi jbzf! z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf c~ie z`f Kbabsblb



2::

Tiamgf wzbzmil- `bsf cbmafj zi ~fgi~j `mw gietabmlz, Bggi~jmlh zi E~, Wm~mtbab! `f nfamfsfw z`bz `mw

n~iz`f~ xbw bzzbgkfj nfgbvwf bnivz b eilz` blj b `bac bhi E~, Hlblbjbwb gietabmlfj zi z`f tiamgf

bnivz z`f t~iamcf~bzmlh Kbwmttv nvwmlfww ml `mw smaabhf, E~, Wm~mtbab nfamfsfw z`bz z`mw mlgmjflz xbw ml

~fsflhf ci~ `mw n~iz`f~(w gietabmlz,

Vlci~zvlbzfa}! E~, Hlblbjbwb(w gbwf mw liz bl mwiabzfj ilf x`f~fn} z`f tiamgf cbma zi jigveflz bljmlsfwzmhbzf b gietabmlz, Z`f B@^G `bw ~fti~zfj wfsf~ba gbwfw ~fabzfj zi z`f ~fcvwba ic z`f tiamgf zi

t~itf~a} flrvm~f mlzi gietabmlzw aijhfj nfci~f z`fe wff cv~z`f~? VB%470%>443 blj VB%>2%>446-,

Z`mw mw `b~ja} wv~t~mwmlh hmsfl z`bz z`f gv~~flz t~igfjv~f ci~ aijhmlh b gietabmlz bhbmlwz z`f tiamgf

ml W~m Ablkb mlsiasfw ~fti~zmlh z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f sf~} wbef Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f z`f baafhfj

tf~tfz~bzi~w b~f nbwfj, Z`mw nfmlh z`f gbwf! gietabmlzw b~f ~ivzmlfa} mhli~fj,

223, X, Wvlma blj Xbwblz`m? Zi~zv~f ic b `vwnblj blj xmcf n} z`f Xbljv~benb tiamgf


zi~zv~f ic E~, X, Wvlma blj `mw xmcf! Xbwblz`m n} z`f Xbljv~blnb tiamgf il 28 Eb~g` >443,Il

Eb~g` 28! bz b~ivlj liil! zxi tiamgfefl c~ie z`f Xbljv~benb tiamgf smwmzfj E~, Wvlma‐w

sfhfzbnaf cb~e, Bw `f xbw liz ml! z`f} `mj z`fewfasfw lfb~n}, X`fl E~, Wvlma ~fzv~lfj zi z`f cb~e

blj `fb~j `mw xmcf Xbwblz`m wìvzmlh! `f xflz zi mlsfwzmhbzf, Wvjjfla} z`f zxi tiamgfefl ovetfj

ilzi `me blj bwwbvazfj `me xmz` b xiijfl gavn,

X`maf zi~zv~mlh `me z`f} jfebljfj maamgmz amrvi~ blj metafeflzw, X`fl E~, Wvlma jflmfj bl}

klixafjhf ic z`mw! `f xbw bwwbvazfj ilgf bhbml,Abzf~ E~, Wvlma lizmgfj z`bz z`f tiamgf xf~f ci~gmlh

`mw xmcf zi klffa jixl ml c~ilz ic z`fm~ ìef, X`fl `f xbw tabgfj bailhwmjf `f~! z`f tiamgf z`flt~igffjfj zi zi~zv~f z`f givtaf nfci~f ci~gmna} zbkmlh z`fe bxb} c~ie z`fm~ ìef,

X`fl z`f givtaf bwkfj ci~ wief xbzf~! z`f tiamgf ziaj z`fe zi j~mlk evjj} xbzf~ blj z`fl ci~gfj

z`fe zi ji wi,Z`f tiamgf z`fl ci~gfj E~, Wvlma blj `mw xmcf zi hfz mlzi bl itfl%zit sf`mgaf % z`vw!

tvnamga} w`bemlh z`fe % blj ziik z`fe zi z`f Xbljv~benb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Bz z`f wzbzmil! bhbml z`f}

xf~f ci~gfj zi klffa jixl blj ~febml wi ci~ isf~ ilf ìv~,

Wvn%Mlwtfgzi~ Tblbxfab eisfj zixb~jw z`f smgzmew blj wz~vgk z`fe xmz` b evjj} w`m~z, Z`f tiamgf

z`fl x~izf wiefz`mlh jixl il tbtf~ blj ci~gfj E~, Wvlma‐w wmhlbzv~f ilzi z`f jigveflz, Bz

b~ivlj 0te! z`f givtaf xbw ~fafbwfj il tiamgf nbma,Z`bz lmh`z! bw Wvlma‐w xmcf‐w giljmzmil xi~wflfj!

`f ziik `f~ zi z`f Kb~btmzm}b ìwtmzba, Niz` `vwnblj blj xmcf xf~f bjemzzfj zi z`f ìwtmzba x`f~fz`f} xf~f z~fbzfj ci~ z`~ff jb}w, Bz z`f ìwtmzba z`f} gietabmlfj zi z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~! bw

xfaa bw z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf bnivz z`f zi~zv~f,

228, Kmz`wm~m J`blbxb~jflb? N~vzba zi~zv~f ic b ebl n} tiamgf z~bmlffw




2:6

zi~zv~f ic IKJ Kmz`wm~m J`blbxb~jflb n} Kfzbtiab tiamgf z~bmlmlh giaafhf z~bmlffw,Il Eb~g` >6!

E~, J`blbxb~jflb ~fgfmsfj b efwwbhf c~ie tiamgf z~bmlffw! E~, Hvlbz`mabkf blj E~, Ob}b~bz`lf zi

gief zi z`f Kfzbtiab z~bmlmlh giaafhf ci~ b gbn `m~f, @ixfsf~! E~, J`blbxb~jflb xbw ba~fbj}

flhbhfj ml bliz`f~ `m~f bz z`f zmef blj z`f~fci~f `f ~fcvwfj,

Z`fl il Eb~g` >8! bz b~ivlj 3te! E~, Hvlbz`mabkf blj E~, Ob}b~bz`lf b~~msfj bz z`f z`~ff%x`ffagbn wzit blj btt~ibg`fj E~, J`blbxb~jflb! z`~fbzflmlh `me bnivz z`f mlgmjflz zxi jb}w fb~amf~,

X`fl E~, J`blbxb~jflb ziaj z`fe `f xivaj gietabml zi z`f tiamgf Iccmgf~%Ml%G`b~hf IMG-

bnivz z`fm~ nf`bsmiv~! z`f} sf~nbaa} bnvwfj `me ci~ z`~fbzflmlh zi ji wi,Ci~z} emlvzfw abzf~! E~,

Hvlbz`mabkf blj E~, Ob}b~bz`lf ~fzv~lfj zi z`f wzit xmz` bnivz 244 iz`f~w! baa c~ie z`f tiamgf

z~bmlmlh giaafhf blj baa ml vlmci~e,

Ilf ic z`fe timlzfj bz E~, J`blbxb~jflb blj rvf~mfj! ‖Mw z`bz `me9– z`fl xmzìvz xb~lmlh!

tvaafj E~, J`blbxb~jflb n} `mw w`m~z giaab~ blj nfhbl nfbzmlh `me,

Meefjmbzfa} baa z`f iz`f~w tivlgfj il z`f smgzme blj tveefafj `me xmz` cmwzw! tiafw blj niizw, Bw

b ~fwvaz z`f smgzme xbw wfsf~fa} mlov~fj blj cfaa zi z`f h~ivlj wg~fbemlh, E~, Hvlbz`mabkf blj E~,

Ob}b~bz`lf z`fl j~isf z`f smgzme ml b tiamgf z~bmlmlh giaafhf sf`mgaf! cm~wz zi z`f z~bmlmlh giaafhf mzwfac

blj z`f~fbczf~ zi z`f Fatmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Bczf~ `mw cbema} xbw lizmcmfj z`f} xflz zi z`f Fatmzm}b tiamgf x`f~f z`f} wbx z`f smgzme wmzzmlh il b

g`bm~ naffjmlh blj n~vmwfj, Z`f} bzzfetzfj zi aijhf b gietabmlz nvz z`f tiamgf ~fcvwfj, Z`f tiamgf

ziaj z`fe zi xbmz vlzma z`f wzbzmil IMG b~~msfj, Zxi ìv~w abzf~ z`f wzbzmil IMG zihfz`f~ xmz` z`f

z~bmlmlh giaafhf IMG b~~msfj blj z`f} ziik z`f smgzme bwmjf blj mlrvm~fj bnivz z`f mlgmjflz, Z`f

smgzme‐w eiz`f~ mlzf~sflfj blj ziaj z`f tiamgf z`bz `f~ wil xbw wfsf~fa} mlov~fj blj ml lffj ic

v~hflz efjmgba bzzflzmil, Ila} z`fl jmj z`f IMG baaix z`f smgzme zi hi zi ìwtmzba, @ixfsf~! z`f

Fatmzm}b tiamgf cbmafj zi inzbml bl} wzbzfeflz c~ie z`f cbema},

Z`f smgzme xbw zbkfl zi z`f Fatmzm}b jmwz~mgz ìwtmzba x`f~f z`f jigzi~ mlwmwzfj z`bz `f nf xb~jfj

meefjmbzfa}, Z`f cbema} ziaj z`f jigzi~ bnivz z`f bwwbvaz il `me, Bczf~ v~hflz z~fbzeflz z`f smgzme

xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Kb~btmzm}b ìwtmzba! x`f~f z`f cbema} ilgf bhbml ziaj jigzi~w z`f jfzbmaw ic z`f

mlgmjflz,

Bw b ~fwvaz ic z`f n~vzba zi~zv~f! z`f smgzme `bj zi nf ìtmzbamwfj vlzmaa Bt~ma 7, Mz xbw bawi civlj z`bz

z`f smgzme‐w sf~zfn~b `bj nffl jbebhfj blj `f `bj zi nf cmpfj xmz` b gbz`fzf~,Abzf~ ml z`f cbgf ic

bttb~flz tiamgf mlbgzmil! blh~} smaabhf~w t~izfwzfj bhbmlwz z`f tiamgf, Jvf zi z`f ebwwmsf t~izfwz

~fhb~jmlh z`f mlgmjflz! z`f Fatmzm}b tiamgf cmlbaa} b~~fwzfj z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w E~, Hvlbz`mabkf! E~,

Ob}b~bz`lf blj ilf iz`f~ c~ie z`f z~bmlmlh giaafhf blj g`b~hfj z`fe nfci~f z`f Fatmzm}b Ebhmwz~bzf

Giv~z Gbwf Li, 786:3-,

Bawi z`~ff z~bmlffw il Eb~g` >0 blj ilf ei~f il Eb~g` 72 xf~f b~~fwzfj blj ~febljfj ci~ z`f

wbef mlgmjflz, Wvnwfrvflza}! z`f} xf~f baa ~fafbwfj il nbma, Z`f smgzme bawi gietabmlfj z`bz li wzftw

`bsf nffl zbkfl zi btt~f`flj z`f iz`f~ gvat~mzw xìe z`f smgzme gbl ~fgihlmwf mc wffl

bhbml,Vlci~zvlbzfa}! z`mw mw bliz`f~ fpbetaf ic z`f h~ixmlh lvenf~ ic zi~zv~f gbwfw gb~~mfj ivz n}



2:3

tvnamg iccmgf~w ml W~m Ablkb, Z`f B@^G `bw t~fsmivwa} ~fti~zfj il ebl} gbwfw ~fhb~jmlh z`mw ebzzf~

VB%240%>443! VT%43=%>443! VT%462%>443 blj VB%247%>443-, Meefjmbzf afhba bgzmil evwz nf

zbkfl bhbmlwz z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w blj bw tvnamg iccmgf~w wvg` giljvgz wìvaj nf wvnofgzfj zi z`f

t~ismwmilw ic z`f Gilsflzmil Bhbmlwz Zi~zv~f Bgz Li >> ic 2==: x`mg` wzbzfw b emlmeve wfsfl

}fb~w wflzflgf ci~ zi~zv~f gilsmgzmil,

220, Xmofxb~jflb? Maafhba b~~fwz blj jfzflzmil n} z`f tiamgf il tiamzmgmbl(w ~frvfwz

Il 72 Eb~g` >443! bz b~ivlj 22be! Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- Ob}betbz` blj b gilwzbnaf smwmzfj E~,

Xmofxb~jflb‐w nivzmrvf blj rvf~mfj `mw mjflzmz}, X`fl `f ziaj z`fe! z`f} bwkfj `me x`f~f `mw

z`~ff% x`ffaf~ xbw zi x`mg` `f ~ftamfj! ‖bz ìef–,

Z`f tiamgf wbmj z`f} xblzfj zi wff z`f sf`mgaf! blj il zbkmlh `me ìef ziaj `me zi n~mlh z`f z`~ff%

x`ffaf~ gbn zi z`f ~ibj, @ixfsf~ x`fl mz xbw n~ivh`z ivz! z`f Gilwzbnaf i~jf~fj E~, Xmofxb~jflb

zi t~igffj zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`~ivhìvz z`f oiv~lf} z`f tiamgf gilwzbnaf wgiajfj blj

z`~fbzflfj `me ml inwgflf ablhvbhf! nvz E~, Xmofxb~jflb xbw lfsf~ mlci~efj z`f ~fbwilw x`} `f

xbw nfmlh zbkfl zi z`f Kb~bljflm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil,Bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f IMG ziik E~,

Xmofxb~jflb‐w sf`mgaf ~fhmwz~bzmil! mlwv~blgf tbtf~w blj z`f sf`mgaf kf}w, E~, Xmofxb~jflb xbw z`fl

mlci~efj z`bz tiamzmgmbl blj Efenf~ ic Tb~ambeflz ET-! Hvlb~bzlf Xff~bkiil `bj gietabmlfj

z`bz `f `bj nffl jmwz~mnvzmlh jfcbebzi~} tiwzf~w bhbmlwz z`f ET,

Z`f IMG z`~fbzflfj E~,Xmofxb~jflb zi zfaa z`f z~vz` blj `b~bwweflzw gilzmlvfj ci~ bnivz z`~ff

ìv~w, B ~fabzmsf lbefj ^be}b W~m Xmofzvlhb z`fl gbef zi z`f wzbzmil, Z`f tiamgf ~frvfwzfj `me zi

hi blj smwmz z`f tiamzmgmbl ~fhb~jmlh z`f mlgmjflz! ìxfsf~ z`f ~frvfwz xbw ~fcvwfj, Z`f tiamgf z`fl

i~jf~fj E~, Xmofxb~jflb zi tìlf `mw xmcf zi bwk `f~ zi gief zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, X`fl `mw xmcf

b~~msfj z`f tiamgf t~igffjfj zi wtfbk zi `f~ ml fpz~fefa} jmwtb~bhmlh zf~ew blj z`~fbzflfj zi wflj

`f~ `vwnblj zi t~mwil ci~ zxi }fb~w,Z`f tiamgf gilzmlvfj zi t~fwwv~mwf z`f cbema} zi bjemz zijmwz~mnvzmlh z`f tiwzf~w,

Bz b~ivlj >te z`f IMG ~frvfwzfj `mw xmcf zi effz xmz` z`f tiamzmgmbl blj ~fwiasf ebzzf~w! nvz zi

z`f blli}blgf ic z`f iccmgf~ z`mw xbw bawi ~fcvwfj, Z`f cbema} xbw ziaj n} z`f iccmgf~ zi xbmz vlzma `mw

~fzv~l x`mawz `f efz xmz` z`f tiamzmgmbl,

X`fl z`f IMG ~fzv~lfj bz b~ivlj 6te `f wbmj zi E~, Xmofxb~jflb! ‖M be himlh zi zbkf }iv zi

giv~z– blj xflz il zi fptabml! ‖M ila} xblz zi tafbwf z`f ET nfgbvwf mz mw `f xì hiz ef z`mw tiwz,–

Z`f iccmgf~ z`fl j~bczfj wiefz`mlh ml z`f niikw blj ci~gfj E~, Xmofxb~jflb zi wmhl mz, X`fl `mw

xmcf ~frvfwzfj zi ~fbj mzw gilzflzw! bw E~, Xmofxb~jflb‐w f}fwmh`z mw xfbk! w`f xbw bnvwfj xmz` cmaz`}

ablhvbhf,

Z`f tiamgf z`fl ziik z`f cbema} zi z`f ìef ic Gb~azil Wmasb! b abx}f~ xì xbw bawi z`f bgzmlh

ebhmwz~bzf, Bggietbl}mlh z`fe xbw z`f IMG blj z`f gilwzbnaf, E~, G`b~azil Wmasb wbmj z`bz `f xbw

~febljmlh E~, Xmofxb~jflb vlzma Eb~g` : blj bwkfj z`f xmcf zi ~fzbml `mw wf~smgfw vlzma Eb~g` 7

x`fl `f xivaj inzbml nbma ci~ `f~ `vwnblj,



2:8

E~, Xmofxb~jflb xbw zbkfl zi Nbabtmzm}b blj ~febljfj z`f~f, Bw mlwz~vgzfj! z`f xmcf ~fzbmlfj z`f

wbef Gb~azil Wmasb ci~ ^w, >644 il Eb~g` 7, @ixfsf~ w`f wzbzfw z`bz bczf~ z`f abx}f~ blj z`f IMG

gilcf~~fj xmz` z`f ebhmwz~bzf! E~, Xmofxb~jflb xbw ~febljfj ci~ cv~z`f~ zf~ew,

Z`f gbwf xbw cmpfj ci~ Bt~ma 24 blj Gb~azil Wmasb bhbml t~iemwfj zi `bsf `me ~fafbwfj il z`bz

jb},Il z`f jb}! ml b jfwtf~bzf bzzfetz zi wfgv~f `f~ `vwnblj‐w c~ffjie! E~w, Xmofxb~jflb ~fzbmlfjbliz`f~ abx}f~! Jmgkwil Hvlbxb~jflb zi hfz nbma ci~ `f~ `vwnblj, Bczf~ b aflhz`} jmwgvwwmil

nfzxffl Jmgkwil Hvlbxb~jflb! Gb~azil Wmasb blj z`f ebhmwz~bzf! E~w, Xmofxb~jflb xbw mlci~efj

z`bz bw E~, Wmasb `bj ba~fbj} bttfb~fj ci~ z`f gbwf! mz xbw ml z`fm~ mlzf~fwz zi ~fzbml `me bw xfaa, Z`f

lfpz ei~lmlh! z`f xmcf tbmj b cv~z`f~ ^w,>644 zi E~, G`b~azil Wmasb blj ^w,>444 zi Jmgkwil

Hvlbxb~jflb zi wfgv~f `f~ `vwnbljw‐ jmwg`b~hf,

E~, Xmofxb~jflb xbw cmlbaa} ~fafbwfj il nbma il Eb~g` 22,Z`f~fbczf~ z`f abx}f~w bjsmwfj E~,

Xmofxb~jflb zi bjemz zi z`f g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me bw z`f cmlf xivaj ila} nf ^w,244, @ixfsf~ E~,

Xmofxb~jflb mw bjbeblz z`bz `f xmaa liz bjemz zi bl iccflgf z`bz `f jmj liz gieemz, Z`f gbwf mw

lfpz wg`fjvafj ci~ Ovlf >3,E~, Xmofxb~jflb wzbzfw z`bz `mw cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw hvb~blzffj n} z`fGilwzmzvzmil ic W~m Ablkb `bsf nffl smiabzfj n} z`f tiamgf n} maafhbaa} b~~fwzmlh `me! cbn~mgbzmlh

g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me zi tafbwf b tiamzmgmbl blj z`fl t~fwflzmlh cbawf cbgzw zi giv~z blj wfgv~mlh `mw

jfzflzmil ci~ baeiwz 24 jb}w,

22=, Mljmkb Kvabwfkb~b? Bwwbvazfj xmz` `faefz

Il 8 Bt~ma >443! bz 8,>4be Mljmkb Kvabwfkb~b xbw j~msmlh `mw nvw blj xbw giaafgzmlh tbwwflhf~w bw

vwvba, Z`f nvw xbw z~bsfamlh zixb~jw Kblj}, Bz bnivz

8,:4 be z`f nvw gbef zi Jmhblb%Ebjb~xbab ovlgzmil blj Mljmkb xblzfj zi wzit z`f nvw bz z`f nvw

w`fazf~, @ixfsf~! z`f~f xbw b sbl wzbzmilfj bz z`f w`fazf~! blj wi z`f nvw givaj liz nf wzittfj ml

z`f w`fazf~, Z`f~fci~f Mljmkb wzittfj z`f nvw ovwz t~mi~ zi z`f wzbzmilfj sbl blj nvw w`fazf~,

TG Wb~bz` xbw il b eizi~nmkf blj btt~ibg`fj z`f wgflf, TG Wb~bz` tb~kfj z`f eizi~nmkf nf`mlj

z`f nvw! blj z`fl xflz zi z`f j~msf~‐w xmljix, TG Wb~bz` mlrvm~fj xmz` Mljmkb bw zi x`} `f `bj

wzittfj z`f nvw nfci~f z`f jfwmhlbzfj nvw w`fazf~, Mljmkb ~ftamfj z`bz z`f~f xbw b sbl ml z`f nvw

w`fazf~ blj bw wvg` `f givaj liz wzit z`f nvw z`f~f, @f bawi bwkfj z`f tiamgfebl! ‖Gbl }iv liz wff

z`f sbl9– Bczf~ Mljmkb‐w ~fwtilwf! TG Wb~bz` w`ivzfj bz Mljmkb liz zi mlwz~vgz `me il z`f ~vafw blj

~fhvabzmilw, TG Wb~bz` z`fl ~frvfwzfj Mljmkb zi hfz jixl c~ie z`f nvw! blj zi gief blj effz `me

nf`mlj z`f nvw! x`f~f z`f eizi~nmkf xbw wzittfj,

Bczf~ hfzzmlh jixl c~ie z`f nvw! Mljmkb ciaaixfj TG Wb~bz`‐w mlwz~vgzmilw! blj xflz nf`mlj z`f nvw,

Mljmkb jmj liz `bsf `mw amgflgf! nvz ila} b zfeti~b~} amgflgf ic x`mg` `f t~fwflzfj zi TG Wb~bz`,

Mljmkb jmj liz `bsf `mw t~itf~ amgflgf nfgbvwf z`f Eblmkmllb Tiamgf wzbzmil xbw `iajmlh `mw amgflwf

jvf zi bliz`f~ mlgmjflz mlsiasmlh z`f nvw‐w z}~fw, Bhbml! Mljmkb fptabmlfj z`bz `f givaj liz wzit ml

z`f nvw w`fazf~ nfgbvwf ic z`f sbl, TG Wb~bz` z`fl wgiajfj Mljmkb zfaamlh `me li zi zfaa wvg` wzi~mfw,



2:0

TG Wb~bz` ziaj Mljmkb `f xivaj afz z`f mlgmjflz wamt! mc Mljmkb hbsf `me eilf} gilwmjf~mlh mz xbw z`f

Lfx ]fb~ wfbwil, TG Wb~bz` gilzmlvfj! ‖Mc }iv xblz zi hi! }iv gbl hmsf ^w, 644 blj z`fl }iv gbl

hi,– Mljmkb jmj liz `bsf z`mw eilf}! ci~ z`mw xbw z`f cm~wz oiv~lf} ic z`f jb}! blj wi `f ziaj TG

Wb~bz` z`bz mc mz xf~f ba~mh`z! `f xivaj hmsf z`mw eilf} abzf~ zi `me, TG Wb~bz` bhbml bwkfj Mljmkb ci~

z`f eilf}! blj bhbml `f ~ftamfj z`bz `f jmj liz `bsf bl}z`mlh lix nvz givaj hmsf mz abzf~, TG Wb~bz`

z`fl wgiajfj Mljmkb! nfci~f Mljmkb mlzf~~vtzfj zfaamlh TG Wb~bz` iccmgf~ liz zi wgiaj `me blj zi mwwvfb ~fgfmtz ci~ `me zi tb} abzf~, TG Wb~bz` z`fl ziaj Mljmkb liz zi nf wi web~z! bczf~ x`mg` `f ziik

Mljmkb‐w zfeti~b~} amgflgf! g~vetafj mz vt blj z`~fx mz bxb}, Bz z`f wbef zmef! TG Wb~bz` wzb~zfj zi

bwwbvaz Mljmkb xmz` b `faefz! gbvwmlh Mljmkb zi }faa ivz liz zi `mz `me, TG Wb~bz` mhli~fj z`fwf g~mfw!

blj gilzmlvfj zi `mz Mljkmb! blj bawi }faafj ivz zi ‖n~mlh z`f xfbtil–,

Jv~mlh z`mw zmef! Mljmkb‐w cbz`f~! Kvabwfkb~b `bj hiz jixl c~ie z`f nvw blj xbw btt~ibg`mlh z`f

wgflf, Kvabwfkb~b }faafj zi Mljmkb zi ~vl, Mljmkb z`fl tvw`fj z`f tiamgfebl blj ~bl! nfamfsmlh `f

xbw bnivz zi nf wìz, X`maf ~vllmlh! Mljmkb hiz ilzi b nvw `fbjmlh zixb~jw Kblj}, Mljmkb hiz icc

z`f nvw bz Kflhbaab, Bczf~ x`mg` `f z`fl hiz il bliz`f~ nvw `fbjmlh zixb~jw Kblj} c~ie

Eb`m}blhblb}b, Bczf~ bnivz ilf kmaiefz~f z`f nvw btt~ibg`fj z`f Kflhbaab Ovlgzmil gaiwf zi NIMt~iofgz- blj Mljmkb lizmgfj wfsf~ba gmsmamblw hfzzmlh il z`f nvw, Z`fwf gmsmamblw z`fl btt~ibg`fj

Mljmkb mlci~emlh `me z`bz z`f} xf~f tiamgf iccmgf~w c~ie Nbabhiiab Tiamgf wzbzmil blj z`bz Mljmkb

xbw zi hfz jixl c~ie z`f nvw, Mljmkb t~igffjfj zi hfz jixl c~ie z`f nvw! bczf~ x`mg` z`f fmh`z

iccmgf~w fwgi~zfj `me zi b offt tb~kfj il z`f ~mh`z `blj wmjf ic z`f ~ibj,

Z`f iccmgf~w z`fl j~isf Mljmkb zi Jmhblb smaabhf, @f~f! Mljmkb xbw ziaj zi hfz jixl c~ie z`f offt!

bw z`f Nbabhiaab tiamgf xf~f zi `blj `me isf~ zi z`f Zfajflm}b tiamgf xì `bj n~ivh`z bliz`f~ offt,

Ic z`f Zfajflm}b tiamgf! z`f~f xf~f cmsf tiamgf iccmgf~w blj ilf WT t~fwflz bz z`f wgflf, Bw Mljmkb

xbw hfzzmlh mlzi z`f Zfajflm}b offt! z`f WM wzb~zfj zi `mz `me bczf~ x`mg` z`f iz`f~ cmsf iccmgf~w oimlfj

ml gbvwmlh Mljmkb zi cbaa zi z`f h~ivlj, Ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w gieeflzfj z`bz z`f} xf~f liz zi `mz `mezii evg` nvz xf~f zi zbkf `me zi z`f wgflf ic z`f mlgmjflz, @f gilzmlvfj z`bz z`f} xf~f zi kfft

`mzzmlh `me! nvz xf~f liz zi ebkf bl} smwmnaf fpzf~lba jbebhf, Z`f offt z`fl ziik Mljmkb zi z`f

wgflf ic z`f mlgmjflz! x`f~f z`f nvw xbw wzmaa tb~kfj z`f~f,

Bz z`f Jmhblb%Ebjb~xbab ovlgzmil! Mljmkb xbw bhbml ziaj zi hfz ivz ic z`f offt, TG Wb~bz` xbw wzmaa

t~fwflz bz z`f wgflf, Z`f iz`f~ iccmgf~w ziaj TG Wb~bz` z`bz z`f} `bj n~ivh`z z`f ebl, Mljmkb

lizmgfj z`bz TG Wb~bz` xbw ìajmlh b zxi%ciiz tiaf, Bw Mljmkb xbw hfzzmlh jixl c~ie z`f offt! TG

Wb~bz` z`fl t~igffjfj zi nfbz Mljmkb‐w afhw blj aixf~ nbgk, @f z`fl ziaj Mljmkb z`bz xf b~f z`f

tfitaf xì xmaa zbkf }iv zi z`f Giv~zw; }iv ji liz `bsf z`f wz~flhz` zi cmh`z xmz` vw, Mljmkb

fsflzvbaa} cfaa ilzi z`f ~ibj, Bczf~ x`mg` TG Wb~bz` tabgfj `mw ciiz il Mljmkb‐w `fbj blj bttamfjt~fwwv~f! ciaaixmlh z`mw `f kmgkfj Mljmkb, TG Wb~bz` z`fl ziaj Mljkmb zi hfz vt! nvz Mljmkb xbw

vlbnaf zi hfz vt blj z`f~f xbw naiij caixmlh c~ie `mw liwf blj eivz`, Z`f~fci~f! z`f iccmgf~w

tmgkfj Mljmkb vt blj bhbml tvz `me mlzi z`f offt, Ilgf mlwmjf z`f offt! zxi iccmgf~w `faj Mljmkb vt!

x`mawz bliz`f~ iccmgf~ gilzmlvfj zi nfbz `me ml z`f g`fwz ~fhmil, Z`f offt z`fl j~isf zi z`f

Zfajflm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil,



2:=

Vtil b~~msba bz z`f hbzf ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f iccmgf~w ziaj Mljmkb zi hfz jixl c~ie z`f offt, Bw

Mljmkb xbw hfzzmlh jixl c~ie z`f offt! z`f iccmgf~w bhbml kmgkfj blj nfbz `ve, Ilgf mlwmjf z`f

Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`~ff iccmgf~w bwwbvazfj Mljmkb xmz` b tiaf! bczf~ x`mg` Mljmkb xbw tabgfj mlzi b gfaa,

Bczf~ bnivz z`~ff ìv~w z`f iccmgf~w ~fgi~jfj wief jfzbmaw jixl blj bwkfj Mljmkb zi wmhl z`f

jigveflz! nvz Mljmkb xbw lfsf~ bwkfj bl}z`mlh, Mljmkb ~fcvwfj zi wmhl z`f jigveflz! nvz z`f

iccmgf~w ziaj `me z`bz mc `f ~fcvwfj zi ji wi z`f} xivaj t~igffj zi n~fbk `mw afhw blj b~e, Jvf zicfb~! Mljmkb wmhlfj z`f jigveflz nvz mz xbw liz xmz` `mw t~itf~ wmhlbzv~f, Z`f iccmgf~w z`fl tvz

Mljmkb nbgk mlzi z`f gfaa,

Bczf~ bliz`f~ zxi ìv~w z`f iccmgf~w ziik Mljmkb zi z`f ìwtmzba zi hfz wief efjmgba gf~zmcmgbzfw,

Bzz`f ìwtmzba! Mljmkb ~fgfmsfj li z~fbzeflz i~ efjmgbzmil blj z`f~f xf~f li fpbemlbzmilw

giljvgzfj,@ixfsf~! z`f iccmgf~w afcz xmz` efjmgba jigveflzw,

Ciaaixmlh z`f ìwtmzba smwmz! Mljmkb xbw zbkfl zi z`f Zfajflm}b Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~zw! bczf~ x`mg` `f

xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f t~mwil blj bjemzzfj zi z`f t~mwil ìwtmzba, Mljmkb ~febmlfj bz z`f t~mwil

ìwtmzba vlzma z`f Bt~ma 28, Mljmkb z~mfj zi hfz nbma il Bt~ma 22 nvz mz xbw ~fcvwfj, @ixfsf~! il Bt~ma28 `f xbw hmsfl nbma blj ~fafbwfj ci~ ^w, >644 xmz` b hvb~blzff ic ^w, >44!444,

2>4, J`b~ebwm~m? Zi~zv~fj zi gilcfww zi b g~mef n} z`f Kbzvtiz`b tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- x~mzfw zi mlci~e }iv ic }fz bliz`f~ zi~zv~f gbwf ml

W~m Ablkb, Il z`mw iggbwmil z`f smgzme xbw b~nmz~b~ma} jfzbmlfj n} z`f Kbzvtiz`b tiamgf! xì

bggvwfj `me ic wzfbamlh ofxfaaf~} blj eilf}, Zìvh` z`fwf xf~f liz civlj ml z`f tiwwfwwmil ic z`f

smgzme! z`f tiamgf t~igffjfj zi z`~fbzfl blj zi~zv~f z`f smgzme mlzi gilcfwwmlh zi z`f g~mef ic z`fcz,

Z`f smgzme! ìxfsf~! ebmlzbmlfj `mw mlligflgf! x`mg` ila} mlcv~mbzfj z`f tiamgf cv~z`f~, Mz xbw liz

vlzma zxi jb}w abzf~ z`bz z`f smgzme xbw cmlbaa} ~fafbwfj c~ie tiamgf gvwzij}! gb~~}mlh mlov~mfw c~ie

z`f zi~zv~f mlcamgzfj vtil `me blj emlvw ^w, 644 z`bz xbw wziafl n} z`f tiamgf c~ie `mw xbaafz,

Ciaaixmlh `mw ~fafbwf! z`f smgzme xbw ìwtmzbamwfj ci~ ilf xffk zi ~fgfmsf z~fbzeflz ci~ `mw mlov~mfw

,Il 0 Bt~ma >443! bz b~ivlj 2te! E~, J`b~ebwm~m blj `mw cbema} xflz ci~ b evwmgba t~ih~beef bz

z`f Giaienihbeb Wgìia, Bnivz ilf ìv~ abzf~ E~, J`b~ebwm~m xflz ìef zi giaafgz wief gaiz`fw

ml b nbh nfgbvwf `f xblzfj zi hi zi Giaieni z`f lfpz jb}- blj ~fzv~lfj zi z`f evwmgba cfwzmsba, Il

`mw ~fzv~l zi z`f evwmgba b tiamgfebl xbakfj vt zi ̀ me blj jfebljfj zi fpbemlf `mw nbh, Bnivz

wfsfl tiamgfefl ciaaixfj,

Z`f} fwgi~zfj E~ J`b~ebwm~m zi z`f wmjf ic z`f ~ibj x`f~f `f wìxfj z`fe z`f gilzflzw ic `mw

nbh,Z`fl b tiamgfebl lbefj Tvw`tbkveb~b wabttfj `me blj ziaj `me zi gaiwf `mw nbh, @f ci~gfj

E~, J`b~ebwm~m mlzi b tiamgf offt lfb~n} blj ziik `me zi z`f Kbzvtiz`b Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Bz z`f wzbzmil Tvw`tbkveb~b ziaj `me! ‖hfz jixl! M xmaa cmlj z`f hiijw il }iv–, Z`fl bw E~,

J`b~ebwm~m xbw gamenmlh vt z`f wzftw zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil `f smgmivwa} bwwbvazfj `me xmz` b

gavn,Mlwmjf z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil Tvw`tbkveb~b blj iz`f~w nfhbl `b~bwwmlh blj bwwbvazmlh `me, Wfsf~ba



264

zmefw z`f} hiz `me zi fetz} z`f gilzflzw ic `mw nbh il z`f caii~ blj z`fl tvz z`fe nbgk bhbml, Mz

xbw bz z`mw zmef z`bz E~, J`b~ebwm~m afb~lz z`bz z`f ~fbwil ci~ z`mw xbw z`bz `f xbw wvwtfgzfj ic

wzfbamlh ofxfaaf~} blj eilf} c~ie b lfb~n} ìef,

Bazìvh` `f sf`feflza} jflmfj z`mw bggvwbzmil! z`f} jmj liz nfamfsf `me, Tvw`tbkveb~b z`fl

h~bnnfj `me n} `mw giaab~! ~bmwfj `me blj tvw`fj `me jixl il z`f nb~f gfeflz caii~! x`f~f `f wb}w`f wabeefj `mw wtmlf il z`f caii~ ‚ gbvwmlh `me wfsf~f tbml, Z`f} z`fl xblzfj zi wff `mw xbaafz,

X`fl Tvw`tbkveb~b wbx ^w, 644 mlwmjf! `f jfebljfj zi klix x`f~f `f hiz z`f eilf} c~ie,

Tvw`tbkveb~b z`fl ziik z`f eilf} blj t~iemwfj zi ~fzv~l mz abzf~, Ilgf bhbml Tvw`tbkveb~b

nfhbl wabttmlh `me mlzi gilcfwwmlh zi z`f z`fcz,

E~, J`b~ebwm~m xbw ziaj z`bz mc `f jmj liz gilcfww! `f xivaj nf `vlh c~ie z`f gfmamlh blj

ef~gmafwwa} zi~zv~fj, @f xbw z`fl bwwbvazfj blj wabttfj ci~ bnivz >4 emlvzfw nfci~f cbaamlh zi z`f

h~ivlj jvf zi z`f ci~gf ic z`f naixw, @f xbw ziaj zi wzblj vt blj `f inf}fj xmz` z`f h~fbzfwz ic

jmccmgvaz},

@ixfsf~ Tvw`tbkveb~b z`fl kmgkfj `me smgmivwa} il z`f ~mh`z wmjf ic `mw g`fwz, @f z`fl fpgabmefj

baivj! ‖Z`mw jfsma xil‐z gilcfww! li ebzzf~ ìx `b~j M `mz `me, Lix e} b~ew b~f tbmlmlh–, Xmz`

z`bz! E~, J`bebwm~m xbw aigkfj mlwmjf b gfaa,Z`f tiamgf gilzmlvfj zi z`~fbzfl blj `b~bww `me zi

gilcfww zi z`f z`fcz, Z`f ciaaixmlh ei~lmlh z`f tiamgf cmlhf~t~mlzfj `me blj aigkfj `me vt bhbml,

@mw cbema} efenf~w bawi smwmzfj `me blj nfhhfj z`f tiamgf zi ~fafbwf `me! nvz z`f} ~fcvwfj,

Z`fl! il Bt~ma 24 bz bnivz 0,74te z`f} ~fgi~jfj `mw wzbzfeflz blj ziaj `me zi afbsf, @f ziaj

Tvw`tbkveb~b z`bz `mw g`fwz xbw `v~zmlh nvz z`f tiamgfebl ef~fa} ziaj `me zi hfz wief efjmgmlf,

E~, J`b~ebwm~m xflz ìef! nvz bw `f wvccf~fj wfsf~f tbmlw z`f flzm~f lmh`z! `f xflz zi z`f

Xb~m}btiab ìwtmzba blj xbw xb~jfj z`f~f ci~ ei~f z`bl ilf xffk,

2>2, C~fjj} Hbebhf? Bzzbgk il bl fjmzi~ ic b t~ismlgmba lfxwtbtf~

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw gief zi afb~l ic bl bzzbgk il bl fjmzi~ ic b

aigba lfxwtbtf~ ml W~m Ablkb! ciaaixmlh `mw bzzfetz zi ~fti~z il maafhba gilwz~vgzmil ml `mw b~fb,

Zìvh` z`f ebzzf~ mw lix gieeil klixafjhf blj z`f aigba tiamgf ml Lfhieni `bsf nffl ebjf

bxb~f ic mz! li bgzmil `bw nffl zbkfl bhbmlwz zìwf jffefj ~fwtilwmnaf ci~ z`f bzzbgk,

Wvg` bl bzzbgk liz ila} bccfgzw z`f fjmzi~ blj `mw ixl ~mh`zw blj wbcfz}! nvz bawi mw bl bzzfetz zi

wvtt~fww c~ffjie ic z`f t~fww,Efftv~b mw b t~ismlgmba lfxwtbtf~ tvnamw`fj ml Lfhieni, Mz gisf~w

aigba wzi~mfw blj tb~zmgvab~a} jfbaw xmz` gi~~vtzmil blj iz`f~ ebzzf~w ic aigba hisf~leflz bhflgmfw ml

z`f Lfhieni b~fb, Mz mw b titvab~ tbtf~, Z`f fjmzi~ ic z̀ f tbtf~ mw E~, C~fjj} Hbebhf,

Il Bt~ma >2! E~, Hbebhf xflz zi mlzf~smfx b tf~wil blj zi hfz tìzih~bt`w ic wief maafhba

gilwz~vgzmil bz z`f abhiil b~fb, Bz Kiz`babsab N~mjhf lfb~ z`f abhiil wief tf~wilw gabmemlh zi nf

ixlf~w ic z`f t~itf~z} `bj nffl bzzfetzmlh zi cmaa ml z`f abhiil ml i~jf~ zi nvmaj b gilwz~vgzmil



262

z`f~f blj z`f bvzì~mzmfw ̀ bj i~jf~fj z`bz z`mw nf wzittfj, Z`f i~jf~ xbw gieevlmgbzfj z`~ivh`

z`f tiamgf, E~, Hbebhf xbw z~}mlh zi giaafgz mlci~ebzmil blj tmgzv~fw il z`mw mwwvf x`fl b h~ivt ic

tfitaf bzzbgkfj `me,Bczf~ bwwbvazmlh `me wief ic z`f smjfi gbwwfzzfw blj gbef~b aflwfw xf~f

jfwz~i}fj n} z`f bzzbgkf~w,

^fti~zw `bsf nffl ebjf bnivz z`mw mlgmjflz zi z`f G~memlba Mlsfwzmhbzmil Jftb~zeflz bz z`fLfhieni tiamgf wzbzmil, @ixfsf~! jfwtmzf ebl} ~frvfwzw blj fsfl lfxwtbtf~ tvnamgmz} z`f tiamgf

`bsf liz mlsfwzmhbzfj z`f ebzzf~ blj `bsf liz zbkfl bl} bgzmil, C~ffjie ic z`f t~fww mw b nbwmg ~mh`z

blj z`mw c~ffjie fpzfljw bawi zi aigba lfxwtbtf~w,

Aigba tbtf~w b~f bl meti~zblz tb~z ic z`f xb} ml x`mg` mlci~ebzmil mw t~ismjfj zi tfitaf il aigba

mwwvfw, Bzzbgkmlh oiv~lbamwzw flhbhfj ml wvg` xi~k mw jilf zi mlzmemjbzf oiv~lbamwzw blj zi t~fsflz

z`fe c~ie t~ismjmlh bl fwwflzmba wf~smgf zi z`f tvnamg,

2>>, Wbeblz`b Tf~f~b? Zi~zv~f ic bl 20%}fb~%iaj n} z`f Nbljb~bhbeb tiamgf

Il >: Bt~ma >443! bz bnivz =?44be! civ~ tf~wilw smwmzfj Wbeblz`b Tf~f~b‐w ìef, Ilf xbw b

tiamgfebl c~ie Giaieni; ilf xbw b tiamgfebl c~ie Nbljb~bhbeb; ilf xbw xi~kmlh bz z`f

Giaieni ti~z nvz b ~fwmjflz ml Efjmhbeb; blj z`f iz`f~‐w jfzbmaw b~f vlklixl, Z`f} b~~msfj bz

Wbeblz`b‐w ìef ml b x`mzf giaiv~fj sbl nfailhmlh zi z`f ebl c~ie z`f ti~zw,

Ilf tiamgfebl bggvwfj Wbeblz`b ic wzfbamlh b nmg}gaf blj jfebljfj z`bz Wbeblz`b ~fzv~l mz

meefjmbzfa}, @f z`fl tvw`fj Wbeblz`b mlzi z`f sbl, Wbeblz`b wb}w z`bz niz` `mw bvlz Nbj`~b blj

`mw }ivlhf~ n~iz`f~ Jmlfw` Z`b~blhb xf~f xmzlfwwfw zi z`f mlgmjflz, Bw z`f sbl xbw tvaamlh ivz! `mw

eiz`f~ gbef ~vllmlh! wzittfj z`f sbl blj bwkfj x`} `f~ wil xbw nfmlh zbkfl bxb}, Z`f ebl c~ie

z`f ti~zw wbmj mc w`f xblzfj zi klix x`} w`f givaj smwmz z`f Nbljb~hbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Bggi~jmlh zi Wbeblz`b! jv~mlh z`f ~mjf zi z`f wzbzmil! z`f tiamgf wìvzfj bz `me ml inwgflf ablhvbhf

x`maf z`f ebl c~ie z`f ti~zw wbmj! ‖}iv `bsf wziafl iv~ nmkf, Fmz`f~ ~fzv~l z`f nmkf i~ bggftz z`f

z`fcz blj hmsf vw 3444 ~vtffw–, Wbeblz`b wb}w z`f} z`fl ziik `me zi z`f Nbljb~bhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil

zi wff z`f aikv eb`bzz`b}b Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf ic z`f G~mef Jmsmwmil! W,M, Kbwzv~mb~bg`m-,

Z`mw tiamgfebl bawi wìvzfj bz `me ml inwgflf ablhvbhf blj wabttfj `me wfsf~ba zmefw, @f ci~gfj

Wbeblz`b zi klffa nfci~f `me! h~bnnfj `me n} `mw `bm~ blj smgmivwa} kmgkfj `me, @f z`~fbzflfj z`bz

`f xivaj hmsf Wbeblz`b 24 emlvzfw zi bggftz z`f g~mef i~ metamgbzf `me cbawfa}- ci~ tiwwfwwmlh

iccflwmsf xfbtilw Lizf? x`fl b wvwtfgz mw g`b~hfj vljf~ z`f Iccflwmsf Xfbtilw Bgz `f)w`f eb} ila} inzbml nbma c~ie z`f Giv~z ic Bttfba ml Giaieni blj liz c~ie b aixf~ giv~z-,

Z`f tiamgfebl i~jf~fj Wbeblz`b zi wzblj bwmjf, @f z`fl nfhbl b gilsf~wbzmil xmz` z`f tiamgfebl

c~ie Giaieni blj z`f tf~wil c~ie z`f ti~zw blj gilwfrvflza} x~izf wiefz`mlh jixl, @f bhbml

xbakfj vt zi Wbeblz`b! tvaafj `me n} `mw `bm~ blj ci~gmlh `me zi xbak! smgmivwa} bwwbvazfj `me il

`mw wtmlf, Wbeblz`b wg~fbefj ml bhil} blj cfaa zi z`f caii~,



26>

Z`f tiamgfebl z`fl gamenfj il Wbeblz`b‐w klffw blj wzbetfj il z`fe wfsf~ba zmefw, Wbeblz`b

xbw z`fl j~bhhfj mlzi b aigk%vt gfaa,Z`f lfpz ei~lmlh bliz`f~ tiamgfebl gbef zi z`f gfaa blj ziaj

Wbeblz`b z`bz x`fl `f mw zbkfl ivz ic z`f gfaa `f evwz xbak xmzìvz ametmlh, Wbeblz`b ~fcvwfj,

Z`mw tiamgfebl hiz blh~}! h~bnnfj Wbeblz`b‐w x~mwzw c~ie nfzxffl z`f gfaa nb~w blj i~jf~fj `me zi

tvz ivz `mw zilhvf, @f z`fl tvaafj `b~j bz `mw zilhvf! wgiajfj `me blj xflz bxb},

Z`bz wbef jb}! bz bnivz =te! z`f IMG ic z`f G~mef Jmsmwmil smwmzfj Wbeblz`b‐w gfaa blj z`~fbzflfj

`me xmz` wfsf~f zi~zv~f vlafww `f bjemzzfj zi z`f z`fcz, @f bawi z`~fbzflfj zi b~~fwz blj aigk

Wbeblz`b vt ci~ 2: jb}w,

Il Bt~ma >3! bz bnivz = be! b tiamgfebl ziik Wbeblz`b zi z`f tiamgf nb~~bgkw, X`fl Wbeblz`b

ametfj! z`f tiamgfebl jfebljfj z`bz `f ~fc~bml c~ie jimlh wi, X`fl `f z~mttfj blj cfaa! z`f

tiamgfebl amczfj `me n} `mw `bm~ blj bwwbvazfj `me il `mw wtmlf, Ml z`f nb~~bgkw Wbeblz`b xbw ziaj

zi ~feisf `mw gaiz`fw, Z`f tiamgfefl n~ivh`z g`maam tixjf~ ml b gigilvz w`faa blj amnf~baa} bttamfj mz

il `mw f}fw, Z`f} z`fl wtabw`fj `me xmz` xbzf~, Z`f} zvhhfj bz `mw f}famjw blj ~f%bttamfj z`f g`maam

tixjf~, Z`f} `mz `me il z`f `fbj blj wabeefj `mw `fbj bhbmlwz b nip, Baa z`f x`maf! z`f} z`~fbzflfj `me zi bjemz zi z`f baafhfj z`fcz, Wbeblz`b wb}w z`bz z`mw n~vzba z~fbzeflz gilzmlvfj ci~

wief zmef, Cmlbaa} z`f} tvaafj `me vt n} `mw b~ew blj j~bhhfj `me ivzwmjf, Bz b xbzf~ zbt `f xbw

ci~gfj zi xbw` `mewfac, Abzf~ `f xbw i~jf~fj zi tvz il `mw gaiz`fw blj xbw ~fzv~lfj zi z`f tiamgf

aigk%vt,

Z`bz lmh`z! bz b~ivlj =,>4te! `f xbw zbkfl zi z`f IMG ic z`f G~mefw Jmsmwmil xì bhbml bwkfj `me

z`f x`f~fbnivzw ic z`f nmg}gaf blj bwwbvazfj `me, Z`mw tiamgfebl z`fl ~fgi~jfj wiefz`mlh ml b

niik! bwkfj `mw lbef blj bjj~fww blj aigkfj `me vt bhbml, @ixfsf~! z`bz wbef lmh`z `f xbw smwmzfj

n} z`f IMG‐w xmcf xì ml bl bttb~flz nmj zi vljva} mlcavflgf `me mlzi liz gietabmlmlh bnivz z`f

`b~w` z~fbzeflz efzfj ivz zi `me! n~ivh`z `me b c~mfj ~mgf efba zi fbz blj bawi bwkfj `me jfzbmaw ic

x`bz `bj gilwtm~fj jv~mlh z`f abwz cfx jb}w, Wbeblz`b ~fcvwfj z`f efba, Il Bt~ma >8 b tiamgfebl

jfebljfj z`bz Wbeblz`b wmhl b jigveflz ‚ z`f gilzflzw ic x`mg` xf~f liz wìxl zi `me, Bz

bnivz 22be `f xbw zbkfl n} sf`mgaf zi z`f Tblbjv~b Tiamgf wzbzmil zi wff z`f Bwwmwzblz

Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf,

B tiamgfebl ml gmssmfw rvfwzmilfj `me! x~izf wiefz`mlh jixl blj ziaj `me zi wmhl, @f xbw zbkfl

nbgk zi z`f Nbljb~bhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f `mw tb~flzw `bj gief zi smwmz `me, Bggi~jmlha}

Wbeblz`b xbw `bljfj isf~ zi `mw tb~flzw bz b~ivlj >,74te,Bw Wbeblz`b xbw nbja} mlov~fj z`f

tb~flzw ~vw`fj `me zi z`f Lbhijb ìwtmzba x`f~f Wbeblz`b mlwmwzw `f ziaj z`f jigzi~w z`bz z`f

tiamgf bwwbvazfj `me, @f xbw bjemzzfj blj fpbemlfj n} z`f jigzi~w,

Il Bt~ma >0 z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf ~fgi~jfj `mw wzbzfeflz ml x`mg` `f jfzbmafj `mw bwwbvaz n} z`f

Nbljb~bhbeb tiamgf, Z`bz fsflmlh z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ fpbemlfj `me blj z~fbzfj `me! bczf~

x`mg` `f ~fzv~lfj ìef,@f gilzmlvfw zi ~fgfmsf efjmgmlfw ci~ `mw mlov~mfw,Z`mw mw bliz`f~ fpbetaf

ic n~vzba zi~zv~f n} z`f W~m Ablkbl tiamgf, Wbeblz`b blj `mw cbema} cm~ea} nfamfsf z`bz z`f tiamgf

xf~f `fbsma} n~mnfj zi maafhbaa} b~~fwz! jfzbml blj wvnofgz `me zi wfsf~f zi~zv~f,

2>7, Z`mabkb~bz`blb? Zmfj blj `vlh c~ie b tiaf blj nfbzfl ef~gmafwwa}



267

Il >= Bt~ma >443! Z`mabkb~bz`blb blj `mw xmcf xf~f zi z~bsfa n} nvw zi Kblj} bailh Zfajflm}b îbj,

Z`mabkb~bz`blb blj `mw xmcf hiz ilzi b t~msbzf nvw bz Zfajflm}b, Bw z`f} xf~f wmzzmlh jixl!

Z`mabkb~bz`blb lizmgfj z`bz zxi efl j~fwwfj ml gmsmambl gaiz`mlh `bj bawi nib~jfj z`f nvw blj xf~f

bwkmlh ci~ `me! ml i~jf~ zi ebkf wief mlrvm~fw,

Vtil `fb~mlh z`mw! Z`mabkb~bz`blb hiz vt blj xflz zi wtfbk xmz` z`fwf efl! xì mlci~efj `me z`f} xf~f tiamgf iccmgf~w, Bczf~ x`mg`! `f ziaj z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ z`bz bczf~ afzzmlh `mw xmcf klix ic z`f

wmzvbzmil! `f xivaj bggietbl} z`fe zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f tiamgfebl ~fwtiljfj z`bz `f xbw liz

zi ji z`mw! blj z`fl fwgi~zfj Z`mabkb~bz`blb zi z`f Zfajflm}b tiamgf wzbzmil, Mz xbw btt~ipmebzfa}

22be,

X`maf nfmlh fwgi~zfj! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ ziaj Z`mabkb~bz`blb! ‖]iv klix x`bz }iv `bsf jilf; }iv

`bsf n~ikfl mlzi civ~ nivzmrvfw ml Zfajflm}b blj wziafl hiijw mlgavjmlh tizbzifw! jbà blj wibt,

X`f~f b~f }iv kfftmlh z`fwf z`mlhw9– Z`mabkb~bz`blb ~fwtiljfj z`bz `f jmj lix klix ic bl}z`mlh

gilgf~lmlh z`mw ebzzf~,

@f t~izfwzfj `mw mlligflgf! wzbzmlh z`bz `f lfsf~ n~ikf mlzi b nivzmrvf blj wziaf bl}z`mlh, @f

gilzmlvfj z`bz il z`f jb}w ml rvfwzmil c~ie Bt~ma 22 zi Bt~ma 28 `f xbw wzb}mlh ml Ebm}blhblb!

Nfnfaab blj z`f~fci~f givaj liz `bsf jilf z`f bgz ml rvfwzmil, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w cbmafj zi ~fwtilj!

blj gilzmlvfj zi fwgi~z Z`mabkb~bz`blb zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil; z`f zmef xbw z`fl btt~ipmebzfa}

22?26be,

Vtil b~~msmlh bz z`f wzbzmil! Z`mabkb~bz`blb xbw zbkfl zi z`f G~mef N~blg` ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil!

blj wvnwfrvflza} mlzi z`f iccmgf ci~ WM ^bwmkb, Bw Z`mabkb~bz`blb xbw nfmlh zbkfl mlzi WM ^bwmkb‐w

iccmgf! `f lizmgfj z`bz ml z`f gi~lf~ ic z`f ~iie z`f~f xf~f nbzilw! blj gigilvz wz~mlhw x`mg` b~f

vwfj ci~ z}mlh inofgzw, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w t~igffjfj zi tmgk vt z`fwf inofgzw blj gieeflzfj! zfaa

z`f z~vz` i~ xf b~f himlh zi nfbz }iv, Z`mabkb~bz`blb bhbml ziaj z`f iccmgf~w! z`bz `f jmj liz klix bl}z`mlh! z`bz `f `bj liz jilf bl}z`mlh blj xbw mlligflz, Vtil flzf~mlh z`f ~iie! z`f iccmgf~w

wgiajfj Z`mabkb~bz`blb xmz` inwgflf xi~jw! x`mawz bzzfetzmlh zi zmf `mw zxi z`venw zihfz`f~ xmz`

z`f gigilvz wz~mlh, @ixfsf~! jvf zi wief jmccmgvazmfw z`f} xf~f vlbnaf zi ji mz! z`f~fci~f z`f

iccmgf~w z`fl jfgmjfj zi zmf zihfz`f~ Z`mabkb~bz`blb‐w `bljw blj afhw, Z`f iccmgf~w ml bjjmzmil tvz

`bljgvccw il Z`mabkb~bz`blb nfci~f `blhmlh `me n} `mw afhw c~ie z`f gfmamlh,

Bz z`mw zmef! z`f~f xf~f bnivz civ~ i~ cmsf tiamgf iccmgf~w ml z`f ~iie, Baa ic z`f iccmgf~w z`fl

t~igffjfj zi kmgk blj `beef~ Z`mabkb~bz`blb baa isf~ `mw nij} x`maf `f xbw wvwtfljfj c~ie z`f

gfmamlh, Z`mabkb~bz`blb xbw wìvzmlh ci~ `fat blj }faamlh z`bz `f xbw mlligflz, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w

mhli~fj z`fwf g~mfw blj gilzmlvfj zi nfbz Z`mabkb~bz`blb, Bczf~ wiefzmef! z`f iccmgf~w t~igffjfj zi~feisf baa ic Z`mabkb~bz`blb gaiz`fw x`mawz `f xbw wvwtfljfj! blj z`fl gilzmlvfj zi nfbz `me,

Jv~mlh z`f nfbzmlh! z`f iccmgf~w ziaj Z`mabkb~bz`blb z`bz vlafww `f ziaj z`f z~vz` z`bz z`f} xivaj kmaa

`me blj z`~ix `me mlzi z`f Smgzi~mb ^fwfsim~! blj z`bz z`f} givaj ji z`mw! bw z`f~f xf~f li

xmzlfwwfw, Fsf~}x`f~f Z`mabkb~bz`blb xbw tbmlmlh blj cfaz jbebhfj! nvz bhbml blj bhbml z`f}

gilzmlvfj zi bwk `me zi zfaa z`f z~vz`,



26:

Bczf~ wief zmef tbwwfj! z`f iccmgf~w z`fl ziik Z`mabkb~bz`blb jixl c~ie z`f gfmamlh, Z`f} z`fl

ziik b nmh xiijfl ~ij! blj tabgfj mz ml nfzxffl Z`mabkb~bz`blb‐w wzmaa zmfj afhw blj b~ew! nfci~f

wvwtfljmlh z`f ~ij nfzxffl zxi zbnafw, Z`f iccmgf~w t~igffjfj zi z`fl nfbz z`f wiafw ic

Z`mabkb~bz`blb‐w cffz xmz` b navlz mlwz~veflz! gbvwmlh `me zi aiwf gilwgmivwlfww eieflzb~ma}, @f

xbw liz wv~f x`bz xbw himlh zi `bttfl zi `me nvz fsflzvbaa} z`f nfbzmlh wzittfj,

Abzf~ il! z`f iccmgf~w vlzmfj Z`mabkb~bz`blb‐w `bljw blj afhw! bczf~ x`mg` zxi iccmgf~w tmgkfj `me vt

n} z`f `bljw blj bwkfj `me zi xbak, @ixfsf~! bz z`mw zmef Z`mabkb~bz`blb `bj li wz~flhz` blj xbw

vlbnaf zi tvz bl} xfmh`z il `mw afhw, Z`f~fci~f `f xbw bwkfj zi wmz il z`f g`bm~ ml z`f ~iie,

Bz bnivz >,74te! Z`mabkb~bz`blb xbw zbkfl ivz ic WM ^bwmkb‐w ~iie mlzi z`f hflf~ba G~mef N~blg`

b~fb, @f~f! WM ^bwmkb xbw t~fwflz! blj `f t~igffjfj zi zfaa Z`mabkb~bz`blb z`bz `f klfx

Z`mabkb~bz`blb ziik j~vhw! blj z`bz `f klfx ìx zi hfz z`f z~vz` c~ie `me, WM ^bwmkb gilzmlvfj

z`bz mc `f hbsf Z`mabkb~bz`blb j~vhw `f xivaj z`fl zfaa z`f z~vz`, WM ^bwmkb gilzmlvfj z`bz `f `bj

xi~kfj ml Giaieni blj givaj hfz z`f z~vz` c~ie j~vh vwf~w n} nfbzmlh z`fe blj t~ismjmlh z`fe

j~vhw; z`mw mw x`bz `f xbw himlh zi ji zi `me, WM ^bwkmb z`fl ziaj Z`mabkb~bz`blb x`bz xbw himlh zi`bttfl! `f fptabmlfj z`bz bz 24te z`bz fsflmlh `f xivaj zbkf Z`mabkb~bz`blb mlzi `mw ~iie blj

t~ismjf j~vhw zi Z`mabkb~bz`blb mc `f hbsf z`f z~vz`, Jv~mlh z`mw zmef! z`f~f xbw bliz`f~ cfebaf

tiamgf iccmgf~ t~fwflz! Baabkiil xì ciaaixmlh WM Wmasb‐w t~igabebzmil! gieeflzfj zi WM ^bwkmb x`}

}iv b~f xbmzmlh! hmsf `me wief j~vhw lix blj hfz z`f z~vz`, WM ^bwkmb z`fl kmgkfj Z`mabkb~bz`blb!

gbvwmlh naiij zi caix c~ie `mw eivz`, Bczf~ x`mg`! Z`mabkb~bz`blb t~igffjfj zi cbaa ilzi z`f caii~

vlgilwgmivw, Bz bnivz 8te! `f ~fhbmlfj gilwgmivwlfww! zi cmlj `mewfac ml b obma gfaa gisf~fj ml

naiij,

Fb~a} z`f lfpz jb}! Bt~ma 74-! wief iccmgf~w gbef zi z`f gfaa bhbml zfaamlh Z`mabkb~bz`blb z`bz z`f}

xblzfj zi giljvgz wief mlrvm~fw, Bczf~ x`mg`! z`f} ziik `me mlzi WM Wmasb‐w ~iie, @f~f! z`f iccmgf~w

~fgi~jfj wief jfzbmaw jixl! nvz z`f iccmgf~w lfsf~ bwkfj Z`mabkb~bz`blb bl}z`mlh, Z`f iccmgf~w z`fl

bwkfj Z`mabkb~bz`blb zi wmhl z`f jigveflz! zfaamlh `me z`bz z`f} xblzfj zi zbkf `me zi z`f Giv~zw!

wi liz zi xi~~} ovwz zi wmhl,

Bz bnivz =be z`f iccmgf~w ziik Z`mabkb~bz`blb zi z`f ìwtmzba, Z`mabkb~bz`blb xbw cffamlh sf~} wi~f!

zm~fj blj ml tbml, Bz z`f ìwtmzba! Z`mabkb~bz`blb bwkfj b Jigzi~ zi t~ismjf wief efjmgbzmil ci~ `mw

tbmlw, @ixfsf~! z`f Jigzi~ jmj liz t~ismjf bl} efjmgbzmil! i~ giljvgz bl} fpbemlbzmil! nvz hbsf

z`f tiamgf b ~fti~z, Z`mabkb~bz`blb xbw bhbml zbkfl nbgk zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! `bsmlh liz ~fgfmsfj

bl} z~fbzeflz bz z`f ìwtmzba, Vtil flzf~mlh z`f wzbzmil! Z`mabkb~bz`blb wbx `mw xmcf xbw wfbzfj ml b

g`bm~! ìxfsf~! `f xbw zbkfl wz~bmh`z zi b obma gfaa, Bczf~ z`mw! Z`mabkb~bz`blb‐w xmcf eblbhfj zi effz

xmz` `me bz z`f obma! x`f~f `f t~igffjfj zi zfaa `mw xmcf ic z`f tiamgf‐w z~fbzeflz,

Bz bnivz >te! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w gbef zi zbkf Z`mabkb~bz`blb zi b wflmi~ iccmgf~‐w ~iie, Mlwmjf z`f

~iie! z`f Wflmi~ Iccmgf~ t~igffjfj zi zfaa Z`mabkb~bz`blb z`bz `f xbw liz zi hi zi z`f `vebl ~mh`zw

gieevlmz}! ci~ z`f tiamgf xf~f liz himlh zi cmaf b gbwf bhbmlwz `me, Z`f iccmgf~ gilzmlvfj! z`bz mc

Z`mabkb~bz`blb xflz zi z`f `vebl ~mh`zw gieevlmz}! z`f} xivaj bhbml ~feblj `me blj kfft `me

ci~ civ~zffl jb}w, Z`f iccmgf~ z`fl ziaj Z`mabkb~bz`blb z`bz `f xivaj lix nf wflz ìef! nvz bhbml



266

~fmzf~bzfj z`bz `f xbw liz zi zbak zi bl}nij} bnivz z`f mlgmjflz, Bczf~ effzmlh xmz` z̀ f Wflmi~

Iccmgf~! Z`mabkb~bz`blb xflz ìef xmz` `mw xmcf! bz bnivz >,74te,

2>:, G`beb~b cbema}? Cbmav~f zi tb} n~mnf afbjw zi cbema} nfmlh bwwbvazfj n} z`f Wbam}bxfxb

tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw afb~lfj ic b gbwf ml W~m Ablkb mlsiasmlh b

tiamgfebl blj b ìef hvb~j b~~msmlh bz z`f ìef ic b cbema} ml bl mlfn~mbzfj wzbzf, Z`f} z`fl

bggvwfj z`f cbema} ic z`fcz blj t~igffjfj zi wfb~g` ci~ z`f baafhfj wziafl hiijw, @ixfsf~! z`f

cbema} fptabmlfj z`bz z`f} `bj liz wziafl bl}z`mlh blj z`f~fci~f x`bzfsf~ z`f tiamgfebl xbw

aiikmlh ci~ xivaj liz nf z`f~f,

Z`f tiamgfebl z`fl nfhbl nfbzmlh mljmsmjvba efenf~w ic z`f cbema}! mlgavjmlh z`f eiz`f~ blj

wmwzf~, Cfb~mlh z`bz z`f tiamgfebl emh`z wìiz z`fe! z`f cbema} eblbhfj zi gilcmwgbzf z`ftiamgfebl‐w hvl blj z`~ix mz bxb}, @ixfsf~! tiamgf nbgkvt wiil b~~msfj bz z`f wgflf blj baa cbema}

efenf~w xf~f zbkfl mlzi gvwzij}, X`fl z`f} xf~f cmlbaa} ~fafbwfj z`f flzm~f cbema} ~frvm~fj efjmgba

bzzflzmil, Il 7~j Eb} >443! bz bnivz 0te! b tiamgfebl lbefj TG- W}asfwzf~ xì mw bzzbg`fj zi z`f

Wbam}bxfxb Tiamgf wzbzmil blj itf~bzmilba bz z`f Lffabnfeeb ilf t~ismjmlh wfgv~mz} bhbmlwz

tiwwmnaf zf~~i~mwz bzzbgkw bw z`mw b~fb mw ilf ic z`f ‘ni~jf~ smaabhf~w‐- blj b ìef hvb~j lbefj

Kveb~bzvlhb! smwmzfj z`f ìef ic E~, G`beb~b‐w tb~flzw, E~, G`beb~b wb}w z`f} xf~f zì~ivhà}

j~vlk blj wefaamlh ic amrvi~,

T~fwflz bz z`f zmef xbw E~, G`beb~b! `mw cbz`f~! eiz`f~! n~iz`f~w blj wmwzf~, Z`f tiamgfebl

wìvzfj bz `mw eiz`f~! ‖X`f~f b~f z`f hiijw9– Z`f eiz`f~ bwkfj! ‖X`bz hiijw9– Z`f} z`fl wbmjz`bz z`f} xivaj cmlj x`bz z`f} `bj gbef ci~ blj xflz ivzwmjf wfb~g`mlh b~ivlj z`f ìvwf vwmlh

z`fm~ zi~g` amh`zw, Z`f} ~fzv~lfj zi z`f mlwmjf ic z`f ìvwf blj gilzmlvfj z`fm~ wfb~g`, Z`f} bggvwfj

z`f cbema} efenf~w ic maafhbaa} tiwwfwwmlh zmenf~ blj jfebljfj zi klix x`f~f z`f zmenf~ xbw, TG

W}asfwzf~ z`fl ~bmwfj `mw Z%63 xfbtil blj `mz z`f eiz`f~ `b~j il `f~ `fbj, @f z`fl n~vzbaa} `mz E~,

G`beb~b blj `mw n~iz`f~ E~, Zmwwb Kveb~b il z`fm~ `fbj! cbgf blj nij},

@f bawi kmgkfj E~, G`beb~b‐w 20%}fb~%iaj wmwzf~! h~bnnfj `f~ b~e blj tvaafj `f~ ivzwmjf z`f

ìvwf,Wffmlh `mw jbvh`zf~ nfmlh j~bhhfj n} z`f tiamgfebl z`f cbz`f~ ciaaixfj `me! nvz xbw wiil

wz~vgk `fbsma} n} z`f tiamgfebl vwmlh `mw Z%63 xfbtil, Vlbnaf zi xbzg` z`fm~ cbz`f~ nfmlh `mz! E~,

G`beb~b blj `mw zxi n~iz`f~w ~vw`fj blj bzzfetzfj zi wbsf `me c~ie z`f bzzbgk,

Z`f tiamgfebl z`fl afz hi ic z`f wmwzf~ blj nfhbl bzzbgkmlh z`f n~iz`f~w, Z`f ìef hvb~j bawi

oimlfj ml `mzzmlh ivz xmz` b gavn, E~, G`beb~b wb}w z`f} xf~f bc~bmj z`bz z`f tiamgfebl xivaj wìiz

z`fe wi z`f} h~bnnfj z`f hvl blj z`~fx mz bxb}, Z`f} z`fl zmfj z`f j~vlk tiamgfebl zi b lfb~n}

amh`z tiwz blj t~ftb~fj zi zbkf z`f mlov~fj zi ìwtmzba x`fl iz`f~ tiamgfefl blj ìef hvb~jw

b~~msfj bz z`f wgflf,Z`f} gbaafj ci~ b z`~ff x`ffa gbn blj wflz z`f mlov~fj cbz`f~! eiz`f~! n~iz`f~w

blj wmwzf~ zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,



263

Z`f} wflz E~, G`beb~b zi z`f Wbam}bxfxb tiamgf xmz` bliz`f~ tf~wil, E~, G`beb~b‐w cbema}‐w

bzzfetz zi aijhf b gietabmlz xbw jflmfj, Efblx`maf! TG W}asfwzf~ bawi b~~msfj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Z`f wfgilj ml gieeblj bz z`f wzbzmil bwkfj TG W}asfwzf~ x`} `f jmj liz wìiz, Z`f~fbczf~ z`f}

xf~f baaixfj zi hi zi z`f ìwtmzba! c~ie x`f~f z`f eiz`f~! n~iz`f~! wmwzf~ blj E~, G`beb~b xf~f

z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Blv~bj`btv~b ìwtmzba, E~, G`beb~b blj ilf n~iz`f~ xf~f jmwg`b~hfj c~ie

ìwtmzba bczf~ civ~ jb}w, Nvz z`f eiz`f~! wmwzf~! blj iz`f~ n~iz`f~ gilzmlvfj zi nf z~fbzfj bz z`fìwtmzba,

Il Eb} 6 z`f cbz`f~ xbw b~~fwzfj n} z`f Wbam}bxfxb tiamgf nvz ~fafbwfj z`f ciaaixmlh jb},

Efblx`maf wfsf~ba tiamgfebl smwmzfj z`f ìefw ic E~ G`beb~b‐w tb~flzw blj n~iz`f~w blj ~feisfj

ebl} tiwwfwwmilw! mlgavjmlh jii~ blj xmljix c~befw! b evazm%tv~tiwf xiij ebg`mlf! ZS wzblj! b

x~mzmlh zbnaf! b nmg}gaf! blj ofxfaaf~}, E~, G`beb~b blj `mw cbema} wvwtfgz z`bz z`mw xbw jilf xmz`

z`f mlzflzmil ic cbn~mgbzmlh g`b~hfw bhbmlwz z`fe,

Bggi~jmlh zi E~, G`beb~b! bnivz z`~ff xffkw nfci~f z`f mlgmjflz TG W}asfwzf~ blj bliz`f~ ìef

hvb~j `bj smwmzfj E~, G`beb~b‐w ìef blj timlzfj bz wief zmenf~ ml `mw ìvwf blj z`~fbzflfj `mewb}mlh! ‘xf xmaa b~~fwz }iv ci~ tiwwfwwmlh maafhba zmenf~- vlafww }iv gief zi z`f tiamgf z`mw fsflmlh

xmz` b nizzaf ic B~~bgk aigba amrvi~- blj 7444 ~vtffw, E~, G`beb~b bh~ffj nvz jmj liz inamhf, @f

wz~ilha} nfamfsfw z`bz z`mw wvjjfl smwmz blj bwwbvaz n} z`f tiamgf xbw ml ~fsflhf ci~ liz tb}mlh z`mw

n~mnf,

2>6, J`b~wb~m? Tf~tfz~bzi~ floi}w metvlmz} bw Tmzbsfjjb~b tiamgf cbma zi ~fwtilj zi

gietabmlzw ic jiefwzmg smiaflgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- fpt~fwwfw mzw gilgf~l ic z`f cbmav~f ic abx flci~gfeflz iccmgmbaw zi ~fwtilj zi gietabmlzw ic jiefwzmg smiaflgf afbjmlh zi xmjf~ efbwv~fw ic

metvlmz} ci~ z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w ic z`mw ci~e ic smiaflgf, Ew, J`b~wb~m xbw eb~~mfj zi H,

Tb~bebwmsbe blj z`f} `bj zxi g`maj~fl, Jv~mlh z`f civ~ }fb~w ic z`fm~ eb~~mbhf Ew, J`b~wb~m xbw

wvnofgzfj zi gilwzblz maa z~fbzeflz blj bwwbvaz, W`f jfwg~mnfj `f~ fptf~mflgfw bw niz` t`}wmgba blj

eflzba bnvwf,

Il 3 Eb} >443! Ew, J`bwb~m xbw vlbnaf zi nfb~ z`f x~bz` ic `f~ `vwnblj bl} ailhf~! wi w`f ziik

`f~ }ivlhfwz g`maj blj afcz, W`f xflz zi `f~ tb~flzw ìef blj aijhfj b gietabmlz bhbmlwz

Tb~bebwmsbe xmz` z`f @mlmjveb Tiamgf,Il Eb} 2: Ew, J`b~wb~m xbw smwmzfj n} z`f Tmzbnfjjb~b

tiamgf iccmgmbaw xìe ml ~fwtilwf zi b gietabmlz ebjf n} Tb~bebsmwbe! ~fgi~jfj b wzbzfeflz blj

~frvfwzfj ci~ `f~ zi smwmz z`f Tmzbnfjjb~b tiamgf wzbzmil il Eb} 20, Ciaaixmlh z`fwf mlwz~vgzmilw Ew,

J`b~wb~m xbw bggietblmfj n} `f~ eiz`f~ x`fl bzzfljmlh z`f wbmj Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f z`f} wbx

Tb~bebwmsbe xbw bawi t~fwflz,

Z`f Iccmgf~ ml G`b~hf IMG- ~fgi~jfj bliz`f~ wzbzfeflz c~ie Ew, J`b~wb~m blj z`fl i~jf~fj `f~

zi hi xmz` Tb~bebwmsbe, Ew, J`b~wb~m ~fcvwfj fptabmlmlh z`bz zi ji wi w`f xivaj nf wvnofgzfj zi

bnvwf bz ìef,Jvf zi Ew, J`b~wb~m‐w ~fwmwzblgf z`f IMG wabttfj `f~ ~ftfbzfja} il z`f cbgf blj



268

nbgk ic z`f `fbj, Z`f IMG z`fl nfhbl wgiajmlh Ew, J`bwb~m‐w eiz`f~! bnvwmlh `f~ ml bl bzzfetz zi

t~fwwv~f Ew, J`bwb~m zi hi xmz` Tb~bebwmsbe,

@ixfsf~! jfwtmzf z`f mlzmemjbzmil blj smiaflgf! z`f} xf~f bjbeblz liz zi afbsf xmz` Tb~bebwmsbe,

Z`f IMG xbw mlcv~mbzfj blj nfhbl bwwbvazmlh z`f eiz`f~ zii, @f z`fl zv~lfj zi Tb~bebwmsbe blj

wbmj! ‖Z`mw xiebl mw ~fcvwmlh zi hi xmz` }iv! z`f~f mw liz`mlh M gbl ji,– Tb~bebwmsbe xbw z`fl ziajzi zbkf `f~ ìef nvz xmz` li wvggfww,Ciaaixmlh z`f mlgmjflz! Ew, J`bwb~m blj `f~ eiz`f~ afcz z`f

wzbzmil blj bw z`f} fpmzfj z`f nvmajmlh! Tb~bebwmsbe zihfz`f~ xmz` bl iccmgf~! j~bhhfj z`fe mlzi b

z`~ff x`ffaf~ zbkmlh z`fe zi `mw ìef,

Z`f tbm~ fwgbtfj x`fl z`f} xf~f afcz vlbzzfljfj, Vtil ~fzv~lmlh ìef Ew, J`bwb~m civlj z`bz `f~

g`maj `bj jmwbttfb~fj; Tb~bebwmsbe `bj bttb~flza} zbkfl z`f mlcblz bxb} jv~mlh z`f zmef x`fl z`f}

xf~f ~fwz~bmlfj bz `mw ìvwf,Ew, J`bwb~m gilzmlvfw zi nf `b~bwwfj niz` n} z`f tiamgf blj

Tb~bebwmsbe, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f IMG! z`mw mw nfgbvwf Tb~bebwmsbe `bj xi~kfj ci~ `me blj

ebmlzbmlw gaiwf amlkw xmz` z`f tiamgf, Ew, J`bwb~m `bw nffl mlci~efj zi ~fzv~l zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil

il Eb} >0 nvz w`f mw bc~bmj ic nfmlh cv~z`f~ smgzmemwfj n} z`f tiamgf,

Bazìvh` b gietabmlz `bw nffl aijhfj xmz` z`f @mlmjveb Tiamgf ml ~fabzmil zi z`f h~bsf jiefwzmg

smiaflgf! amzzaf bgzmil `bw nffl zbkfl zi ~fwtilj zi mz, Z`f B@^G mw gilgf~lfj bnivz z`f `mh`

mlgmjflgf ic smiaflgf bhbmlwz xiefl, Wff cv~z`f~, VB%276%>443; VB%406%>443 blj VT%478%>443-,

Z`f cbmav~f ic abx flci~gfeflz iccmgmbaw zi ~fwtilj zi gietabmlzw ic jiefwzmg smiaflgf ml b hfljf~%

wflwmzmsf blj fccfgzmsf ebllf~ afbjw zi b jmemlvzmil ml gilcmjflgf ml abx flci~gfeflz tf~willfa

blj! ml zv~l! zi metvlmz} ci~ z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w ic z`mw ci~e ic smiaflgf,

Z`f gilwfrvflgfw ic z`mw metvlmz} b~f jfsbwzbzmlh ci~ mljmsmjvba smgzmew wvg` bw Ew, J`bwb~m xì

b~f fccfgzmsfa} jflmfj bwwfww zi g~memlba blj gmsma ~fefjmfw mlgavjmlh ~ftb~bzmilw, Ml amh`z ic z`mw z`f

B@^G v~hfw z`f hisf~leflz zi ei~f wz~mgza} eilmzi~ z`f nf`bsmiv~ ic z`f tiamgf zi flwv~f z`bz baatf~tfz~bzi~w nf n~ivh`z zi ovwzmgf! blj zbkf baa lfgfwwb~} efbwv~fw zi t~fsflz bgzw ic smiaflgf bhbmlwz

xiefl! ml tb~zmgvab~ zìwf xì `bsf wvccf~fj c~ie jiefwzmg smiaflgf,

2>3, Lbef xmz``faj? Zi~zv~f ic b ni} n} z`f Z`famkbjb Tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh z`f b~nmz~b~}

b~~fwz! jfzflzmil blj zi~zv~f ic b ni} n} tiamgf tf~willfa c~ie z`f Z`famkbjb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Bhfj

ila} 28! z`f smgzme xbw jfzbmlfj n} z`f tiamgf il 2> Eb} >443 blj b~~fwzfj ci~ wvwtmgmil ic z`fcz,

X`maf ml jfzflzmil z`f smgzme xbw zi~zv~fj, Vtil `mw ~fafbwf z`f smgzme ~frvm~fj ìwtmzbamwbzmil, @mwtf~tfz~bzi~w b~f }fz zi nf n~ivh`z zi ovwzmgf,

Il Eb} 2> z`f smgzme xìwf lbef xf xmz`ìaj- ~fgfmsfj b efwwbhf c~ie z`f Z`famkbjb tiamgf

mlwz~vgzmlh `me zi bzzflj z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Bggi~jmlha} `f smwmzfj z`f wzbzmil blj xbw i~jf~fj n}

z`f Iccmgf~%Ml%G`b~hf zi wzb} vlzma 2,74te, WM T~m}blz`b gbef blj fwgi~zfj z`f smgzme mlzi bl

mlzf~~ihbzmil ~iie x`f~f `f xbw mlzf~~ihbzfj bnivz z`f z`fcz ic b einmaf zfaftìlf,



260

Jv~mlh z`mw t~igfww z`f smgzme xbw baafhfja} wìvzfj bz blj bnvwfj ml inwgflf ablhvbhf,Wiil bczf~!

Tiamgf Gilwzbnafw Wi}wb blj T~febwm~m oimlfj ml z`f mlzf~~ihbzmil blj zihfz`f~ z`f iccmgf~w nfhbl

bwwbvazmlh z`f smgzme, Mz xbw afb~lz z`bz TG T~febwm~m zxmwzfj ilf ic z`f smgzme‐w afhw b~ivlj `mw lfgk

blj x`mawz ml z`bz tiwmzmil wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj `me, Z`f} gilzmlvfj zi ef~gmafwwa} nfbz `me baa z`f

x`maf jfebljmlh ci~ z`f ~fzv~l ic z`f wziafl einmaf tìlf,

TG T~febwm~m z`fl t~igffjfj zi h~bn z`f smgzme n} `mw lfgk! ci~gf `mw `fbj nfzxffl `mw klffw blj

z`fl t~fww wi `b~j z`bz z`f smgzme jfwg~mnfj z`f fptf~mflgf bw wvccigbzmlh, Z`f tiamgf z`fl ~feisfj

`mw gaiz`fw blj j~bhhfj `me mlzi z`f nbgk}b~j x`f~f `f xbw x`mttfj xmz` b tmfgf ic xm~f blj

wfpvbaa} eiafwzfj, Bczf~ wfsf~ba ìv~w ic ml`vebl blj n~vzba zi~zv~f! z`f tiamgfefl ~fgi~jfj b

wzbzfeflz c~ie z`f smgzme nfci~f ~fafbwmlh `me bz btt~ipmebzfa} :te,

Ciaaixmlh z`f mlgmjflz! z`f smgzme ~fzv~lfj ìef nvz wvccf~fj wfsf~f tbml ml `mw flzm~f nij}!

fwtfgmbaa} `mw lfgk! wziebg` blj wtmlba gi~j, Z`vw z`f lfpz jb} il Eb} 27! `f smwmzfj z`f Kb~btmzm}b

ìwtmzba blj xbw xb~jfj ml xb~j lvenf~ lmlf, Z`f smgzme gilzmlvfw zi wvccf~ tbml blj ~frvm~fw

gilzmlvivw efjmgba bzzflzmil,

Zi jbzf! li tf~wil `bw nffl g`b~hfj xmz` bl} iccflgf bhbmlwz z`f smgzme,Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw

Gieemwwmil `bw nffl gaiwmlh eilmzi~mlh z`f wmzvbzmil ml W~m Ablkb, Z`f~f `bsf nffl ebl} wmemab~

mlgmjflgfw x`f~f tiamgf iccmgmbaw `bsf bnvwfj z`fm~ tixf~w b~nmz~b~ma} fpf~gmwmlh fpgfwwmsf ci~gf ml

mlzf~~ihbzmil t~igfwwfw wff cv~z`f~ VB%238%>443; VB%2:8%>443; VB%270%>443-, Mz mw gilgf~lmlh

z`bz z`f lvenf~ ic wvg` ~fti~zfj gbwfw `bsf mlg~fbwfj wmhlmcmgblza} ml z`f tbwz }fb~, Wvg` b ~fbamz}

~frvm~fw z`f v~hflz mlzf~sflzmil ic z`f btt~it~mbzf bvzì~mzmfw ml W~m Ablkb zi t~itf~a} bjj~fww z`mw

t~inafe,

2>8, A Wb~bz` Smomz`b? Jijblhijb tiamgf ~fcvwf zi ~fhmwzf~ gietabmlz

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh z`f ~fcvwba ic

z`f Jijblhijb tiamgf zi ~fhmwzf~ b gietabmlz, Il >: Eb} >443! A Wb~bz` Smomz`b xbw bwwbvazfj n} bl

blzm%lb~gizmgw wrvbj ci~ z`f wiaf ~fbwil `f kligkfj z`fm~ sbl, Bggi~jmlha} `f ~frvfwzfj zi aijhf b

gietabmlz nvz baafhfja}! z`f tiamgf ~fcvwfj zi ji wi,Il Eb} >:! bz b~ivlj 8 be! E~, Smomz`b xbw

itflmlh `mw wìt, Bw `f xbw jimlh wi! `f lizmgfj b x`mzf sbl tb~kfj lfb~ `mw wìt,

Z`f~f xf~f bnivz 24 tfitaf ml gmsmambl gaiz`mlh mlwmjf z`f sbl,Wvjjfla} ilf ic z`fe wìvzfj! ‖@f}!

}iv kligkfj iv~ sbl jii~! ji }iv klix xì xf b~f–, E~, Smomz`b wbmj z`bz `f xbw wi~~} mc `f

kligkfj z`fm~ sf`mgaf jii~, Nvz z`f efl xivaj `bsf liz`mlh ic mz blj h~bnnmlh `me n} `mw `bm~!kligkfj `mw `fbj bhbmlwz z`fm~ sbl, Ml tb~zmgvab~! ilf tf~wil bwwbvazfj `me wfsf~ba zmefw,

Z`f} bawi sf~nbaa} bnvwfj `me ml inwgflf blj jf~ihbzi~} ablhvbhf, @mw xmcf blj cbz`f~ bawi

xmzlfwwfj z`f mlgmjflz, Z`f tfitaf z`fl hiz mlzi z`f sf`mgaf blj j~isf bxb}, E~, Smomz`b xblzfj zi

jmwgisf~ z`f mjflzmzmfw ic `mw bwwbmablzw wi `f hiz il `mw nmg}gaf blj ciaaixfj z`f sbl! x`mg` `f wbx



26=

wzittmlh lfb~ bl maamgmz amrvi~%wfaamlh tabgf, @f z`fl ~fbamwfj z`f} xf~f z`f blzm%lb~gizmgw wrvbj ic z`f

tiamgf,

@f bawi lizfj z`f sf`mgaf lvenf~ bw sm, 3>W~m2303,Meefjmbzfa} `f! zihfz`f~ xmz` `mw xmcf! xflz zi

z`f Jijblhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f `f wbx z`f sbl nfb~mlh li, 3>W~m2303, Bz z`f zmef! z`f wzbzmil

Iccmgf~ Ml G`b~hf IMG- xbw liz t~fwflz,

Nvz z`f jftvz} IMG blj bliz`f~ tiamgfebl fwgi~zfj `me zi z`f x`mzf sbl blj wbmj! ‖Jmj }iv gief

zi aijhf b gietabmlz9– z`fl bawi z`~fbzflfj z`bz mc `f zbakfj zii evg` z`f} xivaj cmlf `me >644

~vtffw bnivz VWJ>6-, Abzf~ z`f IMG gbaafj E~, Smomz`b mlzi `mw ~iie blj ziaj `me liz zi ebkf b

cvww bnivz z`f bwwbvaz il `me,

X`fl E~, Smomz`b mlwmwzfj bnivz `mw smiabzfj cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw! z`f IMG wbmj z`bz `f xbw himlh il

afbsf ci~ cmsf jb}w blj ~fcf~~fj `me zi z`f jftvz} IMG xì ziaj `me zi ~fzv~l zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil

z`bz fsflmlh ci~ bl ‖mlrvm~}– mlzi z`f mlgmjflz, @ixfsf~! x`fl `f xflz li wvg` mlrvm~} xbw jilf

blj mlwzfbj `f xbw wmeta} z~blwcf~~fj c~ie ilf tf~wil zi bliz`f~! nvz ci~ li ~fbwil, @mw ~frvfwz zi

aijhf b gietabmlz xbw jflmfj, Z`f} bawi ziaj `me z`bz mz xbw liz tiwwmnaf zi flzf~ b gietabmlz

bhbmlwz z`f tiamgf,

2>0, J, G`beb~b Ablkb? @bljgvccfj zi b xmljix blj bwwbvazfj xmz` efzba tiaf

Il >8 Eb} >443 zxi tiamgfefl c~ie z`f Kv~vlfhbab Tiamgf wzbzmil gbef zi z`f ìvwf ic

J,G`beb~b Ablkb! >:%}fb~%iaj z`~ff x`ffa j~msf~! ml Tvzzbabe îbj! Kv~vlfhbab! W~m Ablkb, Bw

G`beb~b Ablkb xbw liz bz ìef bz z`bz zmef! z`f tiamgfefl afcz b efwwbhf ci~ `me zi gief zi z`f

Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Bczf~ ~fgfmsmlh z`f efwwbhf vtil `mw ~fzv~l ìef! `f xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil bz b~ivlj 6?74te

bggi~jmlh zi z`f tiamgf‐w mlwz~vgzmil, Bw z`f tiamgf bawi i~jf~fj `mw tb~flzw zi bggietbl} `me z`f}

bawi xflz bailh xmz` z`fm~ wil zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Z`f IMG ic z`f G~mefw N~blg` z`fl bggvwfj G`beb~b ic nfmlh mlsiasfj ml b z`fcz bz b lfb~n}

ìvwf, Fsfl zìvh` G`beb~b jflmfj z`mw bggvwbzmil blj gabmefj z`bz `f klfx liz`mlh bnivz z`f

mlgmjflz! z`f IMG wmeta} zv~lfj jixl `mw gabme blj mlwz~vgzfj b tiamgfebl zi jfzbml `me,

Bggi~jmlha}! z`mw tiamgfebl `bljgvccfj G`beb~b zi b nb~ ic b xmljix bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj

g`bwfj `mw tb~flzw bxb},

G`beb~b ~febmlfj `bljgvccfj zi b nb~ ic z`f xmljix ci~ wfsf~ba ìv~w vlzma bnivz =te zi 24te

z`bz lmh`z, Z`f~fbczf~ bliz`f~ tiamgfebl ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw xbakfj vt zi G`beb~b blj nfhbl

rvfwzmilmlh `me bnivz z`f z`fcz, @f bawi bwwbvazfj `me xmz` b tiaf x`mawz rvfwzmilmlh `me, Bazìvh`

G`beb~b jflmfj `mw mlsiasfeflz! z`f tiamgfebl gilzmlvfj zi n~vzbaa} nfbz z`f xìaf ic `mw nij}!

fwtfgmbaa} il `mw cffz! nvzzigkw blj nbgk ci~ bnivz `bac bl ìv~, @f z`fl afcz `me `bljgvccfj zi z`f

xmljix nb~ vlzma z`f ciaaixmlh ei~lmlh Eb} >0-,



234

Bz b~ivlj >?74te il Eb} >0! wfsf~ba tiamgfefl ziik `me zi bliz`f~ ~iie bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Z`f} ci~gfj `me zi amf il z`f h~ivlj blj tabgfj `mw b~ew blj cffz zihfz`f~, Z`f} z`fl mlwf~zfj bl

m~il tiaf nfzxffl `mw b~ew blj afhw blj wvwtfljfj z`f tiaf nfzxffl zxi zbnafw, Jvf zi z`mw!

G`beb~b xbw afcz t~fgb~mivwa} jblhamlh n} `mw amenw il z`f tiaf, Z`f} z`fl nfhbl zi bwwbvaz `me baa

isf~ `mw nij}! x`maf jfebljmlh `me zi gilcfww x`f~f `f `mjfj z`f wziafl hiijw, G`beb~b wg~fbefj

`fatafwwa} jvf zi vlnfb~bnaf tbml nvz z`f tiamgfefl jmj liz wzit zi~zv~mlh `me, Bczf~ z`bz! z`ftiamgfefl tiv~fj xbzf~ il `mw cbgf gbvwmlh `me zi baeiwz wvccigbzf, Jfwtmzf z`f cbgz z`bz `f xbw

wfsf~fa} mlov~fj blj vlbnaf zi xbak! z`f} tvz `me mlzi z`f aigk%vt xmzìvz hmsmlh bl} efjmgba

bzzflzmil,

G`beb~b xbw zbkfl zi z`f Kv~vlfhbab Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ila} ml z`f bczf~liil ic z`f ciaaixmlh jb}

Eb} >=-, @f ~fti~zfj zi z`f jigzi~w! xì fpbemlfj `me! z`bz `f xbw n~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj n} z`f

tiamgf, @ixfsf~! `f xbw n~ivh`z nbgk zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil bczf~ ~fgfmsmlh mlbjfrvbzf efjmgba

z~fbzeflz, Z`f tiamgf z`fl ~fgi~jfj `mw wzbzfeflz blj ci~gfj `me zi wmhl b jigveflz z`f gilzflzw

ic x`mg` `f xbw liz mlci~efj ic,

Fsfl zìvh` b tf~wil b~~fwzfj evwz nf n~ivh`z nfci~f b Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z xmz`ml >: ìv~w bczf~

`mw)`f~ b~~fwz! G`beb~b xbw ila} t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Kv~vlfhbab Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z ila} il Eb}

74 z`~ff jb}w bczf~ `mw b~~fwz- xmz` g`b~hfw ic z`fcz, @ixfsf~! z`f smgzme mlwmwzw z`bz z`f tiamgf

cbn~mgbzfj z`f g`b~hfw, Z`f giv~z i~jf~fj zi ~fafbwf `me il nbma, @ixfsf~! li ilf xbw t~fwflz bz z`f

giv~z zi tiwf nbma ci~ `me bw z`f tiamgf jmj liz t~itf~a} mlci~e z`f smgzme‐w cbema} ic `mw bttfb~blgf

ml giv~z, Wvnwfrvflza}! G`beb~b xbw ~febljfj vlzma Ovlf : il x`mg` jbzf `f xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma,

Bw wiil bw `f xbw ~fafbwfj! G`beb~b xbw ~vw`fj zi z`f Giitf~bzmsf @iwtmzba ml Kv~vlfhbab x`f~f

`f inzbmlfj efjmgba z~fbzeflz ci~ `mw wf~mivw mlov~mfw,

2>=, T Kvwvebabz`b? Maafhba b~~fwz blj jfh~bjmlh z~fbzeflz ic b xiebl n} z`f Hbaaf tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh bl b~nmz~b~}

b~~fwz blj jfh~bjmlh z~fbzeflz ic b xiebl n} z`f Hbaaf tiamgf il 72 Eb} >443, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f

mlci~ebzmil xf `bsf ~fgfmsfj! bczf~ z`f smgzme ~fcvwfj vlcbsiv~bnaf ~frvfwz ic b ebl ml gmsmambl

gaiz`fw xì bwkfj `f~ zi gief bailh xmz` `me bz z`f Hbaaf Z~bml Wzbzmil! b h~ivt ic tiamgfefl

bttfb~fj wì~za} abzf~ blj b~nmz~b~ma} b~~fwzfj `f~ bggvwmlh `f~ bw b t~iwzmzvzf,

Z`f ebl xì zbakfj zi `f~ xbw abzf~ civlj bw b tiamgfebl c~ie z`f Hbaaf Tiamgf wzbzmil, W`f xbw

sf~nbaa} bnvwfj blj w`befj ml tvnamg jv~mlh z`f t~igfww ic z`f b~~fwz blj z`f tiamgf gilzmlvfj zi

`b~bww `f~ bczf~ zbkmlh `f~ zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, X`maf ml tiamgf gvwzij}! z`f tiamgf jmj liz giljvgz

bl} t~itf~ mlrvm~} zi cmlj ivz z`f bgzvba cbgz nvz wmeta} bggvwfj `f~ bw b t~iwzmzvzf xmzìvz bl}

fsmjflgf, Fsfl zìvh` z`f smgzme xbw ~fafbwfj il z`f wbef jb}! z`f tiamgf gilzmlvf zi `bwwaf `f~ ml

tvnamg,

Jvf zi z`mw z`f smgzme wvccf~w c~ie jmwh~bgf ml `f~ gieevlmz} blj tw}gìaihmgba z~bveb,Bz b~ivlj

24?44be il 72 Eb} >443! Ew, T Kvwvebabz`b! b 77%}fb~%iaj wfbewz~fww ~fwmjmlh ml Efftbxfab!



232

Tijjbab! xbw xbmzmlh ci~ b c~mflj bz z`f Hbaaf Z~bml Wzbzmil! x`fl b ebl ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw

btt~ibg`fj `f~ blj nfhbl b gilsf~wbzmil xmz` `f~, B amzzaf x`maf abzf~! `f mljmgbzfj zi `f~ z`bz `f

xivaj amkf zi hfz zi klix `f~ blj mlsmzfj `f~ zi bggietbl} `me zi z`f Ebzb~b Nvw Wzblj, W`f

tiamzfa} ~fcvwfj `mw t~itiwba blj `f xflz bxb},

Bczf~ wì~z b x`maf! b h~ivt ic tiamgfefl mlgavjmlh b tiamgfxiebl blj b tiamgfebl lbefjEbjblb}bkf wv~~ivljfj Ew, Kvwvebabz`b blj nfhbl wìvzmlh blj mlwvazmlh `f~ xmz` xi~jw amkf

‖x`bz b~f }iv jimlh `f~f9– blj ‖Ji }iv gief `f~f fsf~}jb}9– Z`f z~bml wzbzmil xbw b nvw} wtiz

blj wiil wfsf~ba n}wzbljf~w hbz`f~fj bz z`f wgflf, Ew, Kvwvebabz`b ziaj z`f tiamgf z`bz w`f xbw

ila} xbmzmlh ci~ b c~mflj nvz z`f} mhli~fj `f~ gabme blj b~~fwzfj `f~, Z`f} z`fl ziik `f~ zi z`f

Hbaaf Tiamgf wzbzmil, W`f lizmgfj z`bz z`f ebl xì `bj zbakfj zi `f~ xbw beilh z`f tiamgfefl blj

w`f abzf~ jmwgisf~fj z`bz `f xbw b tiamgf iccmgf~ lbefj T~bwbj,

Bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f tiamgf bggvwfj Ew, Kvwvebabz`b ic t~iwzmzvzmil blj gilzmlvfj zi `b~bww

`f~ wb}mlh z`bz w`f w`befj z`f flzm~f zixl ic Hbaaf, Z`f} mlwvazfj `f~ xmz` z`f eiwz jmwtb~bhmlh

xi~jw, Z`f tiamgf fsfl ziaj `f~ z`bz w`f evwz nf zbkfl ci~ b efjmgba g`fgk vt bw w`f emh`z wvccf~c~ie BMJW, Z`f} bawi z`~fbzflfj `f~ liz zi wzft mlwmjf Hbaaf bhbml, Z`f `b~bwweflz xbw gilzmlvfj

vlzma bnivz >?>4te, Jv~mlh z`mw tf~mij! z`f tiamgf jmj liz ebkf bl} bzzfetz zi giljvgz b t~itf~

mlrvm~} zi cmlj ivz x`fz`f~ w`f mw b t~iwzmzvzf i~ liz,

Z`f} wmeta} bggvwfj `f~ xmzìvz bl} fsmjflgf, Z`f tiamgf z`fl ci~gmna} inzbmlfj `f~ wmhlbzv~f zi

z`f gilzflzw ml b niik blj ~fafbwfj `f~, Il z`f lfpz jb} Ovlf 2-! Ew, Kvwvebabz`b smwmzfj b aigba

tiamzmgmbl(w ìvwf x`f~f b tiamgfebl c~ie Hbaaf Tiamgf wzbzmil xbw t~fwflz bz z`bz zmef, Vtil wffmlh

z`f smgzme! `f wìvzfj ml c~ilz ic ebl} iz`f~w! .W`f xbw b t~iwzmzvzf xì gbef zi hmsf BMJW zi z`f

flzm~f smaabhf,. @f z`fl g`bwfj z`f smgzme bxb}, Jvf zi z`f `b~bwweflz blj mlwvaz vtil `f~ n} z`f

Hbaaf tiamgf! Ew, Kvwvebabz`b wvccf~w c~ie jmwh~bgf ml `f~ gieevlmz} blj tw}gìaihmgba z~bveb,

274, Blzil Mhlbzmivw Tf~f~b blj ^mg`b~j Tbz~mgk îwb~}? Mlzmemjbzmil blj z`~fbz ic

cbn~mgbzmil ic ev~jf~ g`b~hfw bhbmlwz zxi `vebl ~mh`zw jfcfljf~w

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- x~mzfw zi mlci~e }iv ic b jmwzv~nmlh mlgmjflz z`bz

ziik tabgf bz z`f Xfllmtvfxb Tiamgf wzbzmil il 3 Ovlf >443! x`fl zxi `vebl ~mh`zw jfcfljf~w

bggietblmfj b zi~zv~f smgzme zi bzzflj bl mlzf~lba tiamgf mlrvm~} bz z`f Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic

Tiamgf‐w BWT- iccmgf,Z`f tiamgf mlrvm~} xbw nfmlh giljvgzfj ml ~fabzmil zi z`f baafhfj zi~zv~f ic

Jbvljbhf Tvw`tbkveb~b îj~mhi n} Eb`mljb Hbemlm Wbeb~bkiil! z`fl Iccmgf~ ml G`b~hf bz z`f

Wbam}bxfxb Tiamgf Tiwz! Tvzzbabe! il 2 Wftzfenf~ >447,

Z`mw gbwf mw bawi nfci~f z`f @mh` Giv~z ml G`mabx! @G >:)>44: xmz` z`f lfpz jbzf wg`fjvafj ci~ :

Ova} >443,Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil xf `bsf ~fgfmsfj! il Ovlf 3 Jbvljbhf Tvw`tbkveb~b

îj~mhi xbw ~frvfwzfj zi bttfb~ ci~ z`f wfgilj zmef ci~ z`f tiamgf mlrvm~} nfmlh giljvgzfj bz

Xfllmtvfxb Tiamgf wzbzmil,



23>

Jvf zi z`f cbgz z`bz z`f~f `bsf nffl z`~fbzw il `mw amcf! `f xbw bggietblmfj n} Blzil Mhlbzmivw

Tf~f~b blj ^mg`b~j Tbz~mgk îwb~}! c~ie z`f @vebl ^mh`zw I~hblmbzmil (@ief ci~ Smgzmew ic

Zi~zv~f( x`mg` mw bawi bccmambzfj xmz` z`f B@^G,

Z`f mlrvm~} xbw wg`fjvafj zi nfhml bz zfl ml z`f ei~lmlh! ìxfsf~ jfwtmzf z`f t~fwflgf ic

Jbvljbhf Tvw`tbkveb~b îj~mhi! `mw eiz`f~ blj vlgaf! z`f mlrvm~} jmj liz nfhml vlzma 24,74be x`fl z`f t~iwfgvzmlh iccmgf~! z`f g`mfc mlwtfgzi~ b~~msfj bz z`f BWT iccmgf, Isf~ z`f lfpz ìv~ z`f

mlrvm~} ziik tabgf! xmz` z`f rvfwzmilmlh ic Jbvljbhf Tvw`btbkveb~b îj~mhi! x`mawz z`f zxi

`vebl ~mh`zw jfcfljf~w xf~f wmzvbzfj ivzwmjf ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil nvz xmz`ml z`f t~femwfw, Bz

bnivz 22,74%22,:6be z`f G`mfc Mlwtfgzi~ afcz z`f BWT iccmgf zi mlrvm~f bw zi z`f bzzfljblgf ic z`f

t~fwflgf ic fbg` tf~wil ml z`f smgmlmz},

Z`f G`mfc Mlwtfgzi~ rvfwzmilfj x`fz`f~ Blzil Mhlbzmivw Tf~f~b blj ^mg`b~z Tbz~mgk îwb~} xf~f

c~ie z`f @vebl ^mh`zw I~hblmbzmil zi x`mg` z`f} ~fwtiljfj z`f} xf~f, Bczf~ x`mg`! z`f G`mfc

Mlwtfgzi~ bwkfj ci~ z`fm~ mjflzmz} gb~jw! zi x`mg` Blzil Mhlbzmivw Tf~f~b t~ijvgfj `mw Lbzmilba

Mjflzmz} gb~j! ila} zi nf wgiajfj n} z`f G`mfc Mlwtfgzi~ xì xblzfj `mw @vebl ^mh`zw Mjflzmz} gb~j! ciaaixmlh x`mg` `f ziaj z`f zxi efl z`bz `f givaj liz z~vwz z`fe blj t~igffjfj zi wìvz bz

z`fe zi hfz ivz, Blzil Mhlbzmivw Tf~f~b blj ^mg`b~z Tbz~mgz îwb~} z`fl t~ietza} afcz z`f t~femwfw

~febmlmlh il z`f ~ibjwmjf! x`mawz z`f G`mfc Mlwtfgzi~ ~fzv~lfj zi z`f mlrvm~},Jbvljbhf

Tvw`tbkveb~b îj~mhi ~fti~zfj `f cfaz z`bz jv~mlh z`f mlrvm~}! z`f mlrvm~mlh iccmgf~ xbw wvtti~zmlh

Eb`mljb Hbemlm Wbeb~bkiil,

Z`mw xbw nfgbvwf z`f mlrvm~mlh iccmgf~ xivaj bwk Eb`mljb Hbemlm Wbeb~bkiil bw zi x`mg`

rvfwzmilw `f xivaj amkf bwkfj ic Jbvljbhf Tvw`tbkveb~b îj~mhi, Ml bjjmzmil! zxi ic z`f iccmgf~w

t~fwflz ml z`f ~iie gilzmlvivwa} rvfwzmilfj z`f ~fafsblgf ic wief ic z`f mlrvm~mlh iccmgf~w(

rvfwzmilw! bw z`f} xf~f liz xmz` ~fabzmil zi z`f baafhfj zi~zv~f! nvz xmz` ~fhb~jw zi z`f wvtti~z nfmlh

hmsfl zi z`f bttamgblz ml z`f tv~wvmz ic `mw gietabmlzw bhbmlwz z`mw ebl,Ciaaixmlh z`f gilgavwmil ic

z`f mlrvm~}! Eb`mljb Jbemlm Wbeb~bkiil ml z`f gietbl} ic baa xì bzzfljfj z`f mlrvm~}! mwwvfj

z`bz z`f zxi efl xì `bj nffl g`bwfj bxb} c~ie z`f t~femwfw `bj gief zi z`f mlrvm~} xmz` z`f

mlzflzmil zi ev~jf~ `me! blj z`bz bw b ~fwvaz `f xmw`fj zi aijhf b tiamgf flz~} bhbmlwz z`fwf zxi

tf~wilw,

Bggi~jmlh zi Jbvljbhf Tvw`tbkveb~b îjh~mhi! Eb`mljb Hbemlm Wbeb~bkiil gilzmlvfj zi mwwvf

blj fsfl wìvz bnivz z`mw niz` mlwmjf blj ivzwmjf z`f BWT iccmgf, Bw b ~fwvaz! Jbvljbhf

Tvw`btkveb~b îj~mhi t~ietza} xflz zi cmlj Blzil Mhlbzmivw Tf~f~b blj ^mg`b~z Tbz~mgk îwb~}!

blj mlci~efj z`f zxi `vebl ~mh`zw jfcfljf~w ic x`bz `bj nffl wbmj! blj bw wvg` z`f} meefjmbzfa}

gbvh`z z`f lfpz nvw nbgk zi z`f iccmgf ic z`f @ief ci~ z`f Smgzmew ic Zi~zv~f,Blzil Mhlbmzivw

Tf~f~b blj ^mg`b~z Tbz~mgz îwb~} b~f cfb~cva z`bz b gietabmlz xmaa nf aijhfj bhbmlwz z`fe xmz`

~fhb~jw zi z`fwf cbawf baafhbzmilw ic bl bzzfetz zi ev~jf~ blj b~f jffta} jmwz~fwwfj gilwmjf~mlh z`fm~

bzzfljblgf bz z`f mlrvm~} xbw wmeta} zi bggietbl} Jbvljbhf Tvw`tbkveb~b îj~mhi,

272, Maavkvenv~b Evjm}blwfabhf Evjm}blwf? Aiwz `fb~mlh c~ie zi~zv~f



237

Maavkvenv~b Evjm}blwfabhf Evjm}blwf! b :=%}fb~%iaj z~bjf~! xbw wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj n} z`f

Z`babz`vi}b Tiamgf il = Ovlf >443, Jvf zi zi~zv~f! z`f smgzme ~fgfmsfj gilwmjf~bnaf mlov~mfw isf~

eiwz tb~zw ic `mw nij} blj wvccf~fj gietafzf aiww ic `fb~mlh ml `mw afcz fb~, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme!

z`f tiamgf cbawfa} g`b~hfj `me xmz` wfaamlh gbllbnmw jvf zi `mw gietabmlz bhbmlwz b zmenf~ emaa ixlf~

xì `bw hiij gillfgzmilw xmz` z`f IMG ic z`f Z`babz`vi}b Tiamgf, Jfwtmzf `mw gietabmlz zi z`f

@^G! li wf~mivw bgzmil `bw }fz nffl zbkfl bhbmlwz z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme! `f hiz mlzi b `fbzfj jmwbh~ffeflz xmz` z`f ixlf~ ic z`f aigba ‖Wvhbz`

Zmenf~ Emaaw–! xì ~fcvwfj zi tb} `me `mw jvf n~ikf~ cff ic ^w, =444 btt~ipmebzfa} VWJ 244-!

tavw z`f bjjmzmilba giwz ic jbebhfw zi z`f gvasf~z blj z`f ~ibj jvf zi z`f z~blwti~zbzmil ic zmenf~

aihw, Evjm}blwf aijhfj b ci~eba gietabmlz bhbmlwz z`f ixlf~ xmz` z`f Z`babz`vi}b Tiamgf wzbzmil il

0 Ovlf >443! nvz z`f} ziik li bgzmil,

Bz b~ivlj 2?74te il z`f ciaaixmlh jb} Ovlf =-! Tiamgf Wf~hfblz Z`vw`b~b smwmzfj Evjm}blwf bz `mw

cbema} ìef! x`f~f `f z`fl t~igffjfj zi wìvz bz `me xmz` fpz~fefa} bnvwmsf ablhvbhf, Z`bz wbef

lmh`z! bz b~ivlj 0te! zxi Z`babz`vi}b tiamgf iccmgf~w ml gmsmambl j~fww flzf~fj Evjm}blwf‐w ìef, Z`f} wzbzfj z`bz z`f IMG ic z`f Z`babz`vi}b Tiamgf wzbzmil xmw`fj zi hfz b ci~eba wzbzfeflz c~ie

`me! ciaaixmlh `mw gietabmlz, Z`f} z`fl ziik Evjm}blwf ml b offt zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Vtil

b~~msba! Evjm}blwf gabmew z`bz `f wbx z`f zmenf~ emaa ixlf~ xmz` xìe `f `bj `bj b jmwbh~ffeflz

z`f t~fsmivw jb}, Z`f IMG b~~fwzfj Evjm}blwf il z`f g`b~hfw ic wfaamlh eb~movblb! bl baafhbzmil

x`mg` Evjm}blwf b~jflza} jflmfw! blj x`mg` xbw liz wvnwzblzmbzfj n} z`f aigba tiamgf xmz` bl}

gilgavwmsf fsmjflgf, Bggi~jmlh zi Evjm}blwf! z`f IMG ziik b h~ffl ìwftmtf blj t~igffjfj zi

nfbz `me isf~ z`f `fbj xmz` mz bz afbwz >4 zmefw,

@f z`fl tabgfj b webaa tbgkfz x~bttfj ml tbtf~ ml Evjm}blwf‐w `bljw! wb}mlh! ‖@f~f mw z`f hblob"–

Evjm}blwf z`~fx z`f tbgkfz ilzi z`f iccmgf~‐w zbnaf, Wief ìv~w abzf~! bliz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~ i~jf~fj

Evjm}blwf zi tabgf `mw cmlhf~t~mlzw il z`f tbgkfz ic hblob, Evjm}blwf ivz ~mh`za} ~fcvwfj zi ji wi;

blj xbw bhbml zbkfl zi z`f IMG! xì baafhfja} i~jf~fj z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ zi inzbml Evjm}blwf‐w

cmlhf~t~mlzw il `fbzfj abgrvf~, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ jmj bw ~frvfwzfj; wfsf~fa} nv~lmlh Evjm}blwf‐w

cmlhf~w ml z`f t~igfww, Evjm}blwf xbw z`fl jfzbmlfj isf~lmh`z bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Z`f ciaaixmlh jb} Ovlf 24-! z`f Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf BWT- ebjf ilf ic `mw ~ivzmlf

mlwtfgzmil smwmzw zi z`f Z`babz`vi}b Tiamgf wzbzmil, X`fl `f gbef zi z`f jfzbmlff aigk%vt!

Evjm}blwf ziaj `me ic `mw i~jfba! blj z`bz `f xbw gietafzfa} mlligflz ic z`f g`b~hfw z`bz `bj nffl

n~ivh`z bhbmlwz `me, Z`f BWT rvfwzmilfj z`f Z`babz`vi}b IMG il z`mw, Bczf~ z`f BWT afcz! z`f IMG

gbef zi z`f aigk%vt blj sf~nbaa} bnvwfj Evjm}blwf,

Z`f OEI ic z`f Z`babz`vi}b Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba abzf~ fpbemlfj z`f smgzme! blj z`f ciaaixmlh

jb}! `f xbw t~fwflzfj nfci~f z`f bjjmzmilba ebhmwz~bzf ic Kblj}! xì ~febljfj `me zi z`f

Nihbenb~b t~mwil, Evjm}blwf xbw wvnwfrvflza} ~fafbwfj il z`f Ovlf 26! il nbma ic ^w, 2444

btt~ipmebzfa} 24 VWJ-,

Evjm}blwf mlgv~~fj mlov~mfw zi `mw `fbj blj eiwz iz`f~ tb~zw ic `mw nij}! blj nv~lw il `mw afcz

z`ven! blj wvccf~fj gietafzf aiww ic `fb~mlh ml `mw afcz fb~ bw b ~fwvaz ic `mw zi~zv~f, @f aijhfj b



23:

gietabmlz xmz` z`f @^G ~fhb~jmlh z`f mlgmjflz xmz` z`f `fat ic b aigba `vebl ~mh`zw i~hblmwbzmil ml

Ovlf >443,

27>, Ebaamkbhf B~m}bjbwb? N~vzba bwwbvaz il b 36%}fb~%iaj n} z`f Kblblkf Tiamgf bz z`f

mlwzmhbzmil ic b z`m~j tb~z}

Il 22 Ovlf >443 b~ivlj 24te! Ebaamkbhf B~m}bjbwb! 36! xbw b~~fwzfj n} z`f Kblblkf Tiamgf blj

zbkfl zi z`f Kblblkf Tiamgf wzbzmil ml Ebzb~b Jmwz~mgz ‚ baafhfja} bz z`f mlwzmhbzmil ic bl mlcavflzmba

z`m~j tb~z}, Bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! `f xbw `bljgvccfj blj wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj n} wfsf~ba tiamgfefl ml

z`f eiwz ml`veblf blj n~vzba ebllf~, B~m}bjbwb wb}w z`bz z`f} bwwbvazfj `me xmz` z`fm~ cmwzw blj

niizw vlzma `f giaabtwfj zi z`f caii~, Z`fl z`f} j~bhhfj `me bailh z`f caii~ zi b ìajmlh gfaa x`f~f

`f xbw kftz xmzìvz ciij i~ xbzf~ ci~ baeiwz zxi jb}w,

Z`f lfpz jb} Ovlf 2>! >443- z`f tiamgf ziik B~m}bjbwb zi wff b jigzi~ bz z`f Meebjvxb Jmwz~mgz

@iwtmzba x`f~f `f eblbhfj zi zfaa z`f jigzi~ z`bz z`f tiamgf `bj bwwbvazfj `me, Il Ovlf 27! B~m}bjbwb xbw zbkfl zi z`f Ebzb~b Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z blj g`b~hfj xmz` b g~memlba gbwf! x`mg` `f

mlwmwzw z`f g`b~hf xbw cbn~mgbzfj, @ixfsf~! `f xbw ~febljfj n} z`f Ebhmwz~bzf blj wflz zi z`f

~feblj t~mwil, Bczf~ `f n~ivh`z `mw mlov~mfw zi z`f lizmgf ic ~feblj iccmgmbaw! z`f} bcci~jfj `me

efjmgba z~fbzeflz ci~ `mw mlov~mfw bz z`f ~feblj ìwtmzba,

Jv~mlh z`mw zmef! B~m}bjbwb‐w wil Mljmkb Kveb~b smwmzfj z`f Kblblkf Tiamgf IMG blj mlrvm~fj c~ie

`me z`f wzbzvw ic `mw cbz`f~, Z`f IMG `bj bjsmwfj `me zi effz xmz` b abx}f~ lbefj T~m}blm xì

xivaj bwwmwz `me ml inzbmlmlh nbma ci~ `mw cbz`f~, Bggi~jmlha}! Kveb~b smwmzfj abx}f~ T~m}blm! tbmj

`f~ z`f ~frvm~fj cffw blj hiz B~m}bjbwb ~fafbwfj il nbma, @f ìxfsf~! abzf~ jmwgisf~fj z`bz abx}f~

T~m}blm xbw ml cbgz z`f xmcf ic z`f wbmj IMG ic z`f Kblblkf Tiamgf,

Abzf~ B~m}bjbwb gietabmlfj bnivz z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf! Hbaaf blj

ml ~fwtilwf xbw mlci~efj zi bzzflj z`f Kblblkf Tiamgf wzbzmil il 2> Ova} >443 bz =?74te

t~fwvebna} ci~ bl mlrvm~} mlzi z`f mlgmjflz, M~ilmgbaa} z`mw xbw z`f wbef Tiamgf wzbzmil bz x`mg` `f

xbw wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj blj z`vw mz mw `b~ja} amkfa} z`bz ovwzmgf xivaj nf wf~sfj bz z`bz Tiamgf wzbzmil,

X`fl B~m}bjbwb b~~msfj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil b tiamgfebl mlci~efj `me z`bz z`f IMG xbw liz

t~fwflz blj z`vw zi ~fzv~l bczf~ >te, X`fl `f ~fzv~lfj bz z`f wbmj zmef! `f xbw zbkfl zi effz xmz`

z`f IMG xì bjj~fwwfj `me ~vjfa} blj ml z`~fbzflmlh ablhvbhf, Z`f IMG ziaj `me z`bz mc B~m}bjbwb

fsf~ bhbml gietabmlfj zi ‘`mh`%vt tabgfw‐ f,h, z`f BWT%Hbaaf-! `f xivaj cbawfa}- g`b~hf z`f smgzme

ci~ z`f tiwwfwwmil ic nienw blj tvz z`f smgzme mlzi ab~hf~ t~inafew mlgavjmlh ailh zmef

met~mwileflz bz z`f ~feblj t~mwil,

Bz z`mw timlz mz mw xi~z` lizmlh z`bz vljf~ z`f Iccflwmsf Xfbtilw Bgz! nbma gbl ila} nf inzbmlfj

c~ie z`f Giv~z ic Bttfba ml Giaieni, Bw eiwz tfitaf ml ~v~ba b~fbw b~f cmlblgmbaa} blj iz`f~xmwf

vlbnaf zi z~bsfa zi Giaieni! ~fzbml b abx}f~ blj inzbml nbma c~ie z`f Giv~z ic Bttfba! mz mw liz

vlvwvba ci~ wvwtfgzw zi ablhvmw` ml ~feblj ci~ b cfx }fb~w vlzma z`fm~ gbwfw b~f cmlbaa} `fb~j blj



236

jmwtiwfj ic, Z`vw mz mw gieeil z`bz z`mw abx mw c~frvflza} vzmamwfj n} z`f tiamgf zi mlzmemjbzf!

z`~fbzfl i~ `b~bww zi~zv~f smgzmew blj z`fm~ cbemamfw wvnwfrvflz zi z`f zi~zv~f,

B~m}bjbwb cv~z`f~ wbmj z`bz il 22 Ovlf >443 b amzzaf x`maf nfci~f `f xbw b~~fwzfj! wfsf~ba ic `mw

lfmh`niv~w klixl bw ‘Jikbl‐! Tfz`z`b‐! Xmam}flw‐ blj iz`f~w `bj ci~gmna} flzf~fj `mw ìvwf blj

wziafl ^w, 78! 444 ml gbw`, Z`f} `bj z`fl ebamgmivwa} aijhfj b gietabmlz bhbmlwz B~m}bjbwbmetamgbzmlh `me xmz` wfpvbaa} bnvwmlh zxi ni}w,

Il >4 Ova} >443! B~m}bjbwb bawi gietabmlfj bnivz z`mw mlgmjflz zi z`f Ebzb~b n~blg` ic z`f @^G,

Il >8 Eb~g` >448 `f ~fgfmsfj b ~fta} ml z`f ci~e ic b afzzf~ ml x`mg` z`f @^G mlci~efj `me z`bz

z`f mlci~ebzmil t~ismjfj n} `me jmj liz `bsf flivh` fsmjflgf zi wvtti~z z`f gabme z`bz `mw

cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw `bsf nffl smiabzfj! blj z`f~fci~f z`f @^G xbw jmwtiwmlh ic z`f gbwf, Zi z`mw

~fwtilwf! B~m}bjbwb! c~ie z`f amzzaf afhba klixafjhf `f `bw bgrvm~fj jv~mlh z`mw ~bz`f~ z~bvebzmg

tf~mij! xiljf~w ìx z`f tfitaf givaj jfl} z`f smiabzmil ic z`f ~mh`zw ic z`f smgzme x`maf lizmlh

z`bz `f xbw b~nmz~b~ma} b~~fwzfj blj jfzbmlfj ci~ isf~ zxi jb}w! n~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj blj z`~fbzflfj zi nf

g`b~hfj xmz` b cbn~mgbzfj gbwf,

B~m}bjbwb gietabmlfj ml x~mzmlh zi baa z`f bvzì~mzmfw gilgf~lfj mlgavjmlh z`f MHT! LTG! z`f @^G

@fbj Iccmgf ml Giaieni! blj iz`f~w jfebljmlh meefjmbzf jmwgmtamlb~} blj afhba bgzmil nf zbkfl

bhbmlwz z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w ic z`f Kblblkf Tiamgf, @f bawi ~frvfwzfj z`bz cvzv~f mlrvm~mfw

~fhb~jmlh `mw gbwf nf `faj bz z`f @^G @fbj Iccmgf,

277, Ofll} Smiafz? Wfgilj bwwbvaz blj wf~mivw z`~fbzw ebjf n} tiamgf mlci~ef~ bzzbg`fj zi

z`f Em~m`blf Tiamgf Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil `bw gief zi afb~l ic b wfgilj bwwbvaz

mlwzmzvzfj n} b ebl xì mw b tiamgf mlci~ef~ bzzbg`fj zi z`f Em~m`blf Tiamgf, Ml niz` mlgmjflzw z`fbaafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~ z`~fbzflfj z`f smgzmew z`bz z`f} zii xivaj wvccf~ z`f wbef cbzf bw Hf~baj Tf~f~b,

Z`bz z`mw ebl nfamfsfw mz mw bggftzbnaf ci~ `me zi bwwbvaz iz`f~w blj z`~fbzfl z`fe mw mlziaf~bnaf,

Z`bz z`f tiamgf b~f liz zbkmlh bgzmil zi t~fsflz `me c~ie jimlh z`mw bhbml mw b ebzzf~ ci~ v~hflz

mlzf~sflzmil n} hisf~leflz bvzì~mzmfw,

Ofll} Smiafz! b 67 }fb~%iaj eb~~mfj xiebl xbw t`}wmgbaa} j~bhhfj ivz ic `f~ t~femwfw n} z`f `bm~ il

>6 Ovlf >443 n} Ob}bwblz`b! b tiamgf mlci~ef~ bzzbg`fj zi Em~m`blf Tiamgf wzbzmil, W`f xbw z`fl

zbkfl zi bliz`f~ ìvwf x`f~f w`f xbw bwwbvazfj wfsf~fa}, W`f xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f Nbwf @iwtmzba bz

Hbetb`b bz b~ivlj 8?74te il z`f wbef jb} blj mw wzmaa ~fgfmsmlh z~fbzeflz ci~ `f~ mlov~mfw,

X`maf bwwbvazmlh Ew, Smiafz z`f tf~tfz~bzi~ wzbzfj! ‖ Z`f z`f wbef z`mlh z`bz xbw jilf zi Hf~bajEf~s}l xmaa nf jilf zi }iv–, Z`mw mw b ~fcf~flgf zi z`f abzf Hf~baj Tf~f~b xì bawi amsfj ml z`f wbef

lfmh`niv~ìij blj xì xbw bwwbwwmlbzfj x`maf xbmzmlh zi hmsf fsmjflgf ml b zi~zv~f gbwf bhbmlwz

wfsf~ba tiamgf iccmgf~w,Bggi~jmlh zi mlci~ebzmil hmsfl zi z`f mlsfwzmhbzmlh iccmgf~w ~fhb~jmlh z`f

bwwbwwmlbzmil! z`mw wbef Ob}bwblz`b xbw mjflzmcmfj bw z`f tf~wil xì nfc~mfljfj Hf~baj Tf~f~b blj

xì ziik Hf~baj ml `mw ixl sf`mgaf zi z`f nvw ml x`mg` `f xbw wìz,



233

Z`f nvw ml x`mg` Hf~baj z~bsfafj xbw ciaaixfj n} b gb~ ml x`mg` z`f bwwbwwml z~bsfafj, Z`mw gb~

isf~ziik z`f nvw baaixmlh z`f bwwbwwml zi nib~j z`f nvw blj wvnwfrvflza} zi wìiz Hf~baj, Z`f

wvwtmgmil mw z`bz bczf~ hfzzmlh Hf~baj mlzi z`f nvw Ob}bwblz`b tbwwfj z`f mlci~ebzmil zi z`f j~msf~ ic

z`f gb~ ml x`mg` z`f bwwbwwml z~bsfafj,

Jfwtmzf z`mw nfmlh ~fti~zfj zi z`f mlrvm~mlh iccmgf~w Ob}bwblz`b xbw lfsf~ b~~fwzfj i~ t~ijvgfj bw bwvwtfgz ml z`f ev~jf~ gbwf ic Hf~baj Tf~f~b,Il Ovlf 23 z`f B@^G bawi ~fti~zfj bliz`f~ bwwbvaz n}

z`mw wbef Ob}bwblz`b il J,E, G`blj~blm Jmwwblb}bkf! z`f xmcf ic B,T, Lmeba! xì bawi amsfw ml z`f

wbef lfmh`niv~ìij,Zìvh` gietabmlzw `bsf nffl ebjf ~fhb~jmlh z`f bzzbgkw il niz` Ofll}

Smiafz blj G`blj~blm Jmwwblb}bkf li mlsfwzmhbzmilw `bsf nffl giljvgzfj n} z`f tiamgf,

Z`f zxi cbemamfw nfamfsf z`bz z`f tiamgf b~f t~izfgzmlh z`mw tiamgf mlci~ef~ xì bawi `bw z`f

t~izfgzmil ic wief iz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~w jvf zi `mw baafhfj mlsiasfeflz ml Hf~baj Tf~f~b(w gbwf

x`mg` `bw ~fgfmsfj xmjf tvnamgmz} ml z`f givlz~} bw xfaa bw mlzf~lbzmilbaa}, Z`f zxi cbemamfw ic z`f

smgzmew cffa z`bz z`f g~memlba bgzmilw ic Ob}bwblz`b xmaa liz nf t~itf~a} mlsfwzmhbzfj i~ t~iwfgvzfj,

Nfwmjfw z`mw! Ob}bwblz`b `mewfac `bw nffl gabmemlh z`bz `f hfzw z`f t~izfgzmil ic z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w,

Z`fwf zxi lfmh`niv~mlh cbemamfw cfb~ z`bz Ob}bwblz`b xmaa bzzbgk z`fe bhbml blj eb} ji `b~e zi z`f

`vwnbljw ic z`f zxi xiefl bawi bw z`fwf efl `bsf ebjf gietabmlzw zi z`f tiamgf ~fhb~jmlh z`f

bwwbvazw, Mz mw bawi cfb~fj z`bz z`f cbema} ic Hf~baj Tf~f~b! x`mg` mw bawi ~fwmjmlh ml z`f wbef

lfmh`niv~ìij! eb} bawi nf cv~z`f~ `b~bwwfj i~ gief zi ei~f wf~mivw `b~e n} Ob}bwblz`b,Fsf~}ilf

ml z`f lfmh`niv~ìij! tb~zmgvab~a} z`f zxi cbemamfw eflzmilfj bnisf blj z`bz ic Hf~baj Tf~f~b

~frvfwz b wf~mivw mlrvm~} mlzi z`f ebzzf~ blj bawi g~memlba bgzmil zi nf mlwzmzvzfj bhbmlwz Ob}bwblz`b,

Z`f lfmh`niv~w bawi wffk t~izfgzmil bhbmlwz bl} cv~z`f~ g~memlba bgzmilw n} `me,

27:, Wbebl î`blb Eblbxbjv? B~nmz~b~} b~~fwz blj `b~bwweflz ic b ebl n} z`f Mlhm~m}b tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh z`f maafhba b~~fwz

blj jfzflzmil ic b ebl lbefj Wbebl î`blb Eblbxbjv n} z`f Mlhm~m}b tiamgf, E~, Eblbxbjv xbw

b~~fwzfj blj `mw sbl xbw gilcmwgbzfj jvf zi z`f tiamgf‐w gabme z`bz `mw sbl xbw b wziafl sf`mgaf blj

vwfj ml b ev~jf~, Z`f lfpz jb}! bczf~ `mw cbz`f~ n~ivh`z baa jigveflzw tf~zbmlmlh zi z`f sf`mgaf! `f

xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma,

Z`f smgzme mlwmwzw z`bz `f xbw maafhbaa} jfzbmlfj blj `b~bwwfj n} WM G`bljblb blj z`f Mlhm~m}b tiamgf

nfgbvwf `f ~fofgzfj WM G`bljblb(w t~fsmivw ~frvfwz zi vwf `mw sf`mgaf ci~ tf~wilba f~~bljw,Bz bnivz

8?74te il >0 Ovlf >443! E~, Wbebl î`blb Eblbxbjv! b 7=%}fb~%iaj z~bjf~ c~ie Lvhbjbljb!

Mlhm~m}b! W~m Ablkb xbw z~bsfamlh ml `mw sbl Li, OB0:2>- x`fl `f xbw wzittfj n} Wvn%mlwtfgzi~

G`bljblb blj bliz`f~ tiamgfebl c~ie z`f Mlhm~m}b Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Z`f tiamgf ziaj E~, Eblbxbjv z`bz z`f} ~fgfmsfj b (efwwbhf( z`bz z`f sbl xbw b wziafl sf`mgaf, Bz

z`bz zmef! z`f zxi tiamgfefl xf~f ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw, E~, Eblbxbjv wìxfj `mw j~msf~ amgflwf blj

mlwv~blgf tbtf~w zi z`f tiamgf zi t~isf z`bz z`f sf`mgaf xbw afhbaa} tiwwfwwfj n} `me, Z`f tiamgf bawi



238

givaj liz cmlj bl}z`mlh wvwtmgmivw mlwmjf z`f sf`mgaf, @ixfsf~! z`f} wzmaa b~~fwzfj E~, Eblbxbjv

blj ziik `mw sf`mgaf zi z`f Mlhm~m}b tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f z`f smgzme xbw jfzbmlfj,

Bnivz ilf ìv~ abzf~! E~, Eblbxbjv‐w cbz`f~ b~~msfj bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil xmz` baa jigveflzw

tf~zbmlmlh zi z`f sbl, Sf~} wz~blhfa} z`f tiamgf cv~z`f~ gabmefj z`bz z`f sf`mgaf xbw wvwtfgzfj ic

nfmlh vwfj ml b ev~jf~ gbwf, Z`f iccmgf~w z`fl ~frvfwzfj b gafb~blgf c~ie z`f ^fhmwz~b~ ic Eizi~ Sf`mgaf ÊS- jftb~zeflz zi ìaj z`f sbl, Bw b ~fwvaz! E~, Eblbxbjv xbw jfzbmlfj bz z`f tiamgf

aigk%vt isf~lmh`z,Z`f lfpz jb} Ovlf >=-! E~, Eblbxbjv(w cbz`f~ ~fzv~lfj zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj

eblbhfj zi ~fafbwf E~, Eblbxbjv il nbma,

Z`f} bawi inzbmlfj bl i~jf~ w`ffz c~ie z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- ic z`f Mlhm~m}b Tiamgf wzbzmil

ci~ z`f ~fafbwf ic z`f sf`mgaf, Nvz z`f tiamgf j~bhhfj z`fm~ cffz ml ~fafbwmlh z`f sf`mgaf blj ila} jmj

wi bz bnivz 6?74te, Bz z`f zmef! z`f tiamgf bawi ci~gfj E~, Eblbxbjv zi wmhl b wzbzfeflz xmzìvz

wìxmlh mzw gilzflzw,Bggi~jmlh zi E~, Eblbxbjv! `f nfamfsfw z`bz `f xbw maafhbaa} jfzbmlfj blj

`b~bwwfj n} WM G`bljblb blj z`f Mlhm~m}b tiamgf nfgbvwf `f ~fofgzfj WM G`bljblb(w ~frvfwz zi vwf

`mw sf`mgaf ci~ tf~wilba f~~bljw bnivz wmp eilz`w fb~amf~,

Bazìvh` E~, Eblbxbjv bjemzw z`bz `f `bj inamhfj z`f ~frvfwz ml z`f tbwz! `f abzf~ nfgbef

vlxmaamlh zi gilzmlvf z`f t~bgzmgf, @f cv~z`f~ wbmj z`bz WM G`bljblb `bj ebjf z`f wbef ~frvfwz il

wfsf~ba t~fsmivw iggbwmilw blj xbw bhbml jflmfj z`f vwf ic `mw sf`mgaf, E~, Eblbxbjv nfamfsfw z`bz

WM G`bljblb mw `b~bwwmlh `me zi wffk ~fsflhf isf~ z`f ebzzf~,

Ml W~m Ablkb! z`f tiamgf b~f lizi~mivw ci~ emwvwmlh z`fm~ bvzì~mz} ci~ tf~wilba ~fbwilw, Ci~ fpbetaf!

z`f B@^G `bw t~fsmivwa} ~fti~zfj il z`f gbwf ic z`f n~vzba zi~zv~f ic zxi }ivlh efl! xì wmeta}

~frvfwzfj z`bz z`f tiamgf! xì baafhfja} ziik z`fm~ eizi~g}gaf xmzìvz mlci~emlh z`fe! ~fzv~l z`fm~

eizi~g}gaf Wff cv~z`f~? VB%273%>446! VT%=8%>446! VT%=0%>446 blj VT%227%>443-,

Ml bliz`f~ gbwf! cbema} efenf~w xf~f baafhfja} bwwbvazfj n} z`f Wbam}bxfxb tiamgf ml Eb} >443

nfgbvwf z`f} cbmafj zi tb} b n~mnf z`bz xbw jm~fgzfj zixb~jw z`fe Wff cv~z`f~ VB%2:=%>443-, Z`f

W~m Ablkbl hisf~leflz evwz fwzbnamw` wz~mgz jmwgmtamlf xmz`ml z`f tiamgf ci~gf zi wzit wvg` g~mefw il

i~jmlb~} tfitaf,

276, Bemz`b Jfftz`m Kveb~b? B~~fwzfj xmz` b c~mflj blj maafhbaa} jfzbmlfj

Bz b~ivlj 0?74be il >0 Ovlf >443! Effhb`bz`fllb Tiamgf b~~fwzfj Bemz`b Jfftz`m Kveb~b >>-

bailh xmz` b c~mflj! x`maf z`f} xf~f xbakmlh bailh z`f ~ibj, Z`f tiamgf jmj liz wìx bl} b~~fwz xb~~blz jv~mlh z`f t~igfww ic z`f b~~fwz, Z`f zxi efl xf~f z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Effhb`bz`fllb Tiamgf

wzbzmil x`f~f z`f} xf~f n~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf,

Z`f tiamgf bggvwfj Kveb~b ic mlsiasfeflz ml b gbwf ic z`fcz, Bczf~ nfmlh mlci~efj `f~ wil‐w b~~fwz!

Kveb~b‐w eiz`f~ xflz zi wff `f~ wil il z`f lfpz jb} Ovlf >=- nvz z`f tiamgf jmj liz baaix `f~ zi

effz `me, @ixfsf~! w`f jmj afb~l bnivz z`f n~vzba tiamgf zi~zv~f ic `f~ wil, Z`f eiz`f~ z`fl



230

mlci~efj z`f @^G smb zfaftìlf blj cbp ~fhb~jmlh `f~ wil‐w maafhba b~~fwz blj zi~zv~f il z`f wbef

jb},

Il Ovlf 74! b aigba `vebl ~mh`zw h~ivt gbaafj Oblbwblwbjb}b bawi ~fti~zfj z`mw mlgmjflz zi z`f @^G

smb cbp bnivz z`f gilzmlvfj zi~zv~f ic Kveb~b, @ixfsf~! Kveb~b ~febmlfj ml tiamgf gvwzij} blj

gilzmlvfj zi nf zi~zv~fj, Z`f Effhb`bz`fllb Tiamgf `bj liz n~ivh`z z`f smgzme zi z`f ebhmwz~bzf‐wgiv~z wmp jb}w il c~ie `mw b~~fwz m,f, >0 Ovlf zi Ova} :- blj `bj jfzbmlfj `me maafhbaa}, Oblbwblwbjb}b

n~ivh`z z`f gbwf zi z`f lizmgf ic z`f MHT! LTG! JMH % Afhba Jmsmwmil! WWT ic Kbavzb~b blj

Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba n} wfljmlh z`f afzzf~w niz` n} cbp blj tiwzba ebma, Baa z`fwf mlwzmzvzmilw xf~f v~hfj

zi zbkf meefjmbzf wzftw zi wfgv~f z`f ~fafbwf ic Kveb~b i~ `bsf `me t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f giv~zw

xmzìvz jfab},

273, E,W,C, Tf~f~b? B~~fwzfj il emwzbkfl mjflzmz} il z`f baafhbzmil ic ebkmlh nien z`~fbzw

n} zfaftìlf

Evjbamhf Wvlma Cf~eml Tf~f~b! b 66%}fb~%iaj ebl ~fwmjmlh bz 66 2)B Tmzbkizzf Kizz! jmfj c~ie

mlov~mfw ~fgfmsfj bw b ~fwvaz ic zi~zv~f `f baafhfja} wvccf~fj x`maf ml t~mwil gvwzij} blj bliz`f~ ebl

lbefa} Amlzil Hbemlm Evlbxff~b! xì xbw b~~fwzfj bailh xmz` E,W,C, Tf~f~b! xbw wfsf~fa} mlov~fj,

Il >0 Ovlf >443! z`f zxi efl eflzmilfj bnisf xf~f b~~fwzfj n} ^bzlbtv~b Tiamgf il z`f

mlci~ebzmil wvttamfj n} z`f Smgf T~mlgmtba ic Em`mljv Giaafhf! ^bzlbtv~b x`mg` mw bnivz =4 ke

wivz`%fbwz ic z`f gbtmzba Giaieni! ~fhb~jmlh z`f nien z`~fbz g~fbzmlh b cbawf bab~e ml z`f Giaafhf,

Z`f zxi efl xf~f zbkfl ml n} z`f ^bzlbtv~b Tiamgf bz emjlmh`z il Ovlf >0 blj t~ijvgfj nfci~f

z`f Ebhmwz~bzf! L,S, Kb~vlbzmafkf! il z`f ciaaixmlh jb} Ovlf >=-, Z`f} xf~f ~febljfj il z`f

tabmlz cmafj n} z`f ^bzlbtv~b Tiamgf, Z`f} xf~f b~~fwzfj jvf zi z`f baafhbzmil z`bz Amlzil `bj ebjf bzfaftìlf gbaa jfamsf~mlh b efwwbhf ~fhb~jmlh nien z`~fbzw blj gbvwmlh b wmzvbzmil ic cfb~ beilh z`f

wgìia gieevlmz}, @ixfsf~! niz` efl jflmfj z`f g`b~hfw, Z`f} xf~f ~febljfj bz z`f Kv~vxmzb

^feblj T~mwil, Bczf~ nfmlh obmafj il Ovlf >=! z`f zxi efl xf~f wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj n} z`f Obma

Hvb~jw,

Mz mw lix baafhfj z`bz b wgìia smgf t~mlgmtba `bj x~ilha} wvttamfj mlci~ebzmil zi z`f tiamgf vtil

x`mg` z`f} `bj jftfljfj blj b~~fwzfj z`fwf zxi blj ~febljfj z`fe xmzìvz bl} civljbzmil, Ila}

abzf~ x`fl z`f} g`fgkfj z`f} civlj z`bz z`f tf~wilw zi~zv~fj `bj liz hmsfl gbaaw il z`bz tb~zmgvab~

jb} blj fb~amf~ z`f} `bj zbkfl wief gbaaw il bggivlz ic b nvwmlfww jfba ic wvtta}mlh nbaaiilw zi

wief gfafn~bzmil ml z`f giaafhf, Z`mw gbaa `bj nffl emw~ft~fwflzfj bw z`f baafhfj emwjffj il Ovlf

>0, Z`f tiamgf ml z`fm~ eizmil `bj jfgab~fj z`bz z`f} `bj ba~fbj} mjflzmcmfj bliz`f~ tf~wil xì `bj

hmsfl z`f gbaa, Tiamgf Iccmgf~ N, Wialhb~bg`g`m wvnemzzfj b eizmil il Ova} 7 blj xblzfj z`fe

~fafbwfj nfgbvwf z`f} xf~f mlligflz blj z`bz jb} z`f} `bj liz ebjf bl} zfaftìlf gbaaw c~ie z`fm~

gfaa zi z`f Em`mljv Giaafhf,

Bggi~jmlha}! il Ova} 7! z`f ebhmwz~bzf i~jf~fj niz` bggvwf~w zi nf ~fafbwfj! nvz t~mwil iccmgmbaw jmj

liz fpfgvzf z`f i~jf~, Il Ova} :! z`f smgzmew xf~f n~ivh`z nfci~f z`f ebhmwz~bzf‐w giv~z, Z`f



23=

ebhmwz~bzf lizmgfj z`bz E,W,C, Tf~f~b `bj t~inafew xbakmlh blj xbw fwgi~zfj n} z`f zxi obmai~w, Bw

`f xbw nb~fa} gilwgmivw! `f xbw hmsfl b wfbz, @f xbw ml cbgz wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj il z`f aixf~ afhw,

Cv~z`f~ei~f! `f xbw vlbnaf zi wb} bl}z`mlh nfgbvwf ic `mw giljmzmil, Z`fl z`f wfgilj bggvwfj

Amlzil Evlbxff~b xbw bwkfj zi flzf~ z`f nip blj z`fl `mw abx}f~ Nfl Bnf}~bzlf wzbzfj z`bz `mw

gamflz xbw bawi zi~zv~fj n} z`f obma hvb~jw x`maf ml t~mwil,

Z`f ebhmwz~bzf i~jf~fj z`bz b wzbzfeflz nf inzbmlfj c~ie z`f smgf t~mlgmtba blj `mw mlbnmamz} zi ~fbj

z`f ~fgi~jw c~ie z`f zfaftìlf nf cv~z`f~ mlsfwzmhbzfj, Z`f ebhmwz~bzf lizfj z`f jmccf~flgf ic z`f

bttfb~blgf ic z`f cm~wz bggvwfj blj x`fl b ~fabzmsf ~frvfwzfj z`bz `f nf zbkfl zi z`f Lbzmilba

@iwtmzba! z`f ebhmwz~bzf i~jf~fj z`f tiamgf tiwz bz z`f ìwtmzba zi zbkf b wzbzfeflz x`fl `f hbmlfj

cvaa gilwgmivwlfww, Wvnwfrvflza}! z`f zxi efl ebjf b ~fti~z zi z`f @^G, Efblx`maf! E,W,C, Tf~f~b

wvggvenfj zi `mw mlov~mfw bz z`f ìwtmzba ml Giaieni il Ova} 3,

278, J`blvkb Zmwb~b? Maafhba b~~fwz! n~vzba zi~zv~f blj cbn~mgbzmil ic g`b~hfw

Il > Ova} >443! Kbavzb~b Wivz` Tiamgf b~~fwzfj J`blvkb Zmwb~b blj ziik `me zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil

il z`f bggvwbzmil ic gieemzzmlh ev~jf~! xmzìvz bl} fsmjflgf zi wvtti~z z`mw, @f xbw z`fl n~vzbaa}

zi~zv~fj zi fpz~bgz b gilcfwwmil, @f xbw abzf~ ~fafbwfj il z`f wbef jb} xmzìvz g`b~hfw nfmlh cmafj

bhbmlwz `me,

Bczf~ `f wvnemzzfj zi `mw x~mzzfl gietabmlzw ~fhb~jmlh `mw gbwf zi MHT blj tiamgf jftb~zeflz!

J`blvkb Zmwb~b ~fgfmsfj b lizmgf zi bttfb~ nfci~f z`f BWT ic @i~blb n} 24be il >8 Igzinf~ >443

ci~ bl mlrvm~} mlzi z`f gietabmlz, Il z`bz jb}! `f xflz zi z`f BWT‐w iccmgf bailh xmz` `mw eiz`f~

Ebamlm Wi}wb ml zmef nvz z`f} xf~f ebjf zi xbmz ci~ ilf%blj%b%`bac ìv~w,

Bz bnivz 22?74be! b tiamgfebl nfhbl ~fgi~jmlh z`f wzbzfeflzw ic Zmwb~b blj `mw eiz`f~, Nvz

bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme‐w eiz`f~! z`f tiamgfebl! mlwzfbj ic mlrvm~mlh mlzi z`f jfzbmaw ic z`f smgzme‐w

n~vzba zi~zv~f! bwkfj rvfwzmilw! x`mg` xf~f zizbaa} m~~fafsblz blj ml cbgz jfh~bjmlh zi z`fe, Z`fwf

rvfwzmilw mlgavjf m- jfzbmaw ic Wi}wb‐w tb~flzw blj `f~ g`maj~fl! mm- x`f~f w`f hbsf nm~z` zi Zmwb~b!

blj! mmm- x`fz`f~ w`f xbw afhbaa} eb~~mfj bz z`f zmef ic `mw nm~z`,

Z`f tiamgfebl `bj bawi tf~vwfj b jigveflz x~mzzfl ml Flhamw` blj gieeflzfj! ‖Wi }iv b~f zbkmlh

afhba bgzmil xmz` z`f `fat ic wief Bwmbl i~hblmwbzmil– t~fwvebna} z`f B@^G-, @f bawi

gieeflzfj! ‖Zìwf c~ie Tmlxbzzf gieemz x~ilh blj z`fl ~vl ci~ `vebl ~mh`zw! `f`9– Zmwb~b

baafhfw z`bz `f bawi ~fcf~~fj zi z`f iz`f~ g`maj~fl ml z`f cbema} ml b jmwtb~bhmlh ebllf~, Bz z`f wbef

zmef! z`f tiamgfebl ~fgi~jfj cfx jfzbmaw ic z`f bgzvba mlgmjflz blj bwkfj z`fe zi afbsf, Z`f smgzmeblj `mw eiz`f~ `bj b wz~ilh met~fwwmil z`bz z`f mlrvm~} xbw giljvgzfj ml b nmbwfj blj met~itf~

ebllf~ ml cbsiv~ ic z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w,

270, Hvlf B}}bw? Nfbzfl blj `vemambzfj n} tiamgf xì z`~fbzflfj zi “jmwbttfb~’ `me



284

Il = Ova} >443! bz bnivz 2,74be! tiamgf wzittfj z`f smgzme x`maf `f xbw ~fzv~lmlh ìef bczf~

bzzfljmlh z`f cvlf~ba ìef ic Hvlf B}}bw‐ eiz`f~, Z`f tiamgf xf~f ml gmsma gaiz`fw bz z`f zmef,

Z`f} ziaj z`f smgzme‐w c~mfljw zi hi bxb} bw mz xbw `f xì z`f} xf~f bczf~, Bz z`bz timlz z`f} nfhbl

zi n~vzbaa} nfbz z`f smgzme,

Bczf~ nfbzmlh z`f smgzme ci~ wief zmef z`f tiamgf z`fl bwkfj `me x`f~f z`f kbwmttv maafhbaa} ebjfamrvi~- xbw aigbzfj, Z`f smgzme ebmlzbmlfj z`bz `f xbw liz ml tiwwfwwmil ic bl} kbwmttv, Z`f tiamgf

z`fl ebjf z`f smgzme zbkf icc `mw w`m~z blj zmfj z`mw b~ivlj `mw eivz`, Z`f} z`fl tvz `me ml z`fm~

lfb~n} offt blj j~isf zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Ilgf bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil z`f smgzme xbw ci~gfj zi wz~mt lbkfj blj zi xbak b~ivlj z`f nvmajmlh,

Jv~mlh z`mw zmef `f xbw bawi nfbzfl ilgf ei~f, @f xbw z`fl ziaj zi wmz il b zbnaf x`f~f `f

~febmlfj vlzma 3be z`bz ei~lmlh, Bz z`bz timlz WM @fzzmb~bg`g`m gbef blj xb~lfj! ‖Mc }iv jil‐z zfaa

ef z`f tabgf! fsfl lix! M klix x`f~f }iv wìvaj nf afcz–, X`fl! ilf ic z`f smgzme‐w cfaaix

smaabhf~w tìlfj z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj bwkfj x`fz`f~ `f xbw z`f~f! @fzzmb~bg`g`m ~ftamfj ‖li–,

Cv~z`f~! `f ziaj z`f smaabhf~ z`bz z`f tf~wil ml rvfwzmil z`f smgzme- xbw liz zbkfl zi z`f Tiamgfwzbzmil, Wvg` b wzbzfeflz afj zi z`f smgzme‐w cfb~w z`bz `f emh`z nf jmwbttfb~fj,

Il Ova} 24 bz bnivz =,74b,e! z`f tiamgf ~fafbwfj z`f smgzme, Bz 2,74te `f xflz zi z`f Tf~bjflm}b

Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba jvf zi z`f wfsf~f tbml z`bz `f xbw wvccf~mlh, Bw tbzmflzw xf~f liz nfmlh

bjemzzfj z`bz jb}! z`f smgzme mlwzfbj xflz zi z`f Kblj} Hflf~ba @iwtmzba x`f~f `f xbw bjemzzfj,

Z`f OEI bzzfljfj zi `me blj x~izf jixl `mw jfzbmaw, @f xbw jmwg`b~hfj z`f ciaaixmlh jb}, Vtil

`mw ~fafbwf c~ie ìwtmzba z`f smgzme btt~ibg`fj z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Iccmgf ml Kbzvhbwzizb zi aijhf b

gietabmlz,

27=, @fsbeb~benbhf T~febaba? Nfbzfl ef~gmafwwa} xmz` tiafw gbvwmlh fpzflwmsf mlov~mfw

Il 22 Ova} >443! nfzxffl 2?74 blj >be tiamgf btt~ibg`fj z`f smgzme! @fsbeb~benbhf T~febaba! bz

`mw ìef n} iccmgf~w c~ie z`f Xbljv~benb tiamgf, Z`f} ziaj `me zi tvz b w`m~z il blj zi

bggietbl} z`fe! bw z`f} lffjfj zi zbkf b wzbzfeflz c~ie `me, Ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w z`f smgzme

mjflzmcmfj bw TG Abwblz`b,

Bw `f xbakfj c~ie `mw ìef! Whz Wbeb~blb}bkf wz~vgk z`f smgzme ml z`f eivz` xmz` b xiijfl tiaf,

Z`f smgzme xbw zbkfl ml b offt zi b tabgf x`f~f tiamgf wmhl tbz~ia aihniikw blj z`fl il zi z`f Tiamgf

wzbzmil, Bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil z`f smgzme xbw `bljgvccfj blj `vlh c~ie bnisf! xmz` `mw cffz vlbnaf

zi zivg` z`f h~ivlj, Z`f iccmgf~ xì j~isf z`f offt xbw z`f ilf xì `vlh z`f smgzme ml z`f gfaa,

X`maf z`f smgzme xbw `blhmlh c~ie z`f `bljgvccw! Whz Wbeb~blb}bkf btt~ibg`fj xmz` b xiijfl

tiaf blj nfhbl nfbzmlh `me bg~iww z`f nbgk blj `fbj, Ml cbgz z`f nfbzmlh xbw wi wfsf~f z`bz z`f tiaf

n~ikf mlzi tmfgfw, Z`f tiamgf z`fl afcz z`f smgzme bailf nvz ~fzv~lfj b wì~z zmef abzf~ fsmjflza}

j~vlk blj ìajmlh m~il tiafw, Z`f} z`fl nfhbl nfbzmlh z`f smgzme bhbml xmz` z`f tiafw! vlzma z`f

timlz z`bz `f aiwz gilwgmivwlfww, X`fl `f ~fhbmlfj gilwgmivwlfww z`f smgzme bwkfj ci~ xbzf~! x`mg`



282

TG Abwblz`b n~ivh`z zi `me, TG Lmeba ^blomz` z`fl bwkfj x`bz `bttflfj zi `me blj z`f smgzme

fptabmlfj z`f fsflzw,

Z`f ciaaixmlh ei~lmlh Whz Wbeb~blb}bkf ~fzv~lfj xmz` b wb~ilh, @f ziik z`f smgzme ivzwmjf xmz`

zxi iz`f~ tf~wilw blj nbz`fj `me, Bczf~ z`bz `f xbw tvz nf`mlj b offt x`f~f `f isf~`fb~j

jmwgvwwmilw beilhwz z`f tiamgf wb}mlh z`bz z`f} xivaj zbkf `me bxb} bailh webaa ~feizf ~ibjw!nfmlh gb~fcva zi bsimj z`f ebml ~ibjw, Mz xbw z`fl z`bz z`f smgzme ~fbamwfj `f xbw bz z`f ei~zvb~} ic

z`f Kb~btmzm}b Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba, Bz z`bz timlz z`f smgzme aiwz gilwgmivwlfww bhbml blj mw vlbxb~f

x`bz `bttflfj zi `me bz z`bz zmef,

Wief zmef abzf~ x`fl `f ~fhbmlfj gilwgmivwlfww z`f smgzme jmwgisf~fj z`bz `f xbw ml ìwtmzba, @f

xbw wzmaa `bljgvccfj blj z`f~f xbw b g`bml bzzbg`fj zi z`f `bljgvcc blj z`f nfj, @f ~fbamwfj z`bz `f

xbw vljf~ ~feblj gvwzij} nvz jmj liz klix z`f ~fbwil ci~ z`mw i~ x`bz z`f g`b~hfw xf~f z`bz `bj

nffl abmj bhbmlwz `me,

Bl fpbemlbzmil xbw giljvgzfj il z`f smgzme bz z`f ìwtmzba, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f OEI! z`f smgzme `bw

nffl wf~mivwa} bwwbvazfj xmz` b navlz xfbtil blj mw vljf~ jmba}wmw, @f bawi lizfj z`bz jm~fgz rvizfw

c~ie `mw ~fti~z-?

‖2, Z`mw tf~wil‐w vttf~ nij} blj aixf~ nij} `bw nffl nfbzfl, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f eb~kw il `mw nij}

`f `bw nffl bwwbvazfj xmz` zxi z}tfw ic navlz xfbtilw,

>, Z`f vttf~ tb~z ic `mw nij} `bw nffl nfbzfl xmz` b navlz xfbtil blj z`f~f `bsf nffl mlzf~lba

mlov~mfw! z`f~f b~f liz evg` fpzf~lba mlov~mfw smwmnaf! ìxfsf~! mlzf~lba evwgafw `bsf nffl `b~efj!

z`f~f `bsf nffl mlov~mfw zi mlzf~lba i~hblw,

7, Z`f eb~kw jvf zi nfbzmlhw nfaix xbmwz b~f sf~} smwmnaf, Z`f~f b~f fpzf~lba mlov~mfw, Jvf zi z`bz

mlzf~lba evwgafw `bw nffl n~ikfl blj z`f~f `bsf nffl mlzf~lba naffjmlhw,

:, Z`f~f `bsf nffl b aiz ic naixw nffl hmsfl z`f nbgk wmjf ic z`f smgzme, Ilf givaj givlz wief ic

z`f mlov~} eb~kw nfaix xbmwz nvz liz wief iz`f~w,

6, Jvf zi nfbzmlhw z`f~f `bsf nffl mlzf~lba naffjmlhw blj jvf zi z`bz z`f~f `bsf nffl

ebacvlgzmilmlh ic kmjlf}w, @f mw tbwwmlh v~mlf z`~ivh` b zvnf, @f xmaa zbkf eilz`w zi ~fgisf~ blj bz

afbwz `bw zi wtflj 2%blj%b%`bac eilz`w ml z`f ìwtmzba,

3, Z`f~f b~f mlov~mfw il z`f x~mwzw mljmgbzmlh z`bz `f `bw nffl `bljgvccfj blj tiwwmna} `blhfj c~ie

z`fe,

8, @mw afhw zii b~f wxiaafl jvf zi mlov~mfw zi evwgafw,–

2:4, J, Jmabl Wbeb~blb}bkf? Bwwbvazfj bczf~ g~bw`mlh mlzi tiamgf nmkf



28>

Il > Bvhvwz >443! b e}wzf~mivw t`flieflil iggv~~fj ml W~m Ablkb x`fl tfitaf ~fti~zfj wffmlh

‘~b}w‐ ic amh`z feblbzmlh c~ie Nvjj`b wzbzvfw b~ivlj z`f givlz~}, @flgf b~ivlj 8te 26%}fb~%iaj

J, Jmabl Wbeb~blb}bkf! b wzvjflz ic W~m Wveblhbab Ni}w‐ Wgìia ml Tblbjv~b! ~ijf `mw nmg}gaf

zixb~jw z`f Hbaz`vjf zfetaf ml Tblbjv~b zi wbzmwc} `mw gv~miwmz}, Wvjjfla} b nmg}gaf ~mjjfl n} WM

Lfsmaaf ic z`f Tblbjv~b Wivz`- Tiamgf wzbzmil gbef c~ie z`f ittiwmzf jm~fgzmil blj g~bw`fj mlzi

}ivlh Jmabl blj kligkfj `me jixl,

Fsfl zìvh` Jmabl cfaa jixl! z`f WM Lfsmaaf nfhbl bwwbvazmlh blj kmgkmlh `me, Z`f WM z`fl tvaafj

Jmabl vt blj j~bhhfj z`f ni} zixb~jw `mw ìef, @f ziik ìaj ic Jmabl‐w nmg}gaf! x`maf z`f ni} xbw

ci~gfj zi x`ffa `mw nmkf, Il z`f xb} z`f WM gilzmlvfj zi bwwbvaz Jmabl blj bawi wgiaj `me xmz`

bnvwmsf ablhvbhf, Bz `mw ìvwf! z`f WM ~fgi~jfj Jmabl‐w lbef blj bjj~fww blj bawi z`~fbzflfj Jmabl

z`bz vlafww `f ~ftbm~fj `mw nmg}gaf! `f xivaj gilcmwgbzf Jmabl‐w nmg}gaf, Jmabl xbw z`fl g`bwfj bxb},

X`fl Jmabl ~fzv~lfj zi `mw ìef! `f xbw zì~ivhà} w`bkfl blj nfhbl siemzmlh blj cffamlh

cfsf~mw`, @flgf z`f ciaaixmlh jb} il Bvhvwz 7! `mw tb~flzw smwmzfj WM Lfsmaaf blj mlrvm~fj bw zi x`}

`f bwwbvazfj z`fm~ wil, Z`f WM z`fl wgiajfj blj wìvzfj bz z`fe, Abzf~ z`f tb~flzw smwmzfj z`fTblbjv~b Wivz`- Tiamgf wzbzmil blj z~mfj zi aijhf b gietabmlz bhbmlwz WM Lfsmaaf, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f

tb~flzw! WM Lfsmaaf ~febmlfj n} z`fm~ wmjf blj gilwzblza} mlzf~~vtzfj z`f ~fgi~jmlh ic z`fm~

gietabmlz, Cmlbaa} z`f tb~flzw xf~f ci~gfj zi wmhl b wzbzfeflz xmzìvz nfmlh mlci~efj bnivz mzw

gilzflz,

Z`f~fbczf~ z`f tb~flzw n~ivh`z }ivlh Jmabl zi Xb~j Li, 2 ic z`f Tblbjv~b @iwtmzba! x`f~f b OEI

bawi fpbemlfj `me blj ~fgi~jfj jfzbmaw ic z`f mlgmjflz, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f jigzi~‐w ~fti~z! Jmabl

wvwzbmlfj mlov~mfw il `mw `fbj blj wfpvba i~hblw, Li wf~mivw bgzmil xbw zbkfl zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`f

mlgmjflz,

2:2, Wmllbttbl Bn~b`be Km~bhi~}? N~vzba zi~zv~f blj gvwzijmba jfbz` ic b cbz`f~ ic z`~ff n}

z`f F`fam}bhijb tiamgf

Bggi~jmlha} zi S, Tvw`tbaffab! z`f xmcf ic z`f jfgfbwfj! il Bvhvwz 27! >443! Wmllbttbl Bn~b`be

Km~bhi~} zihfz`f~ xmz` wfsf~ba ic `mw c~mfljw xf~f b~~fwzfj n} z`f F`fam}bhijb tiamgf il wvwtmgmil ic

gieemzzmlh b ev~jf~, Z`f} xf~f z~bsfaamlh ml > z`~ff x`ffaf~w x`fl z`f} xf~f btt~f`fljfj n}

bnivz 24 tiamgfefl xì gbef ml b offt blj b x`mzf giaiv~fj sbl blj b~~fwzfj z`fe, W`f bawi wb}w

z`bz c~ie z`f zmef ic b~~fwz! z`f tiamgfefl xì xf~f gb~~}mlh x`mtw! abw`fj ivz bz z`f efl! zmfj

z`fm~ `bljw nf`mlj z`fm~ nbgk xmz` xm~f blj ci~gfj z`fe mlzi z`f tiamgf offt, B tiamgfebl

bggietblmfj `f~ blj `f~ > g`maj~fl! b hm~a bhfj 22 blj ni} bhfj 8! ml b z`~ff x`ffaf~ zi Tiamgf

wzbzmil,

Lbef ic jfgfbwfj? Wmllbttbl Bn~b`be Km~bhi~}! :2 }fb~w; eb~~mfj xmz` 7 g`maj~fl bhfj 2>! 22 blj

8,

Xmcf? S Tvw`tbaffab,

Iggvtbzmil ic jfgfbwfj? z~bjf~ ml gaiz`fw tbsfeflz `bxkf~- ml Giaieni bz z`f zmef ic `mw jfbz`,



287

Lbef ic tf~tfz~bzi~w? z`f IMG blj 24 tiamgfefl bzzbg`fj zi z`f F`fam}bhijb tiamgf wzbzmil!

mlgavjmlh tiamgfefl Tf~f~b! Bnf}hvlbxb~jflb blj Lmw`blkb,

Jbzf ic mlgmjflz? 27 zi 26 Bvhvwz >443 blj gilzmlvmlh,

Ew, Tvw`tbaffab wb}w mz xbw bnivz =,74 b,e, x`fl z`f} ~fbg`fj z`f tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f 0 efl

mlgavjmlh `f~ `vwnblj xf~f zbkfl xmz` z`fm~ `bljw zmfj nf`mlj z`fm~ nbgk blj aigkfj vt ml b gfaa,Z`ftiamgf ci~gfj `f~ blj z`f g`maj~fl zi wmz il b nflg`, W`f xbw z`fl i~jf~fj zi ~feisf baa `f~

ofxfaaf~} blj `blj isf~ z`f mzfew; fsfl z`f fb~ wzvjw ic `f~ 22%}fb~%iaj jbvh`zf~ xf~f liz wtb~fj,

Z`f tiamgf `bj wbmj z`mw xbw ci~ tv~tiwfw ic (wbcfkfftmlh(, Z`f ofxfaaf~} beivlzfj zi bnivz ^w,

84!444, Z`f tiamgf `bj bawi gilcmwgbzfj z`f `vwnblj(w Likmb einmaf tìlf! `mw jmb~}! MJ gb~j blj

iz`f~ jigveflzw, Zi jbzf lilf ic z`f mzfew `bsf nffl ~fzv~lfj,Z`fl z`f tiamgf nfhbl zi

mlzf~~ihbzf z`f t~mwilf~w, Fbg` wvwtfgz xbw j~bhhfj ivz ic z`f gfaa blj z`f zfl tiamgfefl tivlgfj

il `me xmz` nbzilw! tiafw blj gavnw,

Z`f} tveefaafj z`fe baa isf~ z`fm~ nijmfw `ffjafww ic z`fm~ wg~fbew ic bhil}, @f~ `vwnblj xbw wiwfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj z`bz w`f wvwtfgzw `mw afhw xf~f n~ikfl blj `f wavetfj zi z`f h~ivlj, Ilf ic `mw

bzzbgkf~w `bj z`fl ovetfj il `mw nij} blj gilzmlvfj zi bwwbvaz `me il z`f wziebg`, Z`f wvwtfgzw

xf~f z`fl `bljgvccfj blj tvz mlzi z`f gfaa bhbml, Z`mw (z~fbzeflz( w`f wb}w xbw gilzmlvfj il b

~izbzmil nbwmw ci~ z`f ~fwz ic z`f jb}, Z`bz mw! fbg` wvwtfgz xbw tvaafj ivz! nfbzfl blj z`~ixl nbgk

mlzi z`f gfaa isf~ blj isf~ bhbml,Bz lmh`zcbaa z`f tiamgfefl n~ivh`z b nizzaf ic amrvi~ blj habwwfw,

Z`f} gilwvefj z`f amrvi~ blj z`fl ~fwvefj z`f zi~zv~f ic z`f wvwtfgzw,

Jfwtmzf z`f efl gietabmlmlh ic z`fm~ b~ew blj afhw nfmlh c~bgzv~fj blj z`bz z`f} xf~f ml wfsf~f

tbml! li efjmgba z~fbzeflz xbw iccf~fj zi z`f wvwtfgzw,@ixfsf~! z`f eiwz wìgkmlh cfbzv~f ic z`mw

g~vfaz} xbw z`bz zxi zf~~mcmfj! vljf~ bhfj g`maj~fl xf~f ci~gfj zi xbzg` z`fm~ cbz`f~ nfmlh wi

n~vzbamwfj, Bw b ~fwvaz Ew, Tvw`tbaffab wb}w z`f g`maj~fl b~f gv~~flza} wvccf~mlh c~ie wfsf~f eflzba

z~bveb blj z`f 8%}fb~%iaj w`vjjf~w x`fl `f wffw b tiamgfebl blj z`f }ivlh ilf `bw sixfj zi zbkf

~fsflhf c~ie zìwf xì kmaafj `mw cbz`f~,Z`f flzm~f cbema} xbw jfzbmlfj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil z`f

flzm~f jb},

Z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! z`f 2:z` bnivz 24,74 b,e, Ew, Tvw`tbaffab blj `f~ zxi g`maj~fl xf~f ~fafbwfj,

Nvz x`fl w`f ~frvfwzfj `f~ ofxfaaf~} c~ie Wvn Mlwtfgzi~ Bnf}hvlbxb~jflb `f ~fcvwfj zi ~fzv~l mz

blj ziaj `f~ zi gief nbgk bliz`f~ jb},Z`f tiamgf ziaj z`fe liz zi hi nbgk zi z`f smaabhf wi w`f

xflz zi Giaieni, Ew, Tvw`tbaffab wb}w w`f xivaj `bsf nffl cv~z`f~ mlgb~gf~bzfj nvz avgkma} `f~

n~iz`f~ ml abx `bj ~fzbmlfj b abx}f~ xì tìlfj z`f tiamgf blj v~hfj z`fe zi ~fafbwf z`fe, Abzf~

`f~ `vwnblj(w c~mfljw ziaj `f~ z`bz bz bnivz 3,74 t,e,! blj bczf~ z`f giv~zw `bj gaiwfj ci~ z`f jb}!

z`f wvwtfgzw xf~f zbkfl zi b ~fwmjflgf! x`mg` z`f} zìvh`z nfailhfj zi z`f ovjhf eiwz amkfa} bl

bgzmlh ebhmwz~bzf-,

Z`f} xf~f kftz ml z`f sf`mgaf x`maf z`f tiamgf inzbmlfj bl i~jf~ zi ~feblj z`fe, Nvz z`fl! mlwzfbj

ic zbkmlh z`fe zi z`f ~feblj t~mwil! z`f tiamgfefl ilgf bhbml ziik z`fe zi b nvmajmlh bjoimlmlh

z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`mg` z`f} wvwtfgzfj zi nf z`f rvb~zf~w ic z`f IMG! namljciajfj z`fe blj



28:

bwwbvazfj z`fe bhbml,Z`f} xf~f z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Kv~vsmzb ~feblj t~mwil bnivz 24,74 t,e, Bz z`f

zmef z`f `vwnblj(w giljmzmil xbw wf~mivw wi `f `bj nffl zbkfl zi z`f ^bzlbtv~b @iwtmzba n} b

t~mwil sf`mgaf blj : t~mwil hvb~jw wzb}fj xmz` `me ml z`f ìwtmzba, N} z`f ei~lmlh ic z`f 26z` `f

xbw jfbj, Z`f iz`f~w `bj nffl zbkfl zi ìwtmzba z`f lfpz jb} nvz z~fbzfj blj n~ivh`z nbgk! nfgbvwf

mz xbw wbmj z`f~f xbw b z`~fbz zi z`fm~ amsfw,

Efblx`maf Ew, Tvw`tbaffab xbw bc~bmj zi ~fzv~l zi `f~ ~fwmjflgf! wi w`f `bj zbkfl z`f g`maj~fl zi

Giaieni zi b ~fabzmsf(w ìef, Il Bvhvwz 28! >443 w`f ebjf b gietabmlz zi tiamgf `fbjrvb~zf~w ml

Giaieni, Il z`f 20z` w`f ~fzv~lfj blj ziik tiwwfwwmil ic `f~ `vwnblj(w nij}, W`f bawi wb}w z`bz

il z`f 2=z` z`~ff iccmgf~w gabmemlh zi nf c~ie z`f GMJ smwmzfj `f~ ml Giaieni xblzmlh zi ~fgi~j

`f~ wzbzfeflz, W`f xbw zbkfl zi z`f H~blj tbww Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f w`f ebjf b wzbzfeflz nvz x`fl

w`f bwkfj ci~ z`fm~ gilzbgz lvenf~! z`f} xivaj liz hmsf mz i `f~, @ixfsf~! Ew, Tvw`tbaffab wbmj

z`bz z`f} `bj gief ml b sf`mgaf nfailhmlh zi z`f F`fam}bhijb tiamgf blj `bj b git} ic `f~ gietabmlz

ebjf zi z`f tiamgf @R il 28z`, W`f bawi gietabmlfj zi z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil il z̀ f

>4z`,Z`f tiamgfefl ~fwtilwmnaf ci~ z`mw n~vzba zi~zv~f blj ev~jf~ b~f wzmaa gilzmlvmlh bz z`fm~ oinw bz

z`f wbef wzbzmil,

Z`f} b~f bawi wt~fbjmlh b ~veiv~ ml z`f Fwzbzf z`bz bw w`f mw z`f ila} xmzlfww zi z`f mlgmjflz! w`f

evwz nf kmaafj, Z`vw w`f nfamfsfw `f~ amsf mw ml h~bsf jblhf~,Z`mw mw b z~bhmg gbwf ic tiamgf n~vzbamz}

z`bz ~fwvazfj ml z`f lffjafww jfbz` ic bl mlligflz ebl blj `bw bawi afcz z`~ff wgìia%himlh g`maj~fl

cbz`f~afww blj jfwzmzvzf,

Xf z`f~fci~f v~hf z`f ~fafsblz bvzì~mzmfw lbefa}! z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf! z`f Lbzmilba

Tiamgf Gieemwwmil! @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil blj z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba(w Jftb~zeflz

zi?Meefjmbzfa} nfhml mlsfwzmhbzmilw mlzi z`f jfbz` ic Wmllbttbl Bn~b`be Km~bhi~} n} tiamgfefl ic

z`f F`fam}bhijb tiamgf;

@iaj b jmwgmtamlb~} mlrvm~} blj zbkf meefjmbzf bgzmil bhbmlwz z`f iccfljmlh tiamgfefl,Mlwzmzvzf

t~igffjmlhw bhbmlwz z`fe ml b giv~z ic abx;

Zbkf bgzmil bhbmlwz z`f bgzmlh Ebhmwz~bzf ci~ ~febljmlh wfsf~fa} mlov~fj wvwtfgzw xmzìvz fsfl

wffmlh z`fe wiafa} il z`f sf~wmil ic z`f tiamgf;

Bcci~j gietflwbzmil zi z`f xmcf blj z`~ff g`maj~fl ic z`f jfgfbwfj zi flbnaf z`fe zi gilzmlvf

z`fm~ fjvgbzmil blj ci~ z`f m~~ftb~bnaf aiww gbvwfj zi z`fe n} z`f abx flci~gfeflz bhflg} ic z`f

givlz~},

2:>, M,B, Lmw`blz`b G`blj~bwm~m? Ci~gfj bnjvgzmil blj n~vzba bgzmil bhbmlwz smgzme’w cbema}n} tiamgf

Il >7 Bvhvwz >443! wmp i~ wfsfl tf~wilw bnjvgzfj M,B, Lmw`blz`b G`blj~bwm~m x`maf `f xbw smwmzmlh

z`f ìvwf ic b wmwzf~! xì tvz `me ml b x`mzf sbl, Bz z`f eieflz ic bnjvgzmil `f blj `mw cbema}

efenf~w xf~f nfbzfl xmz` ~mcaf nvzzw! `bljw blj cffz, Z`f cbema} efenf~w xf~f nabefj bw zi x`}

z`f} baaixfj Lmw`blz`b G`blj~bwm~m ml z`fm~ ìvwf, @mw `bljw xf~f zmfj xmz` b Z%w`m~z `f xbw

xfb~mlh blj `f xbw zbkfl ivz zi b sbl,



286

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f cbema}! wief xffkw nfci~f z`f bnjvgzmil il Bvhvwz >7! z`f IMG ic Lbsbhbevxb

`bj smwmzfj z`f cbema} ìvwf ic Lmw`blz`b G`blj~bwm~m blj ziaj z`fe z`bz `f xbw xblzfj ci~ wief

~innf~}, @ixfsf~! z`f cbema} mw liz bxb~f ic bl} wvg` mlsiasfeflz, Z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! zìwf xì

xf~f wvnofgzfj zi z`f nfbzmlh xflz zi Lmw`blz`b G`blj~bwm~m‐w ìvwf blj mlci~efj `mw xmcf! X,

Jmlbw`b Wblhffxblm Kveb~m bnivz x`bz `bj `bttflfj, Xmz` wvwtmgmil z`bz z`f smgzme emh`z `bsf

nffl zbkfl zi z`f Lbsbhbevxb tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f smgzme‐w xmcf blj n~iz`f~ xflz zi z`f wzbzmil, Z`f} ~fbg`fj z`f wzbzmil bz =be blj gietabmlfj zi z`f IMG! xì wìvzfj bz z`fe bwkmlh! ‖Mw mz

lix z`bz }iv `bsf zìvh`z ic z`f tiamgf blj x`} `bsf }iv gief9– Z`f zxi tf~wilw fptabmlfj z`bz

`bj gief zi aiik ci~ Lmw`blz`b G`blj~bwm~m,

Z`f IMG ziaj z`fe z`bz! ‖Xf `bsf liz n~ivh`z `me, Mc xf hfz ìaj ic `me! xf xmaa kmaa `me, Fsfl

n} lix z`f~f xil‐z fsfl nf tmfgfw ic `me,– Z`f IMG jmj liz baaix b wzbzfeflz zi nf ~fgi~jfj c~ie

z`fe, @f ziaj z`fe zi hi zi iz`f~ tiamgf wzbzmilw blj `bsf b aiik, Z`f zxi cbema} efenf~w xflz zi

z`f Em~m`blb Tiamgf! z`f tiamgf wzbzmilw bz @blxfaab! Bz`vhm~m}b blj Tfaam}bhijb nvz givaj liz cmlj

`me, Il z`f wbef jb} z`f} smwmzfj z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil ic W~m Ablkb blj mlci~efj z`f

gieemwwmil z`bz z`f Lbsbhbevxb tiamgf `bj ~fcvwfj zi zbkf b wzbzfeflz, Bl iccmgf~ c~ie z`fgieemwwmil zbakfj zi z`f Lbsbhbevxb tiamgf blj z`f~fbczf~ z`f smgzme‐w cbema} efenf~w xf~f

bwkfj zi hi nbgk bhbml zi z`f wzbzmil, Bz b~ivlj 0te! z`f} xflz blj mlci~efj z`f iccmgf~w z`f

~fbwil ci~ z`fm~ giemlh blj z`fl b wzbzfeflz xbw ~fgi~jfj, Z`f} afcz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil bz b~ivlj

24te,

Bnivz b xffk bczf~ `bsmlh ~fgfmsfj lfxw z`bz `f xbw nfmlh kftz bz z`f G~memlba Mlsfwzmhbzmil Vlmz bz

Jfebzbhijb z`f efenf~w ic z`f cbema} smwmzfj z`f tabgf blj xf~f wìxl Lmw`blz`b G`blj~bwm~m

z`~ivh` b webaa tfftìaf! wfbzfj il b nflg` ml b jb~k ~iie, Z`f} xf~f liz ziaj bl} jfzbmaw blj

z`f~fbczf~ jfwtmzf bzzfetzw z`f} xf~f vlbnaf zi inzbml bl} cv~z`f~ mlci~ebzmil, Z`f cbema} nfamfsfw

z`bz z`f IMG ic Lbsbhbevxb xbw bxb~f ic x`bz emh`z `bsf `bttflfj zi Lmw`blz`b G`blj~bwm~m, Z`f} smwmzfj z`f ilf%ebl Gieemwwmil il Bnjvgzmilw blj Jmwbttfb~blgfw bttimlzfj zi aiik mlzi

jmwbttfb~blgfw! x`mg` mw `fbjfj n} Eb`blbeb Z`mabkb~bzlf! blj ebjf b gietabmlz, Jfwtmzf

bzzfetzw n} z`f smgzme‐w cbema} ml ebkmlh gietabmlzw zi z`f tiamgf! z`f @^G blj z`f ilf%ebl

Gieemwwmil il Bnjvgzmilw blj Jmwbttfb~blgfw! z`f cbema} givaj liz hfz bl} mlci~ebzmil,

2:7, Wvjjbhf Wm~mwflb? N~vzba zi~zv~f n} mlzipmgbzfj tiamgf

Bz b~ivlj 22be il >: Bvhvwz >443! Wvjjbhf Wm~mwflb xbw afbsmlh b effzmlh bz `mw smaabhf‐w

Nvjj`mwzzfetaf ml Emaafxb! Eb~bjblkbjbxfab! x`fl zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w il eizi~g}gafw wmhlbaafj ci~`me zibtt~ibg` z`fe bz z`f hbzf, Z`f iccmgf~w xf~f ml vlmci~e blj `bj Wm~mwflb‐w wil Tm}bwm~m xmz`

z`fe xì `bji~mhmlbaa} timlzfj `mw cbz`f~ ivz zi z`f tiamgf,

Bw wiil bw Wm~mwflb btt~ibg`fj z`f tiamgfefl! ilf iccmgf~ xfb~mlh nbjhf Li, :8=7:- meefjmbzfa}

bwwbvazfj `me, @f xbw wz~vgk il `mw fb~w blj xbw z`fl ci~gfj zi ab} `mw `fbj il z`f h~ivlj x`maf z`f

tiamgfebl tvlg`fj `me il z`f nbgk ic `mw lfgk, Z`f tiamgfebl z`fl smgmivwa} kmgkfj Wm~mwflb

nfci~f i~jf~mlh `me zi hfz ilzi ilf ic z`f eizi~g}gafw, X`fl Wm~mwflb ~fcvwfj zi gieta} xmz` z`f



283

i~jf~! ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w h~bnnfj `mw `faefz! x`mg` xbw jblhamlh il z`f eizi~nmkfw `bljafw blj

webw`fj mlzi `mw cbgf wi `b~j z`bz `f aiwz gilwgmivwlfww,

Wm~mwflb bxikf blj civlj `mewfac vljf~ b z~ff a}mlh ml b tiia ic `mw ixl naiij nflfbz` b g~ixj ic

ilaiikf~w, @f cfaz jbfj blj xbw vlbnaf zi giet~f`flj x`bz `bj nfcbaafl `me, B ~fabzmsf blj `mw

lfmh`niv~ z`fl `fatfj zbkf `me zi b aigba ìwtmzba x`f~f `f ziaj z`f jigzi~w z`bz z`f tiamgf `bjbwwbvazfj `me, @ixfsf~! z`f smaabhf ìwtmzba xbw bttb~flza} liz frvmttfj zi z~fbz `mw mlov~mfw blj

~fcvwfj zi xb~j `me, @f z`fl xbw ~vw`fj zi z`f Kfkm~bxb ìwtmzba x`f~f `f xbw bjemzzfj blj ilgf

bhbml `f hbsf z`f jfzbmaw ic x`bz `bj `bttflfj zi `me zi z`f jigzi~w,

Wm~mwflb wb}w z`bz bw b ~fwvaz ic z`f bwwbvaz `f wvccf~fj zxi jmwaijhfj c~ilz zffz`, Z`~ff iz`f~ zffz`

xf~f aiiwflfj blj xf~f abzf~ fpz~bgzfj bz z`f ìwtmzba, Il Bvhvwz >0! Wvjjbhf `f xbw jmwg`b~hfj

c~ie z`f ìwtmzba bczf~ nfmlh gafb~fj n} z`f OEI,

Bczf~ Wm~mwflb xbw jmwg`b~hfj c~ie ìwtmzba! sb~mivw tiamgfefl bzzbg`fj zi z`f Kfkm~bxb tiamgf

~ftfbzfja} `b~bwwfj `me! mlgavjmlh z`f tf~tfz~bzi~! xì `bw z~mfj zi bemgbna} wfzzaf z`f ebzzf~, @f

wb}w z`bz z`f tf~tfz~bzi~ lix nfhw `me liz zi tv~wvf z`f mwwvf ml gilwmjf~bzmil ci~ z`f xfacb~f ic

z`f tiamgfebl‐w cbema}, @f bawi wb}w z`bz il Bvhvwz >3! z`f BWT ic Blv~bj`btv~b smwmzfj z`f wgflf

ic z`f mlgmjflz blj ~fgi~jfj wzbzfeflzw ic xmzlfwwfw,

Wm~mwflb xbw liz bxb~f ic x`} `f xbw n~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj n} z`f Kfkm~bxb tiamgf nvz z`mlkw z`bz `mw

wil! xì mw b wvwtfgzfj maamgmz amrvi~ z~bjf~ ml z`f b~fb! bw xfaa bw bl b~e} jfwf~zf~ xì `bw b tf~wilba

blmeiwmz} xmz` `me! mljvgfj z`f tiamgf zi nfbz `me,

2::, Xbwblz`b Kveb~b? Zi~zv~f smgzme z`~fbzflfj zi xmz`j~bx gietabmlz

Xbwblz`b Kveb~b! xì z~mfj zi ~fhmwzf~ z`f gbwf ic ~innf~}! xbw n~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj n} ilf wvn

mlwtfgzi~ ic z`f JMH%Hbaaf Iccmgf il >: Bvhvwz >443, Z`f smgzme z`fl nfhbl ~fgfmsmlh z`~fbzw c~ie

z`f BWT bczf~ `f bzzfetzfj zi aijhf b gietabmlz bhbmlwz z`f gilgf~lfj WM, Mz mw baafhfj z`bz z`f BWT

cv~z`f~ z`~fbzflfj z`f smgzme z`bz `f xivaj nf bnjvgzfj blj wvnwfrvflza} jmwbttfb~fj mc `f tv~wvfj

z`f gbwf,

B ~innf~} ziik tabgf bz z`f ìvwf ic Xbwblz`b Kveb~b‐w bvlz ml Tbevlvhbevxb! Zba%benb~b!

Ebzb~b, Il >= Ovlf >443! Kveb~b gietabmlfj xmz` z`f Xfamhbeb tiamgf ~fhb~jmlh z`f mlgmjflz,

Bazìvh` z`f tiamgf `bj bl f}fxmzlfww xì mjflzmcmfj b wvwtfgz! z`f iccmgf~ ic z`f GMJ ml z`f

Xbwblz`b Tiamgf wzbzmil baafhfja} wvhhfwzfj zi z`f smgzme zi j~it z`f gbwf, Jmwzv~nfj n} z`f tiamgfmlbgzmil! Kveb~b blj `mw bvlz gietabmlfj zi z`f BWT ic Bkv~fwwb il : Ova} >443! z`fl zi z`f BWT

ic Ebzb~b il >8 Ova} >443! blj zi z`f Tiamgf @fbjrvb~zf~w ml Giaieni il >0 Ova} >443, X`fl `f

smwmzfj z`f tiamgf @R b wfgilj zmef zi mlrvm~f bnivz z`f gbwf! JMH Ob}bwvljb~b bjsmwfj Kveb~b

blj `mw bvlz zi gietabml zi z`f Hbaaf JMH! Ob}blz`b Hbebhf,

Il >: Bvhvwz >443! Kveb~b bggietblmfj n} `mw bvlz xflz zi z`f iccmgf ic z`f Wivz` t~ismlgf

JMH! Ob}blz`b Hbebhf ml Hbaaf zi aijhf z`f gietabmlz, @ixfsf~! z`f~f z`f} xf~f kftz xbmzmlh ci~



280

b~ivlj >4 emlvzfw, Z`fl! Hlblbwm~m gabmew z`bz `f wbx ilf ic z`f tiamgfefl ebkmlh b zfaftìlf

gbaa zi z`f Xfamhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil, B cfx emlvzfw abzf~! wfsf~ba tiamgfefl b~~msfj bz z`f wgflf! ml

tiamgf offtw! blj oimlfj ml z`f n~vzba bwwbvaz ic Hlblbwm~m,

Hlblbwm~m‐w xmcf Ebaamkb! wffmlh z`mw ef~gmafww bzzbgk il `f~ `vwnblj! nfhbl zi xfft t~icvwfa}!

nfhhmlh z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w zi jfwmwz ml z`fm~ bwwbvaz, Ml ~fwtilwf! ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w smgmivwa} bwwbvazfj Hlblbwm~m! kmgkmlh `f~ `b~j il `f~ wtmlba gi~j, Wffmlh z`fm~ tb~flzw nfmlh smgmivwa} nfbzfl

n} wi%gbaafj abx%flci~gfeflz iccmgf~w! z`fm~ g`maj~fl zii nfhbl zi g~}, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w z`fl

baafhfja} bwwbvazfj z`f g`maj~fl; ilf ic z`fm~ jbvh`zf~w! b zxfasf%}fb~%iaj hm~a xbw bawi kmgkfj ml `f~

wtmlf blj z`fl z`~ixl isf~ b zbnaf zi z`f h~ivlj! x`maf z`fm~ lmlf%}fb~%iaj wil xbw bhh~fwwmsfa}

wabttfj wfsf~ba zmefw il `mw cbgf,

Ebaamkb‐w wmwzf~! G`blj~babz`b! wffmlh z`mw ml`veblf bwwbvaz! rvfwzmilfj z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bw zi x`bz

`f~ wmwzf~ blj cbema} givaj tiwwmna} `bsf jilf zi jfwf~sf wvg` b n~vzba bzzbgk, Bl iccmgf~ z`fl nfhbl

zi nfbz `f~ wfsf~fa}! blj j~bhhfj `f~ n} `f~ `bm~ mlzi ilf ic z`f tiamgf offtw, Z`f} z`fl ci~gfj

Hlblbwm~m mlzi z`f offt! nfci~f t~igffjmlh zi z`f lfb~n} Xfamhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Mlwmjf z`f offt!Hlblbwm~m gabmew z`bz `f xbw tvw`fj zi z`f h~ivlj x`maf wfsf~ba iccmgf~w bhh~fwwmsfa} z~betafj blj

kmgkfj `me xmz` z`fm~ `fbs} niizw baa z`f xb} zi z`f wzbzmil,

Bz z`f wzbzmil! G`blj~babz`b xbw ci~gfj zi wmz il b nflg` blj xmzlfww z`f cv~z`f~ n~vzba bzzbgk blj

zi~zv~f ic `f~ n~iz`f~%ml%abx! z`mw zmef xmz` `fbs} xiijfl tiafw, Bttb~flza}! Hlblbwm~m ~ftfbzfja}

ziaj z`f iccmgf~w z`bz `f xbw wzmaa waixa} ~fgisf~mlh c~ie t~mi~ mlov~mfw wvccf~fj ml b eizi~g}gaf

bggmjflz! nvz z`f} gilzmlvfj ml z`fm~ x~fbkmlh ic zf~~i~ blj zi~zv~f lilfz`fafww, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w

abzf~ ~feis fj Hlblbwm~m‐w `bljgvccw blj tvw`fj `me mlzi b tiamgf ìajmlh %gfaa isf~lmh`z! x`f~f `f

xbw jft~msfj ic ciij! xbzf~ blj efjmgbzmil, Ml bjjmzmil! z`f tiamgf jmj liz baaix bl} ic `mw cbema}

efenf~w zi smwmz `me fsfl zìvh` z`f} `bj gief zi z`f wzbzmil xmz` z`bz sf~} tv~tiwf,

Z`f lfpz jb}! 2: Wftzfenf~ >443! bz b~ivlj 24be iccmgf~w ziik niz` Hlblbwm~m blj G`blj~babz`b zi

z`f Ebzb~b Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z ml b tiamgf sbl, Il z`fm~ xb} zi z`f Ebhmwz~bzf‐w giv~z! z`f} tbwwfj n}

Hlblbwm~m‐w xmcf blj ziaj `f~ zi bawi h fz mlzi z`f sf`mgaf nvz iccmgf~w abzf~ jfebljfj eilf} c~ie

z`f xmcf ci~ z`f sbl oiv~lf}, Bz z`f giv~z! Hlblbwm~m xbw cmlfj ^w, 6444 VWJ 64-, Nvz `f mlwmwzw

z`bz bz li zmef jv~mlh `mw b~~fwz! zi~zv~f! jfzflzmil blj giv~z smwmz xbw `f mlci~efj ic z`f g`b~hfw

cmafj bhbmlwz `me! li~ xbw `f bwkfj bz z`f giv~z x`fz`f~ `f xblzfj zi tafbj hvmaz}! i~ liz hvmaz},

Efblx`maf! `mw wmwzf~%ml%abx! G`blj~babz`b xbw g`b~hfj xmz` ‘inwz~vgzmil ic tiamgf jvz}‐,

Il 26 Wftzfenf~ >443! Hlblbwm~m‐w giljmzmil ziik b zv~l ci~ z`f xi~wf blj `f xbw ~vw`fj zi z`f

lfb~n} Ebzb~b @iwtmzba! x`f~f `f xbw xb~jfj ci~ wfsf~ba jb}w, Z`bz wbef lmh`z! z`f ìwtmzba%nbwfjtiamgf ~fgi~jfj `mw wzbzfeflz, Z`f OEI bawi ~fgi~jfj `mw wzbzfeflz! nvz jmj liz tf~ci~e bl}

cv~z`f~ efjmgba fpbemlbzmil ic Hlblbwm~m‐w zi~zv~f%mlcamgzfj mlov~mfw, @mw xmcf! Ebaamkb xbw bawi

xb~jfj ml z`f wbef ìwtmzba ci~ z`f h~mfsivw bwwbvaz%mlov~mfw gbvwfj zi `f~ n} z`f bggvwfj Xfamhbeb

tiamgf iccmgf~w,



28=

Hlblbwm~m mw bjbeblz z`bz z`f ~fbwil ci~ `mw zi~zv~f blj vlxb~~blzfj b~~fwz mw nfgbvwf b lfmh`niv~

xmz` xìe `f `bj `bj b jmwtvzf `bw gaiwf tf~wilba bwwigmbzmilw xmz` iccmgf~w ic z`f Xfamhbeb

Tiamgf,

2:3, Abamz` ^bobtbkwf? Amcf%z`~fbzflmlh mlov~mfw

Efjbxbg`g`m}b Tiamgf blj Blv~bj`btv~b t~mwil iccmgmbaw ml Blv~bj`btv~b jmwz~mgz! Blv~bj`btv~b

jmsmwmil! il >2 Wftzfenf~ >443! zi~zv~fj b >6%}fb~%iaj ebl lbefj Abamz` ^bobtbkwf c~ie

Km~mhbaafxb,

^bobtbkwf `bj wv~~fljf~fj `mewfac siavlzb~ma} zi z`f tiamgf smb `mw abx}f~ ilgf `f afb~lfj z`bz b

gietabmlz xbw aijhfj bhbmlwz `me bz z`f aigba Tiamgf wzbzmil il >2 Wftzfenf~ >443, Ilgf `f xbw

jfzbmlfj! z`f Efjbxbg`g`m}b tiamgf baafhfja} nfhbl zi ef~gmafwwa} nfbz `me, Z`f zi~zv~f xbw wi

wfsf~f z`bz ^bobtbkwf aiwz gilwgmivwlfww! x`mg` ci~gfj z`f tiamgf zi n~mlh z`f smgzme zi z`f

Efjbxbg`g`m}b ìwtmzba x`f~f `f xbw z`fl bjemlmwzf~fj wbamlf,

@ixfsf~! abzf~ z`bz jb} blj bhbmlwz z`f jigzi~‐w i~jf~w! z`f tiamgf baafhfja} jmwg`b~hfj z`f smgzme

c~ie z`f ìwtmzba blj ci~gfj `me zi zbkf wmp Tblbjia tmaaw wi z`bz `f givaj nf t~fwflzfj nfci~f z`f

giv~z, ^ bobtbkwf‐w cbema} gabmew z`bz `f xbw ml wi evg` tbml z`bz `f siemzfj naiij ml z`f

giv~z~iie,

Ilgf z`f ebhmwz~bzf xmzlfwwfj z`f smgzme‐w giljmzmil! `f i~jf~fj z`f Blv~bj`btv~b T~mwil hvb~jw

zi meefjmbzfa} zbkf `me zi b efjmgba cbgmamz}, @ixfsf~! ml b jm~fgz gilz~bsflzmil ic z`f giv~z‐w

i~jf~w! z`f hvb~jw baafhfja} ~fzv~lfj z`f smgzme zi z`f ~feblj t~mwil x`f~f z`f} ilgf bhbml n~vzbaa}

bwwbvazfj `me, Bw b gilwfrvflgf! ^bobtbkwf‐w giljmzmil jfzf~mi~bzfj blj `f xbw ml h~bsf jblhf~ ic

aiwmlh `mw amcf,

2:8, Jvxbljbhf Tvw`tbkveb~b? Bzzfetz zi `b~e b zi~zv~f smgzme

Zi~zv~f smgzme Jvxbljbhf Tvw`tbkveb~b cbgfj bl bzzfetz zi `b~e `me n} z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w

il >3 Wftzfenf~ >443! x`fl `mw gbwf xbw `fb~j bz G`mabx @mh` Giv~z, Z`mw mw liz z`f cm~wz mlgmjflz

ic mlzmemjbzmil ebjf n} z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w, Wmlgf cmamlh z`f gietabmlz bhbmlwz z`f bggvwfj

iccmgf~! Tvw`tbkveb~b blj `mw cbema} `bsf nffl gilwzblza} z`~fbzflfj blj `bsf `bj zi caff ìef,

Z`f smgzme! xì xbw b 2:%}fb~%iaj ni} bz z`f zmef ic z`f mlgmjflz wff Gbwf Li, 6:! bnisf-! xbw

baafhfja} zi~zv~fj n} z`f z`fl IMG blj iz`f~ iccmgf~w ic z`f Wbam}bxfxb Tiamgf Tiwz ml Tvzabe il 2

Wftzfenf~ >447,

Il >3 Wftzfenf~ >443! J, Tvw`tbkveb~b xbw bggietblmfj n} b cfx iz`f~w zi bzzflj z`f G`mabx

@mh` Giv~z c~ie Kblj}! ci~ z`f tv~tiwf ic x`mg` z`f} z~bsfafj ml b sbl, @f `bj cmafj z`f gietabmlz

bhbmlwz WM Wbeb~bkiil xì xbw ~fwtilwmnaf ci~ `mw zi~zv~f ml Wftzfenf~ >447 Gbwf Li, >:)>44:

G`mabx @mh` Giv~z-, Il z`fm~ xb}! z`f} civlj z`bz z`f wil ic z`f bggvwfj WM! xì mw bawi b tiamgf



204

iccmgf~! xmz` b hblh ic bnivz zfl zi cmczffl tf~wilw xfb~mlh gmsmambl gaiz`fw ciaaixfj z`fm~ sf`mgaf

c~ie Kblj} ml zxi sf`mgafw, Z`f zxi sf`mgafw ni~f z`f ~fhmwz~bzmil lvenf~w X,T,V,=63> blj >3>%

=288 blj z`f~f xf~f bawi zxi eizi~g}gafw, Z`fwf tf~wilw gbef zi giv~z blj z`f c~mfljw xì

bggietblmfj z`f J, Tvw`tbkveb~b lizmgfj z`fm~ t~fwflgf blj `fb~j wief ic z`fm~ gilsf~wbzmilw,

Il z`f xb} nbgk zi Kblj} bczf~ z`f giv~z `fb~mlh! J, Tvw`tbkveb~b blj `mw h~ivt jfgmjfj zi zbkfb jmccf~flz ~ivzf wi bw zi fwgbtf z`f hblh z`bz xbw ciaaixmlh z`fe, @ixfsf~! z`f h~ivt ic tf~wilw ml

z`f bci~feflzmilfj sf`mgafw kftz ciaaixmlh z`fe, Ci~zvlbzfa}! J, Tvw`tbkveb~b‐w j~msf~ xbw bnaf

zi g`blhf wief ~ivzfw blj zi hi zi Giaieni mlwzfbj ic zixb~jw Kblj} blj z`vw bsimjfj z`f hblh

z`bz xbw ciaaixmlh z`fe, Z`f smgzme‐w gbwf bhbmlwz z`f gilgf~lfj WM `bw nffl nfci~f z`f G`mabx

@mh` Giv~z ci~ b ailh zmef blj z`f~f `bsf nffl ebl} bzzfetzw ml z`f tbwz zi t~fwwv~mwf z`f smgzme

blj `mw cbema} zi xmz`j~bx `mw gietabmlzw, Ci~ fpbetaf! tiamgf iccmgf~w ic z`f Wbam}bxfxb Tiamgf

Tiwz! bw xfaa bw t~iemlflz tiamzmgmblw! b~f z`~fbzflmlh zi nv~l z`f cbema}‐w ìvwf mc z`f} tv~wvf z`f

gietabmlz il z`mw ebzzf~, Abzf~ il!

J, Tvw`tbkveb~b blj `mw tb~flzw `bj zi caff jvf zi z`~fbzw c~ie z`f tiamgf, Ei~fisf~! @f bawi~fgfmsfj wfsf~ba jfbz` z`~fbzw c~ie z`f bggvwfj WM blj iz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~w nfci~f z`f cm~wz `fb~mlh

ic z`f g~memlba gbwf bhbmlwz z`f gilgf~lfj WM bz z`f G`mabx @mh` Giv~z il = Cfn~vb~} >446,

Z`f B@^G xbw bawi mlci~efj z`bz z`f~f xbw bawi t~fwwv~f il z`f `vebl ~mh`zw h~ivtw z`bz b~f

wvtti~zmlh z`f smgzme, Xf n~ivh`z z`mw zi z`f lizmgf ic z`f tiamgf blj iz`f~ W~m Ablkb bvzì~mzmfw il

fb~amf~ iggbwmilw nvz li wf~mivw bgzmil `bw }fz nffl zbkfl zi wzit gilwzblz z`~fbzw zi J,

Tvw`tbkveb~b, Gilwmjf~mlh t~fsmivw z`~fbzw blj `b~bwweflz! xf wz~ilha} nfamfsf z`bz z`mw xbw bl

bzzfetz zi kmjlbt z`f smgzme i~ ji `me `b~e, Z`f B@^G z`f~fci~f v~hfw z`f W~m Ablkbl bvzì~mzmfw

zi t~ismjf meefjmbzf blj fccfgzmsf t~izfgzmil zi z`f smgzme blj zbkf v~hflz bgzmil bhbmlwz zìwf

~fwtilwmnaf ci~ z`f z`~fbzw zi z`f smgzme, Efblx`maf! z`f bggvwfj WM mw z~}mlh zi t~fsflz z`f gbwf

c~ie nfmlh zbkfl vt ml giv~z, Il ebl} iggbwmilw! x`fl z`f gbwf xbw zi nf zbkfl vt! `f jmwbttfb~fj

c~ie z`f t~femwfw ic z`f giv~z blj abzf~ wflz ml efjmgba ~fti~zw,

2:0, ^bwv~bob`? Mlligflz ebl smgzmemwfj n} maafhba b~~fwz blj jfzflzmil jvf zi vlabxcva

tiamgf ebat~bgzmgf ic emw~ft~fwflzmlh wvwtfgz(w mjflzmz} ml giv~z

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz bl mlligflz ebl ml

Hbaaf! W~m Ablkbl xbw maafhba b~~fwzfj blj jfzbmlfj ci~ 7 jb}w nfgbvwf z`f tiamgf emw~ft~fwflzfj `mw

mjflzmz} ml giv~z, Ei~f wìgkmlha}! z`f wfgilj ebhmwz~bzf! xì xbw mlci~efj z`mw cbgz! jmj liz

~fafbwf `me nvz kftz `me ml ~feblj vlzma z`f lfpz jbzf ic z`f gbwf,

Lix z`f smgzme mw ~fgfmsmlh wfsf~f z`~fbzw c~ie z`f tiamgf jvf zi `mw gietabmlz zi Bwwmwzblz

Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf BWT- ic Hbaaf, Ml W~m Ablkb! mz mw gieeil t~bgzmgf z`bz z`f tiamgf

(wevhhaf ml( mlligflz tfitaf il nf`bac ic z`f ~fba wvwtfgzw,



202

Bz b~ivlj 22?74te il > Igzinf~ >443! zxi tiamgf gilwzbnafw TGw- c~ie z`f Bkeffeblb Tiamgf

wzbzmil smwmzfj z`f ìvwf ic E~, ^bwv~bob` 7>-! b Zbema fz`lmg abniv~f~ ml b zfb fwzbzf ~fwmjmlh ml

Zbahbetiab! Hbaaf! W~m Ablkb, Z`f} xf~f ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw blj gbef ml b sf`mgaf nfailhmlh zi z`f

^bz`hbeb tiamgf, Z`f} kligkfj bz z`f jii~ blj x`fl mz xbw itflfj wbmj z`f} `bj b xb~~blz,

@ixfsf~! z`f} jmj liz wtfgmc} ci~ x`bz ~fbwil z`f xb~~blz xbw mwwvfj, Z`f zxi tiamgfefl z`fl

wfb~g`fj z`f flzm~f ìvwf,

Z`fl! b Wvn Mlwtfgzi~ WM- ic z`f ^bz`hbeb tiamgf xbakfj vt zi E~, ^bwv~bob` blj h~bnnfj `me n}

`mw w`m~z giaab~, E~, ^bwv~bob` wbx z`bz wfsf~ba iz`f~w xmz` Z%63 hvlw xf~f wzb~mlh bz `me eflbgmlha},

Z`f} z`fl j~bhhfj `me zi z`f tiamgf sf`mgaf blj ci~gfj `me mlzi mz, Bggi~jmlh zi E~, ^bwv~bob`! z`f

tiamgf z`fl xflz zi z`f fwzbzf wvtf~mlzfljflz(w ìvwf x`f~f z`f WM blj bliz`f~ bamh`zfj c~ie z`f

offt mlwmjf ci~ b amzzaf x`maf, B amzzaf x`maf abzf~ z`f} ~fzv~lfj blj afcz z`f tabgf, E~, ^bwv~bob` cv~z`f~

wbmj z`bz z`f tiamgfefl j~isf zi wfsf~ba iz`f~ ìvwfw nfci~f cmlbaa} zbkmlh `me zi z`f Bkeffeblb

Tiamgf wzbzmil, @f xbw z`fl aigkfj mlwmjf b gfaa! x`f~f `f xbw jfzbmlfj ci~ z`f ~febmljf~ ic z`bz jb}

blj z`f flzm~f ciaaixmlh jb} xmzìvz nfmlh hmsfl bl} ciij i~ xbzf~, @f xbw liz bawi mlci~efj x`}

`f xbw b~~fwzfj blj jfzbmlfj,

Il Igzinf~ :! z`f Bkeffeblb tiamgf ziik E~, ^bwv~bob` zi z`f Hbaaf Ebhmwz~bzf(w Giv~z blj

~frvfwzfj z`bz gbwf Li3=:72 nf zbkfl vt! x`mg` xbw jilf ivzwmjf giv~z blj mlwmjf z`f Ebhmwz~bzf(w

g`benf~w,

Z`f tiamgf t~ijvgfj `me nfci~f z`f ebhmwz~bzf blj `bj t~igabmefj! .Xf b~~fwzfj z`f wv~fz} il b

xb~~blz., E~, ^bwv~bob` jmj liz vljf~wzblj x`bz z`f tiamgf wbmj, Nvz z`f Ebhmwz~bzf xmzìvz vzzf~mlh

b xi~j zi `me blj xmzìvz bl} cv~z`f~ bji i~jf~fj z`bz `f nf ~fafbwfj il wv~fz} nbma ic ^w 244!444

VWJ =77- blj cmpfj z`f gbwf ci~ 3 Jfgfenf~ >443,

@ixfsf~! bw z`f~f xbw li ilf zi tiwf nbma ci~ `me! `f xbw ~febljfj,X`fl E~, ^bwv~bob` xbw`bljfj isf~ zi z`f ~feblj bvzì~mz}! bczf~ mlwtfgzmlh z`f ~fafsblz jigveflzw t~fwflzfj zi z`fe! z`f

~feblj iccmgmbaw ~fcvwfj zi bggftz `me mlzi z`fm~ gvwzij} mlwmwzmlh z`f tbtf~w ~fabzfj zi bliz`f~

tf~wil, Z`f} mlci~efj z`mw zi bl mlzf~t~fzf~ ic z`f giv~z nvz n} z`bz zmef z`f ebhmwz~bzf `bj ba~fbj}

afcz `mw g`benf~w, Z`f} z`fl ~fcf~~fj z`f gbwf zi bliz`f~ ebhmwz~bzf xì ziaj E~, ^bwv~bob` z`bz z`f

tiamgf `bj gbvwfj bl mlovwzmgf zi `me blj `bj t~ijvgfj `me ml giv~z emw~ft~fwflzmlh `mw mjflzmz} bw

ilf .E, Wfaamb`., Z`mw ebhmwz~bzf z`fl ziaj `me zi (aiik b~ivlj( blj wff x`fz`f~ `f givaj cmlj

bl}ilf xì givaj bgz bw wv~fz} il `mw nf`bac, X`fl `f wbmj z`bz z`f~f xbw li wvg` tf~wil! z`f

ebhmwz~bzf wzmaa ~febljfj `me vlzma z`f lfpz jbzf ic z`f gbwf,

Il 3 Igzinf~ >443 E~, ^bwv~bob` xbw ~fafbwfj, M~ilmgbaa} il niz` iggbwmilw ml ebhmwz~bzf giv~z! `f`bj ~fzbmlfj b abx}f~ tb}mlh ^w, 2644 VWJ 2:- tf~ bttfb~blgf nvz z`mw abx}f~ cbmafj zi n~mlh z`fwf

ebzzf~w zi z`f bzzflzmil ic giv~z, Bw b ~fwvaz E~, ^bwv~bob` xbw vlovwza} jfzbmlfj isf~ z`~ff

jb}w,Bczf~ nfmlh ~fafbwfj! E~, ^bwv~bob` gietabmlfj bnivz `mw gbwf zi z`f Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz

ic Tiamgf BWT- ic Hbaaf, @ixfsf~! `f mw lix ~fgfmslh jfbz` z`~fbzw c~ie z`f Bkeffeblb tiamgf

blj li bgzmil `bw nffl zbkfl bhbmlwz z`f ~fwtilwmnaf tiamgf iccmgf~w,



20>

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme! z`f Bkeffeblb tiamgf ziaj `me z`bz mc `f tv~wvfj `mw gietabmlz z`f}

xivaj b~~fwz `me! cbawfa} g`b~hf `me xmz` nfmlh bl AZZFf~ b Zbema b~efj mlwv~hflz- blj kmaa `me,

Emw~ft~fwflzmlh z`f mjflzmzmfw ic wvwtfgzw x`fl t~ijvgmlh z`fe ml giv~z mw b gieeil t~bgzmgf ic

z`f W~m Ablkbl tiamgf, Z`mw mw baaixfj zi zbkf tabgf nfgbvwf! jfwtmzf W~m Ablkbl gmzmflw( mjflzmzmfw

nfmlh g`fgkfj baeiwz bz fsf~} liik blj gi~lf~! z`f ebhmwz~bzfw ~b~fa} mlrvm~f i~ sf~mc} z`f mjflzmzmfwic wvwtfgzw t~ijvgfj n} z`f tiamgf nfci~f mwwvmlh ~feblj i~jf~w, Z`mw flbnafw z`f tiamgf zi

wv~~ftzmzmivwa} (wevhhaf ml( mlligflz tfitaf il nf`bac ic z`f ~fba wvwtfgzw! xì z`f tiamgf b~f ci~

x`bzfsf~ ~fbwil ~favgzblz zi wi t~ijvgf ml giv~z! blj `bsf z`fe ~febljfj, Mz mw `b~j zi nfamfsf z`bz

z`f} b~f vlbxb~f ic z`mw ~bz`f~ titvab~ t~bgzmgf ic z`f tiamgf,

Z`mw mlgmjflz bawi wìxw z`f vlt~icfwwmilba blj vlfz`mgba t~bgzmgfw ic wief ebhmwz~bzf(w giv~z

abx}f~w xì giaafgz `mh` cffw c~ie z`fm~ `btafww gamflzw nvz vzzf~a} cbma ml z`fm~ ~fwtilwmnmamzmfw

zixb~jw z`fm~ gamflzw ml giv~z,

2:=, G`beb~b Lvxblwm~m? Zi~zv~f ic b 26%}fb~%iaj ni} c~ie Nbzvxbzzf

Z`f b~nmz~b~} blj maafhba jfzflzmil blj vwf ic jfbz` z`~fbzw blj zi~zv~f bhbmlwz b 26%}fb~%iaj ni}!

G`beb~b Lvxblwm~m! c~ie Nbzvxbzzf! Nblhbabxbzzf! n} tiamgf iccmgf~w ml Nbablhijb ~fti~zfja} ziik

tabgf ciaaixmlh bl bzzbgk il `mw cbema} bz z`fm~ ìef n} wfsf~ba tfitaf, Z`f ni} xbw jfzbmlfj bz z`f

Nbablhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil x`fl `f! `mw eiz`f~ blj zxi n~iz`f~w xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil zi aijhf b

gietabmlz bnivz z`f bzzbgk il z`fm~ ìvwf, Tiamgf iccmgf~w ~fti~zfja} zi~zv~fj `me x`maf `f xbw ml

gvwzij} blj ci~gfj `me zi gilcfww zi b z`fcz z`bz `f `bj liz gieemzzfj, Z`f ni} `bw lix nffl

g`b~hfj xmz` z`f g~mef ic z`fcz nbwfj il z`mw gilcfwwmil blj `bw nffl ~fafbwfj il nbma, Z`f ni} xbw

bawi z`~fbzflfj n} z`f tiamgf liz zi zbak bnivz z`f bwwbvaz bczf~ `f xbw ~fafbwfj,

Il 7 Igzinf~ >443 bz b~ivlj 24?26te! wfsf~ba tfitaf c~ie z`f Nbzvxbzzf b~fb gbef zi z`f ìvwf

ic G`beb~b Lvxblwm~m! b 26%}fb~%iaj ni}! ml Nbzvxbzzf! Nblhbabxbzzf! blj bzzbgkfj `mw cbema}!

mlgavjmlh `mw eiz`f~ blj zxi n~iz`f~w, Z`f cbz`f~ ic z`f cbema}! xì mw b wiajmf~ ml z`f b~e}! xbw

liz bz ìef bz z`bz zmef, Z`f tfitaf xì bzzbgkfj z`f cbema} cm~wz bzzfetzfj zi wfz cm~f zi G`beb~b‐w

eiz`f~! ìxfsf~! z`f} cbmafj zi ji wi, Z`f} z`fl wzb~z bwwbvazmlh G`beb~b,

Bczf~ z`f bzzbgkf~w `bj afcz! z`f cbema} ~vw`fj zi z`f Nbablhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil zi aijhf b gietabmlz

bnivzz`f bzzbgk, Bw z`f} xf~f btt~ibg`mlh z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! G`beb~b wbx z`f bzzbgkf~w zbakmlh xmz`

tiamgficcmgf~w bz z`f wzbzmil, Bz z`f wzbzmil! z`f tiamgf jmj liz ~fgfmsf z`f cbema}‐w gietabmlz, Z`f

cbema} xbwi~jf~fj zi hi nbgk ìef! nvz G`beb~b xbw ziaj zi wzb},

Bliz`f~ tf~wil klixl bw G`blbkb mw bawi baafhfj zi `bsf nffl xmz` z`f bzzbgkf~w x`fl z`f} xf~f

zbakmlh xmz` tiamgf iccmgf~w bz z`f wzbzmil, G`beb~b xbw n~ivh`z zi b ~iie ml z`f wzbzmil bailh xmz`

G`blbkb blj niz` xf~f wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj n} tiamgf iccmgf~w, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bggvwfj niz` ic

z`fe ic wzfbamlh b tv~wf ic b tf~wil gbaafj ‖Wbeblz`b– blj jfebljfj z`bz z`f} ~fsfba x`f~f mz xbw,



207

G`beb~b! xì ~fti~zfja} jmj liz wzfba z`f tv~wf! xbw wvnofgzfj zi `b~w` mlzf~~ihbzmil bw b ~fwvaz ic

x`mg` `f bjemzzfj zi wzfbamlh z`f tv~wf nfgbvwf `f givaj li ailhf~ ziaf~bzf z`f tbml, Abzf~ il!

G`beb~b blj G`blbkb xf~f zbkfl c~ie z`f ~iie x`f~f z`f} `bj nffl mlzf~~ihbzfj zi b tabgf lfb~

z`f ìajmlh gfaaw! z`f} xf~f ci~gfj zi klffa il z`f caii~ xmz` z`fm~ `bljw `bljgvccfj zihfz`f~ ci~

bliz`f~ z`~ff ìv~w! bczf~ x`mg` zmef z`f} xf~f iccf~fj ciij, Bczf~ z`f efba z`f} xf~f bhbml

`bljgvccfj zihfz`f~ blj zbkfl zi b gfaa,

X`fl G`beb~b ebjf b ~frvfwz zi vwf z`f zimafz ivzwmjf ic z`f gfaa x`mg` mw ei~f wblmzb~} z`bl z`f

ilf ml z`f gfaa-! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w blwxf~fj `me xmz` bnvwmsf ablhvbhf blj bggvwfj `me ic

bzzfetzmlh zi fwgbtf, Bz z`mw timlz! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ~fti~zfja} `mz G`beb~b vwmlh z`fm~ cmwzw blj

~vnnf~ ìwf tmtfw blj kmgkfj `me ~ftfbzfja}, G`beb~b xbw liz `bljgvccfj zi G`blbkb x`maf `f xbw

nfmlh bwwbvazfj n} tiamgf iccmgf~w! nvz xbw bhbml `bljgvccfj zi `me bczf~ z`f bwwbvazw, G`beb~b‐w

cbz`f~! E, Nbljvwm~m! xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil abzf~ il z`bz jb}! bailh xmz` G`beb~b‐w eiz`f~! zi

bzzfetz zi `bsf z`fm~ wil ~fafbwfj; ìxfsf~! z`f} cbmafj,

G`beb~b blj G`blbkb xf~f jfzbmlfj ml z`f gfaa vlzma b~ivlj 3te z`f lfpz jb} Igzinf~ :! >443-, Z`f} xf~f z`fl eisfj zi b xb~fìvwf! x`f~f z`f} wtflz z`f lmh`z, Il Igzinf~ 6! niz` ic z`fe

xf~f `bljgvccfj zihfz`f~ bhbml! blj aigkfj ml b ìajmlh gfaa, Bz b~ivlj 7?44 te il z`f wbef jb}!

Wbeblz`b blj wfsf~ba iz`f~ tfitaf gbef zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj z`~fbzflfj G`beb~b,

Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bawi wbmj! ‖Zfaa z`f z~vz`, Mc }iv zfaa z`f z~vz` }iv gbl hi ìef ~mh`z lix,–

G`beb~b ìxfsf~! jmj liz nflj zi z`fwf z`~fbzw blj kftz wzbzmlh z`bz `f `bj nffl bwwbvazfj n} z`f

tiamgf blj `bljgvccfj xmz` G`blbkb ml z`f gfaa,

Il Igzinf~ 3! z`f tiamgf ziik G`beb~b blj G`blbkb‐w cmlhf~t~mlzw blj z`fl t~ijvgfj z`fe nfci~f

z`f Nbablhijb Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z, Bz z`f giv~z! z`f} xf~f g`b~hfj xmz` gieemzzmlh z`fcz, G`beb~b

xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma abzf~ z`f wbef jb} blj `mw tb~flzw xf~f ziaj zi zbkf `me zi z`f t~inbzmil iccmgf,

Il Igzinf~ 8! G`beb~b xbw wvccf~mlh c~ie `fbaz` t~inafew blj xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f Nbablhijb

hisf~leflz ìwtmzba n} `mw tb~flzw, G`beb~b gietabmlfj zi z`f efjmgba jigzi~ bnivz z`f zi~zv~f `f

`bj nffl wvnofgzfj zi n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w, Il z`bz fsflmlh! b tiamgf iccmgf~ gbef zi z`f ìwtmzba zi

wff G`beb~b blj z`~fbzflfj `me n} wb}mlh! ‖Jil‐z }iv wb} z`f tiamgf `mz }iv; gief zi z`f Tiamgf

wzbzmil abzf~ blj wi~z mz ivz! i~ fawf x f xmaa jmwtiwf ic }iv–, Il Igzinf~ 0! >443! G`beb~b ziaj z`f

OEI blj z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf z`bz `f `bj nffl zi~zv~fj,

264, Tbjemlm W~m}babz`b? Baafhfj ~btf bzzfetz ic b xiebl n} b tiamgfebl

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh z`f baafhfj ~btf

bzzfetz ic b xiebl n} b tiamgf gilwzbnaf TG- c~ie z`f ^bzblbtv~b Tiamgf wzbzmil il 8 Igzinf~

>443, Z`f TG gilgf~lfj xbw baafhfja} j~vlk bz z`f zmef ic z`f mlgmjflz, Jfwtmzf ebkmlh wfsf~ba

gietabmlzw xmz` z`f ~fafsblz bvzì~mzmfw mlgavjmlh z`f Hijbkbxfab tiamgf! z`f TG gilgf~lfj `bw liz

nffl b~~fwzfj blj li jmwgmtamlb~} blj afhba bgzmil `bw }fz nffl zbkfl bhbmlwz `me,



20:

Bz bnivz 24?:4te il 8 Igzinf~ >443! Ew, Tbjemlm W~m}babz`b gbef ivz zi hi zi b zimafz wmzvbzfj

wfsf~ba cffz bxb} c~ie z`f ìvwf, X`fl w`f xbw bnivz zi flzf~ z`f zimafz! b ebl ml nabgk bzzm~f

tivlgfj il `f~, W`f xbw sf~} c~mh`zflfj nvz civh`z `f~ bwwbmablz, X`maf wz~vhhamlh! z`f} eisfj

zixb~jw z`f ~ibj lfb~ `f~ ìvwf, X`fl w`f cfaa il z`f ~ibj! z`f ebl cfaa il zit ic `f~, W`f

gilzmlvfj zi wz~vhhaf cv~mivwa} nvz z`f ebl xbw wz~ilh blj nfhbl fen~bgmlh `f~! h~itmlh `f~ nij}

blj bzzfetzmlh zi wfpvbaa} bwwbvaz `f~, Bw b ~fwvaz w`f `bj wg~bzg`fw blj wg~btfw baa isf~ `f~ nij},Jv~mlh z`f bwwbvaz w`f lizmgfj z`bz z`f ebl xbw zì~ivhà} mlzipmgbzfj,

Vtil `fb~mlh z`f smgzme(w jfwtf~bzf wg~fbew! `f~ `vwnblj E~, J, Xmgk~febwmlh`f blj `mw lft`fx

E~, Bg`bab Vjb}blhb ~vw`fj zi z`f wgflf, Z`f `vwnblj tvaafj bz z`f ebl blj z~mfj zi ~fwgvf `mw

xmcf, @ixfsf~ z`f ebl abw`fj ivz bz z`f `vwnblj blj z`~fx `me zi z`f h~ivlj, @f bawi nfbz z`f

lft`fx xmz` `mw cmwzw,

Z`f smgzme blj `f~ `vwnblj klfx z`bz z`f ebl xbw bgzvbaa} b tiamgfebl x`fl `f z`~fbzflfj z`fe

wb}mlh! .M be b tiamgfebl c~ie z`f ^bzlbtv~b tiamgf wzbzmil, M xbw ziaj zi giljvgz wfgv~mz}- g`fgkw

bz bl} zmef blj tabgf M xblz, X`fl M ~fzv~l zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil! M xmaa zbkf gb~f ic z`mw ebzzf~., @fz`fl afcz z`f tabgf xmz` b eizi~nmkf tb~kfj il z`f ~ibjwmjf,

Ew, W~m}babz`b `v~~mfj zi z`f lfb~n} tiamgf g`fgktimlz blj mlrvm~fj bnivz `f~ bwwbmablz, Ilf il%jvz}

tiamgfebl mlci~efj `f~ z`bz z`f ebl! xì `bj ovwz afcz z`f g`fgktimlz! xbw b tiamgfebl nvz xbw

liz il jvz} z`bz lmh`z, Bczf~ z`bz! Ew, W~m}babz`b bailh xmz` `f~ `vwnblj blj z`f lft`fx xflz zi

z`f Hijbkbxfab Tiamgf wzbzmil blj aijhfj b gietabmlz bhbmlwz z`fm~ bwwbmablz! Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf

Wbeb~blb}bkf ic z`f ^bzlbtv~b Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Bczf~ aijhmlh `f~ gietabmlz! z`f smgzme xflz zi z`f Hijbkbxfab @iwtmzba! x`f~f w`f xbw bjemzzfj

blj z~fbzfj ci~ `f~ mlov~mfw, Bz z`f ìwtmzba! w`f bhbml gietabmlfj bnivz z`f mlgmjflz zi b jigzi~, Ci~

cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz! z`f lfpz jb} w`f xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f ^bzlbtv~b @iwtmzba x`f~f z`f Tiamgfwzbzmilfj ml z`f ìwtmzba t~femwfw ~fgi~jfj `f~ wzbzfeflz, W`f xbw jmwg`b~hfj c~ie z`f ìwtmzba il

24 Igzinf~ >443,

@ixfsf~! Ew, W~m}babz`b abeflzw z`bz jfwtmzf `f~ lvef~ivw gietabmlzw! li jmwgmtamlb~} blj afhba

bgzmil `bw }fz nffl zbkfl bhbmlwz TG Wbeb~blb}bkf n} z`f tiamgf, Bw b ~fwvaz! TG Wbeb~blb}bkf mw

wzmaa bz ab~hf, W`f bawi ~fti~zfj z`bz w`f xbw wg`fjvafj zi vljf~hi b wv~hmgba itf~bzmil ci~ n~fbwz

gblgf~ il Igzinf~ 24 nvz w`f givaj liz ji wi jvf zi z`f bwwbvaz,

Z`f B@^G wz~ilha} giljfelw z`f bttb~flz mlbgzmil ic Hijbkbxfab tiamgf ml mlsfwzmhbzmlh z`f gbwf

blj b~~fwzmlh z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~, Bl metb~zmba blj wtffj} mlsfwzmhbzmil evwz nf giljvgzfj n}

mljftfljflz mlsfwzmhbzmlh iccmgf~w wi z`bz z`f TG gilgf~lfj mw n~ivh`z zi ovwzmgf meefjmbzfa},

262, Nbwkb~ Wiz`m Nbablbljbe Tilxbzzb~ ^fhmw? Ilf ebl kmaafj bczf~ bnjvgzmil blj `mw

n~iz`f~ gietabmlw ic `mw tiwwmnaf ci~gfj jmwbttfb~blgf



206

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh z`f kmaamlh ic b

}ivlh Zbema fz`lmg ebl bczf~ nfmlh bnjvgzfj n} civ~ vlmjflzmcmfj efl ml ilf ic z`f lizi~mivw

(x`mzf sblw( ml Giaieni! W~m Ablkb il 2= Igzinf~ >443,

Mz mw baafhfj z`bz b~e} tf~willfa bawi smwmzfj `mw fajf~ n~iz`f~(w ~fwmjflgf blj aiikfj ci~ `me zxi

jb}w bczf~ z`f smgzme(w nij} xbw civlj, Cfb~mlh ci~ `mw amcf! z`f fajf~ n~iz`f~ `bw hilf mlzi `mjmlh,@f nfamfsfw z`bz `mw }ivlhf~ n~iz`f~ xbw kmaafj jvf zi `mw t~fsmivw ~fgi~j ic b~~fwz blj jfzflzmil ml

>444 n} z`f W~m Ablkbl b~e} xì bggvwfj `me ic b Zbema zf~~i~mwz,

Bggi~jmlh zi Tilbxbzzb~ Banf~z! `mw }ivlhf~ n~iz`f~ Nbwkb~ Wiz`m Nbablbljbe Tilxbzzb~ ^fhmw! b

}ivlh Zbema fz`mg W~m Ablkbl! `bw nffl bnjvgzfj n} civ~ vlmjflzmcmfj efl ml b x`mzf sbl xmzìvz b

lvenf~ tabzf lfb~ z`f hbzf ic z`f ìvwf x`f~f `f xbw wzb}mlh bz b~ivlj =?66te il 2= Igzinf~

>443, Z`f ìvwf bjj~fww mw Li, 734)2 Oif Tf~f~b Ebxbz`b! Giaieni 2>! W~m Ablkb,Bz b~ivlj 24be

il z`f lfpz jb} Igzinf~ >4-! z`f smgzme(w wmwzf~ ~fgfmsfj b tìlf gbaa c~ie b ebl! xì mjflzmcmfj

`mewfac bw z`f smgzme(w giaafbhvf, @f wbmj z`bz z`f `f xbw mlci~efj n} z`f Eijf~b tiamgf z`bz

^bhbeb tiamgf civlj z`f nij} ic Tilxbzzb~ ^fhmw blj `bj mz ml z`fm~ gvwzij},

Ml i~jf~ zi tb~zmgmtbzf ml `mw n~iz`f~(w cvlf~ba! Tilbxbzzb~ Banf~z afcz ci~ `mw blgfwz~ba ìef bz

Ebllb~ zixl ml Sbsvlm}b jmwz~mgz il bz bnivz 24?44te il Igzinf~ >>, @f abzf~ afb~lz c~ie `mw

abljai~j Ob}b~bzlbe z`bz b~e} tf~willfa `bj smwmzfj `mw ~flzfj ~fwmjflgf bz Li, 2>7)2:! Wzbzmil

îbj! Sbsvlm}b blj wfb~g`fj ci~ `me il z`f wbef jb}, Tilbxbzzb~ Banf~z baafhfw z`bz z`f bnjvgzmil

blj wvnwfrvflz kmaamlh ic `mw }ivlhf~ n~iz`f~ emh`z nf jvf zi `mw t~fsmivw ~fgi~j ic `bsmlh nffl

bggvwfj ic nfmlh b Zbema zf~~i~mwz b~efj mlwv~hflz-, Tilbxbzzb~ Banf~z xbw b~~fwzfj n} z`f Zf~~i~mwz

Mlsfwzmhbzmil Jftb~zeflz il wvwtmgmil ic nfmlh b zf~~i~mwz bz b~ivlj >7 Ovlf >444 x`fl `f xbw

wzvj}mlh bz z`f Vlmsf~wmz} ic Ei~bzvxb,

@f `bj nffl jfzbmlfj ci~ lfb~a} wfsfl eilz`w vlzma `f xbw jmwg`b~hfj c~ie z`f bggvwbzmil bhbmlwz`me n} giv~z, X`maf ml jfzflzmil! `f xbw ~fti~zfja} wvnofgzfj zi zi~zv~f blj maa%z~fbzeflz jv~mlh z`f

mlzf~~ihbzmilw,

Tilbxbzzb~ Banf~z wbmj z`bz `mw }ivlhf~ n~iz`f~ xbw liz mlsiasfj ml bl} zf~~i~mwz bgzmsmzmfw, @f

nfamfsfw z`bz z`f smgzme(w bnjvgzmil blj ev~jf~ xbw gbvwfj jvf zi `mw t~fsmivw ~fgi~j ic b~~fwz blj

jfzflzmil ml >443, Jvf zi cfb~ ci~ `mw amcf! Tilbxbzzb~ Banf~z `bw hilf mlzi `mjmlh blj wzb}w ml

bliz`f~ tabgf,^fgflza} wfsf~ba bnjvgzmil blj ci~gfj jmwbttfb~blgfw `bsf nffl zbkmlh tabgf bhbmlwz

Zbema fz`lmg emli~mzmfw ml z`f Giaieni b~fb, @vebl ~mh`zw h~ivtw b~f bggvwmlh z`f hisf~leflz

z`bz z`f} b~f vwmlh z`fwf n~vzba efzìjw zi c~mh`zfl Zbema ~fwmjflzw ml li~z`f~l Obcclb b~fb ml i~jf~

zi t~fsflz z`fm~ emh~bzmil zi Giaieni,

26>, T,T, Jmlfw` Hm`bl? Nmbwfj tiamgf mlrvm~} mlzi b gbwf ic lbs} wbmai~ xì xbw z`~fbzfl bz

hvltimlz n} Tblbjv~b tiamgf

Bz bnivz 6?74te il 72 Igzinf~ >443! T,T, Jmlfw` Hm`bl! >3%}fb~%iaj W~m Ablkbl Lbs} Wbmai~ xì

xbw il zfeti~b~} afbsf c~ie z`f Lbs}! xbw ~mjmlh `mw nmg}gaf x`fl `f tbwwfj b tiamgf wfgv~mz}

g`fgktimlz bz Eijb~bsmab! Tblbjv~b! W~m Ablkb, Wvjjfla} z`f tiamgfefl bz z`f g`fgktimlz `bj



203

wzittfj `me nvz bw `f `bj ba~fbj} tbwwfj z`f g`fgktimlz! `f wzittfj b amzzaf cv~z`f~ bxb}, Bw `f xbw

wzfttmlh jixl c~ie `mw nmg}gaf! ilf wvn mlwtfgzi~ xbakfj vt zi `me blj smgmivwa} kmgkfj `mw nmkf

zxmgf,

X`fl E~, Hm`bl mlrvm~fj z`f ~fbwil ci~ z`mw nf`bsmiv~ z`f WM ~vjfa} ziaj `me mz xbw nfgbvwf `f

jfab}fj hfzzmlh icc `mw nmkf,Z`f WM z`fl bwkfj E~, Hm`bl zi wìx `mw Lbzmilba MJ gb~j, Bw `f jmjliz `bsf mz bz z`bz zmef `f mlwzfbj iccf~fj `mw iccmgmba MJ mwwvfj n} z`f lbs}, Nvz z`f WM xbw liz

wbzmwcmfj blj sf~nbaa} bnvwfj `me blj fsfl bzzfetzfj zi bwwbvaz `me, X`fl E~, Hm`bl t~izfwzfj

wvg` nf`bsmi~! z`f WM wmeta} ziaj `me z`bz `f z`f WM- xbw ml vlmci~e x`maf E~, Hm`bl xbw ml gmsmambl

j~fww blj z`f~fci~f `f xbw fetixf~fj zi ji bl}z`mlh `f xblzfj! mlgavjmlh wfljmlh E~, Hm`bl zi

t~mwil ci~ ilf }fb~, Bggi~jmlh zi E~, Hm`bl! z`f WM fsfl tvaafj ivz b tmwzia c~ie `mw xbmwz blj

z`~fbzflfj `me xmz` z`f hvl,

Z`f iz`f~ fmh`z tiamgfefl bz z`f g`fgktimlz bawi timlzfj z`fm~ hvlw bz `me,Il 2 Lisfenf~ >443!

E~, Hm`bl aijhfj b x~mzzfl gietabmlz zi sb~mivw bvzì~mzmfw mlgavjmlh z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic

Tiamgf blj z`f Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf WWT- ic Tblbjv~b jmsmwmil, Ml ~fwtilwf `f xbwmlwz~vgzfj zi bzzflj b tiamgf mlrvm~} mlzi z`f mlgmjflz il 27 Lisfenf~ >443 bz 24?44 be bz z`f

Tblbjv~b%WWT(w iccmgf, E~, Hm`bl b~~msfj ml z`f iccmgf ml zmef nvz xbw kftz xbmzmlh vlzma 2>?74 te,

@f xbw z`fl mlci~efj z`bz z`f WWT `bj hilf ci~ avlg` blj bwkfj zi ~fzv~l bz bnivz 2?74 te,Cmlbaa}

z`f mlrvm~} nfhbl bz 2?74 te nvz bw wiil bw mz nfhbl! z`f WWT bwkfj x`} E~, Hm`bl xbw liz t~fwflz

bz 24?44 be bw ~frvfwzfj,

Bazìvh` E~, Hm`bl ziaj z`f WWT z`bz `f `bj ml cbgz nffl t~fwflz bz 24?44 be! z`f WWT jmwemwwfj

z`f cbgz, Bggi~jmlh zi E~, Hm`bl! z`f WWT(w mlrvm~} xbw liz tf~ci~efj ml b t~itf~ ebllf~ blj

nmbwfj zixb~jw z`f bggvwfj z`f tiamgfefl-,

E~, Hm`bl wbmj z`bz z`f WWT ziaj `me z`bz tiamgfefl timlzmlh hvlw bz tfitaf xbw b (li~ebaiggv~~flgf isb wbebll}b jfsb-( blj fsfl wbmj! .Bczf~ baa! }iv klix baa bnivz wfgv~mz} g`fgkw! jil(z

}iv9. E~, Hm`bl bttfba z`bz z`f tiamgfefl `bj timlzfj z`fm~ xfbtilw bz `me liz ci~ wfgv~mz}

~fbwilw nvz ~bz`f~ zi mlzmemjbzf `me, Nvz mlwzfbj ic zbkmlh `mw wzbzfeflz wf~mivwa}! z`f WWT z`fl wbmj

z`bz g~mef xbw mlg~fbwmlh ml Tblbjv~b! meta}mlh `me z`bz z`mw wi~z ic nf`bsmiv~ mw ~frvm~fj ci~ g~mef

gilz~ia,

E~, Hm`bl t~izfwzfj z`f WWT(w gieeflz blj ziaj `me z`bz g~mef nvwzmlh xbw jvz} ic z`f tiamgf! nvz

z`bz tiamgfefl `bj li nvwmlfww z`~fbzflmlh blj wvnofgzmlh i~jmlb~} gmsmamblw zi vlxb~~blzfj

`b~bwweflz, Cmlbaa} z`f WWT evzzf~fj wiefz`mlh bnivz xblzmlh zi ~fgi~j z`f tiamgfefl‐w wzbzfeflzw

blj fljfj z`f mlrvm~}, E~, Hm`bl wb}w z`bz z`f flzm~f gilsf~wbzmil xmz` z`f WWT afcz `me xmz` amzzafcbmz` z`bz `f xmaa fsf~ nf bcci~jfj bl metb~zmba blj cbm~ `fb~mlh c~ie z`f WWT,Z`f B@^G xiljf~w

bnivz z`f tamh`z ic i~jmlb~} gmzmflw xì `bsf amzzaf gìmgf z`fwf jb}w nvz zi nf wvnofgzfj zi

mllvef~bnaf (wfgv~mz} g`fgkw( bz z`f `bljw ic wvg` f~~blz abx flci~gfeflz iccmgmbaw! x`fl lbs}

tf~willfa b~f z~fbzfj wi w`bnnma},

Z`f B@^G mw bawi jffta} gilgf~lfj n} met~itf~ blj nmbwfj ebllf~ ic z`f tiamgf mlrvm~} mlzi z`mw

gbwf, X`fl b gmzmfl aijhfw b gietabmlz zi z`f tiamgf! z`f mlrvm~} mw z`f cm~wz t~igfww ml cmljmlh z`f



208

bgzvba cbgzw ic z`f gbwf blj giaafgzmlh fsmjflgf z`bz eb} afbj zi jftb~zeflzba wblgzmil i~

t~iwfgvzmil bhbmlwz zìwf ~fwtilwmnaf,

Met~itf~ tiamgf mlrvm~mfw b~f bawi ilf ic t~meb~} ~fbwilw ci~ z`f cbmav~f ic gilsmgzmil ic z`f bggvwfj

ml giv~z gbwfw, Z`f~fci~f mc mz mw liz tf~ci~efj ml b t~itf~ ebllf~! mz nfgiefw b h~fbz inwzbgaf ml

~fljf~mlh ovwzmgf blj ~fj~fww zi z`f smgzmew,

Vlci~zvlbzfa}! wvg` met~itf~ blj nmbwfj tiamgf mlrvm~mfw b~f b gieeil cfbzv~f ml W~m Ablkb,

26>, Ev~bamz`b~bl ̂ bob`? Zi~zv~f smgzme gilzmlvivwa} jflmfj fpbemlbzmil blj efjmgba

z~fbzeflz ml jfzflzmil

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f zfwzmeil} ic z`f smgzme(w tb~flzw! W, Jfsb~bob` blj `mw xmcf! ^boafzg`bem-

Wiefzmef ml Ova} >443 z`f~f xbw b gabw` nfzxffl tiamgfefl blj wief }ivz` ic Benbkizzf, Bz z`bz

zmef! z`f tiamgfefl gbef zi z`f smaabhf ml tabmlgaiz`fw blj nfbz wief }ivz`w, Z`f }ivz`! xì jmj

liz klix z`bz z`f} xf~f tiamgfefl! ~fzbambzfj blj nfbz z`fe ml ~fzv~l, Z`mw mlgmjflz ziik tabgf mlc~ilz ic b webaa nivzmrvf ixlfj n} z`f smgzme(w cbema},

Bggi~jmlh zi W, Jfsb~bob`! `mw wil! Ev~bamz`b~bl ^bob`! xbw mlwmjf z`fm~ ìvwf blj `bj liz`mlh zi

ji xmz` z`f mlgmjflz, Ev~bam mw z`f ila} wil ic z`f cbema}, @f xbw ni~l ml Kblj} blj wzvjmfj bz

Kblj} Bwikb Giaafhf blj Wz, W}asfwzf~(w Giaafhf, Bczf~ `mw Bjsblgfj Afsfa fpbemlbzmil `f `bj nffl

`fatmlh `mw tb~flzw ml z`fm~ nvwmlfww, Jfwtmzf liz `bsmlh nffl mlsiasfj ml z`f gabw`! z`f tiamgfefl

b~~fwzfj Ev~bam il >2 Igzinf~ >443, @f xbw z`fl t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Zfajflm}b Ebhmwz~bzf Giv~z

blj xbw met~mwilfj il cbawf g`b~hfw ic bwwbvazmlh z`f tiamgfefl; blj ila} ml Jfgfenf~ >443 xbw

`f ~fafbwfj nvz `mw z~mba t~igffjw,

Bczf~ `bsmlh nffl ~fafbwfj c~ie t~mwil! z`f tiamgf! fsf~} Wvljb}! lffjafwwa} ~frvm~fj `me zi bttfb~blj wmhl b jigveflz bz z`f Zfajflm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil, Il >0 Eb} >440 bnivz 22be! x`maf Ev~bam xbw

~fzv~lmlh ìef c~ie z`f giv~z ml Zfajflm}b! bczf~ bzzfljmlh b `fb~mlh ic `mw gbwf! tiamgfefl c~ie

z`f G~memlba Mlsfwzmhbzmil Jmsmwmil GMJ- b~~fwzfj `me bhbml ivzwmjf z`f giv~zìvwf, Ev~bam xbw

z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Zfajflm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f `f xbw nfbzfl wfsf~fa} ml itfl smfx ic `mw eiz`f~!

^boafzg`bem, @f `bj nffl zbkfl! ml `bljgvccw! il b z`~ff x`ffaf~ zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil, Bczf~

bamh`zmlh c~ie z`f sf`mgaf! cmsf zi zfl tiamgf gilwzbnafw wzb~zfj nfbzmlh `me xmz` z`fm~ `bljw blj cffz,

@f bawi wvccf~fj nv~lw zi `mw afhw blj `bj xivljw baa isf~ `mw nij}, Z`f tiamgfefl z`fl zi~zv~fj

`me z`f xìaf lmh`z mlwmjf z`f tiamgf wzbzmil,Il >6 Wftzfenf~ >440! bczf~ `bsmlh nffl jfzbmlfj bz

z`f Zfajflm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil blj wvnwfrvflza} bz z`f Eblmk`mllb Tiamgf wzbzmil ic z`f Kblj} Tiamgf

Jmsmwmil ci~ baeiwz civ~ eilz`w! Ev~bam xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf Giv~z ml Kblj},

@f mw t~fwflza} jfzbmlfj ml Nihbenb~b t~mwil, Z`f gbwf xbw gbaafj vt il = Lisfenf~ >440 ml z`f

Kblj} Ebhmwz~bzf Giv~z nvz xbw tiwztilfj vlzma 2 Jfgfenf~ >440,X`maf ml jfzflzmil Ev~bam xbw

lfsf~ wffl i~ fpbemlfj n} b Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- li~ xbw `f hmsfl z~fbzeflz ci~ z`f

mlov~mfw `f `bj wvccf~fj, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w b~f blh~} xmz` z`f }ivz` ic Benbkizzf ci~ bwwbvazmlh

z`fm~ efl ml Ova} >443,



200

Bazìvh` Ev~bam xbw liz mlsiasfj ml z`f bwwbvaz! `mw tb~flzw nfamfsf z`f tiamgfefl cbn~mgbzfj

g`b~hfw bhbmlwz z`fm~ wil! bggvwmlh `me ic `bsmlh nffl mlsiasfj ml zf~~i~mwz bgzmsmzmfw bz z`f zmef,

Wief iz`f~ }ivz` xf~f bawi zbkfl zi Giaieni ci~ mlsiasfeflz ml z`f wbef mlgmjflz blj z`f} b~f

baafhfja} nfmlh `faj n} z`f GMJ,

267, Tbwrvfahf Jil Jvjaf} Ef~s}l? N~vzba zi~zv~f ic ebl xì xbw x~ilha} b~~fwzfj

Z`f smgzme xbw b~~fwzfj ml ~fabzmil zi z`f g`b~hf ic ~innf~} ic z`f ìvwf ml T~bwbllb Wbljb~vxbl!

x`mg` mw vljf~ z`f b~fb ic gilz~ia ic z`f Wffjvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f smgzme `bj baafhfja} gabmefj

z`bz `f xbw liz mlsiasfj ml z`f ~innf~}, @ixfsf~! z`f tiamgf baafhfja} zi~zv~fj `me ml i~jf~ zi ci~gf

`me zi gilcfww `mw mlsiasfeflz ml z`mw g~mef, Bz b~ivlj 22?74 be il >8 Igzinf~ >443! wfsf~ba

tiamgf iccmgf~w ziik Tbwrvfahf Jil Jvjaf} Ef~s}l! b 63%}fb~%iaj gbwvba abniv~f~ zi z`f Wffjvxb

Tiamgf wzbzmil ml Wffjvxb, Lfhieni Jmwz~mgz MM! Lfhieni Jmsmwmil! W~m Ablkb blj b~~fwzfj `me ml

g`b~hf ~fabzfj zi b ~innf~} ic b ìvwf ic T~bwbllb Wbljb~vxbl! x`mg` Tbwrvfahf gabmew z`bz `f jmj

liz gieemz, Z`f eiz`f~ ic z`f smgzme! Tbwrvfahf Jilb Smiafz Amambl! afb~lfj ic z`f jfzflzmil ic `f~

wil ml z`f fsflmlh ic z`f jb} `f xbw b~~fwzfj,

X`fl Amambl smwmzfj `f~ wil zi z`f Wffjvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil xmz` ciij! Jvjaf} ziaj `f~ z`bz `f `bj

nffl wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj blj `bj nffl ci~gfj zi bjemz zi z`f ~innf~} z`bz `f jmj liz gieemz, Amambl

wbx z`f mlov~mfw il `mw nij} blj ~fbamwfj z`bz `f~ wil xbw ml h~fbz tbml, Il Lisfenf~ > x`fl Amambl

bhbml smwmzfj z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil zi wff `f~ wil! w`f xmzlfwwfj z`bz `f xbw liz ml z`f ìajmlh gfaa nvz

xbw wfbzfj il b g`bm~ ml z`f tiamgf efww blj `bljgvccfj zi b wzffa nfj n} `mw ~mh`z `blj,

Jvjaf} `bj nffl jfzbmlfj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil ci~ wfsfl jb}w vlzma Lisfenf~ 7 xmzìvz nfmlh

t~ijvgfj nfci~f b ebhmwz~bzf,

26:, Lmw`blz`b Tf~f~b? B~nmz~b~} jfzflzmil blj maa%z~fbzeflz ic ebl wvccf~mlh c~ie eflzba

maalfww

Z`f b~nmz~b~} blj maafhba jfzflzmil ic b ebl wvccf~mlh c~ie eflzba maalfww bz z`f Xbjjvxb Tiamgf

wzbzmil mw zìvh`z zi `bsf ciaaixfj b gilsf~wbzmil ml x`mg` `f vtwfz z`f IMG, Z`f smgzme!

Lmw`blz`b Tf~f~b! xbw jfzbmlfj ml ilf ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil‐w ìajmlh gfaaw ci~ isf~ lmlf ìv~w

xmzìvz nfmlh mwwvfj bl iccmgmba xb~~blz ic jfzflzmil, Z`f jfzflzmil c~mh`zflfj z`f smgzme! ~fti~zfja}

gbvwmlh `me zi nfgief `}wzf~mgba, Bw b ~fwvaz! z`f IMG baafhfja} wz~mttfj z`f smgzme lbkfj bljmlwvazfj `me! nfci~f ci~gmlh `me zi ~vl nbgk ìef xmzìvz bl} gaiz`fw il blj xmz` `mw nfailhmlhw

afcz nbgk ml z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

E, Ob}bxbz`m Tf~f~b! z`f smgzme‐w cbz`f~! xbw ivz~bhfj n} z`f maafhba jfzflzmil blj ml`vebl blj

jfh~bjmlhz~fbzeflz zi x`mg` `mw wil xbw wvnofgzfj, Z`f tiamgf ~fti~zfja} klfx ic `mw tw}gìaihmgba

giljmzmil, Bgietabmlz xbw liz jfbaz xmz` wf~mivwa}; z`f~f xbw li mlsfwzmhbzmil mlzi z`f gbwf,



20=

266, Xfamhijb Blbljb? Maafhba b~~fwz! zi~zv~f blj wfg~fz jfzflzmil

B := }fb~%iaj ebl! Xfamhijb Blbljb! xbw wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj ml z`f Xfamkbjb Ebhbmlf t~mwil x`maf

`f xbw mlzf~~ihbzfj n} tiamgf iccmgf~w, Blbljb xbw zbkfl n} tiamgf blj b~~fwzfj xmzìvz nfmlh

mlci~efj ic z`f g`b~hfw abmj bhbmlwz `me, @f `bj nffl `faj ml wi%gbaafj ‖wfg~fz jfzflzmil– wmlgf

tiamgf ziik `me il 0 Lisfenf~ >443! blj `mw cbema} `bj liz klixl `mw x`f~fbnivzw,

Blbljb xbw b~~fwzfj n} 24 tiamgf iccmgf~w ml tabml gaiz`fw c~ie z`f GMJ ic Tfam}bhijb blj

Jmsvabtmzm}b jfzbgèflzw bz b~ivlj 22?74be il Lisfenf~ 0, Z`f cbema} efenf~w xf~f ci~gfj zi

afbsf z`f ~iie n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w blj xflz vtwzbm~w bczf~ z`f} wbx Blbljb xbw `bljgvccfj!

ìxfsf~! z`f} `fb~j z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w rvfwzmilmlh z`f smgzme blj bwkmlh bnivz wief mlci~ebzmil

il b zfaftìlf lvenf~, Z`f} bawi `fb~j z`f wivljw ic z`f smgzme nfmlh zi~zv~fj,

Jfwtmzf z`f cbema}‐w tafbjmlhw zi z`f tiamgf il z`f ~fbwil x`} z`f smgzme xbw b~~fwzfj blj x`f~f `f

xmaa nf zbkfl! z`f tiamgf jmj liz hmsf bl} blwxf~ zi z`f cbema} x`fl z`f} afcz z`f smgzme‐w ìvwf, Z`fcbema} `bj aijhfj gietabmlzw xmz` wfsf~ba aigba tiamgf iccmgfw blj z`f GMJ iccmgf bwkmlh z`fe zi

wfb~g` ci~ z`f smgzme, @ixfsf~! z`f tiamgf lfsf~ z~fbzfj z`fm~ gietabmlz wf~mivwa} blj z`f} givaj

lfsf~ cmlj `mw x`f~fbnivzw, B cfx jb}w bczf~ z`f b~~fwz! Mlj~b Kblz`m! z`f xmcf ic z`f smgzme!

~fgfmsfj b zfaftìlf gbaa c~ie `f~ `vwnblj wb}mlh z`bz `f xbw wbcf blj z`bz z`f tiamgf xf~f z~fbzmlh

`me xfaa blj z`bz `f xivaj nf ìef wiil, Il Lisfenf~ 26! w`f ~fgfmsfj bliz`f~ efwwbhf c~ie

`f~ `vwnblj smb bl vlklixl efwwflhf~, X`maf il Lisfenf~ 23! z`f Jmsvabtmzm}b Tiamgf cmlbaa}

bh~ffj zi flzf~ b gietabmlz blj xflz zi Mlj~b Kblz`m‐w ~fwmjflgf zi zbkf b wzbzfeflz z`f ciaaixmlh

jb},

Z`f smgzme‐w x`f~fbnivzw xf~f liz klixl n} z`f cbema} vlzma z`f ebhmwz~bzf i~jf~fj z`f smgzme‐w xmcf zi hi zi z`f Xfamkbjb Ebhbmlf T~mwil x`mg` mw x`f~f z`f tiamgf mljmgbzfj bw z`f tabgf x`f~f

z`f smgzme `bj nffl jfzbmlfj, Z`f smgzme‐w xmcf smwmzfj z`f t~mwil! blj wbx z`bz `f~ `vwnblj `bj

xivljw baa b~ivlj `mw nij} blj `bj jmccmgvaz} xbakmlh, Z`f smgzme ziaj `mw xmcf z`bz `f xbw zi~zv~fj

wfsf~fa} n} tiamgf x`fl `f xbw b~~fwzfj,

263, Abzjv Kb~bzvlhb blj Abjv Jb~bebzvlhb? Baafhfj fpz~bovjmgmba kmaamlhw ic zxi efl n}

z`f tiamgf il z`f t~fzfpz ic .g~iwwcm~f.

Il >: Lisfenf~ >443! zxi n~iz`f~w lbefj E~, Abzjv Kb~bzvlhb ::- blj E~, Abjv Jb~bebzvlhb70-! xì b~f xblzfj n} z`f tiamgf! wv~~fljf~fj z`fewfasfw zi z`f Ebhmwz~bzf(w Giv~z ic Hbaaf n}

cmamlh b eizmil ci~ z`bz tv~tiwf z`~ivh` bl bzzi~lf} bz abx, Cfb~mlh z`bz z`f} xivaj nf zi~zv~fj mc

z`f} wv~~fljf~fj zi z`f tiamgf! z`f zxi efl wv~~fljf~fj zi z`f Ebhmwz~bzf(w Giv~z mlwzfbj zi wffk

t~izfgzmil, Nfci~f z`f eizmil xbw zbkfl vt ci~ wvtti~zmlh nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf! z`f zxi efl xf~f

wfbzfj mlwmjf z`f giv~z, Efblx`maf z`f ebhmwz~bzf xì xbw ba~fbj} `fb~mlh z`f gbwf ziik b ~fgfww,



2=4

Bz z`mw wzbhf b h~ivt ic tiamgfefl c~ie z`f Wtfgmba Mlsfwzmhbzmlh Vlmz WMV- bz Hbaaf flzf~fj z`f

giv~z ml b ~vw` blj bwwbvazfj z`f zxi efl mlwmjf z`f giv~z mzwfac nfci~f zbkmlh z`fe bxb}, Abzf~ z`f

iccmgf~w c~ie z`f WMV b~f wbmj zi `bsf `bljfj isf~ z`f zxi jfzbmlffw zi z`f Benbablhijb tiamgf!

xì baafhfja} wìz z`f zxi efl zi jfbz` il >3 Lisfenf~ >443,Bggi~jmlh zi z`f tiamgf sf~wmil

hmsfl bz z`f mlrvfwz n} z`f ebhmwz~bzf bw xfaa bw ~fti~z ml z`f t~fww! z`f tiamgf ziik z`fwf zxi

wvwtfgzw zi b tabgf x`f~f cm~fb~ew xf~f wbmj zi nf `mjjfl,

Nvz x`fl z`f} xflz zi z`f wtiz z`f zxi efl z~mfj zi zbkf vt b~ew blj bzzbgkfj z`f tiamgf,

Z`f~fci~f z`f tiamgf ml wfac%jfcflgf wìz bz z`f zxi blj kmaafj z`fe, Z`f zxi nijmfw xf~f zbkfl zi

Nbabtmzm}b nbwf ìwtmzba blj z`f tiwz ei~zfe xbw giljvgzfj il z`f nijmfw n} b Jmwz~mgz Efjmgba

Iccmgf~, @ixfsf~! z`mw ìwtmzba jifw liz `bsf t~itf~ cbgmamzmfw ci~ giljvgzmlh tiwz ei~zfew, Z`f

gaiwfwz ìwtmzba ml z`f Hbaaf jmwz~mgz xmz` cbgmamzmfw ci~ tiwz ei~zfew blj xmz` z`f bsbmabnmamz} ic b

Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- mw Kb~btmzm}b @iwtmzba,

@ixfsf~! wz~blhfa}! z`f tiamgf jmj liz zbkf z`f nijmfw zi z`mw ìwtmzba, Bz z`f mlrvfwz z`f wbef

Ebhmwz~bzf c~ie xìwf giv~z z`f zxi smgzmew xf~f zbkfl mlzi gvwzij} t~fwmjfj isf~ z`f mlrvm~}, Z`fEbhmwz~bzf z`fl gilgavjfj z`bz mz xbw b ovwzmcmbnaf ìemgmjf! jfwtmzf z`f cbgz z`bz z`f g~memlba

t~igfjv~f gijf GTG- jifw liz hmsf tixf~ zi ebhmwz~bzfw zi jfgmjf il z`f ovwzmcmbnmamz} i~ iz`f~xmwf

ic b ìemgmjf bz z`f wzbhf ic bl mlrvfwz, Mlwzfbj z`f ebhmwz~bzf wìvaj ~fgi~j baa z`f wzbzfeflzw! gbaa

ci~ mlrvm~mfw vljf~ z`f GTG n} z`f tiamgf blj afbsf z`f jfgmwmil ic t~iwfgvzmlh zi z`f Bzzi~lf}

Hflf~ba(w Jftb~zeflz,

Mc z`f~f mw wvccmgmflz fsmjflgf ic jfbz` n} wìizmlh! z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba xivaj z`fl cmaf bl

mljmgzeflz ml z`f `mh` giv~z blj mz xmaa nf ci~ z`f `mh` giv~z ovjhf il fpbemlbzmil ic baa z`f

fsmjflgf nfci~f `me zi jfgmjf il z`f jfcflgf z`bz eb} nf zbkfl n} z`f tiamgf n} xb} ic wfac

jfcflgf, Mc z`f gbwf mw `fb~j nfci~f b ov~} mz mw z`f ov~} z`bz xmaa jfgmjf il z`f ebzzf~, X`f~f z`f gbwf

mw zbkfl vt nfci~f b `mh` giv~z ovjhf xmzìvz b ov~}! z`f ovjhf xmaa z`fl jfgmjfj z`f ebzzf~,

@ixfsf~! z`mw xìaf t~igfww xmaa nf wzmccafj x`fl z`f ebhmwz~bzf ebkfw b t~ilivlgfeflz ic

ovwzmcmbnaf ìemgmjf bz z`f mlmzmba wzbhf ic bl mlrvm~},

Z`vw! z`f ciaaixmlh smiabzmilw ic ~mh`zw ic z`f zxi efl `bsf zbkfl tabgf ml z`mw baafhfj mlgmjflz?

b, bnjvgzmil ic tf~wilw c~ie z`f t~femwfw ic b giv~z x`maf z`f} xf~f nfci~f z`f giv~z zi wv~~fljf~

mw b h~iww bnvwf ic z`f ~mh`zw ic b tf~wil ci~ wfgv~mz} bw hvb~blzffj n} B~zmgaf = ic z`f Mlzf~lbzmilba

Gisflblz ci~ Gmsma blj Tiamzmgba ^mh`zw MGGT^-! zi x`mg` W~m Ablkb mw b wzbzf tb~z};

n, zi~zv~f ic b tf~wil baafhfja} bz z`f ebhmwz~bzf(w giv~z blj ivzwmjf mw b smiabzmil ic b~zmgaf 8 ic z`f

MGGT^ x`mg` ci~nmjw zi~zv~f! g~vfa blj iz`f~ ml`vebl tvlmwèflz;

g, Z`f wìizmlh ic tf~wilw x`maf ml tiamgf gvwzij} mw bl fpz~b ovjmgmba kmaamlh x`mg` mw niz` ev~jf~

blj b smiabzmil ic b~zmgaf 3 ic z`f MGGT^, Fsfl mc mz mw bgzvbaa} z~vf z`bz z`f zxi efl xf~f kmaafj ml

(g~iwwcm~f( bw gabmefj n} z`f tiamgf! z`f tiamgf wìvaj wzmaa nf bggivlzbnaf ci~ z`fm~ jfbz`w bw z`f} b~f

~fwtilwmnaf zi flwv~f z`f wfgv~mz} ic tf~wilw ml z`fm~ gvwzij},



2=2

j, jft~msbzmil ic b t~itf~ tiwz ei~zfe mw b smiabzmil ic z`f ~mh`z zi frvbamz} nfci~f abx blj b ~mh`z

zi bl bjfrvbzf ~fefj} vljf~ B~zmgaf >7- ic z`f MGGT^;

f, jfgab~bzmil ic ovwzmcmbnaf ìemgmjf n} z`f ebhmwz~bzf bz z`f flj ic bl mlrvfwz mw b jft~msbzmil ic b

~mh`z zi b cbm~ z~mba vljf~ b~zmgaf 2:2- ic z`f MGGT^, Z`f wzbzf mw vljf~ bl inamhbzmil zi ~fmlsfwzmhbzf

z`mw ebzzf~! zi fpbemlf z`f nijmfw blj zi giljvgz b t~itf~ tiwz ei~zfe mlrvm~} blj bawi zi ~fgi~jwzbzfeflzw z`~ivh` b t~itf~ blj gietfzflz g~memlba mlsfwzmhbzmil vlmz blj zi n~mlh z`f gbwfw nfci~f

z`f giv~z wi z`bz z`f} eb} jfgmjf z`f ebzzf~ il z`f nbwmw ic ef~mz,

268, ^,@, J`blbtbab? Ebl maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj blj bwwbvazfj n} fpgmwf iccmgf~w

Bnivz :be il >= Lisfenf~ >443! cmsf e}wzf~mivw efl mlgavjmlh ilf ml vlmci~e nfhbl tivljmlh

il z`f jii~ ic ^,@, J`blbtbab‐w ìef x`maf `f blj `mw cbema} xf~f bwafft, Bz z`f wivlj ic

wìvzmlh! ilf ic z`f smgzme‐w g`maj~fl itflfj z`f jii~, Z`f cmsf efl flzf~fj z`f ìvwf blj

mjflzmcmfj z`fewfasfw bw iccmgf~w c~ie z`f ‘Fpgmwf Jftb~zeflz‐, Ilf ebl xì xbw xfb~mlh gmsmamblgaiz`w z`fl tvaafj J`blbtbab n} `mw wb~ilh blj wìvzfj! ‖Gief il! wìx vw x`f~f z`f kbwmttv

maamgmz amrvi~- nb~~faw b~f"–

J`blbtbab ebmlzbmlfj z`bz `f xbw liz ml tiwwfwwmil ic bl} kbwmttv, Z`f iccmgf~w z`fl sf~nbaa}

bnvwfj `me ml c~ilz ic `mw cbema} blj nfhbl bwwbvazmlh `me il `mw `fbj, X`fl J`blbtbab‐w g`maj~fl

nfhbl wg~fbemlh ml cfb~! z`f iccmgf~w j~bhhfj `me ivzwmjf z`f ìvwf ila} bczf~ z`f} `bj ci~gmna}

inzbmlfj z`f wmhlbzv~fw ic z`f smgzme blj `mw xmcf xmzìvz mlci~emlh z`fe ic x`bz z`f} xf~f

wmhlmlh, Z`f fpgmwf iccmgf~w z`fl ziik J`blbtbab zi lfb~n} w`~vnnf~} blj t~fwwfj `b~j vtil `me!

jfebljmlh zi klix x`f~f z`f nb~~faw ic kbwmttv xf~f, X`fl J`blbtbab gilzmlvfj zi mlwmwz z`bz `f

`bj li mjfb! z`f iccmgf~w h~bnnfj `me n} `mw nfb~j blj `bm~, Z`f} z`fl nfhbl zi wfsf~fa} bwwbvaz `me xmz` z`fm~ cmwzw blj kmgkfj `me xmz` z`fm~ niizw,

Efblx`maf! iccmgf~w ziik b wfgilj tf~wil mlzi gvwzij} blj n~ivh`z z`bz ebl zi z`f wbef w`~vnnf~}

blj n~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj `me blj J`blbtbab xmz` b tiaf, Bz z`bz zmef! J`blbtbab wbx z`bz zxi nb~~faw

ic kbwmttv xf~f t~fwflzfj z`f~f nvz jmj liz klix c~ie x`f~f z`f tiamgf hiz z`fwf nb~~faw, Z`f

iccmgf~w z`fl ziik z`bz ebl blj J`blbtbab nbgk zi z`f iz`f~ ebl‐w ìvwf blj ziaj J`blbtbab z`bz

`f xivaj nf g`b~hfj ml giv~z, @f xbw z`fl ~fafbwfj blj mlwz~vgzfj zi nf t~fwflz bz z`f ^bzlbtv~b

giv~zw il 2: Jfgfenf~ >443,

Il 74 Lisfenf~ >443! J`blbtbab xì xbw bggietblmfj xmz` `mw fetai}f~ W`blz`b Kveb~b!

smwmzfj z`f ^bzlbtv~b Fpgmwf Jftb~zeflz zi aijhf b gietabmlz ~fhb~jmlh z`f mlgmjflz, Z`f} xf~fmlci~efj z`bz z`f ~fafsblz iccmgf~ xbw liz ml blj xf~f ziaj zi ~fzv~l il 6 Jfgfenf~ >443 bz =be,

X`fl z`f} ~fzv~lfj il Jfgfenf~ 6! ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w xì `bj b~~fwzfj blj bwwbvazfj J`blbtbab

gbef ci~xb~j blj sf~nbaa} bnvwfj niz` W`blz`b Kveb~b blj J`blbtbab, Cv~z`f~ei~f! J`blbtbab‐w

gietabmlz xbw liz bggftzfj,



2=>

Il 2: Jfgfenf~ >443! J`blbtbab xflz zi z`f ^bzlbtv~b giv~zw x`f~f `f jmwgisf~fj z`bz `f `bj

nffl cbawfa} g`b~hfj xmz` z`f tiwwfwwmil ic maamgmz amrvi~, @f tafbjfj liz hvmaz} zi z`f g`b~hfw bhbmlwz

`me blj xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma n} z`f giv~z,

Bggi~jmlh zi J`blbtbab! fsf~ wmlgf z`f mlgmjflz! `mw g`maj~fl xì `bj wffl `me bwwbvazfj blj

j~bhhfj ivz ic z`fm~ ìvwf `bsf nffl wvccf~mlh c~ie eflzba z~bveb blj b~f lix amsmlh ml cfb~,J`blbtbab `bw gietabmlfj ml x~mzmlh zi z`f MHT! Gieemwwmilf~ Hflf~ba ic Fpgmwf! z`f @^G blj

iz`f~ ~fafsblz bvzì~mzmfw ~fhb~jmlh z`f maafhba b~~fwz! bwwbvaz blj cbn~mgbzmil ic g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me,

@f mw ~frvfwzmlh z`bz z`fwf bvzì~mzmfw zbkf meefjmbzf afhba blj jmwgmtamlb~} efbwv~fw bhbmlwz z`f

f~~blz fpgmwf iccmgf~w,

>448

260, Eb~mwbl Bllbg`g`fam? Eiz`f~ ic z`~ff z`~fbzflfj xmz` `f~ amcf mc liz gilwflzmlh zi wfp

xmz` tiamgf iccmgmba

Eb~mwbl Bllbg`g`fam! b eiz`f~ ic z`~ff g`maj~fl! b ~fwmjflz ic Kb~bmlbhb~ ml Obcclb gietabmlfj z`bz

b h~ivt ic iccmgmbaw c~ie Sbsvlm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil z`~fbzflfj zi kmaa `f~ mc w`f xivaj liz gilwflz zi

wfp xmz` z`fe,

W`f ~fefenf~w z`f lvenf~ ic ilf tiamgf iccmgmba xì xbw beilh z`fe xbw Li, >0::6, Eb~mwbl

Bllbg`g`fam! bggietblmfj n} b tb~ambeflzb~mbl! aijhfj b gietabmlz zi Obcclb JMH T~bz`bt

Wm~mxb~j`blb, @ixfsf~! li mlsfwzmhbzmil `bj zbkfl tabgf,

W`f `bj cbgfj z`f wmzvbzmil x`fl w`f xflz zi Sbsvlm}b zi aiik ci~ `f~ `vwnblj Eb~mkkbxbwbl! xì

xbw bnjvgzfj il 0 Oblvb~} >448 n} b h~ivt z`bz bttfb~fj zi gilwmwz ic tiamgf x`maf `f xbw xi~kmlh

ml b amrvi~ wìt ml Ebzzbkkvam}b! Giaieni,

W`f wbmj z`bz z`f tiamgf iccmgmbaw wt~fbj ~veiv~w lbemlh `f~ bw b nbj xiebl blj `f~ aijhf kfftf~w

`bj nffl v~hfj zi fptfa `f~,

26=, ^fs, Lbaabz`ben} Hlblbwffabl? N~vzba kmaamlh ic b tbwzi~ ml Obcclb



2=7

^fs, Lbaabz`ben} Hlblbwffabl! 70%}fb~%iaj tbwzi~ ic Zbema Emwwmil G`v~g` ml Obcclb! xbw n~vzbaa}

hvllfj jixl bz z`f ~ibjnaigk bz Amn~b~} Ovlgzmil! Xfenfj} Wgìia îbj! Obcclb! b~ivlj 24?74be

il 27 Oblvb~} >448, Il z`bz cbzfcva Wbzv~jb} ei~lmlh! `f `bj hilf il `mw eizi~nmkf zi Obcclb

@iwtmzba xmz` `mw xmcf Wf~flb blj `mw fajfwz jbvh`zf~ xì xbw wmgk, @f `bj afcz z`f eiz`f~ blj

jbvh`zf~ bz z`f ìwtmzba bz bnivz 24be bwkmlh z`fe zi ~fzv~l ìef n} nvw bczf~ z`f efjmgba

z~fbzeflz xbw isf~,

Z`f kmaamlh ziik tabgf bz G`btfa Wz~ffz x`fl ^fs, Hlblbwffabl xbw `fbjmlh zi `mw g`v~g` zi

giljvgz b jb}ailh t~b}f~ cbwz bz z`f g`v~g`, Bggi~jmlh zi f}fxmzlfwwfw! ^fs, Hlblbwffabl xbw wìz

ml z`f wziebg` blj z`fl bw `f ab} il z`f wz~ffz! wìz ml z`f `fbj blj kmaafj n} wiajmf~w il jvz}

wzbzmilfj bz z`f ovlgzmil, Z`f wiajmf~w xf~f wbvlzf~mlh bailh G`btfa Wz~ffz bz z`bz zmef, @mw Nmnaf!

nbh! MJ gb~j blj eizi~g}gaf xf~f zbkfl bxb} blj `f xbw afcz a}mlh il z`f ~ibj, F}fxmzlfwwfw wb}

z`bz z`f tbwzi~ `bj liz jilf bl}z`mlh t~isigbzmsf,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f Wvljb} Afbjf~ lfxwtbtf~! ^fs, Hlblbwffabl‐w nij} ab} il z`f ~ibj ci~ ei~f z`bl

bl ìv~ zmaa z`f tiamgf iccmgmbaa} jmwgisf~fj `me bz b~ivlj 22?74be, Z`f bgzmlh Obcclb Jmwz~mgz OvjhfE, Z`m~vlbsvkkb~bwv xflz zi z`f wgflf ci~ b t~famemlb~} mlrvm~} blj mlwz~vgzfj tiamgf zi z~bgf z`f

smgzme‐w mjflzmz}, Z`f ‖vlmjflzmcmfj– nij} xbw z`f zbkfl zi z`f Obcclb @iwtmzba ei~hvf, Il z`f

ciaaixmlh jb}! z`f cbema} xbw aiikmlh ci~ z`f emwwmlh tbwzi~, Z`f} xflz zi z`f ei~hvf blj civlj

z`f tbwzi~‐w nij} z`f~f,

Z`f wiajmf~w il jvz} bz Xfenbj} îbj Ovlgzmil ~fti~zfj z`bz z`bz ^fs, Hlblbwffabl xbw gb~~}mlh

fptaiwmsfw, Il Oblvb~} 27! z`f Efjmb Gflz~f ci~ Lbzmilba Wfgv~mz} EGLW- xfnwmzf

xxx,lbzmilbawfgv~mz},ak- tiwzfj b n~mfc lfxw mzfe z`bz ilf tf~wil xì xbw zi nf wfb~g`fj bz z`f

~ibj naigk bz Amn~b~} Ovlgzmil! Xfenfj} Wgìia îbj! Obcclb! bzzfetzfj zi `v~a b `blj h~flbjf

blj z`f z~iitw wìz `me jfbj ml wfac%jfcflgf, Mz bawi gabmefj z`bz b h~flbjf xbw civlj ml z`f

tbwzi~‐w tiwwfwwmil, Z`f Jfcflgf Emlmwz~} tiwzfj b wmemab~ wzi~} il mzw xfnwmzf xxx,jfcflgf,ak- il

Oblvb~} 27, @ixfsf~! mz xbw ~fti~zfj z`bz z`f emamzb~} g`blhfj mzw gabmew bczf~ mz jmwgisf~fj z`bz z`f

jfbj ebl xbw b xfaa%klixl G`~mwzmbl tbwzi~, Abzf~ mz gabmefj z`bz z`f tbwzi~ xbw wìz nfgbvwf `f

jmj liz wzit x`fl z`f wiajmf~w mlwz~vgzfj `me zi ji wi, Emamzb~} iccmgmbaw ~fti~zfja} t~fwwv~fj z`f

tbwzi~‐w xmcf zi wmhl wief jigveflzw nvz w`f ~fcvwfj zi ji wi,

Ml mzw wzbzfeflz! z`f Lbzmilba G`~mwzmbl Fsblhfamgba Baamblgf x~izf! ‖^fs, Hlblbwffabl xbw b

efenf~ ic z`f Lbzmilba G`~mwzmbl Fsblhfamgba Baamblgf Gaf~h} Cfaaixw`mt ml Obcclb blj xbw liz

mlsiasfj ml bl} tiamzmgba bgzmsmz}, @f xbw b abx%bnmjmlh gmzmfl blj z`f tbwzi~ zi `mw gilh~fhbzmil,–

Z`f wzbzfeflz bawi wbmj z`bz! ‖@mw jfbz` mw liz bl mwiabzfj mlgmjflz! nvz ilf ic ebl}! x`mg` zbkfw

tabgf ml z`f Li~z` Fbwz ic W~m Ablkb! jbma},–

^fs, Hlblbwffabl mw wv~smsfj n} `mw xmcf blj civ~ g`maj~fl; z`f iajfwz jbvh`zf~ mw wfsfl%}fb~w%iaj

blj }ivlhfwz mw ilf%}fb~%iaj,

234, Xmofw`mlh`f? Baafhfj zi~zv~f blj cbn~mgbzmil ic g`b~hfw n} Xbzzfhbeb Tiamgf



2=:

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil xf `bsf ~fgfmsfj! bz b~ivlj 24be il 26 Oblvb~} >448! Xmofw`mlh`f

xbw wveeilfj zi z`f Xbzzfhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil xmz` `mw abx}f~ Wbebl ^bzlb}bkf, @f xbw bggvwfj

ic `bsmlh cbmafj zi ~fzv~l wief ofxfaaf~} blj eilf} bw t~iemwfj! nvz `f jflmfj wvg` bggvwbzmilw,

@f xbw bwkfj n} z`f tiamgf zi hmsf b wzbzfeflz bnivz z`mw bggvwbzmil, Efblx`maf! b wvn%mlwtfgzi~ ic

tiamgf! Vtbam G`blj~bwm~m xbw sf~} ~vjf zi `me, Bczf~ `mw abx}f~ afcz! Xmofw`mlh`f wzb}fj zi gab~mc}

z`bz `f xbw liz hvmaz} ic wvg` bggvwbzmilw! nvz Vtbam blj bliz`f~ tiamgf wf~hfblz! Z`mabkb~bz`lb!t`}wmgbaa} bnvwfj `me, @f xbw kmgkfj blj nfbzfl! blj z`fl aigkfj vt blj zi~zv~fj, Xmofw`mlh`f ziaj

z`f tiamgf z`bz `f `bj `fb~z jmwfbwf! nvz z`f iccmgf~w jmj liz tb} bzzflzmil blj z`~fbzflfj zi kmaa `me,

@f xbw `bljgvccfj xmz` `mw `bljw nf`mlj `mw nbgk,

Il z`f wbef jb} z`f tiamgf cmafj b gbwf bz z`f Zfajflm}b Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z bhbmlwz `me! gabmemlh z`bz

`f `bj inwz~vgzfj z`f jvz} ic WM Vtbam G`blj~bwm~m! nbwfj il b cbn~mgbzfj jigveflz, Il >>

Cfn~vb~} >448! z`f gbwf xbw gbaafj bz z`f giv~z nvz Xmofw`mlh`f xbw ìwtmzbamwfj blj vlbnaf zi

bzzflj z`f giv~z, Z`f~fci~f! z`f giv~z ~febljfj `me mlzi tiamgf gvwzij} c~ie >> Cfn~vb~} zi 2

Eb~g` >448,

Bazìvh` Xmofw`mlh`f xbw ìwtmzbamwfj ml z`f Xbzzfhbeb @iwmtzba! il Cfn~vb~} >>! z`f tiamgf

z~blwcf~~fj `me zi z`f Lbzmilba @iwtmzba Kblj} vljf~ gvwzij}! x`f~f `f xbw bjemzzfj mlzi z`f

mlzflwmsf gb~f vlmz, Il Cfn~vb~} >7! `f xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f gb~jmiaih} xb~j, @f ~febmlfj vljf~

tiamgf gvwzij} vlzma Cfn~vb~} >8,

Xmofw`mlh`f xbw n~ivh`z nfci~f z`f ovjhf il 2 Eb~g` >448! x`f~f z`f tiamgf gabmefj z`bz `f xbw b

eflzba tbzmflz, @mw abx}f~w jflmfj z`mw bggvwbzmil! wìxmlh efjmgba gf~zmcmgbzfw c~ie z`f ìwtmzba!

blj `f xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma abzf~ z`f wbef jb},

Il = Eb~g` >448 blj >7 Bt~ma >448! z`f @^G iccmgf ml Kblj} wveeilfj WM Vtbam G`blj~bwm~m ci~

bl mlrvm~} mlzi z`f gietabmlz ebjf n} Xmofwmlh`f! nvz `f jmj liz gief,

232, Kbtv Kblkblbebabhf Eb`fw` Ebjv~blhb? Nfbzfl xmz` z~ff b n~blg`

Tiamgf iccmgf~ Bnf}hvlbxb~jflb gbef zi z`f ìvwf ic Kbtv Kblkblbebabhf Eb`fw` Ebjv~blhb

bhfj 23- zi wfb~g` `me bz b~ivlj 22be blj 2>te il

28 Oblvb~} >448, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ blj bliz`f~ gbef zi z`f smgzme‐w ìvwf n} gb~ blj civlj ila}

Eb`fw`‐w eiz`f~ bz ìef, Z`f} ziaj z`f eiz`f~ zi zfaa `f~ wil zi gief zi z`f F`fam}bhijb Tiamgf

wzbzmil bz :te z`f lfpz jb}! nvz jmj liz fptabml z`f ~fbwil ci~ z`fm~ ~frvfwz,

Abzf~ il z`f wbef jb} bz b~ivlj 24te! z`f zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w gbef zi z`f ìvwf bhbml wfb~g`mlh ci~

Eb`fw` Ebjv~blhb xmz` ilf ic `mw lfmh`niv~w! Jvwèblz`b, Z`f cbz`f~ ic Eb`fw` Ebjv~blhb

itflfj z`f jii~ ci~ z`fe, Bw z`f jii~ xbw itflfj! z`f} gbef mlzi z`f ìvwf blj civlj Eb`fw`

Ebjv~blhb! xì xbw wafftmlh bz z`bz zmef, Z`f} wzb~zfj zi wìvz bz `me xmz` civa ablhvbhf! blj ziaj

`me zi hfz vt iz`f~xmwf z`f} xivaj kmgk `me, Z`fl z`f} `bljgvccfj `me blj ziik `me ivz ic z`f

ìvwf,



2=3

23>, X,W, Blzìl} ^bob! X,W, Ovjf Wbetbz`! X,W, Wvemz` Z`befa! Blzìl} Z}~~ilf

Cf~lblji! Wmsblbmb` ^blomz` blj X,W, Avgkwèbl Lfxzil Cfl~blji? W~m Ablkbl Lbs}

baafhfja} bzzbgkw! b~~fwzw blj bwwbvazw cmw`f~efl c~ie Lfhieni

Il >8 Oblvb~} >448 bz :be! wmp cmw`f~efl wfz ivz c~ie Lfhieni blj wzbzmilfj z`fewfasfw >4

lbvzmgba emafw icc z`f gibwz blj ivzwmjf z`f `mh`%wfgv~mz} ilf z`bz mw tbz~iaafj n} hisf~leflzci~gfw, Z`f} z`fl j~ittfj z`fm~ lfzw, Bz b~ivlj 3?74be! z`f cmw`f~efl lizmgfj b lbs} w`mt

btt~ibg`mlh! bz x`mg` timlz z`f efl ~bmwfj b cabh zi mlci~e z`fe z`bz z`f} xf~f cmw`f~efl blj `bj

lfzw ml z`f xbzf~, Z`f cmw`f~efl wbx z`f lbs} itfl cm~f il bliz`f~ nibz ml z`f b~fb! x`mg` z`fl

gbvh`z cm~f,

Z`f lbs} z`fl btt~ibg`fj z`f cmw`f~efl blj jfebljfj z`bzz`f} baa ovet mlzi z`f wfb blj ~feisf

z`fm~ gaiz`mlh, Z`f hisf~leflz ci~gfw z`fl baafhfja} zmfj z`fsmgzmew‐ `bljw nf`mlj z`fm~ nbgkw blj

n~ivh`z z`fe nbgk zi ablj, Z`f efl xf~f baafhfja} namljciajfj blj bwwbvazfj jv~mlh bl

mlzf~~ihbzmil z`bz abwzfj vlzma :?74 te! bz x`mg` timlz z`f} xf~f tabgfj ml b ìajmlh gfaa,

Z`f ciaaixmlh jb} il >0 Oblvb~} >448! z`f smgzmew xf~f ~fafbwfj mlzi z`fm~ cbemamfw gb~f nvz jmj liz

`bsf z`fm~ nibzw i~ cmw`mlh frvmteflz ~fzv~lfj, Efblx`maf! bliz`f~ wmp cmw`f~efl x`f~f b~~fwzfj!

xmz` zxi ic z`fm~ nibzw wfmfj n} z`f lbs}, Ilf ic z`f nibzw xbw baafhfja} jfwz~i}fj x`maf z`f lbs}

giljvgzfj b wfb~g`, Z`f cmw`f~efl‐w cbemamfw xf~f mlci~efj z`bz z`f Blzmzf~~i~mwz Mlsfwzmhbzmil Vlmz

xbw rvfwzmilmlh z`f efl; ìxfsf~! z`f} xf~f jflmfj bggfww zi z`f smgzmew,

Efblx`maf! z`f W~m Ablkbl Lbs} tvnamga} wzbzfj z`bz z`f cmw`f~efl iczfl ~fgfmsf tb}eflzw c~ie

mlwv~hflzw ml fpg`blhf ci~ mlci~ebzmil, Z`f wzbzfeflz xbw tvnamw`fj ml z`f Ablkb Jfftb

lfxwtbtf~,

237, B, Jvwèblz`b Wmasb? Baafhfj n~vzba bwwbvaz ic b ebl n} z`f Tblbjv~b tiamgf

B, Jvwèblz`b Wmasb mw b >=%}fb~%iaj eblvba xi~kf~ amsmlh ml Zfetaf îbj! Jmnfjjb! Tblbjv~b, Il

7 Cfn~vb~} >448 bnivz 7te! `f xbw il `mw xb} zi b eizi~ hb~bhf zi nv} b wmaflgf~ ci~ `mw

eizi~g}gaf x`fl civ~ tiamgfefl c~ie z`f Tblbjv~b tiamgf afbj n} WM Vtva Kveb~b maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj

`me blj bwwbvazfj `me baa isf~ `mw nij} xmz` b aflhz` ic ~vnnf~ c~ie b sf`mgaf jii~! x`maf

jfebljmlh z`bz `f zfaa z`fe x`f~f `f `bj `mjjfl maamgmz amrvi~, Wmasb mlwmwzfj `f xbw li ailhf~

flhbhfj ml z`bz maafhba nvwmlfww nvz z`f tiamgfefl jmj liz amwzfl zi `me blj gilzmlvfj zi n~vzbaa}

bwwbvaz `me, Bczf~ z`bz `f xbw `bljgvccfj blj zbkfl zi b w`~vnnf~} lfb~n} x`f~f z`f tiamgf `bj

baafhfja} ~fgisf~fj wfsf~ba nb~~faw ic maamgmz amrvi~! b hbw wzisf blj g}amljf~, Z`f} tvz z`fwfmetafeflzw mlzi b `blj%z~bgzi~ blj t~igffjfj zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! Wmasb xbw cmlhf~t~mlzfj blj aigkfj vt ml b ìajmlh gfaa, Bz bnivz 22?74be il

Cfn~vb~} :! z`f tiamgf ziik Wmasb zi z`f Tblbjv~b @iwtmzba! x`f~f t~fwvebna} z`f} ìtfj zi

c~bvjvaflza} inzbml z`f ‘baa gafb~‐ ci~ b ~feblj i~jf~ c~ie z`f giv~z, @ixfsf~! Wmasb gietabmlfj zi

z`f jigzi~ ~fhb~jmlh z`f tiamgf bwwbvaz blj z`f jigzi~ ~frvfwzfj `me zi wìx `mw mlov~mfw, Wmasb



2=8

~feisfj `mw w`m~z blj wìxfj z`f jigzi~ z`f eb~kw il `mw nbgk, Abzf~ z`f jigzi~ ~frvfwzfj `me zi

afbsf z`f ~iie blj `bj b ailh blmebzfj gilsf~wbzmil xmz` z`f tiamgfefl xì fwgi~zfj Wmasb zi

ìwtmzba, Wmasb nfamfsfw z`f jigzi~ evwz `bsf ~fcvwfj zi wmhl z`f efjmgi%afhba ci~e flbnamlh `mw

~feblj! nfgbvwf z`f tiamgf wmeta} n~ivh`z `me nbgk zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj z`~fbzflfj `me xmz`

jfbz` mc `f btt~ibg`fj bl} `vebl ~mh`zw i~hblmwbzmil ~fhb~jmlh `mw gbwf, Z`f tiamgf z`fl ~fgi~jfj

`mw wzbzfeflz blj ~fafbwfj `me il nbma, Z`f tiamgf bawi i~jf~fj `me zi bttfb~ ml giv~z il = Cfn~vb~} >448,

Bw wiil bw `f xbw ~fafbwfj! Wmasb ~vw`fj zi z`f Kbavnixmab @iwtmzba! x`f~f `f gietabmlfj bnivz z`f

tiamgf bwwbvaz, Il Cfn~vb~} 6! Wmasb gietabmlfj bnivz `mw gbwf zi z`f BWT! xì ~fgi~jfj `mw

wzbzfeflz blj bcci~jfj `me b efjmgiafhba ci~e! x`mg` `f ziik zi z`f ìwtmzba, Abzf~ b OEI

fpbemlfj `me! zi xìe `f bhbml gietabmlfj bnivz z`f tiamgf bwwbvaz,

Efblx`maf! Wmasb aijhfj x~mzzfl gietabmlzw zi z`f @^G! LTG! MHT blj iz`f~ ~fafsblz hisf~leflz

bvzì~mzmfw jfebljmlh bgzmil bhbmlwz `mw zi~zv~f tf~tfz~bzi~w blj bjfrvbzf gietflwbzmil ci~ z`f

wf~mivw mlov~mfw wvwzbmlfj c~ie zi~zv~f,

23:, B,B, T~m}blz`b Kveb~b? N~vzba bwwbvaz ic bl mlligflz ebl n} z`f Jijblhijb tiamgf

Il 2> Cfn~vb~} >448! B,B, T~m}blz`b Kveb~b >8- xbw ~fzv~lmlh ìef c~ie xi~k blj `bj ovwz

smwmzfj b wìt bz z`f Ebjbnbjb Ovlgzmil ml Jijblhijb! Kbavzb~b Jmwz~mgz MMM! Kbavzb~b Jmsmwmil zi

nv} wief nmwgvmzw, @f z`fl wbx z`~ff tiamgfefl c~ie z`f Jijblhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil wzbljmlh ml

c~ilz ic z`f wìt, Zxi xf~f wfgv~mz} bwwmwzblzw ìef hvb~jw- ilf ic xìe `f ~fgihlmfj bw

‘^vkeba‐, Z`f z`m~j xbw ml tiamgf vlmci~e,

Z`f tiamgfebl gilc~ilzfj `me blj bwkfj! ‖X`bz b~f }iv jimlh9– Zi x`mg` Kveb~b ~ftamfj `f xbw

il `mw xb} ìef, Z`f tiamgfebl ziaj `me zi wzblj vt wz~bmh`z blj baafhfja} wabttfj `me wivlja} il

`mw cbgf blj bawi bwwbvazfj `me il `mw `fbj, Kveb~b rvf~mfj bw zi x`bz `f `bj jilf x~ilh blj x`}

`f xbw nfmlh bwwbvazfj, Nvz z`f iccmgmbaw jmj liz blwxf~ nvz gilzmlvfj zi bwwbvaz `me il `mw `fbj,

Z`f} wìvzfj bz `me ml cmaz`} ablhvbhf wb}mlh! ‖]iv ji liz klix vw‣ Ji liz ~ivwf z`f jfsma ml

vw,–

Kveb~b xbw wzmaa rvmzf vlbxb~f ic x`} `f xbw bwwbvazfj blj bczf~xb~jw! waixa} xbakfj zixb~jw

Ebzvhbeb, Avgkma} z`~ff tf~wilw bgrvbmlzfj xmz` `me lbefj Eblov! Kb~vlbz`mabkf blj Vtva wbx

`me blj bczf~ nfmlh ziaj bnivz z`f bwwbvaz ~vw`fj `me zi z`f Lbhijb @iwtmzba! x`f~f `f xbw xb~jfj

ci~ lmlf jb}w,

Bz ìwtmzba b OEI fpbemlfj `me blj zihfz`f~ xmz` z`f tiamgf bzzbg`fj zi z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf tiwz

~fgi~jfj `mw wzbzfeflz, B tiamgfebl lbefj Hvlbwfkf~b c~ie z`f Jijblhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil bawi

~fgi~jfj `mw gietabmlz, Kveb~b wb}w z`mw tiamgfebl xbw liz xfb~mlh b ~fhmwz~bzmil lvenf~,

Il Cfn~vb~} 28! Kveb~b‐w eiz`f~ efz z`f IMG ic z`f Jijblhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil blj aijhfj b

gietamblz! x`mg` `bj nffl ~favgzblza} ~fgi~jfj, Nvz w`f wb}w w`f xbw ci~gfj n} z`f tiamgf zi wmhl



2=0

z`f wzbzfeflz xmzìvz nfmlh bcci~jfj bl itti~zvlmz} zi ~fbj mz i~ `bsmlh mz ~fbj isf~ zi `f~, Il

Cfn~vb~} 2=! Kveb~b‐w eiz`f~ bzzfetzfj zi effz xmz` z`f BWT ic Kbavzb~b ~fhb~jmlh z`f mlgmjflz!

nvz w`f xbw vlwvggfwwcva, Wvnwfrvflza}! Kveb~b aijhfj `mw x~mzzfl gietabmlz zi z`f @^G! LTG!

z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba! MHT! JMH%Afhba Jmsmwmil blj WWT Kbavzb~b ~fhb~jmlh z`f mlgmjflz,

236, B,B,J,M,B, Bzzblb}bkf? N~vzbaa} kmgkfj blj nfbzfl n} z`f tiamgf

Il z`f lmh`z ic >3 Cfn~vb~} >448! B,B,J,M,B, Bzzblb}bkf xbw rvb~~faamlh xmz` `mw xmcf isf~ wief

cmlblgmba ebzzf~w, @mw wmwzf~%ml%abx! Lmablz`m G`bzv~blm Wmasb! ~fti~zfj z`fm~ b~hveflz zi z`f tiamgf n}

gbaamlh z`f Fef~hflg} @izamlf, Iccmgf~w c~ie Ebzbaf Tiamgf wzbzmil! mlgavjmlh Whz Fkblb}bkf! Whz

Hvlbxb~jflf Li, 6:77>-! TG Ob}bzmabkb Li, 68263- blj b lvenf~ ic smaabhf wfgv~mz} hvb~jw z`fl

ci~gmna} flzf~fj Bzzblb}bkf‐w ìvwf! nivlj `mw `bljw blj j~bhhfj `me zi b tiamgfofft, X`maf

Bzzblb}bkf xbw nfmlh zbkfl zi z`f offt! `f xbw ci~gfj zi amf il z`f caii~ blj xbw wfsf~fa} kmgkfj il

`mw g`fwz! n} z`f tiamgfefl xmz` z`fm~ niizw,

Bliz`f~ iccmgf~ xmz` b xiijfl tiaf nfbz z`f smgzme! bz x`mg` timlz `f aiwz gilz~ia ic `mw nixfaw, @f

xbw z`fl zbkfl zi b jigzi~ bz z`f Ebzbaf @iwtmzba! xì fpbemlfj `me ci~ eb~kw ic zi~zv~f,

Ciaaixmlh `mw gietabmlz! z`f jigzi~ ebjf b wkfzg` ic z`f mlov~mfw blj bjemzzfj z`f smgzme zi z`f

ìwtmzba ci~ z~fbzeflz ic z`f xivljw il `mw nij}! ciaaixmlh x`mg` Bzzblb}bkf xbw z`fl zbkfl ml z`f

wbef offt zi z`f Ebzbaf Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f `f xbw bhbml nfbzfl, Z`f smgzme xbw liz hmsfl bl}

ciij, @f xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f emli~ gietabmlzw wfgzmil blj b wzbzfeflz xbw zbkfl, Bggi~jmlh zi

`me! `f eflzmilfj z`f tiamgf zi~zv~f nvz mz xbw ~fgi~jfj ml z`f wzbzfeflz z`bz `f xbw ~febljfj ci~

z~fwtbwwmlh blj wzfbamlh ^w, 26!444 il >3 Cfn~vb~} >448 blj ci~ z`~fbzflmlh nf`bsmiv~ il >6

Cfn~vb~} >448,

Il nfmlh bjemzzfj zi z`f wfgzmil ci~ t~mwilf~w ml z`f Ebzbaf T~mwil! Bzzblb}bkf ziaj b wf~hfblz

eboi~ bnivz z`f zi~zv~f, Gilwfrvflza}! z`f iccmgf~ fpbemlfj z`f smgzme il z`f vljf~wzbljmlh z`bz `f

xivaj bawi zbkf b wzbzfeflz, Ml Bzzblb}bkf‐w wzbzfeflz! `f mlgavjfj z`bz z`~ff efenf~w ic z`f

Ebzbaf tiamgf! mlgavjmlh Whz Fkblb}bkf! `bj wfsf~fa} nfbzfl `me, Z`bz lmh`z! `f xbw zbkfl zi z`f

Kblj} T~mwil il ^bob Xffjm}b blj bz b~ivlj 0?74te xbw fpbemlfj n} z`f wf~hfblz eboi~, Bczf~

hmsmlh b wzbzfeflz vljf~ wfgzmil 832! z`f smgzme xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Nihbenb~b T~mwil blj z`fl

zbkfl zi

z`f t~f%z~mba jfzflzmil wfgzmil! bczf~ nfmlh t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f giv~z il >3 Cfn~vb~} >448! x`f~f `f

xbw ~febmlfj vlzma 6 Eb~g` >448, Bczf~ `mw ~fafbwf! z`f tìziw ic zi~zv~f eb~kw il `mw nij} xf~f

zbkfl meefjmbzfa},

Z`f smgzme `bw gietabmlfj zi z`f @^G ~fhb~jmlh z`f zi~zv~f nvz li bgzmil `bj nffl zbkfl,

233, ̂ bljflm}bhf ]v~fw`blm Jbeb}blz`m? N~bsf xiebl fptiwfw vlabxcva b~~fwz! jfzflzmil

blj zi~zv~f ic b }ivlh cmw`f~ebl



2==

Il z`f ei~lmlh ic 2 Eb~g` >448! zxi iccmgf~w c~ie z`f Wtfgmba Vlmz ic z`f Kbavzb~b tiamgf xflz zi

z`f ìvwf ic Em`mljvkvabwv~m}b Sb~lbtfamhf Eb`fw`bl Ebliomz` Wmasb, Z`f iccmgf~w xf~f ml gmsmambl

gaiz`fw blj z~bsfaamlh n} nmg}gaf, Z`f} jfzbmlfj Wmasb nvz z`f} jmj liz fptabml z`f ~fbwil ci~ `mw

b~~fwz blj li~ jmj z`f} t~ijvgf b xb~~blz, Wmasb xbw `bljgvccfj blj zbkfl zi z`f Kbavzb~b Tiamgf

wzbzmil,

X`fl z`f smgzme‐w xmcf ^bljflm}bhf ]v~fw`blm Jbeb}blz`m bhfj 20- bwkfj x`} `f~ `vwnblj xbw

nfmlh b~~fwzfj! w`f xbw ziaj n} ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w z`bz mc w`f xblzfj zi klix z`fl w`f lffjfj zi hi

zi z`f Kbavzb~b Wivz` Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Bggi~jmlha}! w`f xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj bwkfj MT Vjb}blhb x`} `f~ `vwnblj xbw b~~fwzfj,

W`f xbw ziaj z`bz `f~ `vwnblj xbw liz z`f~f blj w`f wìvaj hi blj wtfbk xmz` MT Lmeba

Kb~vlb~bzlf bz z`f iccmgf ic z`f BWT, X`fl Jbeb}blz`m xflz zi z`f BWT‐w Wtfgmba Vlmz icc mgf! w`f

jmwgisf~fj z`bz ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w xì `bj zbkfl `f~ `vwnblj mlzi gvwzij} xbw t~fwflz, W`f bwkfj

bhbml bnivz `f~ `vwnblj zi z`f iccmgf~w; ìxfsf~! z`f} gabmefj z`bz li wvg` tf~wil `bj nffl

n~ivh`z z`f~f,

Jbeb}blz`m jmj liz hmsf vt blj w`f mlwmwzfj z`bz z`f iccmgf~ xìe w`f xbw zbakmlh zi xbw ilf ic z`f

tiamgf iccmgf~w xì b~~fwzfj `f~ `vwnblj, Z`f iccmgf~ z`fl bjemzzfj z`bz z`f smgzme xbw bz z`f iccmgf

blj wbmj z`bz w`f givaj wff `f~ `vwnblj nvz givaj liz wtfbk zi `me,

Z`f iccmgf~ z`fl n~ivh`z `f~ zi b jb~k ~iie x`f~f baa z`f xmljixw `bj nffl gaiwfj, Z`f~f! w`f

xmzlfwwfj `f~ `vwnblj `bljgvccfj il b g`bm~, W`f bwkfj x`} `f xbw n~ivh`z z`f~f; MT Lmeba

Kb~vlbzlf ~fwtiljfj ci~ `me blj wbmj z`bz `f `bj wziafl z`~ff nblhafw n~bgfafzw-, Ml ~fzi~zmlh z`f

~feb~k! Jbeb}blz`m wz~ilha} jflmfj wvg` bggvwbzmilw, @ixfsf~! z`f iccmgf~ z`~fbzflfj `f~ z`bz `f

xivaj b~~fwz `f~! wmlgf w`f xbw wvwtfgzfj ci~ `f~ mlsiasfeflz ml z`f z`fcz,

Bczf~ z`f gilsf~wbzmil! Jbeb}blz`m xbw smiaflza} ci~gfj zi afbsf, Z`f iccmgf~ wz~ilha} tvw`fj z`f

fmh`z%eilz` t~fhlblz xiefl n} `f~ wziebg`, Z`f tiamgf vwfj wvg` ci~gf z`bz mz eb} `bsf

ofitb~jmfj z`f `fbaz` ic `f~ wiil zi nf ni~l g`maj, Z`fl x`fl w`f bwkfj z`f iccmgf~ liz zi nfbz `f~

`vwnblj wmlgf `f xbw wzmaa ~fgisf~mlh c~ie g`mgkfl tip! MT Lmeba Kb~vlb~bzlf }faafj bz `f~ xmz`

jmw~fwtfgzcva ablhvbhf blj wbmj z`bz `f~ `vwnblj `bj b emwz~fww, Z`f MT gilzmlvfj zi sf~nbaa} bzzbgk

z`f xiebl blj wbmj z`bz `f~ cbema} xbw jmwh~bgfcva,

Abzf~ il! Jbeb}blz`m mlci~efj `f~ `vwnblj‐w tb~flzw bnivz z`f wmzvbzmil, Z`f cbz`f~ ic z`f smgzme

xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil zi wff `mw wil ml z`f bczf~liil z`bz wbef jb}, @ixfsf~! MT Lmeba

Kb~vlb~bzlf z`~fbzflfj `mw amcf,

Z`f smgzme‐w cbz`f~ afcz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj gbef nbgk xmz` b abx}f~ xì xbw bnaf zi cmhv~f ivz

z`bz Wmasb xbw b~~fwzfj il b g`b~hf ic z`fcz z`bz `bj `bttflfj ml Tb}bhbab, Z`fl MT Kb~vlb~bzlf wbmj

z`bz z`f smgzme xivaj nf kftz bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil ci~ cv~z`f~ mlrvm~} blj z`bz `f xivaj nf `bljfj

isf~ zi z`f Tb}bhbab tiamgf,



>44

Z`f wfgilj zmef Jbeb}blz`m smwmzfj z`f smgzme mz xbw ba~fbj} bczf~ `f xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f Tb}bhbab

Tiamgf wzbzmil, X`fl w`f b~~msfj bz z`f wzbzmil! w`f xbw liz baaixfj zi hi mlwmjf ic z`f nvmajmlh,

X`fl w`f ~fcvwfj zi afbsf blj gilzmlvfj zi wzb} ivzwmjf z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil w`f wbx MT Lmeba

Kb~vlb~bzlf,

Bnivz bl ìv~ abzf~! Jbeb}blz`m xbw baaixfj zi wff `f~ `vwnblj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj `fb~jz`bz `f `bj nffl wfsf~fa} nfbzfl blj xbw ci~gfj zi gilcfww zi z`f z`fcz ic wfsf~ba mzfew c~ie b

ìvwf ml Tb}bhbab, Z`f smgzme‐w xmcf z`fl bwkfj z`f IMG ic Tb}bhbab bnivz z`f i~mhmlba gietabmlz

ebjf bhbmlwz `f~ `vwnblj, W`f afb~lfj c~ie z`f IMG z`bz MT Lmeba Kb~vlb~bzlf aijhfj b gietabmlz

bggvwmlh `f~ `vwnblj ic b ~innf~} mlsiasmlh hiaj ofxfaaf~} c~ie z`f jbvh`zf~ ic bl BWT! lbefj

Gbemavw, @ixfsf~! x`fl Jbeb}blz`m smwmzfj Gbemavw zi bwk bnivz z`f gietabmlz ebjf bhbmlwz `f~

`vwnblj! w`f wiil afb~lfj z`bz z`f cbema} `bj lfsf~ ebjf wvg` b gietabmlz,

238, Jbavxbzzbabhf Hbemlm Xff~bwmlh`f? Bwwbvazfj n} tiamgf bz nbz`mlh wtiz

Il 7 Eb~g` >448! Jbavxbzzbabhf Hbemlm Xff~bwmlh`f xbw xmz` `mw c~mfljw bz b tvnamg nbz`mlh wtiz!

Ovamw Evjbabamw Nb~ bz Tbz`vatblb, N} bggmjflz! b cmh`z n~ikf ivz nfzxffl Hbemlm Xff~bwmlh`f‐ wmjf

blj bliz`f~ wfz ic tfitaf xì xf~f bawi floi}mlh z`fewfasfw bz z`f wbef wtiz, Ilf ic Hbemlm

Xff~bwmlh`f‐w c~mfljw xbw wf~mivwa} mlov~fj blj z`f} xf~f wgbzzf~fj, Il z`f xb} zi `mw ìef!

Hbemlm Xff~bwmlh`f blj `mw c~mflj! Wv~blhb! flgivlzf~fj wief tfitaf ml z`~ff%x`ffaf~w! mlgavjmlh

wief tf~wilw xì `bj civh`z xmz` Hbemlm Xff~bwmlh`f bz z`f nbz`mlh wtiz! gbef blj gbvwfj

mlov~mfw zi z`fe, Z`fl zìwf xì bwwbvazfj Hbemlm Xff~bwmlh`f blj `mw c~mflj ziik z`fe zi z`f

^bzlbtv~b Tiamgf wzbzmil wb}mlh z`bz z`f} xf~f c~ie z`f tiamgf, Hbemlm Xff~bwmlh`f blj `mw c~mflj

xf~f ilgf bhbml n~vzbaa} smiabzfj ml z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Il : Eb~g` >448 Hbemlm Xff~bwmlh`f‐w cbz`f~ aijhfj b gietabmlz isf~ z`f tìlf zi z`f @^G bz

b~ivlj 8?74be, X`fl z`f smgzme‐w cbz`f~ blj wief lfmh`niv~w xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil zi wff z`f

smgzme bz 0?74be! z`f} xf~f liz baaixfj ml, Z`f} givaj liz effz `me vlzma z`f} gietabmlfj bnivz mz

zi z`f @^G bhbml, X`fl z`f cbema} efz z`f smgzme bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f} wbx z`f bwwbvaz eb~kw

gisf~mlh z`f smgzme‐w nij} blj xf~f ziaj z`bz `f `bj nffl smiabzfj ml b eiwz ml`veblf ebllf~, Z`f

smgzme givaj `b~ja} wtfbk bz z`bz zmef,

Il z`f wbef jb}! bz 8te! z`f smgzme xbw n~ivh`z nfci~f z`f ebhmwz~bzf‐w giv~z il b cbn~mgbzfj gbwf,

Abx}f~ Hbemlm ^bzlb}bkb ~frvfwzfj z`bz z`f smgzme wìvaj nf hmsfl meefjmbzf blj t~itf~ efjmgba

z~fbzeflz nvz z`f smgzme xbw kftz ml z`f Kv~vsmzb T~mwil ìwtmzba! x`mg` jmj liz `bsf wvccmgmflzefjmgba cbgmamzmfw,

Hbemlm Xff~bwmlh`f aijhfj b x~mzzfl gietabmlz zi z`f @^G! LTG! MHT blj T~mwil Gieemwwmilf~,

Li wf~mivw bgzmil `bj nffl zbkfl zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`f mlgmjflz blj b~~fwz z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w wi

cb~,



>42

230, Ob}bwmlh` B~g`g`mabhf Wiebjbwb? Baafhfj bwwbvaz ic zxi efl n} z`f Effhb`bzfllb

tiamgf ml Kbavzb~b

Il : Eb~g` >448! Ob}bwmlh` B~g`g`mabhf Wiebjbwb! bl 04%}fb~%iaj ebl ~fwmjmlh ml Wbebl! Xfaf

Hfxbzzf! Tbabxbzzf! ~fgfmsfj b afzzf~ c~ie z`f Effhb`bzfllb Tiamgf wzbzmil gbaamlh `me zi ~fti~z zi

z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil ci~ bl mlrvm~} il z`f lfpz jb}, Z`f afzzf~ xbw jfamsf~fj zi z`f ìvwf x`f~f `mw~fabzmsf lbefj Ebaabxb B~g`g`mhf T~bjfft `bj amsfj, @f zìvh`z z`bz z`f afzzf~ xivaj ~fabzf zi b

gietabmlz z`bz `f `bj ebjf bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil il >8 Wftzfenf~ >443! x`mg` `bj nffl gietafzfa}

mhli~fj bz z`bz zmef,

Il 6 Eb~g` >448! O,B, Wiebjbwb xflz zi z`f Effhb`bzfllb Tiamgf wzbzmil bw `f xbw mlwz~vgzfj, Nvz

ilgf `f b~~msfj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! `f gbef zi

klix z`bz z`f ebzzf~ xbw liz bnivz `mw gietabmlz ic >8 Wftzfenf~ >443 nvz bliz`f~ gietabmlz isf~

b ablj jmwtvzf ml x`mg` `mw lbef xbw mjflzmcmfj bw b jmwtvzmlh tb~z}, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme! ilf WM

@febtbab bnvwfj `me xmz` civa blj cmaz`} ablhvbhf x`maf mlrvm~mlh bnivz z`f jfzbmaw ic z`f ablj

jmwtvzf, X`fl O,B, Wiebjbwb wbmj z`bz `f hbsf z`f jmwtvzfj ablj zi `mw lft`fx E,B, T~bjfft! WM

@febtbab wìvzfj bz `me blj ziaj `me zi n~mlh `mw lft`fx,

Bz z`bz zmef! E,B, T~bjfft xbw n} gimlgmjflgf bz z`f wbef Tiamgf wzbzmil zi xmz`j~bx b gietabmlz

`f `bj ebjf nfci~f, X`fl `f xbw afbsmlh z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil `f `fb~j `mw vlgaf O,B, Wiebjbwb

gbaamlh `me c~ie nf`mlj, X`fl `f zv~lfj nbgk! `f wbx WM @febtbab `mzzmlh `mw vlgaf‐w g`fwz xmz` b

`vhf niik,

Z`fl WM @febtbab `mz E,B, T~bjfft il `mw fb~ blj wìvajf~w blj j~bhhfj `me n} `mw w`m~z blj

tvw`fj `me zixb~jw b zbnaf, Bazìvh` `f ~ftfbzfja} bwkfj z`f WM ci~ z`f ~fbwil ic `mw bwwbvaz! WM

@febtbab wmeta} mhli~fj `me blj bwwbvazfj `me bhbml, E,B, T~bjfft xbw z`fl i~jf~fj zi wmz il bnflg` lfb~n}, Iz`f~ tfitaf ml z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil xmzlfwwfj z`f mlgmjflz, Z`f smgzmew ~fti~z z`bz z`f

WM @febtbab wffefj zi nf vljf~ z`f mlcavflgf ic bagiìa,

Abzf~! z`f vlgaf blj z`f lft`fx aijhfj x~mzzfl gietabmlzw zi sb~mivw hisf~leflz bvzì~mzmfw!

mlgavjmlh z`f LTG! MHT! BWT%Afhba! blj WT Kbavzb~b! jfebljmlh jmwgmtamlb~} blj afhba bgzmil

bhbmlwz z`f gilgf~lfj WM, @ixfsf~! li wf~mivw bgzmil `bj nffl zbkfl zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`f mlgmjflz blj

tvlmw` z`f ~fwtilwmnaf WM,

23=, Abkbe Eiìzzmabhf Blzìl} Lfxzil Bttv`be}? Baafhfj n~vzba bwwbvaz ic b nvw j~msf~n} b z~bccmg tiamgf iccmgf~

B 7=%}fb~%iaj nvw j~msf~ xbw baafhfja} zi~zv~fj n} b z~bccmg tiamgf iccmgf~ lfb~ z`f Xbmkkbab ^bmaxb}

Hbzf il 22 Eb~g` >448, Abkbe Eiìzzmabhf Blzìl} Lfxzil Bttv`be} xbw j~msmlh b

Xflbttvxb Jftiz nvw nfb~mlh ~fhmwz~bzmil Li, 3>%7=87 bailh xmz` b giljvgzi~ lbefj î`blb

Kveb~b il z`f Lfhieni%Xfllbttvxb nvw ~ivzf, X`fl z`f nvw btt~ibg`fj z`f Xbmkkbab ^bmaxb}



>4>

Hbzf bz bnivz >?26te! b z~bccmg tiamgf iccmgf~ tvaafj isf~ z`f nvw ci~ x`bz bttfb~fj zi nf b ~ivzmlf

~ibj g`fgk,

Z`f smgzme ~fti~zw z`bz `f xbw n~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj xmzìvz nfmlh mlci~efj ic bl} iccflgf z`bz `f

emh`z `bsf gieemzzfj, Z`f smgzme wzbzfw! ‖B tiamgf iccmgf~ hbsf z`f wmhlba ci~ ef zi wzit z`f nvw,

Bggi~jmlha} M wzittfj z`f nvw il z`f afcz `blj wmjf ic z`f ~ibj blj xbakfj vt zi z`f tiamgf iccmgf~, Z`fl z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ zii gbef ci~xb~j blj wbmj ‘Mw z`mw z`f xb} zi j~msf }iv nbwzb~j9‐

blj wabttfj ef, Z`fl M bwkfj `me! ‘Wm~! x`} b~f }iv bwwbvazmlh ef9‐ Z`fl bhbml `f wabttfj ef,–

Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ gilzmlvfj zi smiaflza} bwwbvaz z`f smgzme blj vwfj sf~nba z`~fbzw, Bazìvh` z`f

smgzme gilzmlvfj zi tafbj ci~ `mw amcf! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ jmj liz amwzfl zi `me, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ z`fl

tvw`fj z`f smgzme zixb~jw z`f tiamgf gb~ blj `mz `me ilgf ei~f, Z`f smgzme bawi wzbzfj! ‖Z`fl `f

gbaafj ef lfb~ zi z`f iz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~ blj wbmj ‘Ovwz xbzg` x`bz M be himlh zi ji zi }iv‐, Z`fl M

ziaj `me ‘Tafbwf ci~hmsf ef mc M jmj bl}z`mlh x~ilh! mc M ebjf b emwzbkf hmsf ef b g`b~hf w`ffz‐,

Z`fl `f wbmj ‘M ji liz gb~f bnivz zìwf c///kmlh z`mlhw, Zbkf z`mw blj hfz ivz,‐– Z`f iccmgf~ z`fl

`bljfj z`f smgzme b zfeti~b~} amgflwf z`bz mjflzmcmfj z`f tf~tfz~bzi~ bw TG W,A, Beb~blbz` Li,

>0::2-,

Ilgf z`f mlgmjflz `bj fljfj! nvw giljvgzi~ î`bl blj iz`f~ tbwwflhf~w xì xmzlfwwfj z`f bzzbgk

bwwv~fj z`f smgzme z`bz z`f} xivaj nf xmaamlh zi zfwzmc} blj t~ismjf bl} fsmjflgf z`f} givaj, X`fl

z`f smgzme ~fzv~lfj zi z`f Xfllbttvxb Jftiz! `f gietabmlfj zi z`f z~blwti~z eblbhf~! Wmwm~b! xì

z`fl ~fti~zfj z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f Fef~hflg} Vlmz blj ebjf b~~blhfeflzw ci~ z`f smgzme zi nf

bjemzzfj zi ìwtmzba, Z`f smgzme xbw xb~jfj bz z`f Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba! Eb~bxmab nfzxffl Eb~g`

22 blj 27! x`f~f `f xbw z~fbzfj ci~ mlov~mfw zi `mw ~mh`z fb~ bw xfaa bw wfsf~f `fbjbg`fw, Bczf~ z`f

smgzme xbw ~fafbwfj! `f `bj zi vljf~hi gilzmlvfj efjmba z~fbzeflz ci~ bliz`f~ z`~ff jb}w,

284, ^bobtbkwbhf Jil Wbebl Lmablz`b? Baafhfj b~nmz~b~} b~~fwz blj n~vzba bwwbvaz ic b

tiamgfebl n} iz̀ f~ tiamgf

Z`f smgzme! ^bobtbkwbhf Jil Wbebl Lmablz`b bhfj :>-! b wvn%mlwtfgzi~ ic z`f z~bccmg tiamgf ml

Nflzìzb! xbw icc jvz} nfzxffl 27 blj 26 Eb~g` >448, Bz b~ivlj =?46be il Eb~g` 2:! x`fl z`f

smgzme wzittfj blj hiz icc `mw eizi~g}gaf ml c~ilz ic z`f Nbjv~bam}b Tiamgf wzbzmil zi zbak xmz` b

c~mflj! z`~ff iccmgf~w c~ie z`f wzbzmil wzb~zfj tvnamga} bwwbvazmlh `me niz` sf~nbaa} blj t`}wmgbaa},

Ml h~fbz bebfeflz! z`f smgzme z`fl z~mfj zi mjflzmc} `mewfac bw b tiamgf iccmgf~; ìxfsf~! z`f} mhli~fj `me blj gilzmlvfj nfbzmlh, Bczf~ nfmlh `bljgvccfj! z`f smgzme xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f ~iie ic

z`f IMG! x`f~f `f xbw baafhfja} wz~mttfj ic `mw gaiz`fw blj `bj `mw xbaafz bw xfaa bw `mw eizi~g}gaf

zbkfl, Z`f iccmgf~w jmj liz t~ismjf bl} fptablbzmil x`} z`f smgzme xbw nfmlh b~~fwzfj blj `f xbw

liz baaixfj zi mlci~e `mw cbema} bnivz z`f jfzflzmil,



>4:

tfitaf c~ie z`f smaabhf bawi gbef zi z`f wmzf blj tafbjfj xmz` z`f iccmgf~w zi wzit nfbzmlh z`f smgzme

nvz z`f} zii xf~f mhli~fj, Fsflzvbaa} z`f smgzme xbw zbkfl zi z`f tiamgf offt blj tvw`fj mlwmjf,

Z`f smgzme xbw zbkfl zi z`f ^bzlbtv~b Tiamgf wzbzmil, Il z`f xb} zi z`f wzbzmil! `f xbw

gilzmlvivwa} nfbzfl, Z`f smgzme‐w lfgk xbw wrvfffj, X`maf z~bsfaamlh ml z`f offt! z`f smgzme lizmgfj

z`bz z`f z`~ff tiamgf iccmgf~w `bj zbkfl bagiìa blj bttfb~fj zi nf j~vlk,

C~ie z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f smgzme xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f OEI zi xìe `f ~fti~zfj z`f bwwbvaz n}

z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w, Z`f smgzme gietabmlfj z`bz `f `bj wfsf~f tbml ml `mw `fbj blj ml z`f f}fw! x`mg`

xf~f wxiaafl jvf zi z`f bwwbvaz, Z`f OEI bwkfj z`f smgzme mc `f xbw j~vlk bz z`f zmef ic z`f

mlgmjflz blj `f ~ftamfj z`bz `f `bj zbkfl wief bagiìa bw `f vwvbaa} jifw! nvz `f xbw liz j~vlk,

Bczf~ z`f mlzf~smfx xmz` z`f OEI! z`f smgzme xbw n~ivh`z nbgk zi z`f ^bzlbtv~b Tiamgf wzbzmil!

x`f~f `f xbw jfzbmlfj ml z`f aigk%vt, Ml z`f gfaa! z`f smgzme baafhfja} `fb~j b gilsf~wbzmil nfzxffl

tiamgf iccmgf~w xì bwwbvazfj `me blj z`f iz`f~ iccmgf~w wb}mlh z`bz z`f smgzme btt~ibg`fj z`f

iccmgf~w xmz` mlzflz zi wìiz z`fe x`fl z`f} xf~f efljmlh z`f x`ffa ic z`f offt,

Z`f smgzme xbw ~fafbwfj z`f ciaaixmlh ei~lmlh xmzìvz nfmlh g`b~hfj, Abzf~ il! z`f smgzme xbw

bjemzzfj zi z`f ^bzlbtv~b @iwtmzba! jvf zi wfsf~f tbml ml `mw `fbj blj z`f f}fw, B OEI ml z`f

ìwtmzba bhbml fpbemlfj `me; ìxfsf~! z`f Tiamgf wzbzmilfj bz z`fìwtmzba jmj liz ~fgi~j b wzbzfeflz

c~ie `me,

Il >> Eb~g` >448! z`f smgzme gietabmlfj bnivz `mw bwwbvaz zi z`f BWT ic Wbnb~bhbevxb, Z`f BWT

z`fl wflz b afzzf~ zi bwk ci~ cv~z`f~ bgzmil c~ie z`f WWT ic ^bzlbtv~b jmsmwmil, Wvnwfrvflza}! z`f

tiamgf ~fwzi~fj z`f smgzme‐w wzbzfeflz, Cv~z`f~ei~f! z`f smgzme wflz b x~mzzfl gietabmlz zi wf sf~ba

bvzì~mzmfw! mlgavjmlh z`f @^G! LTG! MHT! JMH ic z`f Afhba N~blg`! blj z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba,

28>, Jbeemkb? Maafhba b~~fwz blj zi~zv~f ic b eflzbaa} metbm~fj ebl

Bz b~ivlj >te il 23 Eb~g` >448! Jbeemkb xbw il b nvw xmz` `mw eiz`f~! @bz`z`bzvxb Hbebhf

Ebaamkb! blj wief iz`f~ cbema} efenf~w, @f mw >>%}fb~w%iaj blj eflzbaa} metbm~fj, Ebaamkb ~fgbaafj

z`bz w`f wbx b tiamgf iccmgf~ ml tabml gaiz`fw lbefj Abkwm~m wìvz zi z`fe! ‖Z`f~f mw z`f z`mfc! gbzg`

`me,– X`fl Jbeemkb blj `mw cbema} hiz icc z`f nvw! civ~ tiamgf iccmgf~w ml tabml gaiz`fw b~~fwzfj

Jbeemkb! blj ziik `me ml b offt zi z`f Bkeffeblb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Ebaamkb bwkfj x`} `f~ wil xbw

zbkfl! nvz w`f xbw ila} ziaj zi gief zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Jv~mlh tiamgf gvwzij}! Jbeemkb xbw baafhfja} bwwbvazfj blj mlzf~~ihbzfj! jfwtmzf `mw eflzba

jmwbnmamz}, @f xbw bwkfj bnivz z`f aigbzmil ic z`f wziafl hiijw! blj `f ~ftamfj z`bz z`f hiijw xf~f ml

`mw ìef, Jbeemkb xbw z`fl zbkfl nbgk ìef blj bwkfj zi hmsf ivz z`f wziafl hiijw, Zxi tiamgf

iccmgf~w lbefj Wiebtbab blj Niabm wfb~g`fj! blj ziik wief memzbzmil hiijw xmz` z`fe, X`maf z`f}

xf~f himlh zi afbsf z`f ìvwf! z`f smgzme‐w cbz`f~ ziaj z`fe z`bz z`f hiijw xf~f ila} memzbzmil, Z`f

iccmgf~w z`~fx z`fe bxb}! blj bwwbvazfj Jbeemkb bhbml, Z`f smgzme‐w tb~flzw z~mfj zi wzit z`bz! nvz

z`f} xf~f bwwbvazfj zii, Z`f smgzme xbw z`fl zbkfl nbgk zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,



>46

Il 28 Eb~g` >448! Ebaamkb smwmzfj z`f smgzme ml z`f tiamgf gfaaw, Bl iccmgf~ ziaj `f~ ‖liz zi xmtf `f~

z`mfc wil gafbl– blj z`bz eiz`f~ blj wil niz` ‖xmaa nf tvz mlzi z`f aigk vt–; z`f iccmgf~ klixl bw

Niabm z`fl tvw`fj `f~ bxb}, X`fl z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w xf~f liz z`f~f! Jbeemkb ziaj `mw eiz`f~ z`bz

`f xbw bwwbvazfj! blj `f xbw bawi z`~fbzflfj liz zi zfaa z`bz zi `mw eiz`f~,

Tiamgf iccmgf~ Wiebtbab z`fl ziik b wzbzfeflz c~ie Jbeemkb, Wiebtbab baafhfja} wìvzfj bz `me!‖Zfaa z`mw xiebl xf~f }iv bwwbvazfj n} vw9– ‖Zfaa vw bz x`bz t~mgf jmj }iv wfaa z`f hiajfl hiijw

ci~9 Zfaa vw z`bz }iv ziik ^w, :844,– Z`f smgzme z`fl bh~ffj zi fsf~}z`mlh! blj bjemzzfj z`bz `f `bj

hmsfl fsf~}z`mlh zi `mw eiz`f~, Wiebtbab blj z`f iz`f~ iccmgf~ z`fl z`~fbzflfj Ebaamkb zi gilcfww

z`bz w`f `bj n~ivh`z b ZS xmz` wziafl eilf}! blj z`~fbzflfj z`bz w`f blj `f~ wil xivaj nf

t~ijvgfj ml giv~z,

Il z`f wbef jb}! z`f Bkeffeblb Tiamgf n~ivh`z Jbeemkb ìef bhbml, @f xbw bwkfj zi wìx z`f

aigbzmil ic z`f wziafl hiijw ilgf ei~f, @mw cbz`f~ blj z`f }ivlhfwz n~iz`f~ xf~f bz ìef,

Jbeemkb bhbml wìxfj z`f tiamgf z`f memzbzmil hiijw, Z`f iccmgf~w xf~f sf~} blh~}! blj wìvzfj zi

`mw cbz`f~ mc `f ~bmwfj `mw g`maj~fl bw z`mfsfw,

Z`f iccmgf~w z`fl ziik z`f Jbeemkb zi z`f ìvwfw x`f~f z`f z`fcz `bttflfj, Z`f ~fwmjflzw ic z`f

ìvwf wbmj z`f smgzme xbw gietafzfa} vlklixl zi z`fe, Z`f iccmgf~ bhbml nfbz `me blj ziik `me

nbgk zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Il 2= Eb~g` >448! z`~ivh` bzzi~lf}%bz%abx Ei`befj! z`f cbema} afb~lfj z`bz Jbeemkb xbw

t~ijvgfj zi giv~z, X`fl Jbeemkb efz `mw tb~flzw! `f xbw ml b sf~} nbj giljmzmil blj givaj `b~ja}

zbak, @f wbmj `f xbw bwwbvazfj bhbml il `mw `fbj! g`fwz! `bljw blj cffz xmz` nbzilw,

287, Wflbkb Fkblb}bkf? Baafhfj zi~zv~f blj cbn~mgbzmil ic g`b~hfw bhbmlwz b oiv~lbamwz n}

Kbatmzm}b tiamgf

Wflbkb Fkblb}bkf mw z`f fjmzi~ ic Wbzblb! b aigba lfxwtbtf~ efblmlh ‘cmh`z ci~ ovwzmgf‐! x`mg` `bw

nffl tvnamw`fj nm%xffka} ci~ 2= }fb~w, Il >: Eb~g` >448! Wflbkb Fkblb}bkf smwmzfj Kbatmzm}b blj

giaafgzfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh gf~zbml bgzmsmzmfw ic z`f IMG ic z`f Kbatmzm}b Tiamgf! Abkwèbl

^blxbab~bg`g`m, @f bawi `bj xmz` `me b amwz ic tf~wilw xì `bj jmwbttfb~fj c~ie z`bz b~fb, Bz

3?74te il z`f wbef jb}! `f xbw wzittfj bz b g`fgktimlz il `mw xb} nbgk n} iccmgf~w ic z`f

Mlzfaamhflgf Vlmz ic Kbatmzm}b Tiamgf, Z`f} xf~f ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw blj baa xf~f vljf~ z`f mlcavflgf

ic amrvi~,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj! z`f iccmgf~w wfb~g`fj blj gilcmwgbzfj baa `mw mzfew? `mw

lbzmilba mjflzmz} gb~j! efjmb tbww! tbwwti~z! Cvom gbef~b! Tblbwilmg jmhmzba gbef~b! Wil} gbwwfzzf~fgi~jf~! zxi GJw! `mw niikw! x~mwzxbzg`! b hfewzilf xi~z` ^w, 3444 blj ^w, 3>04 gbw`,

Bczf~ z`f} ziik Wflbkb Fkblb}bkf zi z`f Kbamtmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f} `bljgvccfj blj zmfj `me zi b

gfaa nb~ blj wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj xmz` bl w%ail tmtf TSG tmtf-, Wflbkf Fklb}bkf mjflzmcmfj z`fe bw

IMG Abkwèbl ^blbxbab~bg`g`m! WM B~bxml! TG Wvlma nfb~mlh nbjhf Li, 2>342-! TG J`beemkb

Li, 77::3- blj Whz Mljvlma Li, >:422- beilh iz`f~w, X`maf nfbzmlh `me! z`f} wgiajfj `me ml civa



>43

ablhvbhf blj ziaj z`bz z`f} givaj ebkf `me ivz zi nf b g~memlba ml ovwz ilf emlvzf xmz` z`fm~ tflw,

Z`f} ~feisfj z`f `bljgvccw wief zmef abzf~ blj z`fl tvz `me ml b gfaa bczf~ kmgkmlh `me wfsf~ba

zmefw,

Bz b~ivlj 24te! wief tiamgf iccmgf~w gbef blj wzb~zfj tiv~mlh kbwmttv! maafhba aigba amrvi~! il `mw

nij} blj ci~gmna} mlzi `mw eivz`! zi x`mg` `f t~izfwzfj, Z`f} ziik baa `mw gaiz`fw icc bljtìzih~bt`fj `me lvjf x`maf ebkmlh cvl ic `me! wb}mlh z`bz b h~fbz efjmb tf~wil xbw lbkfj bczf~

gilwvemlh amrvi~, Bczf~ z`f} afcz! Wflbkb Fkblb}bkf eblbhfj zi gisf~ `mewfac xmz` z`f cfx gaiz`fw

bsbmabnaf blj civlj z`bz `f xbw naffjmlh c~ie `mw liwf, Z`f~f xbw naiij il `mw cbgf blj zxi ic `mw

zffz` ml z`f vttf~ obx xf~f bawi jbebhfj, Bz b~ivlj emjlmh`z! x`fl `f z~mfj zi amf jixl il b

nflg`! wief tiamgf iccmgf~w gbef bhbml blj tiv~fj giaj xbzf~ il `mw `bac lbkfj nij} c~ie b

ìwftmtf ci~ bnivz z`m~z} emlvzfw,

Bz 3be il z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! Eb~g` >6! `f ~fgfmsfj `mw z~ivwf~w blj WM B~bxml blj TG Mljvlma ziaj

z`bz `f xivaj nf hmsfl tiamgf nbma mc `f wmhlfj b wzbzfeflz ml z`f gietabmlz niik! x`mg` `f ~fcvwfj,

Z`fl! WM B~bxml ziik b tmwzia blj timlzfj mz bz `mw `fbj! z`~fbzflmlh zi kmaa `me mc `f jmj liz gieta},@f z`fl bwkfj zi nf baaixfj zi ~fbj z`f wzbzfeflz nvz z`mw xbw jflmfj, Cmlbaa}! `f xbw ci~gfj zi wmhl

z`f vl~fbj wzbzfeflz blj bhbml tvz mlzi z`f gfaa, Abzf~ `f xbw hmsfl wief n~fbj ci~ n~fbkcbwz nvz `f

xbw liz ml b tiwmzmil zi gilwvef mz blj ci~ z`bz zii `f xbw wgiajfj, Wflbkb Fkblb}bkf wb}w z`bz `mw

xìaf nij} xbw bg`mlh blj `f cfaz amcfafww,

Bz 7te! z`f tiamgf ~fzv~lfj `mw nbh blj `mw niikw zi `me nvz jmj liz hmsf iz`f~ mzfew mlgavjmlh `mw

lbzmilba mjflzmz} gb~j, X`fl `f `bj rvf~mfj z`f emwwmlh mzfew `f xbw ziaj z`bz z`f} `bj nffl

gilcmwgbzfj, @f ila} ~fgfmsfj ^w, 84> nbgk, @f xbw zbkfl zi b efjmgba jigzi~ xì ~fcvwfj zi

fpbemlf `me, Z`fl! `f xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf! Tvzzabe x`f~f z`f tiamgf inzbmlfj b

jfzflzmil i~jf~ vljf~ z`f Fef~hflg} ^fhvabzmilw, Mrnba! bzzi~lf}%bz%abx! xbw bttimlzfj bw bl

bgzmlh ebhmwz~bzf jvf zi z`f bnwflgf ic b ovjhf,- @f bzzfetzfj zi zbak zi z`f bgzmlh ebhmwz~bzf nvz

cbmafj jvf zi z`f mlzf~cf~flgf n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w,

@f abzf~ afb~lfj z`bz `f cbgfj z`~ff g`b~hfw, Z`f g`b~hfw xf~f 2- mljfgflz nf`bsmiv~ nfmlh vljf~

z`f mlcavflgf ic amrvi~ xmz`ml z`f Kbatmzm}b tiamgf b~fb! >- z`~fbzflmlh z`f IMG blj tiamgf iccmgf~w

xmz` jfbz` z`~fbzw; blj! 7- mlwvazmlh blj jfcbemlh z`f t~fwmjflz blj `mw jfcflgf wfg~fzb~},

Bz 0te `f xbw zbkfl zi z`f jfzflzmil gflz~f ml Tvzzbabe, B obma iccmgf~! Hvlftbab! ~fgi~jfj b

wzbzfeflz c~ie `me bnivz z`f mlgmjflz blj `f wmhlfj mz xmzìvz ~fbjmlh mz,

Lfpz jb}! il Eb~g` >3! `f xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi b t~mwil ml Lfhieni, Bliz`f~ obma iccmgf~!

Wbeb~offxb! ~fgi~jfj b wzbzfeflz c~ie `me blj `f xbw xb~jfj ml z`f t~mwil ìwtmzba ml Lfhieni

nfgbvwf ic z`f xivljw gbvwfj n} zi~zv~f,

X`fl `f xbw zbkfl zi Tvzzbabe blj t~ijvgfj nfci~f Bjjmzmilba Ebhmwz~bzf Blvw`b Cf~lblji!

Kbatmzm}b Tiamgf inofgzfj zi nbma wi `f xbw ~f%~febljfj blj `mw gbwf xbw cmpfj il Bt~ma >7, Wflbkb

Fkblb}bkf xbw sf~} wmgk wi `f givaj liz bzzflj z`f giv~z il z`bz jb}, Jvf zi `mw bnwflgf! z`f giv~z

mwwvfj bl itfl xb~~blz blj z`f lfpz jbzf xbw cmpfj il Ova} 74, Bl itfl xb~~blz mw b xb~~blz z`bz b



>48

ebhmwz~bzf hmsfw bvzì~mzmfw zi baa tiamgf zi zbkf bgzmil bw mljmgbzfj il z`f xb~~blz, Mz mw li~ebaa}

vwfj x`fl z`f tiamgf gblliz cmlj b tf~wil g`b~hfj, @ixfsf~! ml z`mw gbwf! z`f giv~z xbw wffemlha}

liz bxb~f ic `mw x`f~fbnivzw blj z`bz `f `bj ba~fbj} nffl ml gvwzij} wmlgf >: Eb~g` >448-,

Il Lisfenf~ 6! Wflbkb Fklb}bkf xbw h~blzfj nbma bz z`f `fb~mlh nvz `f givaj liz cmlj bl}ilf zi

cvacma z`f nbma giljmzmilw, Il Jfgfenf~ 7! `mw gbwf xbw bhbml zbkfl vt x`f~fvtil ilf ic z`fgiljmzmilw ic ^w, >6!444 xbw ~feisfj blj z`f lfpz jbzf xbw cmpfj il Eb~g` >3! >440, Il Oblvb~} :!

b t~ismlgmba givlgma efenf~ c~ie Kbatmzm}b wmhlfj ci~ `mw nbma blj `f xbw ~fafbwfj,

Bggi~jmlh zi Wflbkb Fkblb}bkf! x`maf `f xbw ml z`f tiamgf gfaa! `f isf~`fb~j z`bz Abkwèbl

^blxbab~bg`g`m! z`f IMG ic Kbatmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil! `bj z~mfj zi giaafgz mlci~ebzmil c~ie sb~mivw

wiv~gfw zi t~isf z`bz `f mw b ~fnfa! b zf~~i~mwz blj `bj wtikfl bhbmlwz z`f t~fwmjflz blj z`f jfcflgf

wfg~fzb~} ml i~jf~ zi cbn~mgbzf b gbwf bhbmlwz `me, @mw ~fabzmsfw blj c~mfljw ~fgfmsfj wfsf~ba

z`~fbzflmlh gbaaw gilgf~lmlh `me, @f cv~z`f~ wbmj z`bz vljf~ z`f giljmzmilw ic nbma `f mw ml b sf~}

jblhf~ivw wmzvbzmil nfgbvwf `f `bw zi hi ivz zi z`f Kbatmzm}b Tiamgf zi ~fti~z fsf~} abwz Wvljb} ic

z`f eilz`,

28:, Xbllbkvxbzzb Xbjvhf Z`b~bkb B~vlb W`blz`b Kveb~b! Jienbhb`b Tbz`m~bhf

Ob}babz` Kveb~b blj Nbemlm}b`bljmhf Xbwblz`b Nb~bz`m Tf~mw? Z`~ff efl smiaflza}

bwwbvazfj n} tiamgf isf~ baafhfj cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil xf `bsf ~fgfmsfj! bz b~ivlj 8te il >: Eb~g` >448! Xbllbkvxbzzb

Xbjvhf Z`b~bkb B~vlb W`blz`b Kveb~b! Jienbhb`b Tbz`m~bhf Ob}babz` Kveb~b blj

Nbemlm}b`bljmhf Xbwblz`b Nb~bz`m Tf~mw xf~f b~~fwzfj n} tiamgf iccmgf~w ic z`f Tblbjv~b Li~z`

Tiamgf wzbzmil lfb~ z`f Kfwfaxbzzf eiwrvf, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w! wief ic xìe xf~f ml vlmci~e bljiz`f~w xì xf~f ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw! jmj liz t~ijvgf bl} b~~fwz xb~~blzw i~ iz`f~ sbamj

jigveflzbzmil nfci~f z`f b~~fwz, Z`f tiamgf bawi cbmafj zi iccf~ bl} fptablbzmil bw zi x`} z`f z`~ff

xi~kf~w xf~f nfmlh b~~fwzfj, Mz `bw nffl ~fti~zfj z`bz z`f smgzmew xf~f smiaflza} `mz blj kmgkfj

bnivz z`fm~ `fbjw! cbgfw blj wziebg`w jv~mlh z`f b~~fwz,

Z`f z`~ff smgzmew xf~f z`fl zbkfl zi b offt blj n~ivh`z zi z`f Tblbjv~b Li~z` Tiamgf wzbzmil, Ilgf

bhbml z`f smgzmew xf~f n~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil n} z`f IMG T~bwblb blj bliz`f~ iccmgf~

gbaafj Abamz`, Jvf zi n~vzba bwwbvaz! ilf ic z`f smgzmew! N,X,N, Tf~mw! wvccf~fj wfsf~ba n~ikfl zffz`,

Z`f smgzmew xf~f z`fl wflz zi z`f Tblbjv~b @iwtmzba il z`f wbef jb}, @ixfsf~! ivz ic z`f z`~ff!

ila} X,X,Z,B, W`blz`b Kveb~b xbw fpbemlfj! blj z`fl z`f} xf~f bwkfj zi wmhl b nablk tbtf~, X`fl N,X, Nb~bz`m Tf~mw ~fcvwfj zi ji wi! z`f jigzi~ x~izf jixl wiefz`mlh il z`f nablk tbtf~

blj hbsf mz nbgk zi `me; ìxfsf~! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ t~fwflz meefjmbzfa} ziik z`f tbtf~ nfci~f `f

wmhlfj mz blj baafhfja} bwwbvazfj `me ml c~ilz ic z`f jigzi~, Zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w Liw, 76200 blj

37=8:- z`~fbzflfj J,T, Ob}babz` Kveb~b z`bz `f xivaj nf g`b~hfj xmz` fmz`f~ maafhba tiwwfwwmil ic

j~vhw i~ xmz` gb~~}mlh ivz nienmlhw,



>40

Bczf~ z`bz! z`f z`~ff smgzmew xf~f baa bjemzzfj zi z`f Tblbjv~b @iwtmzba blj z`fm~ `bljw xf~f gvccfj

zi z`f nfjw, Il Eb~g` >6! x`fl z`f ebhmwz~bzf fpbemlfj z`fe bz z`f ìwtmzba z`f z`~ff smgzmew ziaj

z`f ebhmwz~bzf z`bz z`f} `bj nffl zi~zv~fj, @ixfsf~! z`f ebhmwz~bzf i~jf~fj z`fe ~febljfj ml

tiamgf gvwzij} bz z`f ìwtmzba, Z`f smgzmew bawi ~fti~zfj z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f OEI x`fl z`f iccmgf~

fpbemlfj z`fe il Eb~g` >3, @ixfsf~! mz mw vlklixl x`fz`f~ fmz`f~ z`f ebhmwz~bzf i~ z`f OEI

~fgi~jfj z`f smgzme‐w wzbzfeflzw,

Il Eb~g` >3! X,X,Z,B, W`blz`b Kveb~b xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f ~feblj t~mwil ml Kbavzb~b, Z`f

iz`f~ zxi smgzmew xf~f n~ivh`z zi z`f Tblbjv~b Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z! x`mg` i~jf~fj niz` efl

~febljfj bz z`f Kbavzb~b ~feblj t~mwil abzf~ z`bz fsflmlh,

Il Eb~g` >=! z`f z`~ff smgzmew xf~f bhbml t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Tblbjv~b Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z! cbgmlh

baafhfja} cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw n} z`f tiamgf, Fbg` ic z`fe xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma ic ^w, 8644 blj wv~fz}

nbmaic ^w, 86!444,

Z`f smgzmew wflz b x~mzzfl gietabmlz bnivz z`f mlgmjflz zi sb~mivw hisf~leflzba bvzì~mzmfw!

mlgavjmlh z`f @^G! LTG! MHT! JMH ic z`f Afhba N~blg`! blj z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba, @ixfsf~! li

bgzmil `bj nffl zbkfl n} bl} ic z`fwf bvzì~mzmfw,

286, Bomz` W`blz`b Cf~lblji? Bwwbvazfj blj z`~fbzflfj il b tf~wilba ebzzf~

Il >6 Eb~g` >448 bl mlwtfgzi~ xi~kmlh bz z`f iccmgf ic z`f WWT ic Lfhieni baafhfja} bwwbvazfj

blj z`~fbzflfj b ebl z`f~fn} bnvwmlh `mw bvzì~mz}, Z`f smgzme mw ml cfb~ ci~ `mw wfgv~mz} nfgbvwf b

h~ivt ic tiamgfefl gbef zi aiik ci~ `me bczf~ `f aijhfj b gietabmlz bhbmlwz z`f gilgf~lfj

mlwtfgzi~,

Bomz` W`blz`b Cf~lblji xbw b ~fwmjflz ic Li,62)7! Blzìl}‐w îbj ml Tf~m}bevaab! Lfhieni, Bz

b~ivlj 24te il >6 Eb~g` >448! x`fl `f xbw tb~kmlh `mw z`~ff%x`ffaf~ bz Tf~m}bevaab Nvw Jftiz

Ovlgzmil! MT Gafeflz Cf~lblji x`maf xfb~mlh gmsmambl gaiz`fw tb~kfj `mw eizi~g}gaf bailhwmjf, MT

Cf~lblji! xì wefaz `fbsma} ic xmlf! bwkfj Bomz` mc `f `bj b klmcf, X`fl Bomz` blwxf~fj `f jmj liz

gb~~} bl}z`mlh amkf b klmcf! MT Cf~lblji wzb~zfj wìvzmlh blj bwwbvazmlh `me! jfebljmlh zi klix

x`} Bomz` `bj bzzfetzfj zi bwwbvaz `mw j~msf~ lbefj ^mccbw,

Bomz` xbw wf~mivwa} bwwbvazfj il `mw g`fwz! lfgk blj wziebg`, Jfwtmzf z`f cbgz z`bz Bomz` xbw

t~izfwzmlh `mw mlligflgf z`f MT gilzmlvfj zi nfbz `me, X`fl z`f bwwbvaz xbw isf~! Bomz` ziaj z`f

mlwtfgzi~ z`bz `f xivaj hi zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil zi aijhf b gietabmlz bhbmlwz `me, MT Cf~lblji z`fl

baafhfja} z`~fbzflfj Bomz` wb}mlh! ‖Fsfl zìvh` }iv hi zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! }iv gbl ji liz`mlh zi

ef, Ilgf M hmsf b gbaa zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! }iv xmaa nf b~~fwzfj,–

Bggi~jmlh zi Bomz`! cmsf jb}w fb~amf~ `f `bj bwkfj ^mccbw zi ~fzv~l ^w, 6444 x`mg` Bomz` aiblfj `me

isf~ ilf }fb~ bhi, Mlwzfbj ic tb}mlh z`f eilf}! ^mccbw meefjmbzfa} xflz zi MT Cf~lblji blj

baafhfja} bwkfj ci~ `fat ml jfbamlh xmz` z`mw t~msbzf ebzzf~, Bomz` wb}w z`bz z`mw mw z`f ~fbwil nf`mlj

`mw bwwbvaz blj mlzmemjbzmil n} z`f wbmj mlwtfgzi~,



>4=

Z`bz lmh`z! Bomz` givaj liz wafft jvf zi z`f tbml blj xflz zi Lfhieni Nbwf @iwtmzba xmz` `mw

c~mflj bz 2?26be il Eb~g` >3 zi hfz efjmgba z~fbzeflz, Il z`f xb} zi z`f ìwtmzba Bomz` xbw

wzittfj n} zxi z~bccmg tiamgf iccmgf~w, X`fl `f ziaj z`fe `f xbw il z`f xb} zi wff b jigzi~ nfgbvwf

`f `bj nffl bwwbvazfj n} b tiamgf iccmgf~! `f xbw ziaj zi hi zi b t~msbzf ìwtmzba nfgbvwf baa z`f

jigzi~w bz z`f hisf~leflz ìwtmzba xf~f sf~} nvw}, Z`f iccmgf~w bawi ziaj Bomz` zi gief zi z`f iccmgf

ic z`f WWT ziei~~ix zi effz z`fe, Z`f smgzme givaj liz `fat nvz himlh zi z`f t~msbzf ìwtmzba zinf z~fbzfj,

Il >3 Eb~g` >448! Bomz` jmj liz hi zi z`f iccmgf ic z`f WWT cfb~mlh cv~z`f~ `b~bwweflz n} z`f

tiamgf z`f~f, Mlwzfbj! `f xflz zi Tiamgf @fbjrvb~zf~w ml Giaieni zi aijhf b gietabmlz bhbmlwz z`f

wbmj mlwtfgzi~,

Z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! wfsf~ba vlmjflzmcmfj tiamgf iccmgf~w ml b gb~ gbef zi Bomz`‐w smaabhf blj aiikfj ci~

`me, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w lfmz`f~ mjflzmcmfj z`fewfasfw li~ mlci~efj z`f ~fbwil bw zi x`} z`f} xf~f

aiikmlh ci~ Bomz`, X`fl z`f iccmgf~w bwkfj bnivz Bomz`! ilf ic `mw c~mfljw timlzfj ml z`f x~ilh

jm~fgzmil! bw `f xbw gilgf~lfj bnivz Bomz`‐w wfgv~mz},

283, N, Wvemz` T~m}blz`b Cf~lblji? N~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj blj jflmfj ciij n} WMV iccmgf~

Il >3 Eb~g` >448! wfsf~ba tiamgfefl `bj b~~msfj bz z`f tabgf x`f~f N, Wvemz` T~m}blz`b Cf~lblji

xbw xi~kmlh, Z`f tiamgfefl! xì xf~f abzf~ jmwgisf~fj bw bzzbg`fj zi z`f WMV ml Kbzvkv~vljb!

Kbavzb~b tiamgf jmsmwmil! bwkfj Cf~lblji mc `mw lbef xbw ‘Eblov‐, X`fl Cf~lblji ~ftamfj z`bz `f mw

klixl bw ‘Wvjj`b‐ nvz `mw ~fba lbef mw Wvemz`! z`f tiamgf rvmgka} ziaj `me `f mw z`f tf~wil z`f} b~f

aiikmlh ci~ blj meefjmbzfa} `bljgvccfj `me,

Ilf ic z`f tiamgfefl gb~~}mlh b `bljhvl meefjmbzfa} ci~gfj Cf~lblji zixb~jw z`f eizi~g}gaf

~mgkw`bx z`f tiamgf b~f vwmlh bw wf~smgf sf`mgaf, @f xbw zbkfl zixb~jw z`f ìvwf ic Wvemz` Tf~f~b ml

Kmzvemz`vhbeb! Ebhhilb, Nvz wmlgf Tf~f~b bz z`f zmef xbw liz bz ìef! z`f} t~igffjfj zi z`f WMV

ml Kbzvkv~vljb, Cf~lblji xbw zbkfl mlwmjf b ~iie blj xbw ci~gfj zi wmz il z`f caii~ xmz` `mw

`bljgvccw il vlzma bnivz =te, X`maf ml gvwzij}! z`f tiamgf ~ftfbzfja} wìvzfj bz `me blj sf~nbaa}

bnvwfj `me xmz` civa ablhvbhf,

Bz b~ivlj =te! Lmeba Kb~vlb~bzlf! IMG ic z`f WMV! b~~msfj blj wzb~zfj rvfwzmilmlh Cf~lblji

~fhb~jmlh b z`fcz, Kb~vlb~bzlf sf~nbaa} bnvwfj `me xmz` fpz~fefa} civa ablhvbhf, @f i~jf~fj

Cf~lblji zi wzblj bhbmlwz z`f xbaa bz z`f gi~lf~ ic z`f ~iie blj wzb~zfj n~vzbaa} nfbzmlh `me xmz` b

xiijfl gavn, Z`f bwwbvaz blj rvfwzmilmlh ic Cf~lblji abwzfj ci~ baeiwz ilf ìv~, Cf~lbljiwvccf~fj wfsf~f mlov~mfw zi `mw nij} blj `bj `mw afcz ziflbma jbebhfj gbvwmlh `me vlnfb~bnaf tbml,

Nfci~f afbsmlh z`f ~iie! Kb~vlb~bzlf mlwz~vgzfj Cf~lblji zi wafft il z`f caii~, Jfwtmzf wf~mivw

mlov~mfw blj vlnfb~bnaf tbml! z`f tiamgfefl jmj liz niz`f~ hmsmlh `me efjmgba bzzflzmil! ciij i~

xbzf~,



>24

Z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! Eb~g` >8! Cf~lblji‐w cbema} b~~msfj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil zi smwmz `me nvz z`f}

xf~f liz baaixfj zi wff `me, Z`f ciij mzfew z`f} xf~f gb~~}mlh bawi lfsf~ ~fbg`fj `me, Il z`bz jb}

bawi! Cf~lblji xbw ci~gfj zi wmz il z`f caii~ xmz` `mw `bljgvccw il, Bz liil! Cf~lblji xbw zbkfl zi

b wzi~f~iie x`f~f avlg` xbw wf~sfj zi `me zxi ìv~w abzf~, X`maf fbzmlh! bazìvh` z`f tiamgf n~mfca}

~feisfj `mw `bljgvccw! z`f} kftz `mw afcz `blj `bljgvccfj zi b xmljix, Bz z`f zmef! bliz`f~ tf~wil

lbefj Beba xbw bawi zbkfl mlwmjf z`f ~iie xmz` `me, Bnivz 8te! Cf~lblji blj Beba xf~f zbkflzi Kb~vlb~bzlf‐w ~iie,

X`maf mlwmjf z`f ~iie! Cf~lblji lizmgfj wffmlh Wvemz` Tf~f~b ml bliz`f~ ~iie, Mz xbw Tf~f~b

xìe z`f tiamgf `bj fb~amf~ aiikfj ci~ bz z`f zmef ic `mw b~~fwz, Bz =te! Kb~vlb~bzlf xflz mlwmjf

z`fm~ ~iie blj ilgf bhbml wfsf~fa} nfbz Cf~lblji blj Beba wftb~bzfa},

Il Eb~g` >0! Cf~lblji xbw aigkfj mlwmjf b wzi~f~iie, Bz lmh`z! Cf~lblji xbw zbkfl mlwmjf

Kb~vlb~bzlf‐w iccmgf, @f baafhfja} wbx Kb~vlb~bzlf blj wief iz`f~ tiamgfefl `bsmlh b j~mlkmlh

wfwwmil mlwmjf, Wvjjfla}! Kb~vlb~bzlf ~fgfmsfj b zfaftìlf gbaa, Wiil bczf~ `f afcz! zfaamlh `mw

gietblmilw `f xivaj oiml z`fe abzf~, Il Eb~g` >=! x`maf mlwmjf Kb~vlb~bzlf‐w ~iie! z`f tiamgfci~gfj Cf~lblji zi ebkf b wzbzfeflz blj `bj `me tìzih~bt`fj, Bnivz 8te `f xbw zbkfl zi z`f

Tb}bhbab Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f `f xbw jfzbmlfj vlzma z`f lfpz jb}! Eb~g` 74,

Il Eb~g` 74! bz bnivz :te! Cf~lblji blj Beba xbw zbkfl zixb~jw z`f ebhmwz~bzf‐w giv~z x`f~f

z`f tiamgf baafhfja} cmafj cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me, Il Eb} 6! Cf~lblji xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma

bczf~ bttfb~mlh nfci~f z`f giv~z, Bczf~ `mw ~fafbwf! Cf~lblji‐w wmwzf~ blj n~iz`f~%ml%abx ziaj

Kb~vlb~bzlf `bj xb~lfj z`fe z`bz! ‖@ixfsf~ ailh mz zbkfw `f xmaa flwv~f `f [Cf~lbljiU mw b~~fwzfj

bhbml i~ fawf z`bz `f xmaa nf famemlbzfj–, Mz xbw `mw wmwzf~ blj n~iz`f~%ml%abxw xì bwwmwzfj `me ml

wfgv~mlh nbma ci~ `mw zfeti~b~} ~fafbwf,

Cf~lblji `bj wmlgf nffl wvccf~mlh c~ie wfsf~f tbml blj n~vmwfw bw b ~fwvaz ic n~vzba nfbzmlhwmlcamgzfj il `me, @f `bw nffl zbkmlh b}v~sfjmg ìefitbz`mg- efjmgmlf zi z~fbz `mw mlov~mfw,

Cf~lblji cmafj b gietabmlz bhbmlwz Kb~vlb~bzlf blj `mw efl nfci~f z`f MHT! LTG! @^G blj WWT

ic Kbavzb~b,

288, Eb`b @fxbhf Wvemz` Tf~f~b? Zi~zv~f n} z`f WMV! Kbavzb~b

Eb`b @fxbhf Wvemz` Tf~f~b mw b 7>%}fb~%iaj z`~ff%x`ffaf~ itf~bzi~ ~fwmjmlh bz 6>)B @flbxbzzf!

Ebhhilb, Il >3 Eb~g` >448! iccmgf~w ic z`f WMV ic Kbavzb~b Jmsmwmil gbef ml wfb~g` ic Tf~f~b!

xì xbw liz bz ìef bz z`bz zmef, Z`f tiamgf z`fl afcz b efwwbhf xmz` `mw xmcf ~frvfwzmlh `me zi hizi z`f iccmgf ic z`f WMV bz z`f Kbavzf~b Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Bz b~ivlj liil il z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! Wvemz` Tf~f~b xflz zi z`f WMV iccmgf! x`f~f `f xbw baafhfja}

`bljgvccfj blj ebjf zi wmz il z`f caii~, Bz bnivz =te z`bz fsflmlh z`f IMG ic z`f WMV! Lmeba

Kb~vlb~bzlf! gbef ml! i~jf~fj z`f smgzme zi wzblj blj rvfwzmilfj `me bnivz gf~zbml z`fczw vwmlh

civa ablhvbhf, Wvemz` Tf~f~b z`fl ~fbamwfj z`bz `f xbw nfmlh jfzbmlfj ml z`f wbmj IMG‐w ~iie,



>22

X`fl Tf~f~b ziaj z`f iccmgf~ z`bz `f klfx liz`mlh bnivz z`f z`fczw! z`f IMG ebjf `me afbl bhbmlwz

z`f xbaa blj bwwbvazfj `me xmz` b tiaf bnivz z`~ff cffz ailh, Z`f IMG nfbz z`f smgzme‐w cffz! nbgk

blj wìvajf~w ml b eiwz ml`veblf ebllf~, Bczf~ z`f n~vzba bwwbvaz! z`f IMG rvfwzmilfj z`f smgzme

bnivz z`f z`fcz gbwfw bhbml, X`fl Tf~f~b kftz mlwmwzmlh il `mw mlligflgf! z`f IMG bhbml bwwbvazfj

`me, Bggi~jmlh zi Tf~f~b! z`f IMG mlzf~~ihbzfj `me x`maf zi~zv~mlh `me vlzma 22te il z`bz lmh`z,

Z`f IMG z`fl afcz z`f iccmgf! wb}mlh z`bz ‖xf xmaa wff ml z`f ei~lmlh–,

Wvemz` Tf~f~b wbmj z`bz z`f~f xf~f z`~ff iz`f~ jfzbmlffw xì xf~f b~~fwzfj il wvwtmgmil ic nfmlh

mlsiasfjml z`f wbef z`fcz gbwf, @f wbmj z`bz baa z`~ff tf~wilw xf~f bawi zi~zv~fj, Baa civ~ ic z`fe

xf~f kftz`bljgvccfj xmz`ml z`f ~iie ic IMG Lmeba Kb~vlb~bzlf isf~lmh`z,

Il z`f ciaaixmlh ei~lmlh! z`f civ~ efl xf~f liz hmsfl bl}z`mlh zi fbz i~ j~mlk, Z`f IMG gbef zi

z`f iccmgf bz bnivz 22be blj wflz z`f z`~ff iz`f~ tf~wilw ivz ic z`f ~iie, @f z`fl mlzf~~ihbzfj

Wvemz` Tf~f~b ml b wmemab~ ebllf~ bw `f `bj jilf z`f t~fsmivw jb}, X`fl z`f smgzme mlwmwzfj `mw

mlligflgf! z`f IMG `mz `me xmz` `mw cmwz il z`f ~mh`z g`ffk blj il `mw g`fwz,

Z`f~f xf~f z`~ff iz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~w ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw t~fwflz ml z`f ~iie bz z`f zmef, Z`f IMG

baafhfja} ziaj z`f iccmgf~w z`bz mz xbw vwfafww zi `mz z`f smgzme amkf z`bz blj i~jf~fj z`fe zi n~mlh `me

b tiaf, Ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w z`fl `bljfj z`f IMG z`f wbef tiaf xmz` x`mg` Tf~f~b `bj nffl zi~zv~fj

z`f t~fsmivw jb}, Z`f IMG z`fl hiz Wvemz` Tf~f~b zi afbl bhbmlwz z`f xbaa blj bwwbvazfj `me,

Z`f IMG bawi ziik Wvemz` Tf~f~b‐w einmaf tìlf blj z`~fbzflfj `me gilzmlvivwa} wb}mlh! ‖Fsfl mc

}iv fwgbtf z`mw zmef! M xmaa liz afz }iv amsf! M xmaa tabgf b nien blj gbzg` }iv i~ M xmaa wff z`bz }iv

jmf xmz` b nien! i~ M xmaa tablz `f~iml, ]iv xmaa z`fl nf tvz zi z`f @mh` Giv~z blj z`fl }iv `bsf zi

tb} bz afbwz ^w, 6444 zi abx}f~w,–

Bczf~ z`f bwwbvaz! z`f IMG blj wief iz`f~ iccmgf~w ziik z`f smgzme mlzi b x`mzf sbl blj n~ivh`z `mezi `mw wmwzf~‐w ìvwf, Z`f sf`mgaf jmj liz wzit ~mh`z bz z`f ìvwf, Mlwzfbj mz wzittfj b`fbj blj Tf~f~b

xbw zbkfl jixl ml `bljgvccw blj ci~gfj zi xbak zi `mw wmwzf~‐w ìvwf! bttb~flza} ml i~jf~ zi

fenb~~bww `me, Bz `mw wmwzf~‐w ìvwf `f~ ZS xbw zbkfl mlzi tiamgf gvwzij},

Z`f tiamgf z`fl ziik Wvemz` Tf~f~b zi `mw ìvwf x`f~f z`f} wfb~g`fj `mw ìvwfìaj, Z`f smgzme‐w

ìvwf xmljixw xf~f liz gietafzfj blj IMG Lmeba Kb~vlb~bzlf ziik ivz ilf ic z`fe, Wvemz`

Tf~f~b‐w xmcf xbw liz bz ìef bz z`bz zmef,

Tf~f~b xbw n~ivh`z nbgk zi z`f WMV‐w Iccmgf blj bhbml rvfwzmilfj bnivz z`f baafhfj z`fcz gbwfw blj

zi~zv~fj ml z`f wbef ebllf~, Ml z`f efblzmef! z`~ff ZSw xf~f zbkfl mlzi z`f gvwzij} ic WMV c~ie

z`f b~fbw ic Nf~vxbab! Tb}bhbab blj Ebhhilb, Il z`bz lmh`z bczf~ z`f IMG afcz z`f iccmgf! z`f smgzmeblj z`~ff iz`f~w ilgf bhbml waftz mlwmjf z`f IMG‐w ~iie amkf z`f t~fsmivw jb},

Il Eb~g` >0! z`f smgzme‐w xmcf Smjblbabhf ^flvkb Wvnbw`lm gietabmlfj bnivz `f~

`vwnblj‐wvlabxcva b~~fwz! jfzflzmil blj zi~zv~f zi z`f @^G! LTG blj MHT, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f

smgzme! `mw xmcf bljb ~fabzmsf xì smwmzfj `me bz z`f WMV iccmgf wfsf~ba zmefw xmzlfwwfj z`f mlov~mfw

wvwzbmlfj n} z`f bwwbvazic IMG Lmeba Kb~vlb~bzlf,



>2>

Il z`f wbef jb}! z`f WMV iccmgf~w ziik b wzbzfeflz c~ie Tf~f~b blj z`~ff iz`f~ jfzbmlffw, Bl

iccmgf~ lbefj Wvemljb bawi ziik z`f smgzme‐w tìzih~bt`, X`fl zbkmlh z`f tìzih~bt`! z`f iccmgf~w

gisf~fj z`f smgzme‐w `bljgvccw xmz` b Z%w`m~z wi z`bz z`f} jmj liz bttfb~ ml z`f tìzih~bt`,

Tìzih~bt`w xf~f zbkfl ic Tf~f~b niz` bailf blj ml z`f gietbl} ic z`f z`~ff iz`f~ tf~wilw,

Bz b~ivlj 3?74te il z`f wbef fsflmlh! b tf~wil gbef zi effz IMG Lmeba Kb~vlb~bzlf, Bz z`bzzmef Tf~f~b blj z`f z`~ff iz`f~w xf~f w`mczfj zi b ~iie nf`mlj! x`mg` xbw cmaafj xmz` nizzafw blj

gblw ic maamgmz amrvi~ z`bz `bj nffl gilcmwgbzfj ml ~bmjw, Z`f} xf~f kftz z`f~f vlzma 0te blj zbkfl

nbgk zi z`f IMG‐w ~iie, Il z`bz iggbwmil! z`f IMG blj wief iz`f~ iccmgf~w baafhfja} gilwvefj

amrvi~ ml c~ilz ic Tf~f~b blj z`f z`~ff iz`f~w, Baa z`f civ~ xf~f z`fl wflz zi bliz`f~ ~iie blj xf~f

liz zi~zv~fj il z`bz lmh`z, Z`f iccmgf~w j~blk blj afcz z`f iccmgf, Z`bz lmh`z zii z`f smgzme blj z`f

z`~ff iz`f~w waftz x`maf nfmlh `bljgvccfj amkf il z`f t~fsmivw lmh`zw,

Il Eb~g` >=! IMG Lmeba Kb~vlb~bzlf b~~msfj bz z`f WMV Iccmgf bnivz 24?74be, @f jmj liz `b~bww

Wvemz` Tf~f~b il z`bz jb} nvz jfzbmlfj `me ml z`f ~iie x`f~f z`f maamgmz amrvi~ xbw kftz, Bz bnivz

0te il z`f wbef jb}! Wvemz` Tf~f~b blj z`f z`~ff iz`f~w xf~f zbkfl mlzi z`f wbef x`mzf sbl blj`bljfj isf~ zi z`f Tb}bhbab tiamgf, Cmlbaa} z`fm~ `bljgvccw xf~f ~feisfj blj z`f} xf~f tvz mlzi z`f

tiamgf aigk%vt,

Baa z`f civ~ xf~f z`fl jfzbmlfj bz z`f Tb}bhbab Tiamgf wzbzmil vlzma b~ivlj 7te il Eb~g` 74 x`fl

z`f} xf~f t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z ic Kbavzb~b il baafhfj cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw blj wflz

zi b ~feblj t~mwil vlzma Bt~ma 6, Jvf zi z`f n~vzba zi~zv~f! Tf~f~b xbw ml b tii~ giljmzmil blj `f

~fti~zfj z`mw zi z`f iccmgmbaw ic z`f ~feblj t~mwil, @ixfsf~! z`f} jmj liz b~~blhf bl} efjmgba

bzzflzmil ci~ `me,

Il Bt~ma 6! Wvemz` Tf~f~b xbw bhbml t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z ic Kbavzb~b blj

~fafbwfj il b nbma ic ^w, 6444 blj il b wv~fz} nbma ic ^w, 264!444, Bczf~ `mw ~fafbwf! z`f smgzme aijhfjb x~mzzfl gietabmlz zi z`f @^G! LTG! MHT blj WWT ic Kbavzb~b jmsmwmil,

280, E, Aba Cf~lblji? Wfsf~f zi~zv~f n} z`f Lfhieni Tiamgf il z`f mljvgfeflz ic b z`m~j

tb~z}

Il 3 Bt~ma >448 bz bnivz 8?:6te nfzxffl 26 blj 20 b~efj tiamgfefl ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw ml z`~ff

tiamgf sf`mgafw smwmzfj b ìvwf ml Kvjbtbjvxb! Lfhieni x`f~f E, Aba Cf~lblji xbw ~fwmjmlh bz

z`f zmef, Wfsf~ba ic z`fe n~ikf mlzi z`f ìvwf z`~ivh` z`f nbgk jii~, Cf~lblji `fb~j z`f

gieeizmil blj gbef ivzwmjf, Zxi ic z`f tiamgfefl tivlgfj il `me wìvzmlh ‖}iv b~f iv~ ebl–blj hbsf Cf~lblji zxi `b~j wabtw il `mw cbgf,

Cf~lblji ~fgihlmwfj z`~ff tiamgfefl bw Cf~lblji! Nbljb~b blj T~m}blbz` blj bwkfj z`fe x`} z`f}

`bj n~ikfl mlzi z`f ìvwf blj bwwbvazfj `me, Z`f tiamgfefl ~ftamfj! ‖@ix jb~f }iv wtmz il Nbjb

nmh%zvee}- Lmeba–9 Nbjb Lmeba xbw b t~iemlflz nvwmlfwwebl ic z`f b~fb mlsiasfj ml z`f cmw`f~mfw



>27

mljvwz~}, Cf~lblji jflmfj wtmzzmlh bz Lmeba blj mlwmwzfj z`bz `f ila} `bj bl b~hveflz xmz` `me,

Lilfz`fafww z`f tiamgfefl `bljgvccfj `me blj j~bhhfj `me ivzwmjf z`f ìvwf,

Ivzwmjf! Cf~lblji wb}w `f wbx fmh`z tiamgfefl lfb~n} blj wfsfl ei~f cv~z`f~ jixl z`f ~ibj, Z`f

tiamgfefl gilzmlvfj zi j~bh Cf~lblji vt zi z`f Kvjbtbjvxb G`v~g` blj wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj `me,

Z`f Lfhieni Tiamgf IMG bawi b~~msfj bz z`f wgflf blj wz~mkmlh `me rvf~mfj wlff~mlha}! ‖@ix jb~f}iv wtmz il z`f cbgf ic Nbjb Lmeba9– X`fl Cf~lblji gilzmlvivwa} jflmfj jimlh wi `f wb}w z`f

tiamgfefl zì~ivhà} bwwbvazfj `me ci~ bnivz 26 emlvzfw,

Bz z`f zmef! Cf~lblji‐w xmcf gbef ivzwmjf z`f ìvwf xmz` b tbm~ ic z~ivwf~w blj bwkfj z`f tiamgfefl

zi hmsf `f~ `vwnblj ~iie zi bz afbwz xfb~ z`fe! bw `f `bj nffl xfb~mlh ila} b zixfa bz z`f zmef, Nvz

mlwzfbj! z`f tiamgf tvaafj `f~ n} z`f `bm~! sf~nbaa} bnvwfj `f~ ml civa ablhvbhf blj g`bwfj `f~ bxb},

Z`fl z`f zixfa%gabj blj mlov~fj Cf~lblji xbw wìsfj mlzi blj zbkfl bxb} ml b tiamgf offt, Z`f

tiamgfefl gilzmlvfj zi tveefa `me mlwmjf z`f sf`mgaf,

Z`f} ziik `me zi z`f Kbebg`gìjf Ovlgzmil ml Lfhieni blj tvw`fj `me ivzwmjf z`f sf`mgaf,

Cf~lblji wb}w z`bz bw `f cfaa zi z`f h~ivlj z`f zixfa b~ivlj `me xbw z`~ixl bxb} blj `f xbw

~fljf~fj gietafzfa} lbkfj, X`fl b n}wzbljf~ bzzfetzfj zi `fat `me xfb~ z`f zixfa! `f zii xbw

bwwbvazfj blj wgiajfj ml civa ablhvbhf n} z`f IMG, Z`f tiamgfefl z`fl ~ftfbzfj z`fm~ bwwbvaz il

Cf~lblji jfwtmzf z`f cbgz `f xbw a}mlh il z`f h~ivlj mlov~fj,

Z`f IMG z`fl mlwz~vgzfj wiefilf zi cfzg` Nbjb Lmeba, Bczf~ bnivz 26 emlvzfw x`fl Nbjb Lmeba

gbef! z`f tiamgfefl j~bhhfj Cf~lblji zi `me blj ci~gfj Cf~lblji zi klffa nfci~f `me blj wffk

`mw ci~hmsflfww, Zxi tiamgfefl! Abkwèbl blj Cf~lblji z~betafj `mw `fbj xmz` z`fm~ niizw, Z`fl

z`f IMG ziaj Nbjb Lmeba zi wtmz il Cf~lblji! bz x`mg` Nbjb Lmeba wtbz il z`f h~ivlj lfb~n},

Z`f~fbczf~ z`f IMG tvaafj Cf~lblji zi `mw cffz blj smgmivwa} tvlg`fj `mw wziebg`, Z`fl z`f IMG

wtbz il `mw cbgf,

Z`f tiamgf tvz Cf~lblji mlzi z`f offt blj ziik `me zi z`f Lfhieni Tiamgf wzbzmil, Cf~lblji

baafhfw z`bz fsfl bz z`f wzbzmil hbzf! z`f IMG ~ftfbzfja} bwwbvazfj blj wtbz il `me, Z`fl! wief iz`f~

tiamgfefl xf~f mlwz~vgzfj zi ‘aigk `me vt‐, Tiamgfefl Nbljb~b blj Cf~lblji bwkfj x`bz gbwf zi

g`b~hf Cf~lblji xmz` bz x`mg` z`f IMG ~ftamfj ‖afz vw tvz b ~innf~} gbwf il `me blj wflj `me ml

ci~ b cfx }fb~w–, Bggi~jmlha}! Cf~lblji xbw aigkfj vt ml b ìajmlh gfaa vlzma =?74be z`f lfpz jb},

Z`f lfpz jb} bz bnivz 22?74be `f xbw zbkfl nfci~f b OEI bz z`f Lfhieni @iwtmzba, @ixfsf~!

nfci~f afbsmlh! z`f tiamgf xb~lfj `me z`bz mc `f ziaj z`f OEI `f xbw bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf! z`f}

xivaj cbawfa} metamgbzf `me ml b gbwf blj wflj `me zi obma ci~ 7%: }fb~w, Cf~lblji bawi wb}w z`f

tiamgfefl nibwzfj z`bz z`f} `bj z`f amgflgf zi ji x`bzfsf~ z`f} xblzfj;

z`f} jfgmjfj x`bz zi x~mzf blj x`bz gbwfw zi gilwz~vgz, Bz z`f ìwtmzba! z`f OEI fpbemlmlh `me wbx

z`f mlov~mfw il `mw cbgf blj bwkfj `me x`fz`f~ `f `bj nffl bwwbvazfj, Nvz nfgbvwf zxi tiamgfefl

xf~f n} `mw wmjf! Cf~lblji ~febmlfj wmaflz, @f xbw zbkfl nbgk zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f `f wb}w

z`f IMG mljmgbzfj zi b givtaf ic webaa nienw blj bl iaj ~fsiasf~ blj wbmj! ‖Xf `bj ba~fbj}

t~ftb~fj z`f hiijw zi metamgbzf }iv xmz` nvz wmlgf }iv ~febmlfj wmaflz xf xmaa liz ji wi,– Cf~lblji



>2:

xbw z`fl i~jf~fj zi wmhl b wzbzfeflz t~ftb~fj n} z`f tiamgf, Bczf~ ~fbjmlh mzw gilzflzw! Cf~lblji

~fcvwfj zi wmhl! wb}mlh z`bz `f xbw liz mlsiasfj ml z`f mlgmjflzw eflzmilfj z`f~fml, Nvz tiamgfefl

Tm}b~bzlf blj Cf~lblji z`~fbzflfj `me z`bz lfpz `f xivaj nf `vlh blj zi~zv~fj vlafww `f wmhlfj

meefjmbzfa}, Ivz ic cfb~! Cf~lblji wb}w `f `bj amzzaf gìmgf nvz zi wmhl z`f jigveflz,

Bnivz >?74te! z`f tiamgf ziik Cf~lblji zi z`f ebhmwz~bzf‐w iccmgmba ~fwmjflgf blj inzbmlfj bl i~jf~zi ~feblj `me ci~ z`~ff jb}w; ìxfsf~! ci~zvlbzfa} ci~ Cf~lblji! ~feblj iccmgmbaw lizmgfj `mw

mlov~mfw blj xb~jfj `me bz z`f ~feblj ìwtmzba, Il = Bt~ma >448 `f xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma, @ixfsf~!

zxi jb}w abzf~! Bt~ma 22! Cf~lblji `bj wvccf~fj c~ie liwfnaffjw blj wfsf~f nij} tbml, @f `bj zi nf

bjemzzfj ci~ bnivz z`~ff jb}w bz z`f Lfhieni @iwtmzba,

Cf~lblji gietabmlfj zi z`f MHT! JHT Li~z` Xfwzf~l T~ismlgf-! @^G! LTG! z`f Bzzi~lf}

Hflf~ba blj g`mfc ovwzmgf bnivz z`f wfsf~f zi~zv~f! jfh~bjmlh z~fbzeflz! blj maafhba b~~fwz blj

jfzflzmil `f wvccf~fj bz z`f `bljw ic z`f Lfhieni tiamgf,

28=, Babhbttfl T~bnv? Nfbzfl vt bczf~ wil kligkfj jixl n} eizi~nmkf

Bz 3?74 te! il 28 Bt~ma >448! 7%}fb~%iaj Bkbw` xbw kligkfj jixl n} b eizi~g}gaf ml

Lbzzb~bltiz`b îbj! Kvljbwbaf! Kblj}, Z`f cbema} ic Bkbw` wgiajfj z`f eizi~g}gamwz ci~ `mw

gb~fafwwlfww! x`mg` ~fwvazfj ml z`f webaa g`maj‐w mlov~}, Wief zmef abzf~ il z`f wbef jb}! >4%>6 efl

gbef zi z`f cbema}‐w ìvwf blj wzb~zfj nfbzmlh vt z`f cbema} efenf~w blj jbebhmlh z`fm~ ìvwf,

Tiamgf iccmgf~w xì ~fgfmsfj b gbaa c~ie Bkbw`‐w cbz`f~! Babhbttfl T~bnv wì~za} bczf~ `f klfx

bnivz z`f bwwbvaz ic z`f cbema} n} z`f hblh efl! bawi nfbz z`f smgzmew xmzìvz bwkmlh x`bz `bttflfj

vtil b~~msmlh bz z`f wgflf il z`f wbef jb}, Mz wffew z`bz z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w `bj hiij ~fabzmilw

xmz` z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ic z`f Nbabhiaab Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Webaa Bkbw` xbw zbkfl zi z`f Kblj} Hflf~ba @iwtmzba blj xb~jfj z`f~f ci~ z`~ff jb}w, Z`bz wbef

fsflmlh! Bkbw`‐w vlgaf Eb`flj~bl Wbljblbe blj h~bljcbz`f~ K, Wfaamb` xflz zi z`f Nbabhiaab

Tiamgf wzbzmil zi ebkf b gietabmlz; ìxfsf~! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bhbml bwwbvazfj z`fe niz` sf~nbaa}

blj t`}wmgbaa} blj jfzbmlfj z`fe mlwzfbj ic ~fhmwzf~mlh z`f gbwf blj x~mzmlh jixl z`f smgzme‐w

wzbzfeflz,

Z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w xf~f t~izfgzfj n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w! x`maf z`f ~fba smgzmew xf~f g`b~hfj

xmz` bl vlklixl ~fbwil, Bkbw`‐w vlgaf! Eb`flj~bl Wbljblbe! blj h~bljcbz`f~! K, Wfaamb`! xf~f

jfzbmlfj ml z`f Nbabhiaab Tiamgf wzbzmil vlzma z`f} xf~f t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Kblj} ebhmwz~bzf il Bt~ma 20, Xmzìvz bl} fptamgmz mlrvm~} i~ t~itf~ bgzmil il z`f tb~z ic z`f ebhmwz~bzf! Bkbw`‐w vlgaf

blj h~bljcbz`f~ xf~f ~febljfj mlzi tiamgf gvwzij} ci~ z`~ff ei~f jb}w,

Z`f smgzme‐w cbema} ebjf b gietabmlz zi z`f BWT bnivz z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ic z`f Nbabhiaab Tiamgf

wzbzmil blj ~faigbzfj ml i~jf~ zi fwgbtf gilzmlvfj bwwbvaz blj `b~bwweflz,



>26

204, W, Kmlwaf} jf Wmasb? N~vzba zi~zv~f n} emamzb~} iccmgf~w

Il 24 Eb} >448 bz bnivz 3te! z`~ff emamzb~} efl ml vlmci~e zihfz`f~ xmz` bliz`f~ xfb~mlh gmsmambl

gaiz`fw b~~msfj bz z`f ìef ic W, Kmlwaf} jf Wmasb, Z`f emamzb~} efl! ~mjmlh ml b navf sbl nfb~mlh

emamzb~} amgflwf tabzf Li, >0%>24! flzf~fj Jf Wmasb‐w ìvwf x`maf `f blj `mw cbema} xf~f bwafft, Zxi

ic z`fe flzf~fj n} z`f c~ilz x`maf zxi iz`f~w flzf~fj n} z`f nbgk, Z`f} xf~f bnaf zi ji wi jvf ziz`f cbgz z`bz Jf Wmasb‐w ìvwf xbw vlcmlmw`fj blj z`f jii~w blj xmljixw `bj liz }fz nffl mlwzbaafj,

Z`f tf~wil xfb~mlh gmsmambl gaiz`fw blj b gietblmil flzf~fj Jf Wmasb‐w nfj~iie, Z`mw tf~wil

timlzfj b Z%63 ebg`mlf hvl bz Jf Wmasb‐w g`fwz blj xb~lfj `me liz zi wzblj vt, Wiil bczf~! `f

wzb~zfj n~vzbaa} nfbzmlh Jf Wmasb! vwmlh `mw hvl! nfci~f hmsmlh mz zi bliz`f~ wiajmf~, Z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w

ci~gmna} j~bhhfj Jf Wmasb n} `mw `bm~ blj b~e, X`maf Jf Wmasb wz~vhhafj `mw wb~ilh cfaa blj `f xbw

j~bhhfj lbkfj mlzi z`f `baa x`f~f zxi iz`f~ emamzb~} efl! bawi gb~~}mlh hvlw! aiikfj il,

Bz z`f `baa b~fb! baa z`f civ~ wiajmf~w wzb~zfj n~vzbaa} nfbzmlh Jf Wmasb xmz` z`fm~ cmwzw! niizw blj hvlw

ilf bczf~ z`f iz`f~, X`fl Jf Wmasb cfaa zi z`f h~ivlj z`f tf~wil ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw h~bnnfj `mw lfgk

blj wz~blhafj `me ci~ cfx emlvzfw, Jf Wmasb tafbjfj xmz` z`fe zi wzit nvz z`f} mhli~fj `mw tafb,

Z`f iz`f~ iggvtblzw mlwmjf z`f ìvwf amkfxmwf z~mfj zi wzit z`fe c~ie bwwbvazmlh Jf Wmasb! nvz z`f}

z`~fbzflfj z`fe liz zi mlzf~sflf iz`f~xmwf z`f} xivaj nf bwwbvazfj zii, X`fl Jf Wmasb‐w

lfmh`niv~w wzb~zfj hbz`f~mlh ivzwmjf z`fm~ ìvwf bczf~ z`f} `fb~j gieeizmil! z`f emamzb~} mlwzfbj

ziaj z`fe zi ‘zi emlj }iv~ [z`fm~U ixl nvwmlfww‐,

Ila} x`fl Jf Wmasb‐w mlov~mfw blj f}fw wzb~zfj zi naffj z`f emamzb~} iccmgf~ wzittfj bwwbvazmlh `me,

@bj Jf Wmasb‐w xmcf liz nffl bnaf zi tvz il `mw wb~ilh blj b w`m~z! z`f emamzb~} xivaj `bsf j~bhhfj

`me lbkfj ivzwmjf z`fm~ ìvwf zixb~jw z`fm~ sf`mgaf, Jf Wmasb xbw zbkfl zi b lfb~n} Hb~jflmb

Smaabhf! x`f~f z`f tf~wil ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw xbw ~fwmjmlh, Z`f} itflfj b ~iie wìxmlh `me b hvl

blj iz`f~ mzfew zi mlzmemjbzf `me,

Abzf~ z`f emamzb~} efl ziik Jf Wmasb zixb~jw z`f Xbjjvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil, X`fl z`f} b~~msfj! Jf

Wmasb xbw wv~~ivljfj n} z`~ff ic z`f emamzb~} efl x`maf z`f tf~wil ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw xflz mlwmjf zi

effz z`f IMG, Z`f IMG wvnwfrvflza} `bj Jf Wmasb jfzbmlfj mlwmjf z`f jfzflzmil gfaaw, X`maf ml

jfzflzmil ci~ bnivz cmsf zi wmp ìv~w! z`f tiamgf jmj liz t~ismjf `me efjmgba bzzflzmil fsfl zìvh`

`mw cbgf blj mlov~mfw xf~f naffjmlh, Jf Wmasb xbw abzf~ zbkfl zi z`f IMG‐w iccmgf x`f~f wfsf~ba

emamzb~} iccmgf~w blj b xiebl xf~f xbmzmlh, Z`f emamzb~} iccmgf~w xf~f wffl zbakmlh zi z`mw vllbefj

xiebl,

Ilf ic z`f emamzb~} iccmgmbaw mlz~ijvgfj `mewfac zi Jf Wmasb bw z`f Gieebljmlh Iccmgf~ GI- ml

g`b~hf ic z`f b~fb x`f~f z`f mlgmjflz ziik tabgf, @f bawi gabmefj zi `bsf ov~mwjmgzmil isf~ z`f civ~

emamzb~} efl mlsiasfj, Z`f wbmj iccmgf~ z`~fbzflfj Jf Wmasb z`bz `f givaj ji bl}z`mlh zi `me, @f

bawi bwkfj Jf Wmasb x`fz`f~ i~ liz `f xbw xmaamlh zi flzf~ mlzi b wfzzafeflz i~ cmaf g`b~hfw bhbmlwz

z`f emamzb~} efl ml giv~z, Jf Wmasb ~febmlfj wmaflz, Bz z`mw zmef! z`f IMG rvmgka} wbmj z`bz `f `bj

liz`mlh zi ji xmz` Jf Wmasb‐w b~~fwz blj bjsmwfj Jf Wmasb zi wffk z~fbzeflz bz z`f ìwtmzba, Z`f IMG

bawi ziaj `me `f xivaj ~fcf~ z`f ebzzf~ ~fhb~jmlh z`f bwwbvaz zi z`f Gilgmambzmil Nib~j,



>23

Mz xbw ila} z`mw zmef x`f~f z`f tiamgf wzb~zfj ~fgi~jmlh Jf Wmasb‐w wzbzfeflz, Z`f IMG! ìxfsf~! jmj

liz baaix Jf Wmasb zi ~fbj x`bz z`f tiamgf `bj x~mzzfl li~ fptabmlfj zi `me mzw gilzflz, @f xbw

wmeta} ziaj zi wmhl mz blj hmsfl b Efjmgi%Afhba Fpbemlbzmil Ci~e, Jf Wmasb z`fl xflz zi z`f

Tblbjv~b @iwtmzba xmz` `mw cbema},

Bz z`f ìwtmzba! Jf Wmasb ~fti~zfj z`f zi~zv~f, Wfsf~ba wzmzg`fw `bj zi nf mlwf~zfj vljf~ `mw f}f blj`f `bj zi nf gilcmlfj bz z`f ìwtmzba, Il Eb} 2:! b OEI fpbemlfj `me, @f xbw mlwz~vgzfj zi smwmz

z`f ìwtmzba z`~ff jb}w abzf~ ci~ ciaaix%vt efjmgbzmil, X`maf ml ìwtmzba! Jf Wmasb‐w `mw xmcf!

Tvw`tbabz`b! bawi aijhfj b gietabmlz bz z`f Xbjjvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Wftb~bzf gietabmlzw xf~f cmafj

nfci~f z`f B~e} Gieebljf~! @^G! LTG! MHT! WWT ml Kbavzb~b blj iz`f~ bvzì~mzmfw, Jf Wmasb `bj

li g`b~hfw cmafj bhbmlwz `me zi xb~~blz `mw b~~fwz blj wvnwfrvflz jfzflzmil, Z`f smgzme nfamfsfw z`bz

bl b~hveflz `f `bj xmz` b emamzb~} ebl ilf jb} nfci~f z`f b~~fwz givaj `bsf nffl z`f ~fbwil ci~ mz,

202, N,H, T~febwm~m? Bzzfetzfj timwilmlh n} t~mwil iccmgf~ ml Kblj}

N,H, T~febwm~m wv~~fljf~fj `mewfac zi z`f Jmsmwmilba Tiamgf Iccmgf ml Bwhm~m}b! Kblj} fwgi~zfj n} b

t~mfwz il 20 Eb} >448 bw tiamgf bggvwfj `me ic nfmlh mlsiasfj ml b ev~jf~ gbwf, Bczf~ `f

wv~~fljf~fj! `f xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f ebhmwz~bzf‐w giv~z blj ~febljfj bz z`f Nihbenb~b t~mwil,

Wmlgf mz xbw ~fti~zfj z`bz z`f~f xf~f bzzfetzw zi timwil `me ml z`f t~mwil! `f xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi

^bob Sffjm}b t~mwil ml Kblj} abzf~ ml >448,

Ml ^bob Sffjm}b t~mwil! Xmofwmlh`f! b t~mwil iccmgf~! ziik `me zi b ~iie blj wabttfj blj bwwbvazfj

`me il z`f t~fzfpz ic rvfwzmilmlh `me il Lisfenf~ 28, Il bliz`f~ iggbwmil! x`fl T~febwm~m

~fzv~lfj c~ie b giv~z bz b~ivlj 7te il >0 Oblvb~} >440! z`f iccmgf~ bhbml gbaafj `me blj ci~gfj

`me zi cbgf z`f xbaa ic b ~iie blj bwwbvazfj `me zmaa `f nafj c~ie `mw eivz` blj liwf,

B lil%hisf~leflzba i~hblmbzmil! z`f Kblj} @vebl ^mh`zw Iccmgf! x~izf zi z`f t~mwil

gieemwwmilf~ ~fhb~jmlh z`mw mlgmjflz il Cfn~vb~} 2= bczf~ nfmlh mlci~efj n} T~febwm~m‐w xmcf,

@ixfsf~! li mlsfwzmhbzmil `bj nffl giljvgzfj,

20>, Hlblbt~bhbwbe Nflfjmgz ̂ iwf~}? Ev~jf~fj n} tiamgf

Ml bliz`f~ gbwf! Hlblbt~bhbwbe Nflfjmgz îwf~}! b >6%}fb~%iaj z`~ff%x`ffaf~ j~msf~ amsmlh bz Vjb

Tf~bjflm}b! Kblj}! xbw n~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj n} z`f Tf~bjflm}b Tiamgf, Il z`f fsflmlh ic >4 Eb} >448!

ilf z`~ff%x`ffaf~ j~msf~ lbefj Nillmcbgf bwkfj `me zi hi ci~ b nbz` zihfz`f~ xmz` bliz`f~ ebl

lbefj Wv~fw`, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme! Nilmcbgf blj Wv~fw` bggietblmfj `me zi `mw ìvwf bczf~

z`f nbz` blj `f wbmj hiijn}f zi z`fe,

Il z`f ciaaixmlh ei~lmlh Eb} >2-! Nflfjmgz gbef zi klix z`bz Wv~fw` `bj nffl ev~jf~fj, @f

wb}w z`bz wz~blhfa}! il z`bz ei~lmlh Nilmcbgf wflz `me Wv~fw`‐w xbaafz! x`mg` `f ~fcvwfj zi ~fgfmsf,

Nflfjmgz z`fl xflz zi z`f Tf~bjflm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil zi mlci~e z`fe ic z`f mlgmjflzw ic z`f t~fsmivw



>28

jb} blj z`f ei~lmlh, @ixfsf~! z`f tiamgf meefjmbzfa} ziik `me mlzi z`fm~ gvwzij} mlwzfbj, Nflfjmgz

xbw baafhfja} n~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj blj ci~gfj zi gilcfww zi ev~jf~mlh Wv~fw`, Efblx`maf! Nilmcbgf xbw

bawi ~fti~zfja} b~~fwzfj il b g`b~hf ic ev~jf~,

Il Eb} >>! z`f @^G @izamlf ml Kblj} xbw mlci~efj ic z`f gbwf blj bwkfj zi mlzf~sflf zi wzit z`f

il%himlh zi~zv~f ic Nflfjmgz, @f xbw ila} t~ijvgfj nfci~f giv~z il Eb} >7! ml smiabzmil ic z`f abx, Z`f giv~z z`fl i~jf~fj `me zi nf ~febljfj vlzma Ovlf :, @f xbw cv~z`f~ ~febljfj il Ovlf :,

Nflfjmgz‐w eiz`f~ B~vaeb~} eisfj zi `f~ wmwzf~‐w ìvwf bz Effkblvxb Betmzm}b! cfb~mlh tiwwmnaf

mlzmemjbzmil blj `b~bwweflz n} z`f tiamgf, W`f mlwmwzw vtil z`f mlligflgf ic `f~ wil blj nfamfsfw

z`bz z`f tiamgf metamgbzfj Nflfjmgz mlzi Wv~fw`‐w ev~jf~ gbwf xmzìvz gilg~fzf fsmjflgf ml i~jf~ zi

gilgavjf z`f gbwf rvmgka},

207, ^vxblz`b G`~mw`blz`b Jmbw? Baafhfj maafhba jfzflzmil blj zi~zv~f

^vxblz`b G`~mw`blz`b Jmbw! b 28%}fb~%iaj ni} ~fwmjmlh bz 2>>! Zfkkbxbzzf! Sbsvlm}b! xbw baafhfja}

tmgkfj vt n} z`f WMV ic z`f Sbsvlm}b Tiamgf il >> Eb} >448! x`fl `f xbw himlh zi b zbmai~, Ilf ic

z`f iccmgf~w xì maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj `me xbw mjflzmcmfj bw Kb~vlb~bz`lf, Z`f tiamgf jmj liz t~ijvgf

bl} b~~fwz xb~~blz i~ iz`f~ sbamj jigveflzw ci~ `mw b~~fwz,

@f xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Sbsvlm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f `f xbw n~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj, Z`f tiamgf

~feisfj `mw gaiz`fw blj zi~zv~fj `me! x`maf ci~gmlh `me zi bggftz z`f g`b~hf ic tiwwfwwmlh cmsf

nvaafzw, @ixfsf~! ^vxblz`b jflmfj z`f bggvwbzmil, ^vxblz`b xbw ila} t~ijvgfj zi z`f giv~z xmz`

cbawf g`b~hfw ic tiwwfwwmlh cmsf nvaafzw il Ovlf 8! 23 jb}w bczf~ `mw maafhba b~~fwz blj jfzflzmil, @f

xbw z`fl ~febljfj,

Efblx`maf! ^vxblz`b‐w tb~flzw aijhfj b gietabmlz zi z`f @^G iccmgf ml Sbsvlm}b, Z`f tb~flzw

g`baaflhfj z`f tiamgf gabme bhbmlwz z`fm~ wil blj nfamfsfj z`bz z`f tiamgf emwzbkfla} b~~fwzfj blj

z`fl zi~zv~fj ^vxblz`b blj z`fl c~befj z`f cbawf g`b~hf bhbmlwz `me zi gisf~ vt z`f mlgmjflz,

20:, Z`bab`mzm}b Hbeb~bababhf G`bemljb Xff~bxb~jflf? Baafhfj zi~zv~f blj cbn~mgbzmil ic

g`b~hfw n} z`f Kbzbjflm}bxb tiamgf

Z`bab`mzm}b Hbeb~bababhf G`bemljb Xff~bxb~jflf xbw ~fwmjmlh bz Bkkb~b Lmlf Xbz`z`f ic

Vaabtiab! Jmsvabtmzm}b! Lfhieni jmwz~mgz! Lfhieni jmsmwmil x`fl il >> Eb} >448 `f xflz zi

^bhbeb Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba zi wff `mw xmcf, @f ~fzv~lfj ìef bz b~ivlj :te, X`fl `f xbw `bsmlh b

efba zxi tiamgfefl ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw flzf~fj z`f ìvwf blj btt~f`fljfj `me blj `mw cbz`f~

Z`bab`mzm}b Hbeb~bababhf Xff~bxb~jflf, Jfwtmzf ~ftfbzfj ~frvfwzw! z`f zxi efl ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw

jmj liz ~fsfba z`fm~ mjflzmzmfw,

Z`fl Z,H, G`bemljb Xff~bxb~jflf meefjmbzfa} xflz zi z`f Jmsvabtmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil blj

~fti~zfj z`f maafhba flz~} mlzi `mw ìvwf ic zxi vlmjflzmcmfj efl, X`fl `f gbef nbgk zi ìef bailh

xmz` z`f iccmgf~w ic z`f Jmsvabtmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil! mz xbw afb~lfj z`bz z`f zxi efl ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw



>20

xf~f iccmgf~w ic z`f Kbzbjflm}bxb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f zxi Kbzbjflm}bxb Tiamgf iccmgf~w z`fl afcz,

Wvnwfrvflza}! z`f cbz`f~ blj z`f wil ebjf mljmsmjvba flz~mfw bz z`f Jmsvabtmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil

~fhb~jmlh z`mw mlgmjflz,

Bz b~ivlj 8?74te il > Ovlf >448! iccmgf~w c~ie z`f Kizbjflm}bxb Tiamgf wzbzmil b~~fwzfj Z,H,

G`bemljb Xff~bxb~jflf x`fl `f xbw xbmzmlh ci~ `mw eiz`f~! xì xflz zi z`f Nvjj`mwz zfetaf bzz`f Benbhb`bevab @b~jxb~f Wzi~fw ml Vaabtiab smaabhf, Z`f tiamgf lfmz`f~ ziaj z`f smgzme z`f

~fbwil ci~ `mw b~~fwz li~ t~fwflzfj bl b~~fwz xb~~blz, Wiil bczf~ b~~fwzmlh z`f smgzme! z`f tiamgf

iccmgf~w baafhfja} bwwbvazfj `me ml b wfsf~f ebllf~, Z`f smgzme xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f ^v~ba @iwtmzba

bz @i~bhbwevaab ci~ b efjmgba g`fgk%vt, Z,H, G`bemljb Xff~bxb~jflf wbmj z`bz z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w

z`~fbzflfj `me zi amf zi z`f bzzfljmlh jigzi~ z`bz `f hiz mlov~fw n} cbaamlh c~ie b nmg}gaf, Jvf zi

cfb~! `f ebjf b cbawf wzbzfeflz zi z`f jigzi~, Bczf~ z`bz `f xbw zbkfl zi z`f Kizbjflm}bxb Tiamgf

wzbzmil, Il z`f xb}! `f xbw bhbml n~vzbaa} nfbzfl n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w blj x`maf ml z`f Tiamgf

wzbzmil `f xbw bawi zi~zv~fj,

Il z`f ciaaixmlh jb} Ovlf 7-! Z,H, G`bemljb Xff~bxb~jflf xbw ~fafbwfj il tiamgf nbma, @f z`flhiz bjemwwmil bz z`f ^v~ba @iwtmzba bz @i~bhbwevaab ci~ z~fbzeflz ci~ z`f mlov~mfw wvwzbmlfj c~ie

zi~zv~f, @ixfsf~! z`f Kizbjflm}bxb tiamgf smwmzfj z`f smgzme bz z`f ìwtmzba blj baafhfja} z`~fbzflfj

`me xmz` jfbz`, Jvf zi z`f z`~fbzw n} z`f tiamgf `f `bj zi jmwg`b~hf `mewfac c~ie z`f ìwtmzba blj

xflz zi z`f Lfhieni Jmwz~mgz @iwtmzba! x`f~f `f xbw bjemzzfj,

Efblx`maf! z`f tiamgf tiwz ml z`f Lfhieni Jmwz~mgz @iwtmzba jmj liz ~fgi~j bl} wzbzfeflz c~ie z`f

smgzme vlzma Ovlf 3, X`fl bl bgzmsmwz mlrvm~fj bnivz z`mw ebzzf~ n} tìlf! z`f} baafhfja} ~fcvwfj zi

ji wi, Z`f smgzme wb}w z`bz z`f tiamgf tiwz bz z`f ìwtmzba ziik jixl `mw lbef nfzxffl : zi 6te il

Ovlf 3 nvz jmj liz ~fgi~j `mw wzbzfeflz ~fabzmlh zi zi~zv~f, Mz mw bawi baafhfj z`bz z`f OEI jfab}fj

fpbemlmlhz`f smgzme vlzma Ovlf 8, Z`f OEI fpbemlfj z`f smgzme bz b~ivlj 22be il Ovlf 8 blj

~fgi~jfj z`fsmgzme‐w wzbzfeflz ~fhb~jmlh `mw zi~zv~f n} z`f tiamgf,

Z`f Kizbjflm}bxb Tiamgf cmafj bl baafhfja} cbawf gbwf ic wfaamlh maamgmz amrvi~ bhbmlwz z`f smgzme,

206, E,B,K, Xmgk~bebwmlh`f? Wbsbhf bwwbvaz ic b cbz`f~ ic cmsf

Bz b~ivlj 8?74te il >0 Eb} >448 :7%}fb~%iaj E,B,K, Xmgk~bebwmlh`f xbw ~fzv~lmlh ìef c~ie

xi~k x`fl civ~ tiamgfefl bzzbg`fj zi z`f F`fam}bhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil bggiwzfj `me, Z`f}

meefjmbzfa} nfhbl zi ml`vebla} bwwbvaz `me baa isf~ `mw nij}, Z`f} baafhfja} bwwbvazfj `me xmz`

z`fm~ cmwzw blj tiafw! kmgkfj `me blj fsfl wz~vgk `me xmz` z`f zi~g` `f xbw gb~~}mlh, Vlbnaf zi xmz`wzblj z`f naixw! z`f smgzme `bj cbaafl jixl ila} zi nf kmgkfj blj z~betafj n} z`f tiamgfefl‐w

`fbs} niizw,

Z`f tiamgfefl z`fl tvw`fj z`f smgzme mlzi z`f tiamgf sf`mgaf blj ziik `me zi z`f F`fam}bhijb

Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f `f xbw `bljgvccfj blj z`~ixl mlzi b ìajmlh gfaa, @f xbw z`vw `bljgvccfj

z`~ivhìvz z`f lmh`z! fsfl zìvh` `f xbw ml wfsf~f tbml c~ie z`f bwwbvaz,



>2=

Z`f lfpz bczf~liil! z`f smgzme xbw zbkfl zi z`f ebhmwz~bzf‐w giv~z blj z`f~f `f mlci~efj z`f

ebhmwz~bzf bnivz z`f ml`vebl bwwbvaz n} z`f tiamgf, Lilfz`fafww! z`f ebhmwz~bzf i~jf~fj `me zi nf

~febljfj vlzma 3 Ovlf >448, Bggi~jmlha}! `f xbw zbkfl zi z`f Kv~vsmzb ~feblj t~mwil x`f~f b

t~mwil iccmgf~ ~fgi~jfj `mw wzbzfeflz ~fhb~jmlh z`f mlgmjflz, Z`f smgzme wb}w z`bz `f ziaj z`f t~mwil

iccmgf~ jfzbmaw bnivz z`f wbsbhf bzzbgk n} z`f F`fam}bhijb tiamgf, Z`f~fbczf~ z`f smgzme `bj zi nf

xb~jfj bz z`f t~mwil `iwtmzba blj z~fbzfj ci~ `mw t`}wmgba mlov~mfw, @f xbw flab~hfj il nbma il Ovlf 3,

Z`f smgzme gietabmlfj z`bz gilwfrvflz zi z`f bwwbvaz! `mw afhw wxfaafj vt blj z`f~f xbw b ab~hf

xivljil ilf afh gbvwfj n} b tiaf vwfj n} z`f tiamgf zi z`~bw` `me, Z`f smgzme bawi wb}w z`bz `f

nfamfsfw z`mwtiamgf bzzbgk xbw bw b ~fwvaz ic b gietabmlz ebjf n} `mw xmcf bhbmlwz `me,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme! baa civ~ tiamgfefl xf~f ml vlmci~e blj b~~msfj ml b tiamgf sf`mgaf, X`maf

~fgihlmwmlh TG Bomz` beilh `mw bzzbgkf~w! z`f smgzme xbw gilcmjflz z`bz `f givaj ~fgihlmf z`f

iz`f~w mc wffl bhbml, Z`f smgzme gietabmlfj zi z`f @^G! LTG! MHT blj WWT ic ^bzlbtv~b Jmwz~mgz,

203, Ob}b~bz`lf? Li mlsfwzmhbzmil mlzi baafhfj tiamgf zi~zv~f ic aigba givlgma efenf~ ml

Kblj}

Il >2 Ovlf >448! Ob}b~bz`lf! b :6%}fb~%iaj efenf~ ic z`f @bwbabkb aigba givlgma T~bjfwff} Wbnb-!

smwmzfj z`f @bwbabkb Tiamgf wzbzmil ml Z`fajflm}b Jmwz~mgz! Kblj} Jmsmwmil, Z`f tv~tiwf ic `mw smwmz

xbw zi mlrvm~f bnivz bl baafhbzmil ic WM Lvxbl Xmgk~bebwmlh`f‐w mlsiasfeflz ml wfaamlh maafhba

amrvi~,

Nfmlh rvfwzmilfj! WM Lvxbl Xmgk~bebwmlh`f baafhfja} wzb~zfj bnvwmlh Ob}b~bz`lf ml cmaz`} ablhvbhf

blj t`}wmgbaa} bwwbvazfj `me ml c~ilz ic iz`f~w ml z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, X`maf bwwbvazmlh Ob}b~bz`lf! z`f

WM cv~z`f~ xbw ~fti~zfj zi wb}! ‖Xf! z`f tiamgf! `bsf baa tixf~w zi b~~fwz! zi~zv~f blj kmaa bl}nij},–

Z`f IMG ic z`f @bwbabkb Tiamgf wzbzmil abzf~ mlzf~sflfj blj wzittfj z`f nfbzmlh,

Z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! Ovlf >>! Ob}b~bz`lf xflz zi z`f wbef Tiamgf wzbzmil zi aijhf b gietabmlz ic

bwwbvaz bhbmlwz z`f WM, @ixfsf~! z`f tiamgf ~fcvwfj zi ~fhmwzf~ `mw gietabmlz, Il Ovlf >7! Ob}b~bz`lf

`f bhbml xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj cmlbaa} ~fhmwzf~fj `mw gietabmlz, @ixfsf~! z`f tiamgf jmj liz

mlmzmbzf bl} mlsfwzmhbzmil i~ b~~fwz z`f ~fwtilwmnaf WM,

208, V,B, G`blj~bwflb? Wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj n} z`f Nbjv~fam}b tiamgf; jflmfj efjmgba

fpbemlbzmil n} giv~z

Bz 22?74be il >8 Ovlf >448! z`f smgzme! V,B, G`blj~bwflb! xbw il `mw xb} zi b cvlf~ba x`fl civ~

tiamgfefl ml gmsmambl j~fww wzittfj `me blj bwkfj `me x`f~f z`f kbwmttv maamgmz amrvi~- xbw, Z`f

smgzme ~ftamfj z`bz `f jmj liz klix, Z`f tiamgfefl ziik `me zi b lfb~n} siaaf}nbaa giv~z blj

ef~gmafwwa} bwwbvazfj `me xmz` z`mgk xiijfl wzmgkw n~ikfl c~ie bl Banfwmb cflgf, @f xbw nfbzfl il

`mw afhw! z`mh`w! nvzzigkw! `bljw! blj fsfl il `mw `fbj, Z`f wfsf~fa} mlov~fj smgzme xbw z`fl zbkfl zi



>>4

z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj aigkfj vt ml b gfaa x`f~f `f wbx z`~ff iz`f~ smaabhf~w xì `bj efz wmemab~

cbzfw,

Wiil z`f smgzme‐w `fbj nfhbl zi z`~in blj `f siemzfj wfsf~ba zmefw, @f nfhhfj z`f tiamgf zi zbkf

`me zi ìwtmzba, Z`f tiamgf ~ftamfj z`bz `f givaj hi zi ìwtmzba mc `f xmw`fj! nvz mc `f ~fsfbafj fsfl

b xi~j bnivz `mw bwwbvaz z`f} xivaj cbn~mgbzf b gbwf bhbmlwz `me ci~ tiwwfwwmlh `b~j j~vhw `f~imlf-i~ hblob eb~movblb- blj aigk `me vt bhbml, Z`bz lmh`z z`f smgzme xbw hmsfl tiamgf nbma il z`f

giljmzmil z`bz `f bttfb~fj ml giv~z il Ovlf >= il z`f g`b~hf ic tiwwfwwmlh kbwmttv, X`fl z`f

smgzme jflmfj z`f g`b~hf! z`f tiamgf abvh`fj blj ziaj `me z`f} ba~fbj} `bj z`f ‘hiijw‐ blj baa z`f}

lffjfj xf~f b cfx wgbtfhibzw,

Z`f smgzme ~fzv~lfj zi `mw ìef, @f wb}w `f xbw sf~} wmgk nvz xbw zii bc~bmj zi hi zi ìwtmzba zi

wffk efjmgba z~fbzeflz ci~ `mw mlov~mfw, Mlwzfbj! `f smwmzfj b t~msbzf jmwtflwb~} blj ziaj z`f jigzi~

z`bz z`f tiamgf `bj bwwbvazfj `me, Nvz x`fl `f bwkfj ci~ b efjmgba ~fti~z! z`f jigzi~ ~fcvwfj blj

fsfl xmz`j~fx z`f efjmgbzmil jmwtflwfj,

Z`f smgzme bttfb~fj ml giv~z il z`f >=z`, @mw abx}f~ jmwgisf~fj z`bz `f `bj liz nffl g`b~hfj xmz`

z`f tiwwfwwmil ic kbwmttv nvz xmz` tiwwfwwmil ic bl maafhba wvnwzblgf gbaafj ‘hijb‐! vwfj zi jmwzma

kbwmttv! x`mg` xbw b evg` h~bsf~ g`b~hf, Z`f smgzme tafbjfj liz hvmaz}, Z`f abx}f~ mlci~efj giv~z

z`bz z`f smgzme `bj nffl wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf xì `bj lix cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz

`me, Z`f ebhmwz~bzf bwkfj z`f smgzme mc `f `bj bl} mlov~mfw, Ml ~fta} z`f smgzme wìxfj z`f

ebhmwz~bzf gilzvwmilw smwmnaf il `mw nij}, @ixfsf~! z`f ebhmwz~bzf jmj liz ebkf bl} jm~fgzmil z`bz

`f nf zbkfl zi ìwtmzba i~ efjmgbaa} fpbemlfj, Z`f smgzme ~fzv~lfj ìef blj jfgmjfj zi wffk

efjmgba z~fbzeflz c~ie bliz`f~ t~msbzf jmwtflwb~},

Z`f smgzme xbw n~ivh`z zi b aigba `vebl ~mh`zw i~hblmwbzmil! Oblbwblwbjb}b! x`mg` meefjmbzfa}

~vw`fj `me zi z`f Lbhijb @iwtmzba ci~ z~fbzeflz, Z`f} bawi ebjf t~ismwmilw ci~ `me zi nfefjmgbaa} fpbemlfj n} b wtfgmbamwz bz z`f Kb~btmzm}b Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba! x`f~f b OEI gilcm~efj z`f

wfsf~mz} ic `mw mlov~mfw, Z`f smgzme gietabmlfj ml x~mzmlh zi z`f @^G! LTG! MHT! blj iz`f~ ~fafsblz

bvzì~mzmfw,

200, Z, Ob}blz`b? B ebl mw ~bljiea} jfzbmlfj blj fpzflwmsfa} zi~zv~fj bz Nbljb~bhbeb

Tiamgf wzbzmil

Jfb~ c~mfljw!

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b }ivlh ebl mw cbgmlh cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw ml Kblj} Ebhmwz~bzf(w Giv~z, Z`f gbwfw bhbmlwz `me b~f tbzflza} cabxfj blj `f

xbw maafhbaa} jfzbmlfj blj nbja} zi~zv~fj bczf~ `mw b~~fwz, Xf b~f ziaj z`bz z`f abx}f~ bwwmhlfj zi z`f

smgzme n} tiamgf jmj liz ~bmwf z`f mwwvf ic `mw zi~zv~f i~ z`f nihvw lbzv~f ic z`f g`b~hfw xmz` z`f

Ebhmwz~bzf,

Bggi~jmlh zi b aigba LHI blj ~fabzmsfw ic z`f smgzme-



>>2

Z, Ob}blz`b xbw b~~fwzfj n} z`f Kbzvhbwzizb tiamgf ml Ova} >448 blj bggvwfj ic wzfbamlh smjfi

gbwwfzzfw, Bczf~ nfmlh zi~zv~fj ml z`f mlzf~~ihbzmil ~iie Ob}blz`b ~fti~zw z`bz `f cafj gvwzij} n}

ovetmlh ivz ic b xmljix! wfsf~fa} mlov~mlh `mw afh ml z`f t~igfww,

Tiamgf ~f%b~~fwzfj `me bz `mw ìef il z`f ei~lmlh ic Igzinf~ 26; `f xbw bz ìef xfb~mlh b wb~ilh b z~bjmzmilba gaiz` x~bt-, @mw eiz`f~! Wvlfz`~b Ob}bwmlh`f! xbw zv~lfj bxb} x`fl w`f z~mfj zi smwmz

`me bz Kbzvhbwzizb z`bz jb}! nvz x`fl w`f xbw bnaf zi wff Ob}blz`b b jb} abzf~ `f ziaj `f~ z`bz `f

`bj nffl zi~zv~fj bhbml, @f jfwg~mnfj nfmlh wz~mttfj lbkfj! zmfj zi b jii~ blj kmgkfj n} iccmgf~w

xfb~mlh niizw! bw xfaa bw nfmlh `vlh! nfbzfl blj wabttfj, @mw cmlhf~w blj zifw `bj nafj! blj

Wvlfz`~b ~fti~zw z`bz `mw amtw xf~f wtamz blj wxiaafl,

Il z`f fsflmlh ic 28 Lisfenf~ iccmgf~w W, Wbeb~bkiil! Wvn Mlwtfgzi~ @feblz`b! Obhbz` blj zxi

iz`f~w c~ie Kbzvhbwzizb wzbzmil ziik Ob}blz`b zi `mw ìef zi giljvgz b wfb~g`, @f givaj ila} xbak

xmz` z`f bmj ic b wzmgk blj xbw baaixfj zi wmz il z`f nfj, X`fl z`f tiamgf gbef bg~iww b tbm~ ic

wtfbkf~w z`f} ~fti~zfja} wabttfj z`f smgzme! ebkmlh `mw eiz`f~ cbmlz, @ixfsf~ w`f ~fhbmlfj

gilwgmivwlfww zi `fb~ WM @feblz`b zfaa Ob}blz`b z`bz z`f} emh`z bggvwf `me ic `bsmlh b nien ml `mw

tiwwfwwmil blj wflj `me zi t~mwil, Nbma mw vwvbaa} jflmfj ml z`fwf gbwfw,

Z`f lfpz ei~lmlh Wvlfz`~b xbmzfj ci~ z`~ff ìv~w bz z`f wzbzmil nvz xbw liz baaixfj zi wff `f~ wil,

@ixfsf~! w`f ~fti~zw `fb~mlh wivljw ic bnvwf! bw xfaa bw Ob}blz`b wìvzmlh blj g~}mlh, @f ziaj `f~

abzf~ z`bz `f xbw nfmlh nfbzfl baeiwz jbma} blj z`bz `f `bj nffl ci~gfj zi `bljaf b tb~gfa zi g~fbzf

cmlhf~t~mlz fsmjflgf,

Il Igzinf~ >>! cb~ nf}ilj z`f >: ìv~ jfzbmleflz baaixfj n} z`f W~m Ablkbl G~memlba T~igfjv~f

Gijf! Ob}blz`b xbw t~fwflzfj nfci~f z`f Kblj} Ebhmwz~bzf blj bggvwfj ic gb~~}mlh b nien ml z`fafcz tigkfz ic `mw z~ivwf~w x`fl `f xbw b~~fwzfj, @ixfsf~ xmzlfwwfw gilcm~e z`bz `f xbw xfb~mlh b

wb~ilh bz z`f zmef! x`mg` `bw li tigkfzw, Mz wìvaj nf lizfj z`bz z`f smgzme `bw li gilcmjflgf ml `mw

abx}f~; xì LHIw zfaa vw xi~kw gaiwfa} xmz` z`f aigba tiamgf iccmgf~w, @f jmj liz n~mlh vt Ob}blz`b(w

zi~zv~f i~ z`f ebzzf~ ic z`f cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw ml c~ilz ic z`f Ebhmwz~bzf,

Wmlgf z`fl z`f smgzme `bw nffl ml Nihbenb~b ^feblj T~mwil! blj z`f Kbzvhbwzizb iccmgf~w `bsf

cmafj 2: gbwfw bhbmlwz `me ci~ z`fcz! tavw bliz`f~ g`b~hf ~fhb~jmlh z`f nien, @f `bw nffl bgrvmzzfj

ic fafsfl gbwfw jvf zi z`f abgk ic fsmjflgf! nvz wb}w z`bz `f xbw t~fwwv~fj n} iccmgf~w mlzi tafbjmlh

hvmaz} ci~ z`f z`~ff ~febmlmlh gbwfw; ml ~fzv~l ci~ z`fm~ `fat `me xmz` z`f ei~f wf~mivw tiwwfwwmil

g`b~hf, Z`mw gbwf N>06>- xbw abwz gbaafj bz Kblj} Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z ml Ova} blj mw wiil zi nf gbaafj

bhbml,

20=, Tbzmkm~m B~bg`g`mhf Lm`ba Wb~bz`g`blj~b? J~msf~ n~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj blj cbawfa} g`b~hfj

n} z`f Hblfevaab Tiamgf



>>>

Bz b~ivlj :?74te il : Ova} >448! Tbzmkm~m B~bg`g`mhf Lm`ba Wb~bz`g`blj~b xbw ml Hblfevaab!

Hbetb`b Jmwz~mgz! tb~kmlh `mw z`~ff%x`ffa lfb~ z`f Hblfevaab Tiamgf wzbzmil, Zxi tiamgfefl

xfb~mlh tabml gaiz`fw b~~msfj blj bwkfj `me zi gief xmz` z`fe zi z`fm~ Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f tiamgf

xf~f mlrvm~mlh mlzi z`f gietabmlz ic Nfbz~mgf Lmkbabljb ic Kiwwmllb ml Hblfevaab ebjf ml 27 Ova}

>443 bnivz z`f z`fcz ic b lfgkabgf blj b xbzg`,

X`fl Lm`ba Wb~bz`g`blj~b mlrvm~fj bw zi x`} `f xbw nfmlh bwkfj zi gief! `f xbw ila} ziaj z`bz `f

xivaj klix z`f ~fbwil ilgf z`f} b~~msfj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f} bawi jmj liz fptabml zi `me bw zi

x`} `f xbw gbaafj ml ci~ rvfwzmilmlh b }fb~ bczf~ z`f gietabmlz xbw ebjf, Wì~za} bczf~ b~~msmlh bz

z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! zxi tiamgfefl ziik `me mlwmjf b ~iie, Z`f~f z`f} nfhbl rvfwzmilmlh `me ml

gillfgzmil xmz` z`f gietabmlz ic Lmkbabljb, @f ~ftamfj z`bz `f jmj liz klix z`f gietabmlblz! li~

`bj `f efz `f~ t~fsmivwa},

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f gietabmlz ~fgi~jfj n} z`f tiamgf! Lmkbabljb xbw ~mjmlh ml b z`~ff%x`ffaf~ il `f~

xb} ìef x`fl zxi vlklixl tf~wilw wlbzg`fj `f~ hiaj lfgkabgf blj x~mwzxbzg` wiil bczf~

bamh`zmlh gaiwf zi `f~ ìvwf, W`f gabmefj `f~ lfgkabgf xbw xi~z` ^w, >2!444 x`maf z`f x~mwzxbzg` xbw xi~z` ^w 7644, W`f jmj liz eflzmil z`f smgzme‐w lbef ml `f~ i~mhmlba gietabmlz, @ixfsf~! w`f

abzf~ baafhfj z`bz mz xbw z`f Wb~bz`g`blj~b xì xbw j~msmlh z`f z`~ff%x`ffaf~ blj z`bz `f klfx z`f

zxi tf~wilw xì wlbzg`fj `f~ mzfew,

Z`f tiamgf nfhbl rvfwzmilmlh z`f smgzme nbwfj il Lmkbabljb‐w gietabmlz, Nvz f sf~} zmef `f jflmfj

bl} mlsiasfeflz! z`~ff tiamgfefl `bj `me ~ftfbzfja} nfbzfl ci~ >4 emlvzfw, Z`f gietabmlblz xbw

t~fwflz x`fl z`f tiamgf xf~f zi~zv~mlh `me, Z`f} tivljfj `mw cbgf vwmlh b tiaf blj z`fm~ `bljw,

Z`f smgzme xbw naffjmlh c~ie `mw eivz` jvf zi nfbzmlhw nvz z`f tiamgf fmz`f~ mhli~fj i~ jfamnf~bzfa}

tbmj li bzzflzmil zi mz, Z`f} bawi jmj liz `fat `me z~fbz `mw xivljw,

X`fl z`f tiamgf wvnwfrvflza} giljvgzfj b tb~bjf ic wvttiwfj wvwtfgzw! Lmkbabljb mjflzmcmfj z`f smgzme bw ilf ic zìwf ~fwtilwmnaf ml z`f z`fcz ic `f~ ofxfaaf~}, Z`f tiamgf wvnwfrvflza} cmafj g`b~hfw

bhbmlwz `me, Z`f tb~bjf zìvh` xbw jilf ciaaixmlh z`f smgzme nfmlh zbkfl mlzi tiamgf gvwzij} blj

zi~zv~fj ml c~ilz ic z`f gietabmlblz, Z`bz Lmkbabljb givaj mjflzmc} z`f smgzme jv~mlh z`f tb~bjf xbw

fptfgzfj bw w`f `bj xmzlfwwfj z`f tiamgf zi~zv~mlh z`f smgzme,

Z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! Ova} 6! `f xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf ic Hbetb`b blj xbwwvnwfrvflza}

~febljfj vlzma Ova} 24, @f xbw ila} ~fafbwfj x`fl `mw abx}f~w mlci~efj z`febhmwz~bzf `f xbw

wvccf~mlh c~ie mlov~mfw blj ~frvm~fj efjmgba bzzflzmil bz z`f t~mwil ìwtmzba,

Il Ova} 2:! z`f smgzme cmafj b gietabmlz xmz` z`f tiamgf blj MHT, @mw bccmjbsmzw xf~f amkfxmwf wflz zi

z`f g`mfc ovwzmgf blj Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba, Bczf~ ~fgfmsmlh zìwf gietabmlzw! b tiamgf mlrvm~} xbw

mlmzmbzfj x`mg` ~fwvazfj ml bl mjflzmcmgbzmil tb~bjf ic tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Hblfevaab

Tiamgf il Bvhvwz 0, Z`f smgzme mjflzmcmfj zxi ic zìwf xì zi~zv~fj `me,

2=4, Nbabwvlz`b~be Z`bsbeblm? ]ivlh xiebl n~vzbaa} wzbnnfj zi jfbz` n} efenf~w ic

b~efj ci~gfw



>>7

Il 8 Ova} >448 Nbabwvlz`b~be Z`bsbeblm bhfj >8- `f~ eiz`f~ blj bnivz

>4 iz`f~ tf~wilw jmwtabgfj n} z`f ilhimlh b~efj gilcamgz xf~f wffkmlh ~fcvhf ml b wmlhaf ìvwf bz

Tbjvxblkb~bm ml z`f Nbzzmgbaib Jmwz~mgz! Fbwzf~l T~ismlgf, Z`mw b~fb `bj nffl b wz~ilhìaj ic z`f

Amnf~bzmil Zmhf~w ic Zbema Ffabe AZZF-,

B~ivlj =?74te z`bz lmh`z wfsf~ba efl ml emamzb~} vlmci~e wvjjfla} wzi~efj mlzi z`f ìvwf blj

wìvzfj ci~ z`f smgzme n} lbef, Bw z`f smgzme cbmafj zi ~fwtilj jvf zi mlzflwf cfb~! z`f tf~willfa

flzf~fj z`f ìef blj ci~gmna} fwgi~zfj `f~ ivz,

X`fl z`f smgzme‐w eiz`f~ ciaaixfj z`fe xbmamlh blj wìvzmlh! z`f} wzbnnfj z`f }ivlh xiebl ml

z`f t~fwflgf ic `f~ eiz`f~ ‚ b jmwzblgf ic bnivz 244 efzf~w c~ie z`f ìef, W`f jmfj il z`f wtiz

bczf~ nfmlh wzbnnfj bnivz 2> zmefw,

Wvnwfrvflz zi z`mw kmaamlh! bnivz 76 cbemamfw ml z`f smaabhf! cfb~mlh ci~ z`fm~ amsfw! cafj z`f smaabhf blj

xflz zi b lfb~n} b~fb, Z`f~fbczf~ z`f} ~fabzfj jfzbmaw ic z`f wzi~} zi z`fm~ Efenf~ ic Tb~ambeflz!

B~m}blz`m~bl, Z`f} b~f ~favgzblz zi ~fti~z z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f bvzì~mzmfw jvf zi cfb~ ic ~ft~mwbaw,@ixfsf~! wief ic z`f xmzlfwwfw zi z`f mlgmjflz mlwmwz z`f} gbl ~fgihlmf z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w mc

z`f} b~f wffl bhbml,

2=2, Z`bjbaabhf G`bema Xff~bwflb? ]fz bliz`f~ gvwzijmba jfbz` ml ^bzhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil

Bz ~ivlj 6be il >2 Ova} >448! bl blil}eivw gbaaf~ mlci~efj Z`bjbaabhf G`bema Xff~bwflb‐w

eiz`f~ Kbljf Hbemw @be} z`bz `f~ wil `bj nffl zbkfl zi z`f ^bzhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f tìlf

lvenf~ xbw ~fgi~jfj blj @be} ~fjmbafj! nvz z`f tf~wil xì blwxf~fj mz jflmfj gbaamlh blj `vlh

vt,

Bz 0be @be} xflz zi z`f ^bzhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil, W`f wbx `f~ wil jfzbmlfj mlwmjf z`f tiamgf gfaaw, X`fl w`f z~mfj zi hi lfb~ `me b cfebaf gilwzbnaf blj bliz`f~ iccmgf~ g`bwfj `f~ bxb}, @f~ wil!

ìxfsf~! wmhlbaafj zi `mw eiz`f~ n} `mw `bljw z`bz `f lffjfj b w`m~z,

Z`fl @be} xflz ìef zi hfz b wb~ilh blj b w`m~z blj giikfj b avlg` tbgkfz ci~ `f~ wil, W`f bwkfj

ilf ic z`f smgzme‐w c~mfljw! Kiweb Lbljbwffam! zi hmsf zìwf zi `me, Z`f ~fwf~sf iccmgf~ baaixfj

Lbljbwffam zi smwmz z`f smgzme! nvz jmj liz baaix `f~ zi hmsf `me ciij blj z`f w`m~z z`bz w`f xbw

gb~~}mlh ci~ `me! ila} z`f wb~ilh, Bz z`mw zmef z`f smgzme ziaj `f~ z`bz z`f tiamgf `bj bwwbvazfj `me

ef~gmafwwa}, @f `bj wìxl `f~ z`f eb~kw `f wvwzbmlfj c~ie z`f bwwbvaz,

X`fl z`f smgzme‐w fajf~ n~iz`f~! Z`bjbaabhf Wv~m}bwflb! xflz zi smwmz `me nfzxffl b~ivlj > blj

:te! z`f tiamgf jmj liz baaix z`fe zi effz, Abzf~ z`bz lmh`z! bz bnivz 22?>4te zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w

c~ie z`f ^bzhbeb Tiamgf gbef zi z`f smgzme‐w ìvwf ml b offt blj ziik `mw cbz`f~! Z`bjbaabhf

Z}ebl! zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Z`f smgzme‐w }ivlhfwz n~iz`f~! Z`bjbaabhf Ob}blz`b! b~~msfj wì~za} bczf~ blj mlci~efj `mw eiz`f~

z`bz `mw n~iz`f~ `bj ba~fbj} jmfj, Vtil `fb~mlh z`f lfxw! @be} blj `f~ fajf~ wil meefjmbzfa}

~vw`fj zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f~f z`f} wbx z`f smgzme‐w jfbj nij} wzmaa mlwmjf z`f gfaa, Mz xbw



>>:

gisf~fj xmz` b wb~ilh hmsfl zi `me n} `mw eiz`f~, @be} wbmj `f~ wil‐w z~ivwf~w xf~f zmfj zi z`f

t~mwil gfaa‐w jii~! bw `mh` bw `f~ `fmh`z, X`fl w`f wzb~zfj g~}mlh aivja}! z`f IMG z`~fbzflfj zi tvz

`f~ mlwmjf z`f gfaa mc w`f jmjl‐z wzit,

Il Ova} >> x`fl @be} xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil w`f lizmgfj z`bz `f~ wil‐w z~ivwf~w! x`mg` `bj

nffl zmfj bnivz bw `mh` bw `f~ z`f t~fsmivw jb}! `bj lix nffl zmfj ml b tabgf fsfl `mh`f~, Bz bnivz=be! b jigzi~ gbef blj ziik wief tìzih~bt`w, Bz bnivz =?74be z`f ebhmwz~bzf gbef bw xfaa,

X`maf z`f} xf~f giljvgzmlh z`fm~ mlrvm~}! @be} ziaj z`fe bnivz x`bz w`f lizmgfj blj ziaj z`fe

z`bz `f~ wil‐w jfbz` xbw wvwtmgmivw, @be} ìxfsf~! xbw liz bxb~f x`fz`f~ z`f jigzi~ blj

ebhmwz~bzf `bj ~fgi~jfj `f~ wzbzfeflzw, Z`f~fbczf~ z`f nij} xbw zbkfl zi Kb~btmzm}b,

Z`f smgzme‐w jfbj nij} xbw zbkfl zi z`f Kb~btmzm}b @iwtmzba, @mw eiz`f~ z`f~f lizmgfj mlov~mfw il

z`f nbgk! g`fwz blj cbgf, W`f bawi wbx naiij il `mw `fbj blj `bj inwf~sfj naiijwzbmlw ml z`f

jfzflzmil gfaa, Nvz x`fl z`f cmljmlhw gbef ivz! b afzzf~ wmhlfj n} z`f Bjjmzmilba Ebhmwz~bzf! Hbaaf

mljmgbzfj z`f smgzme jmfj ic `blhmlh,

Li cv~z`f~ mlsfwzmhbzmilw xf~f giljvgzfj mlzi @be}‐w inwf~sbzmilw ~fhb~jmlh z`f jfbz` ic `f~ wil

blj x`bz z`f smgzme `bj wbmj nfci~f `mw jfbz`, Mz xbw ila} il Ova} >8 z`bz z`f Bjjmzmilba Ebhmwz~bzf!

Hbaaf ziik b wzbzfeflz c~ie @be} blj `f~ `vwnblj, Z`f~f xf~f xmzlfwwfw z`bz givaj hmsf

zfwzmeilmfw zi z`f tiamgf ~fhb~jmlh z`f jfbz` ic z`f smgzme nvz z`f tiamgf jmj liz mlgavjf z`fe,

2=>, K,X, Vtbam? Bwwbvaz ic b :4%}fb~%iaj abniv~f~ n} z`f Jijblhijb Tiamgf

Il > Bvhvwz >448! z`f IMG blj zxi iz`f~ tiamgfefl ic z`f Jijblhijb Tiamgf b~~fwzfj :4%}fb~%iaj

K,X, Vtbam eb~~mfj xmz` z`~ff g`maj~fl- bz z`f Z`vjvhba Ovlgzmil, Bz z`f zmef! bggi~jmlh zi z`f

smgzme! `f xbw gb~~}mlh `bac b nizzaf ic b~~bgk b aigba bagiìamg nfsf~bhf jmwzmaafj c~ie cf~eflzfj

gigilvz wbt-, Mz mw afhba zi inzbml wvg` amrvi~ nvz z`f tiamgf b~nmz~b~ma} b~~fwzfj `me,

Z`f tiamgf ziik `me zi b ìvwf lfb~n} blj rvfwzmilfj `me bw zi x`fz`f~ `f tv~g`bwfj z`f b~~bgk

c~ie z`bz ìvwf, X`fl z`f smgzme ziaj z`fe `f nivh`z z`f amrvi~ fawfx`f~f! z`f IMG aiwz `mw

zfetf~! bggvwmlh `me ic a}mlh, @f bwwbvazfj z`f smgzme il `mw lfgk! cbgf blj `fbj, Z`f smgzme xbw

z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Jijblhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f `mw c~mfljw abzf~ nbmafj `me ivz, Z`f smgzme

gietabmlfj ic wfsf~f tbml il `mw lfgk jvf zi z`f IMG‐w bwwbvaz,

Z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! Bvhvwz 7! z`f smgzme xflz zi z`f Lbhijb @iwtmzba x`f~f `f xbw bjemzzfj ci~

efjmgba z~fbzeflz, Z`f~f `f gietabmlfj zi z`f jigzi~ fpbemlmlh `me z`bz `f `bj nffl bwwbvazfj n}

z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w, Il Bvhvwz : z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf ~fgi~jfj `mw wzbzfeflz, Z`f OEI amkfxmwf

fpbemlfj `me, Nvz abzf~ z`bz jb}! z`f IMG blj z`~ff iz`f~ tiamgfefl smwmzfj `me bz ìwtmzba bwkmlh ci~ `mw ci~hmsflfww! v~hmlh `me liz zi cmaf g`b~hfw bhbmlwz z`fe, Bw bl mljvgfeflz! z`f} iccf~fj zi

xmz`j~bx z`f cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hf z`f} cmafj bhbmlwz `me ci~ tiwwfwwmlh bl maafhba bagiìa,

Il Bvhvwz 6! z`f IMG bhbml xflz zi smwmz z`f smgzme blj ziik `me zi z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf tiwz, Z`f

IMG ilgf bhbml bwkfj ci~ `mw ci~hmsflfww blj ~fmzf~bzfj z`bz ml ~fzv~l z`f} xivaj xmz`j~bx z`f gbwf



>>6

z`f} cmafj bhbmlwz `me, Z`fl `f baafhfja} ci~gfj z`f smgzme zi wmhl b tbtf~ ic x`mg` z`f IMG jmj liz

fptabml z`f gilzflzw li~ baaix `me zi ~fbj nfci~f wmhlmlh mz,

Il Bvhvwz 3! z`f smgzme xbw jmwg`b~hfj c~ie z`f ìwtmzba, @f xbw bjsmwfj zi gilzmlvf bzzfljmlh b

efjmgba gamlmg ~fhvab~a} zi z~fbz `mw mlov~fj lfgk, Wvnwfrvflza} z`f smgzme cmafj b x~mzzfl gietabmlz

xmz` z`f @^G! LTG! MHT blj z`f Kbavzb~b WWT,

2=7, Eff~b Ei`mjffl Hbcb~? N~vzba zi~zv~f ic b >4%}fb~%iaj ebl n} Hbab`b Tiamgf

Bz 2?64te il = Bvhvwz >448 Eff~b Ei`mjffl Hbcb~ bggietblmfj n} `mw abx}f~! Kvab~bzlb

Nbljb~b! xflz zi z`f Hbab`b Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f BWT `bj fb~amf~ wveeilfj Eff~b Ei`mjffl blj

`mw vlgaf! Bnjva Kbjf~! zi mlrvm~f mlzi b ev~jf~ gbwf z`bz ziik tabgf bz z`f flj ic Ova} >448,

Eff~b Ei`mjffl xbw `bljfj isf~ zi b cfebaf tiamgf mlwtfgzi~! ^blbwmlh`f, @mw abx}f~! Nbljb~b!

z`fl ~frvfwzfj z`f IMG ic z`f GMN! Zbaxbzzf! zi rvfwzmil `mw gamflz t~itf~a} blj xmzìvz vwmlh smiaflgf, Nvz x`fl Eff~b Ei`mjffl‐w cbz`f~ smwmzfj `me abzf~ bz z`f Hbab`b Tiamgf `f jmwgisf~fj

z`bz `mw wil `bj nffl wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj, Il z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! `f meefjmbzfa} mlci~efj `mw wil‐w

abx}f~ n} tìlf, Mz mw afb~lfj z`bz z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w n~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj `me n} `blhmlh `me c~ie z`f

gfmamlh baafhfja} mlwmjf z`f Hbab`b Tiamgf x`maf `f xbw nfmlh mlzf~~ihbzfj,

Vtil afb~lmlh z`bz `mw gamflz `bj nffl zi~zv~fj x`maf ml tiamgf gvwzij}! Nbljb~b meefjmbzfa}

mlci~efj z`f IMG Zbaxbzzf bnivz z`f zi~zv~f `mw gamflz `bj wvccf~fj! nvz `f mlwzfbj jflmfj mz;

fccfgzmsfa} fpilf~bzmlh `mw efl xmzìvz giljvgzmlh bl} mlsfwzmhbzmil,

Il Bvhvwz 24! Eff~b Ei`mjffl xbw zbkfl zi z`f Kblj} Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z, X`maf nfmlh t~fwflzfj

n} z`f tiamgf! `f wzbzfj z`bz `f `bj nffl wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj n} z`f iccmgf~w il z`f fsflmlh ic Bvhvwz=, @f ~fsfbafj z`f xivljw zi `mw afhw blj eivz`, @f givaj liz fsfl xbak x`fl `f bttfb~fj zi z`f

giv~z nfgbvwf ic `mw mlov~mfw, Nvz lfsf~z`fafww z`f ebhmwz~bzf‐w giv~z ~febljfj `me, Li efjmgba

fpbemlbzmil xbw giljvgzfj zi sf~mc} z`f zi~zv~f, Li cv~z`f~ mlsfwzmhbzmil xbw amkfxmwf ebjf mlzi `mw

wvttiwfj mlsiasfeflz ml b ev~jf~ gbwf zi x`mg` `f ebmlzbmlfj `mw mlligflgf,

Ml z`f efblzmef! z`f smgzme‐w cbema} blj abx}f~ mlci~efj z`f @^G @izamlf ml Giaieni bnivz z`f

zi~zv~f blj bawi aijhfj b x~mzzfl gietabmlz xmz` z`f @^G ic Kblj}, B wmemab~ gietabmlz xbw cmafj

xmz` z`f JMH ml Kblj},

2=:, Tf~m}bwbem Lm~iw`bl? Tiamgf ìaj lfgk blj ~ftfbzfja} tivlj smgzme bhbmlwz z`f xbaa

Bz b~ivlj 0?26te il 2> Bvhvwz >448! Tf~m}bwbem Lm~iw`bl bhfj 26- blj `mw vlgaf Wvn~beblmbe

Lbljb Kveb~ xflz ivz zihfz`f~ zi tv~g`bwf kf~iwflf ima, Il z`fm~ xb}! z`f} wbx blj tbwwfj

z`~ivh` b h~ivt ic cmsf tf~wilw j~mlkmlh amrvi~ mlwmjf b tb~kfj nvw, X`fl z`f} xf~f ~fzv~lmlh



>>3

ìef! z`f wbef h~ivt wvjjfla} bamh`zfj c~ie z`f nvw blj bwwbvazfj z`fe, Ciaaixmlh z`mw z`f} xf~f

ci~gmna} zbkfl zi z`f lfb~n} Lbxbabtmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil,

X`fl z`f} b~~msfj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f efl bggvwfj Lm~iw`bl blj Lbljb Kveb~ ic wzfbamlh b

nbzzf~} blj zv~lfj z`fe isf~ zi z`f tiamgf, Meefjmbzfa} z`f tiamgf ziik z`f zxi mlwmjf b ~iie blj

wzb~zfj bwwbvazmlh z`fe, Z`f} jmj liz giljvgz bl} mlrvm~} mlzi z`f g`b~hf! li~ jmj z`f} mlci~e z`f smgzmew ic x`bz z`f} xf~f bggvwfj,

X`maf mlwmjf z`f ~iie! ilf ic z`f tiamgfefl `faj Lbljb Kveb~‐w lfgk n} `mw `blj blj ~ftfbzfja}

tivljfj `me bhbmlwz z`f xbaa, Lbljb Kveb~ siemzfj naiij jvf zi z`f wfsf~mz} ic z`f nfbzmlhw `f

wvccf~fj, Z`f tiamgf bawi bggvwfj z`fe ic nfmlh ‖zf~~i~mwzw–, Z`f tiamgf wabttfj z`f ni}! Lm~iw`bl!

`b~j,

C~ie z`f zmef z`f} xf~f b~~fwzfj vlzma >te z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! Bvhvwz 27! z`f zxi xf~f `faj ml

tiamgf gvwzij}, Mz xbw bawi ila} z`fl z`bz z`f zxi smgzmew xf~f t~ijvgfj ml giv~z, Il z`f wbef jb}!

z`f tiamgf cbawfa} g`b~hfj z`fe ci~ z`fcz nbwfj il z`f mlci~ebzmil ic z`f h~ivt ic tf~wilw xì

zv~lfj z`fe isf~, Z`f} xf~f ~fafbwfj il nbma il z`f wbef jb}, Il Bvhvwz 2:! z`f} `bj bjemzzfj

z`fewfasfw zi z`f Lbxbabtmzm}b @iwtmzba ci~ z~fbzeflz, Z`f ciaaixmlh jb} z`f} xf~f jmwg`b~hfj nvz

xf~f ziaj zi ~fzv~l zi z`f gamlmg ci~ cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz,

Z`f smgzmew nfamfsf z`bz z`f h~ivt ic tf~wilw xì bwwbvazfj z`fe blj ziik z`fe zi z`f tiamgf!

lbefa} ^vxbl! Nbljvab! G`bljblb! ^blom blj Wvab! b~f c~mfljw ic z`f tiamgfefl bzzbg`fj zi z`f

Lbxbabtmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil,

2=6, Smebabxbz`m blj G`blj~bwm~m? Wabttfj blj kmgkfj

Smebabxbz`m blj `f~ `vwnblj G`blj~bwm~m xflz zi z`f B`blhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil bz 24be il >=

Bvhvwz >448 bczf~ z`f} `bj ~fgfmsfj bl i~jf~ zi gief ci~ bl mlrvm~} mlzi b jmwtvzf ~fhb~jmlh b cflgf

xmz` bliz`f~ tf~wil, Ml z`f wzbzmil! z`f} efz TG G`beff~b! xì mlci~efj z`fe zi xbmz ci~ b x`maf

nfgbvwf z`f tb~z} xì `bj aijhfj z`f gietabmlz `bj liz b~~msfj, Z`f givtaf xbmzfj vlzma 2te! blj

xf~f z`fl ziaj n} z`f wbef TG zi hi ìef, Il Bvhvwz 74! bl iccmgf~ c~ie z`f wbef Tiamgf wzbzmil

gbef zi z`f givtaf‐w ìef blj afcz b lizf bwkmlh z`fe zi gief zi z`f wzbzmil il Wftzfenf~ >3,

Z`f givtaf xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil il z`f hmsfl jbzf blj wbx z`f tf~wil xmz` xìe z`f} `bj b

jmwtvzf zbakmlh xmz` TG G`beff~b, Z`fl! z`f iccmgf~ n~ivh`z z`f zxi tb~zmfw zihfz`f~ blj bwkfj

x`bz z`f gietabmlz xbw, Z`f tf~wil z`fl wzb~zfj zi wgiaj Smebabxbz`m blj `vemambzf `f~ ml civaablhvbhf ml c~ilz ic z`f iccmgf~, Efblx`maf! Smebabxbz`m bwkfj z`f iccmgf~! ‖Wm~! X`bz mw z`f

gietabmlz9 Xf b~f liz `f~f zi hfz i~ hmsf g`b~bgzf~ gf~zmcmgbzfw; tafbwf zfaa vw x`bz z`f gietabmlz mw,–

@ixfsf~! z`f tf~wil wabttfj Smebabxbz`m il `f~ g`ffk, Ml bjjmzmil! TG G`beff~b wziij vt blj

bawi wgiajfj `f~ wivlja}! vwmlh civa ablhvbhf blj bggvwfj `f~ ic wabttmlh z`f tf~wil, @f cv~z`f~

baafhfja} wabttfj `f~ wfsf~ba zmefw il `f~ g`ffk blj kmgkfj `f~ ml z`f wziebg`,



>>8

Z`fl! G`beff~b gbvh`z `f~ n} `f~ `bm~ blj j~bhhfj `f~ zi z`f ~iie ic z`f IMG, Ml z`f ~iie! z`f

iccmgf~ gbaafj z`f tf~wil bawi, @f ziaj z`f IMG z`bz

Smebabxbz`m `bj bwwbvazfj z`f tf~wil blj gilzmlvfj zi wgiaj `f~ ml civa ablhvbhf ml c~ilz ic z`f

IMG X`fl z`f IMG wbx G`blj~bwm~m `f wgiajfj `me wb}mlh z`bz `f jmj liz klix ìx zi n~mlh vt

`mw xmcf! blj bzzfetzfj zi bwwbvaz `me, Z`f IMG z`fl z`~fbzflfj Smebabxbz`m z`bz mc w`f xf~f liz b xiebl z`f} xivaj ‘ji `f~ hiij‐ blj z`fl bwkfj z`f TG zi tvz `f~ mlzi z`f tiamgf gfaaw, Smebabxbz`m

xbw tvz mlzi b gfaa bczf~ zxi ebaf mlebzfw xf~f ~feisfj, Z`f zxi xì xf~f zbkfl ivz ic z`f gfaa

xf~f ziaj zi wmz il b nflg` lfb~n}, B amzzaf x`maf abzf~! b xiebl tiamgf iccmgf~ lbefj Lm~blobab ziik

Smebabxbz`m c~ie z`f gfaa blj ~fgi~jfj `f~ wzbzfeflz nvz Smebabxbz`m xbw lfmz`f~ baaixfj zi wff

x`bz xbw x~mzzfl blj li~ xbw mz fptabmlfj zi `f~, Smebabxbz`m wbmj z`bz `f~ fb~ blj g`ffkw xf~f

wxiaafl bz z`bz zmef jvf zi z`f bwwbvaz blj z`bz z`f} xf~f tbmlcva, Z`fl! Smebabxbz`m xbw ziaj zi wmz

il b g`bm~ x`maf z`f tf~wil blj iz`f~ mlebzfw xf~f tvz nbgk mlzi z`f tiamgf gfaa, Z`f tf~wil xbw

bawi abzf~ tvz mlzi z`f gfaa,

Abzf~ il z`f wbef jb}! niz` Smebabxbz`m blj z`f tf~wil xf~f t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf!Hbaafblj wflz zi b t~mwil, Smebabxbz`m hiz zi klix abzf~ z`bz w`f xbw g`b~hfj xmz` inwz~vgzmlh

tiamgfjvzmfw, Smebabxbz`m mlci~efj z`f t~mwil iccmgf~w ic z`f tiamgf bwwbvaz! blj b t~mwil iccmgf~

ziik jixl`f~ wzbzfeflz ~fhb~jmlh z`f mlgmjflz il z`f lfpz jb},

Bczf~ Smebabxbz`m xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma c~ie z`f Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z! Hbaaf il Wftzfenf~ >0! w`f

xflz xmz` `f~ `vwnblj zi effz z`f BWT! Hbaaf blj ziaj `me z`mw mlovwzmgf tf~tfz~bzfj il z`fe, Z`f

BWT ziik jixl z`fm~ wzbzfeflz blj ziaj z`fe z`bz afhba bgzmil xivaj nf zbkfl bhbmlwz TG G`beff~b

bzzbg`fj zi z`f B`blhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Abzf~ z`f givtaf xflz zi z`f @^G n~blg` iccmgf ml Ebzb~b

zi ~fti~z z`mw ebzzf~, @ixfsf~! bl iccmgf~ ~fcvwfj zi bggftz z`f gietabmlz wzbzmlh! ‖Mz mw wz~blhf z`bz

z`f} z`f tiamgf- `bj ila} tvz ilf gbwf bhbmlwz }iv, Z`f tiamgf gbl fsfl n~fbk b g`bm~ blj wb} z`bz

}iv n~ikf mz,– Z`f iccmgf~ cv~z`f~ wbmj! ‖Ml z`mw mlwzblgf! z`f tiamgf `bsf z`f ~mh`z zi `mz }iv,–

Bczf~ z`mw mlgmjflz! Smebabxbz`m ebjf b x~mzzfl gietabmlz zi z`f @^G! LTG! Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba blj

iz`f~ bvzì~mzmfw, Li wvnwzblzmsf bgzmil xbw zbkfl ciaaixmlh z`f gietabmlz,

2=3, G`blj~bwm~m? Tiamgf mwwvf z`~fbzw blj mlzmemjbzmilw

Ml Wftzfenf~ >448! G`blj~bwm~m gieeflgfj b gilz~bgz zi ji z`f zmenf~xi~k il b ìvwf nfmlh nvmaz

n} Kveb~b Kiz`babxbab blj `mw xmcf Z`blvob! bz =6! Wflblb}bkf îbj! Lbxbab, G`blj~bwm~m xi~kfj

xmz` `mw efl vlzma Bt~ma 22! x`fl `f wzittfj! wzbzmlh z`bz `f xmaa nfhml xi~k bhbml ml z`~ff xffkwbczf~ z`f Lfx ]fb~ ìamjb}, @ixfsf~! nfci~f fsfl zxi xffkw `bj tbwwfj bczf~ z`f Lfx ]fb~

ìamjb}! Kveb~ Kiz`babxbab blj `mw xmcf Z`blvob gbef zi G`blj~bwm~m‐w ìvwf blj wgiajfj `me ml b

jfefblmlh ebllf~ ml c~ilz ic `mw lfmh`niv~w, G`blj~bwm~m aijhfj b gietabmlz ~fhb~jmlh z`mw

mlgmjflz bz z`f Tblbjv~b Tiamgf wzbzmil,



>>0

Bczf~ z`mw mlgmjflz! G`blj~bwm~m xbw gbaafj zi z`f Kiaavtmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f z`f IMG wgiajfj

blj mlzmemjbzfj `me ml b jfefblmlh blj `vemambzmlh ebllf~, Cv~z`f~ei~f z`f IMG z`~fbzflfj

G`blj~bwm~m z`bz mc `f jmj liz cmlmw` z`f xi~k ml Kveb~ Kizbabxbab‐w ìvwf wiil `f xivaj nf

b~~fwzfj blj n~ivh`z zi giv~z, G`blj~bwm~m gabmew z`bz `f xbw cv~z`f~ z`~fbzflfj n} bl iccmgf~ lbefj

Lbljbtbab,

C~mh`zflfj! G`blj~bwm~m jfgmjfj zi hi nbgk zi xi~k il z`f ìvwf ic Kveb~ Kizbabxbab, X`maf

xi~kmlh z`f~f! G`blj~bwm~m xbw gilzmlvbaa} wgiajfj n} z`f gamflz‐w xmcf! Z`blvob, Cv~z`f~ei~f!

Kveb~bKiz`babxb z~mfj zi bwwbvaz `me, G`blj~bwm~m aijhfj b gietabmlz xmz` ~fhb~jw zi z`mw

bzzfetzfj bwwbvaznvz z`f Xfamkbjb Tiamgf `bj liz zbkfl bl} wzftw ~fhb~jmlh `mw gietabmlz,

G`blj~bwm~m bawi baafhfj z`bzZ`blvob xbw wzfbamlh zmenf~ blj gietabmlmlh z`bz z`f gietafzfj xi~k

xbw liz vt zi wzbljb~j, @f xbwci~gfj zi ~f%ji z`f xi~k bz `mw ixl tf~wilba fptflwf, Wmlgf mz xbw

liz tiwwmnaf zi xi~k vljf~ wvg` z~}mlhgiljmzmilw `f wzittfj z`f xi~k,

Bz z`mw timlz! G`blj~bwm~m xbw bhbml gbaafj zi z`f Kiaavtmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f z`f IMG blj

Lbljbtbab bhbml z`~fbzflfj `me z`bz mc `f jmj liz ~f%gieeflgf z`f xi~k il z`f ìvwf z`f} xivajcbn~mgbzf b gbwf bhbmlwz `me blj wveeil `me zi giv~z, Bw wvg`! G`blj~bwm~m bhbml wzb~zfj xi~k bz

Kveb~ Kizbabxbab‐w, @ixfsf~! `f wzbzfj z`bz `f xbw ila} himlh zi gietafzf z`f xi~k ba~fbj} nfhvl

blj liz wzb~z bl} lfx xi~k, @f cv~z`f~ ~frvfwzfj z`bz `mw zmenf~ blj `mw frvmteflz! x`mg` `f

baafhfj zi `bsf nffl gilcmwgbzfj n} `mw fetai}f~! nf ~fzv~lfj zi `me, Ml bjjmzmil! b wve ic eilf}

ixfj zi `me n} Kveb~ Kizbabxbab wìvaj nf tbmj, G`blj~bwm~m wzittfj xi~k il Ova} 2>,

Il Ova} 23! G`blj~bwm~m xflz zi z`f Xfamkbjb Tiamgf blj aijhfj b gietabmlz! bwkmlh z`bz `mw

ebg`mlf~} blj zmenf~ xi~z` bnivz ^w, >4!444 nf ~fzv~lfj zi `me, @f cv~z`f~ bwkfj z`bz z`f wve

ixfj zi `me beivlzmlh zi ^w, 34!444 nf tbmj, Z`f Xfamkbjb Tiamgf ziik li wzftw ~fhb~jmlh z`mw

gietabmlz, Il Ova} >:! z`f Tblbjv~b Tiamgf mlci~efj G`blj~bwm~m zi t~fwflz `mewfac bz z`f

Kiaavtmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil bz 22be il Ova} >3, G`blj~bwm~m jmj liz hi nfgbvwf `f xbw xi~~mfj z`bz

z`f} xivaj bhbml `b~bww `me, @f gietabmlfj ml x~mzmlh bnivz z`f mlgmjflz zi wfsf~ba hisf~leflz

bvzì~mzmfw,

2=8, W, Wm~mtbab? J~bhhfj zi w`fj blj ef~gmafwwa} bwwbvazfj

Il 0 Wftzfenf~ >448! W, Wm~mtbab! x`maf `f xbw mlwmjf `mw lfxa}%nvmaz ìvwf! zi x`mg` `f `bj liz

eisfj }fz! xbw smwmzfj n} b h~ivt ic efl xì ~feisfj z`f h~maaw c~ie `mw ìvwf! webw`fj hiijw

mlwmjf! bwwbvazfj `me blj afcz, C~mh`zflfj! `f ~bl bxb} blj `mj! nvz `f gilzmlvfj zi inwf~sf `mw

ìvwf ml gbwf z`f bzzbgkf~w ~fzv~lfj, Bnivz 7te! z`bz wbef jb} `f xflz zi z`f Tblbjv~b Tiamgf

wzbzmil zi aijhf b gietabmlz, Nvz b tiamgfebl z`f~fml mlci~efj `me z`bz `mw gietabmlz givaj liz nf

~fgi~jfj blj zi hi bxb} blj gief nbgk lfpz ei~lmlh,

Z`f smgzme ~fzv~lfj zi z`f ìef ml x`mg` `f `bj nffl ~fwmjmlh, Z`f lfpz ei~lmlh! Wftzfenf~ =! `f

xflz zi `mw lfx ìvwf blj `f wbx b ebl klixl bw ‘^bz`v Bm}b‐ ^fj N~iz`f~- ìsf~mlh bnivz xmz`

b wxi~j%amkf xfbtil ml `mw `blj, Mz aiikfj bxcvaa} amkf z`mw ebl xbw xbmzmlh ci~ z`f smgzme, Wi `f



>>=

wv~~ftzmzmivwa} gbef c~ie nf`mlj blj h~bttafj ci~ z`f xfbtil ml ^bz`v Bm}b‐w `blj blj bwwbvazfj

`me, @f meefjmbzfa} z`f~fbczf~ xflz zi z`f Tblbjv~b Tiamgf wzbzmil! ~fti~zfj z`f mlgmjflz blj

wv~~fljf~fj `mewfac zi z`f tiamgf,

Z`f smgzme wb}w z`bz z`f~f xbw b jmwtvzf isf~ ablj nfzxffl `mewfac blj ^bz`v Bm}b! z`bz mw! isf~ z`f

ixlf~w`mt ic z`f ablj il x`mg` `f xbw nvmajmlh `mw lfx ìvwf, Nvz `f `bj nffl mlwz~vgzfj zi nvmaj`mw ìvwf n} z`f Tblbjv~b Tiamgf blj z`mw `f mlci~efj z`f Tblbjv~b Tiamgf @RM @fbj Rvb~zf~w

Mlwtfgzi~-, Z`f @RM `bj mlwz~vgzfj bliz`f~ tiamgfebl zi ‘aiik mlzi z`f ebzzf~ blj zbkf jixl z`f

gietabmlz‐, Gilz~b~} zi mlwz~vgzmilw ìxfsf~! z`mw tiamgfebl jmj liz bwk bl} rvfwzmilw li~ x~mzf

bl}z`mlh jixl, Nvz z`f smgzme xbw kftz xbmzmlh bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil ci~ ei~f z`bl ilf ìv~ bczf~

x`mg` bliz`f~ tiamgfebl ziik `me blj vlgf~feilmivwa} z`~fx `me mlzi b tiamgf ìajmlh gfaa vlzma

z`f ciaaixmlh jb} ei~lmlh! Wftzfenf~ 24,

Il 24 Wftzfenf~ >448! bnivz =be! z`~ff tiamgfefl smwmzfj `me blj wb}mlh z`bz `f xbw zi nf zbkfl

ivz ic z`f gfaa! tvaafj z`f smgzme n} `mw w`m~z giaab~ blj webw`fj `mw `fbj bhbmlwz z`f m~il nb~w ic z`f

gfaa, Z`f tiamgfefl z`fl fwgi~zfj `me zi b w`fj xmz`ml z`f wzbzmil t~femwfw blj i~jf~fj `me zi amfjixl il z`f caii~, Z`fl ilf tiamgfebl `beef~fj `me xmz` b xiijfl tiaf x`maf bliz`f~ bwwbvazfj

`me xmz` b ìwftmtf, X`maf z`mw n~vzba bwwbvaz xbw zbkmlh tabgf! zxi i~ z`~ff iz`f~ tiamgfefl gbef

zi x`f~f z`f mlgmjflz xbw zbkmlh tabgf, Ilf tiamgfebl wbmj z`bz ‖z`mw mw liz z`f xb} zi `mz `me– blj

smgmivwa} kmgkfj z`f smgzmeil `mw wtmlf xmz` `mw tiamgfebl‐w niizw, Z`f kmgkmlh gilzmlvfj ci~ wief

zmef! x`maf z`f smgzmewg~fbefj ml tbml, @f tafbjfj xmz` z`fe zi wzit zi~zv~mlh `me z`mw xb} nvz

z`f} ila} z~betafj `mw nij}blj gilzmlvfj kmgkmlh blj nfbzmlh `me,

Z`f smgzme wb}w z`bz bczf~ z`f zi~zv~f! `f xbw vlbnaf zi wzblj vt il `mw cffz i~ xbak! blj `f wvccf~fj

c~ie vlnfb~bnaf tbml ml `mw flzm~f nij}, Nvz z`f tiamgfefl ovwz jfebljfj z`bz `f wzblj vt blj

j~bhhfj `me zi z`f ìajmlh gfaa, Bz bnivz 7te! z`f smgzme xbw zbkfl zi ‘aijhf b gietabmlz‐, Nvz

mlwzfbj z`f tiamgf x~izf jixl z`f gietabmlz blj z`f smgzme xbw ci~gfj zi tabgf `mw wmhlbzv~f il z`f

jigveflz,

Abzf~ z`bz jb}! z`f smgzme xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f b ebhmwz~bzf‐w giv~z nvz `f xbw vlbnaf zi inzbml nbma

nfgbvwf `mw xmcf xì mlzfljfj zi bttfb~ bw z`f wv~fz}- `bj liz n~ivh`z `f~ Lbzmilba MJ gb~j, Z`f

smgzme bawi giv~bhfivwa} mlci~efj z`f giv~z z`bz z`f tiamgf `bj bwwbvazfj `me! blj z`f ebhmwz~bzf

rvf~mfj x`fz`f~ `f givaj mjflzmc} zìwf xì bwwbvazfj `me, @f ~ftamfj ml z`f bccm~ebzmsf, Z`f

ebhmwz~bzf z`fl i~jf~fj `me zi nf xb~jfj ml ìwtmzba, Bggi~jmlha} z`f smgzme xbw bjemzzfj zi

ìwtmzba n} t~mwil iccmgmbaw blj ~fgfmsfj efjmgba z~fbzeflz ci~ `mw mlov~mfw ci~ zxi jb}w, @f ziaj z`f

jigzi~ xì fpbemlfj `me bnivz z`f bwwbvaz blj z`f OEI xì fpbemlfj `me, Il

2> Wftzfenf~ >448 z`f smgzme xbw jmwg`b~hfj c~ie ìwtmzba bczf~ `f xbw hmsfl nbma,

Il 22 Wftzfenf~ >448 z`f smgzme‐w xmcf smb cbp gietabmlfj zi z`f @^G! LTG! MHT blj WWT!

Tblbjv~b bnivz z`f ml`vebl tiamgf bwwbvaz il `f~ `vwnblj, Abzf~! t~inbna} ml ~fsflhf ci~

gietabmlmlh! z`f Tblbjv~b Tiamgf baafhfja} cbn~mgbzfj b g~memlba gbwf bhbmlwz z`f smgzme,



>74

Il 27 Wftzfenf~ >448 z`f smgzme‐w t`}wmgba giljmzmil xi~wflfj blj `f `bj zi nf ~f%bjemzzfj zi

ìwtmzba! z`mw zmef zi z`f Kbavnixmab @iwtmzba, Bhbml! z`f smgzme mlci~efj z`f jigzi~ bw xfaa bw z`f

OEI xì fpbemlfj `me bnivz z`f tiamgf bwwbvaz blj bawi hbsf jfzbmaw zi z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf! xì

ziik b wzbzfeflz c~ie `me, @f xbw jmwg`b~hfj c~ie ìwtmzba il z`f Wftzfenf~ 2:,

Z`f~fbczf~! z`f WWT ic Tblbjv~b ~frvfwzfj `me zi t~fwflz `mewfac bz bl mlrvm~} mlzi z`f mlgmjflz il>4 Wftzfenf~ >448, Bz z`f wi%gbaafj mlrvm~}! z`f WWT ziaj `me zi aijhf b gietabmlz ~fhb~jmlh z`f

jbebhfw gbvwfj zi `mw ìvwf nvz zi iemz eflzmilmlh z`f tiamgf bwwbvaz, Z`f tiamgfebl ~fgi~jmlh `mw

gietabmlz ~fmzf~bzfj z`f wbef bjsmgf blj ~fgi~jfj b gietamblz emlvw jfzbmaw ic z`f tiamgf bwwbvaz, Wi

il >2 Wftzfenf~ >448! b x~mzzfl gietabmlz bhbmlwz z`f WWT ic Tblbjv~b xbw ebjf zi z`f @^G!

LTG blj MHT, Ml `mw gietabmlz! z`f smgzme ~frvfwzfj z`bz z`fwf bvzì~mzmfw meefjmbzfa} mlrvm~f mlzi

z`f mlgmjflz blj zbkf btt~it~mbzf jmwgmtamlb~} blj afhba bgzmil bhbmlwz?

b- Z`f tiamgfefl bzzbg`fj zi z`f Tblbjv~b Tiamgf wzbzmil ci~ z`fm~ ml`vebl blj n~vzba z~fbzeflz ic

z`f smgzme blj bawi ci~ cbn~mgbzmil ic g`b~hfw;

n- Z`f WWT ic Tblbjv~b ci~ `mw bci~feflzmilfj vlt~icfwwmilba blj vlfz`mgba giljvgz,

2=0, Eblio Kveb~b? Tblbjv~b Wivz` tiamgf emw`bljaf gbwf ic bwwbvaz

Il z`f lmh`z ic 23 Wftzfenf~ >448! fmh`z tf~wilw b~~msfj bz z`f ~fwmjflgf ic Eblio Kveb~b bnib~j

b z`~ff%x`ffaf~ blj bwwbvazfj Eblio blj `mw xmcf G`blj~mkb, Eblio Kveb~b blj `mw xmcf ebjf b

gietabmlz bnivz z`mw mlgmjflz il z`f wbef jb} zi z`f Tblbjv~b Wivz` Tiamgf! mjflzmc}mlh zxi ic z`fm~

bwwbmablzw! Vtbam blj ^blkm! xì xf~f ~fwmjflzw ic B~vkhijb smaabhf, Z`f} givaj mjflzmc} iz`f~

bwwbmablzw mc wffl! nvz xìwf lbefw z`f} jmj liz klix,

Z`f nbwmw ci~ z`mw mlgmjflz xbw wvttiwfja} b jmwbh~ffeflz nfzxffl G`blj~mkb blj Vtbam‐w xmcf ml

~fabzmil zi eilf}, Vtbam‐w xmcf ebjf b gietabmlz zi z`f Tblbjv~b tiamgf bnivz Eblio Kveb~b blj

`mw xmcf! blj z`f tiamgf gbaafj niz` tb~zmfw ci~ bl mlrvm~} blj ci~gfj Eblio Kveb~b blj `mw xmcf zi

bh~ff zi tb} b wve ic ^w, 2444 fsf~} eilz` zi Vtbam‐w xmcf bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Eblio Kveb~b baafhfw z`bz z`f tiamgf gbaafj `me blj `mw xmcf G`blj~mkb ci~ bl mlrvm~} nbwfj il z`f

gietabmlz aijhfj n} Vtbam‐w xmcf x`maf mhli~mlh z`f gietabmlz z`bz xbw aijhfj t~fsmivwa} n} `me

xmz` ~fhb~j zi z`f bwwbvaz,

Bz z`f mlrvm~} G`blj~mkb ~fgihlmwfj b gf~zbml iccmgf~ xìe w`f baafhfw xbw beilh z`fm~ bwwbmablzw,

Vtil mlrvm~}! Eblio Kveb~b gbef zi klix z`bz z`mw iccmgf~ xbw @ief Hvb~j Kvabwm~m ml z`f

wf~smgf ic z`f Tblbjv~b Tiamgf,

Eblio Kveb~b mlci~efj z`f IMG ic z`f Webaa Gietabmlzw Iccmgf bnivz z`f ìef hvb~j, Z`f IMG

z`fl gbaafj blj rvfwzmilfj Kvabwm~m wzbzmlh? ‖Mw mz z~vf z`fwf tfitaf wb} z`bz }iv bwwbvaz z`fe9 Lix

z`f} b~f himlh zi ~fti~z }iv zi `mh`f~ vt bvzì~mz},– @ief hvb~j Kvabwm~m meefjmbzfa} jflmfj z`mw

cbgz, Z`f IMG z`fl bwwv~fj Eblio Kveb~b blj `mw xmcf z`bz mz xbw liz lfgfwwb~} zi zbkf z`f z~ivnaf



>72

zi ~fti~z z`f ebzzf~ zi `mh`f~ bvzì~mzmfw blj z`bz `f xivaj aiik mlzi z`f ebzzf~ wmlgf Kvabwm~m xbw b

sf~} ovlmi~ iccmgf~,

Eblio Kveb~b `bj z`fl bwkfj z`f tiamgf x`bz bgzmil `bj nffl zbkfl vtil z`f gietabmlz aijhfj n}

z`fe il z`f bwwbvaz, Z`f iccmgf~ mlci~efj z`fe z`bz b gbwf `bj nffl cmafj blj mz `bw nffl ~fcf~~fj zi

z`f Efjmbzmil Nib~j, @f bawi mlci~efj z`fe z`bz z`f} xivaj ~fgfmsf b afzzf~ c~ie z`f EfjmbzmilNib~j blj z`f gbwf `bj nffl cmpfj il 23 Oblvb~} >440,

Il bliz`f~ iggbwmil x`fl z`f} gbef zi z`f Tblbjv~b Tiamgf wzbzmil zi tb} z`f ^w, 2444 zi Vtbam‐w

xmcf! z`f abzzf~ `bj bwkfj z`fe x`} z`f} jmj liz gief zi z`f Efjmbzmil Nib~j, W`f bawi mlci~efj

z`fe z`bz z`fm~ afzzf~ `bj nffl ~fzv~lfj wzbzmlh z`bz z`f~f xbw li wvg` tf~wil ~fwmjmlh bz z`f hmsfl

bjj~fww, Eblio Kveb~b wffmlh z`f afzzf~ wflz n} z`f Efjmbzmil Nib~j ml `f~ `blj `bj bwkfj z`f

IMG Webaa Gietabmlzw mc mz xbw tiwwmnaf zi hfz b tìzigit} ic z`f afzzf~, Nvz Vtbam‐w xmcf jmj liz

bh~ff zi z`mw, W`f ziaj z`fe zi gief zi z`f Efjmbzmil Nib~j il 26 Jfgfenf~ >448, Z`f smgzme z`fl

~frvfwzfj c~ie z`f IMG b afzzf~ zi hi zi z`f Efjmbzmil Nib~j, Z`f IMG `bj x~mzzfl z`f lvenf~ ic

z`f gbwf blj z`f jbzf il 26 Jfgfenf~ >448 wzbzmlh z`bz z`f} wìvaj hi zi z`f Efjmbzmil Nib~j bzNbljb~bhbeb bz =be,

Il Jfgfenf~ 26! x`fl Eblio Kveb~b xflz zi z`f Efjmbzmil Nib~j! Vtbam‐w xmcf jmj liz gief,

Eblio Kveb~b wìxfj z`f Efjmbzmil Nib~j z`f afzzf~ inzbmlfj c~ie z`f IMG Tiamgf Tblbjv~b, Z`f

nib~j z`fl mlci~efj `me z`bz wmlgf z`f smgzme `bj liz nffl t~fwflz il z`f fb~amf~ jbzf! b gf~zmcmgbzf

ic lil%wfzzafeflz `bj nffl mwwvfj, Eblio Kveb~b wzbzfj z`bz z`f} jmj liz ~fgfmsf z`f afzzf~ c~ie

z`f Efjmbzmil Nib~j, Z`f nib~j z`fl wzbzfj z`bz mz givaj nf z`bz z`f iz`f~ tb~z} hiz z`f afzzf~w

z`~ivh` bl iccmgf bwwmwzblz blj `flgf Eblio Kveb~b jmj liz ~fgfmsf mz, Eblio Kveb~b z`fl bwkfj

ci~ b afzzf~ zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmlh z`f t~fwflz tiwmzmil, Vtil z`mw z`f Nib~j x~izf blj hbsf `me b gbwf

lvenf~ ~fgi~jfj vlwfzzafj, @f z`fl xflz zi z`f IMG Webaa Gietabmlzw blj ~fti~zfj z`f ebzzf~ nvz

z`f IMG wbmj z`bz `f xbw liz z`f ilf xì `bljafw z`fwf ebzzf~w nvz iccmgf~ Tbamz`b,

Z`f Tblbjv~b Tiamgf z`fl cmafj b gbwf blj wflz mz zi z`f Efjmbzmil Nib~j, Eblio Kveb~b wb}w z`bz

z`f Tblbjv~b Tiamgf b~f nmbwfj blj bgzmlh ml wvtti~z ic Vtbam blj `mw xmcf xì baafhfja} mlwzmhbzfj

z`f bwwbvaz, @f bawi wb}w z`bz @ief Hvb~j Kvabwm~m xì xbw ilf ic z`fm~ bwwbmablzw `bw hiz zihfz`f~

xmz` iz`f~ tf~wilw klixl zi z`fe blj mw z`~fbzflmlh z`fe z`bz `f xmaa cbn~mgbzf b g`b~hf ic nienw

i~ j~vhw blj wflj z`fe zi t~mwil, @f cv~z`f~ eflzmilw z`bz vtil z`f mlcavflgf ic @ief Hvb~j

Kvabwm~m! z`f Tblbjv~b tiamgf b~f `b~bwwmlh blj xbwzmlh z`fm~ zmef n} liz t~itf~a} ~fgi~jmlh z`fm~

mlmzmba gietabmlz! n} mljmgbzmlh x~ilh jbzfw blj gbwf lvenf~w z`vw wvnofgzmlh z`fe zi h~fbz

mlgilsflmflgfw,

@f ~fti~zfj z`mw mlgmjflz n} x~mzzfl gietabmlz il >4 Jfgfenf~ >448 zi z`f @^G! LTG! MHT blj

WWI ml Tblbjv~b,

2==, T,B, Kveb~b Tf~f~b? Bwwbvaz n} z`f Tmam}bljbab tiamgf bz z`f mlwzmhbzmil ic b z`m~j tb~z}

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh z`f ml`vebl



>7>

blj jfh~bjmlh bwwbvaz ic b ebl n} z`f Tmam}bljbab Tiamgf baafhfja} bz z`f mlwzmhbzmil ic b z`m~j tb~z},

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme! x`fl `f blj `mw givwml smwmzfj z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil zi aijhf b gietabmlz!

Gietabmlzw Jmsmwmil! Iccmgf~ ml G`b~hf IMG- Jbemz` blj bliz`f~ n~vzbaa} kmgkfj blj z~betafj

z`fe, Z`f} xf~f z`fl aigkfj vt xmz` li ~fbwilw hmsfl, Abzf~ z`f smgzme xbw bjemzzfj zi ìwtmzba

blj gietabmlfj zi z`f bvzì~mzmfw z`f~fml mlgavjmlh z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ blj z`f ìwtmzba

tiamgf, Wvnwfrvflza} z`f tiamgf baafhfja} cbn~mgbzfj b g~memlba gbwf bhbmlwz `me % t~inbna} ml ~fsflhfci~ gietabmlmlh,

Nbwfj il z`f smgzme(w zfwzmeil}-

Il 2= Wftzfenf~ >448 bnivz 8?26te! z`f smgzme T,B, Kveb~b Tf~f~b >2-! zihfz`f~ xmz` `mw givwml

Jblvw`kb blj `mw h~bljeiz`f~ smwmzfj z`f Tmam}bljbab Tiamgf wzbzmil ml z`f Giaieni Jmwz~mgz zi

aijhf b gietabmlz bhbmlwz b lfmh`niv~ % V,J, Wvemz`~b % ci~ `b~bwwmlh z`fe blj cbawfa} bggvwmlh

z`fe ic gieemzzmlh g~mefw, Nvz x`fl z`f smgzme ~fbg`fj z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f lfmh`niv~ xbw bawi

t~fwflz,

Vtil wffmlh z`fe! z`f smgzme `fb~j Ew, Wvemz`~b timlzmlh bz z`fe blj zfaamlh z`f tiamgf zi bwwbvaz

z`fe, Gilwfrvflza}! z`f Gietabmlzw Jmsmwmil! Iccmgf~ ml G`b~hf IMG-! Jbemz` xbakfj vt zi z`fe

blj smgmivwa} kmgkfj z`f smgzme blj `mw givwml, Bczf~ z`f} cfaa il z`f caii~ `f z~betafj z`fe xmz` `mw

niizw, Bawi! x`maf kmgkmlh blj z~betamlh z`f smgzme! IMG Jbemz` `bj jfebljfj z`bz z`f smgzme

wìvz ivz z`f lbef ic `mw vlgaf xmz` xìe V,J, Wvemz`~b `bj `bj b rvb~~fa xmz`-, Niz`! z`f

smgzme blj `mw givwml xf~f z`fl aigkfj vt ml z`f tiamgf ìajmlh gfaa, Li ~fbwilw xf~f hmsfl ci~ z`fm~

jfzflzmil, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme! fsfl ml z`f lmh`z z`f IMG `bj ~fzv~lfj blj bwwbvazfj z`fe,

Il z`f lfpz jb}! Wftzfenf~ >4! z`f} xf~f zbkfl ivz ic z`f ìajmlh gfaa zi ~fgi~j z`fm~ wzbzfeflzw,

Z`mw zmef! WM Blv~b oimlfj IMG Jbemz` ml bwwbvazmlh z`f smgzme blj `mw givwml il z`fm~ `fbjw blj

`bljw, Z`fl il >2 Wftzfenf~ >448 niz` xf~f t~ijvgfj nfci~f giv~z blj bw z`f~f xbw li ilf zitiwf nbma il z`fm~ nf`bac! z`f} xf~f ~febljfj, Bz z`f Kbavzb~b ~feblj t~mwil z`f smgzme cfaa maa jvf

zi z`f tiamgf nfbzmlh blj `bj zi nf ìwtmzbamwfj ml z`f t~mwil ìwtmzba, Il >6 Wftzfenf~ >448! z`f

smgzme blj givwml xf~f ~fafbwfj il nbma, Z`bz wbef jb} bnivz 8?44te z`f smgzme xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f

Kbavnixmab Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ci~ efjmgba z~fbzeflz ci~ `mw mlov~mfw, Z`f~f! `f cfb~afwwa} mlci~efj

bvzì~mzmfw mlgavjmlh z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- xì fpbemlfj `me z`bz `mw mlov~mfw xf~f

wvwzbmlfj c~ie b tiamgf bwwbvaz,

Il >3 Wftzfenf~ >448 z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf ~fgi~jfj z`f smgzme(w gietabmlz, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme!

t~inbna} ml ~fsflhf ci~ gietabmlmlh! z`f Tmam}bljbab Tiamgf `bj cbn~mgbzfj b gbwf li, 23888- bhbmlwz

`me, Z`f lfpz giv~z jbzf mw cmpfj ci~ 24 Jfgfenf~ >448, Z`f smgzme wb}w z`bz zi jbzf! `f wvccf~w tbmlc~ie z`f mlov~mfw gbvwfj n} z`f tiamgf bwwbvaz; z`f~f mw b tbml ml `mw g`fwz blj ~mh`z `blj! `mw ~mh`z

`blj mw wzmaa wxiaafl blj `bw bl vl`fbafj xivlj, Z`f smgzme `bw lix aijhfj ci~eba gietabmlzw ml

x~mzmlh zi z`f ~fafsblz bvzì~mzmfw mlgavjmlh z`f G`bm~ebl! @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil ic W~m Ablkb!

G`bm~ebl! Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil! Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf MHT- blj z`f Wflmi~

Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf WWT- % Ez, Absmlmb,



>77

Z`f smgzme `bw ~frvfwzfj z`bz meefjmbzf mlsfwzmhbzmil blj mlrvm~} nf giljvgzfj mlzi z`f mlgmjflz

blj z`f~fbczf~ btt~it~mbzf jmwgmtamlb~} blj afhba bgzmil nf zbkfl bhbmlwz IMG Jbemz` blj WM Blv~b

ic z`f Tmam}bljbab Tiamgf xì bwwbvazfj z`f smgzme gbvwmlh wf~mivw mlov~mfw zi `me bw xfaa bw

cbn~mgbzmlh cbawf g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me,

>44, T~m}blz`b Cf~lblji? ‑Mz mw ila} xmz` }iv xf xmaa hi―

T~m}blz`b Cf~lblji bhfj >8- mw b z`~ff%x`ffaf~ j~msf~ xì `m~fw z`f z`~ffx`ffaf~ c~ie z`f ixlf~!

Vefw Mljmkb! n} tb}mlh ^w, >64 fsf~} jb},

Il >8 Wftzfenf~ >448! T~m}blz`b Cf~lblji xbw tb~kmlh z`f z`~ff%x`ffaf~ ml z`f tb~kmlh aiz ml

c~ilz ic z`f Ei~bzvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil bw `f vwvbaa} jifw, Wvjjfla} zxi tf~wilw btt~ibg`fj `me blj

jfebljfj z`bz z`f} xblzfj zi `m~f `mw sf`mgaf zi zbkf z`fe zi Kbzvnfjj`b! b cfx kmaiefz~fw bxb},

@ixfsf~! `f ziaj z`fe `f givaj liz bggftz z`f `m~f nfgbvwf `f `bj nffl `m~fj ml bjsblgf zi j~msf

ci~ z`f xmcf ic bl iccmgf~ ic z`f Ei~bzvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil lbefj T~bwbllb,

Bw T~m}blz`b Cf~lblji ziaj z`fe z`mw z`f} nfgbef bhh~fwwmsf blj wzbzfj z`bz ‖mz mw ila} xmz` }iv xf xmaahi–, Z`fl! ilf ic z`f tf~wilw h~mttfj T~m}blz`b Cf~lblji n} z`f lfgk blj xblzfj zi wff `mw

mjflzmz} gb~j,X`maf z`f tf~wil h~mttfj T~m}blz`b Cf~lblji! z`f iz`f~ wfb~g`fj z`f smgzme‐w `mt

tigkfz blj ziik ivz z`ftbtf~ x`mg` `bj nffl hmsfl zi `me n} z`f tiamgf x`fl `mw i~mhmlba

mjflzmcmgbzmil gb~j xbw aiwz, Z`f}bjjfj z`bz ‖mz mw }iv xf b~f aiikmlh ci~– blj wrvfffj `mw lfgk blj

`faj mz zmh`z bhbmlwz z`f nb~ ic z`fz`~ff x`ffaf~ x`mg` mw nf`mlj z`f j~msf~w‐ wfbz,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme! `f zìvh`z z`bz z`f} mlzfljfj zi wzfba z`f z`~ff%x`ffaf~! blj ziaj z`fe z`bz

z`f z`~ff%x`ffaf~ jmj liz nfailh zi `me, Bz z`bz zmef! `f wbx z`bz z`f ixlf~ ic z`f z`~ff%x`ffaf~!

Vefw` Mljmkb! giemlh zixb~jw z`fe, Z`f smgzme z`fl wbmj! ‖Z`f ixlf~ ic z`f z`~ff%x`ffaf~ mw

giemlh–, Z`fl! z`f zxi tf~wilw mjflzmcmfj z`fewfasfw bw tiamgf iccmgf~w blj tvw`fj z`f smgzme bxb}, Z`f} z`fl gbvh`z ìaj ic Vefw` Mljmkb! tvz `me mlwmjf b sbl blj j~isf bxb},

Ciaaixmlh z`f mlgmjflz z`f smgzme xflz zi z`f Ei~bzvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil zi ebkf b gietabmlz nvz z`f

tiamgf ~fcvwfj zi bggftz z`f gietabmlz, Mlwzfbj z`f} hbsf i~ba efwwbhfw zi jfamsf~ zi z`f ìvwfìaj

ic Vefw` Mljmkb, Mz xbw bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil z`bz z`f smgzme abzf~ gbef zi klix z`bz z`f zxi tf~wilw

xì `bj zbkfl Vefw` Mljmkb xf~f c~ie z`f Tmam}bljbab tiamgf,

Il z`f lfpz jb}! Wftzfenf~ >0! z`f smgzme xflz zi z`f Tblbjv~b Li~z` Tiamgf wzbzmil xmz` `mw

eiz`f~ zi ebkf b gietabmlz, @ixfsf~! ilgf bhbml z`f tiamgf jmj liz bggftz z`f gietabmlz nvz ziaj

z`fe zi hi zi z`f Ei~bzvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil, X`fl z`f} xflz zi z`f Ei~bzvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil z`f}

xf~f ziaj bhbml zi ~fzv~l zi z`f Tblbjv~b Li~z` Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf ic z`fTblbjv~b Li~z` Tiamgf zfaftìlfj zi z`f Tmam}bljbab tiamgf blj ziaj z`fe zi mlrvm~f mlzi z`f

mlgmjflz blj bwkfj z`f smgzme zi hi zi z`f Tmam}bljbab Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Il Wftzfenf~ >=! z`f smgzme blj `mw eiz`f~ xflz zi z`f Tmam}bljbab Tiamgf wzbzmil zi bhbml aijhf b

gietabmlz, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf ic z`f Tmam}bljbab Tiamgf wzbzmil blj z`f

iccmgf~ ml g`b~hf ic z`f G~mefw N~blg` ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil wgiajfj z`fe ml b sf~} aix ebllf~!



>7:

vwmlh civa ablhvbhf bhbmlwz z`fe, Z`f} fsfl z`~fbzflfj z`bz z`~ff tf~wilw `bj ba~fbj} nffl kmaafj

blj z`bz z`f smgzme xmaa nf lfpz, Z`f} z`fl ~fcvwfj zi ~fgi~j z`f smgzme‐w gietabmlz, Il z`f wbef

jb} z`f smgzme xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f Kbavnixmab @iwtmzba ci~ z~fbzeflz ci~ mlov~mfw wvccf~fj ml z`f

bzzbgk, Z`f smgzme mlci~efj zi b jigzi~ c~ie z`f Kbavnixmab @iwtmzba z`bz `f `bj nffl bwwbvazfj n}

z`f tiamgf, Z`f jigzi~ jmbhliwfj z`bz z`f lf~sf il z`f afcz wmjf ic `mw lfgk `bj nffl jbebhfj blj

z`bz `f wìvaj xfb~ b tabwzf~ gbwf il z`f lfgk ci~ bnivz ilf eilz`, Bz b~ivlj 7?74te ilWftzfenf~ 74! z`f smgzme bhbml xflz zi z`f Ei~bzvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil nvz z`f tiamgf jflmfj ~fgi~jmlh

`mw gietabmlz,

Il Igzinf~ > z`f smgzme ~fti~zfj z`f mlgmjflz zi ^blobl jf Efa! z`f gii~jmlbzmil iccmgf~ ic

Emlmwzf~ Offxbl Kveb~bz`vlhb xì amsfw ml ^bxbzbxbzzf, ^blobl jf Efa hbsf `me b afzzf~ zi

t~fwflz zi z`f WWT ml z`f Ez, Absmlmb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`mw iccmgf~ ~fbj z`f afzzf~ blj wmhlfj mz blj

bwkfj ci~ z`f smgzme zi `blj mz isf~ zi z`f BWT bz z`f Ei~bzvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Bggi~jmlha} z`f

smgzme efz BWT Jb}blbljb blj `bljfj isf~ z`f afzzf~, Mz xbw ila} z`fl z`bz z`f smgzme‐w wzbzfeflz

xbw ~fgi~jfj n} b xiebl tiamgf iccmgf~ blj b ci~e zi hfz bjemzzfj bz z`f Kbavnixmab @iwtmzba

Tiamgf wzbzmil xbw hmsfl zi `me, Z`f smgzme xbw bhbml bjemzzfj zi z`f Kbavnixmab @iwtmzba, Z`f smgzme wìxfj z`f jigzi~ z`f ìwtmzba gb~j blj z`f p%~b} x`mg` `bj nffl hmsfl il `mw cm~wz

bjemwwmil il >= Wftzfenf~ >448,

Il Igzinf~ 7! z`f tiamgf bzzbg`fj zi z`f ìwtmzba ~fgi~jfj b wzbzfeflz c~ie `me blj il z`f

ciaaixmlh jb}! Igzinf~ :! z`f OEI fpbemlfj z`f smgzme, Z`f smgzme xbw jmwg`b~hfj il z`bz jb} blj

bwkfj zi bzzflj z`f gamlmg zi gilzmlvf `mw z~fbzeflz il Igzinf~ 22, Bw b ~fwvaz ic z`f bzzbgk! z`f

smgzme `bj jmccmgvaz} ml zv~lmlh `mw lfgk c~ffa} blj ml gilzmlvmlh `mw oin, @f bawi x~izf zi z`f @^G!

LTG! MHT! blj WWT bz Ez, Absmlmb Tiamgf wzbzmil; ìxfsf~! li mlsfwzmhbzmil `bj wzb~zfj,

>42, E,B, T~bwblz`b ^vxbl Kveb~b? n~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj xmz` cmwzw blj niizw x`fl ~fcvwmlh

zi tb} n~mnf

E,B, T~bwblz`b ^vxbl Kveb~b bhfj 76-! b ablgf gi~ti~ba W):4:0=3- ml z`f W~m Ablkbl B~e}! ziik

wfsfl jb}w afbsf il 7 Igzinf~ >448 blj xflz ìef, Bz bnivz =te il = Igzinf~ >448 `f smwmzfj `mw

c~mflj Lbljblb‐w ìef! gilwvefj b cfx nff~w blj zihfz`f~ xmz` Lbljblb ziik `mw eizi~ nmg}gaf zi

b hb~bhf lfb~n} zi bzzflj zi b emli~ nmkf ~ftbm~, Z`f smgzme bjemzw `f xbw lfmz`f~ xfb~mlh b `faefz

li~ gb~~}mlh `mw eizi~nmkf amgflgf xmz` `me! ml gilz~bsflzmil ic z~bccmg abx! ebmla} nfgbvwf `f ila}

mlzfljfj zi z~bsfa z`f amzzaf jmwzblgf zi blj c~ie z`f hb~bhf,

Il ~ivzf Kveb~b blj `mw c~mflj xf~f wzittfj n} cmsf tiamgfefl mlgavjmlh TGw Beb~bwm~m! Nflfz

blj bliz`f~ xfb~mlh b nbjhf eb~kfj Li, :>843! bz Bzbkbabetbllb Ebjbetf, Z`f tiamgf jfebljfj

zi klix x`} z`f} xf~f xmzìvz z`fm~ `faefzw, Kveb~b z~mfj zi fptabml z`bz bw `f xbw ila} himlh zi b

hb~bhf lfb~n} `f xbw liz gb~~}mlh `mw amgflgf li~ xfb~mlh b `faefz, @f wb}w! z`f tiamgfefl z`fl

wìvzfj bz `me ml inwgflf blj ~vjf ablhvbhf, @f ~frvfwzfj z`fe liz zi mlwvaz `me bw `f zii xbw bl

iccmgf~ ic z`f wzbzf amkf z`f tiamgf,



>76

Ilf tiamgfebl xbakfj vt zi `me blj x`mwtf~fj ml `mw fb~ z`bz mc `f xbw xmaamlh zi tb} b webaa n~mnf

zi z`f tiamgfefl! `f xivaj nf baaixfj zi t~igffj xmzìvz bl} z~ivnaf, Nvz Kveb~b wzbvlgà}

~fcvwfj zi ji bl} wvg` z`mlh blj ziaj z`fe zi afz `me klix ic z`fm~ jfgmwmil, Gilwfrvflza}! bliz`f~

ebl ml gmssmfw gbef ci~xb~j blj ~ftfbzfj z`f ~frvfwz, Nvz z`f smgzme wzmaa ~fcvwfj,

Bggi~jmlh zi Kveb~b! li wiilf~ `bj `f ~fcvwfj zi tb} z`f n~mnf! tiamgfefl Nflfz! Ob}babz` bljIccmgf~ Li, :>843 tvaafj `me c~ie `mw nmkf! z`~fx `me il z`f ~ibj blj ef~gmafwwa} bwwbvazfj! kmgkfj

blj z~betafj `me, Z`f smgzme! Kveb~b! ~frvfwzfj z`fe zi wzit bwwbvazmlh `me blj ~ftfbzfja}

~femljfj z`fe z`bz `f xbw bl b~e} wiajmf~, Nvz z`f tiamgfefl ila} ~fzi~zfj z`bz z`f smgzme‐w iccmgmba

jvzmfw b~f amemzfj zi `mw b~fb ic jvz} blj z`bz z`mw b~fb xbw vljf~ tiamgf ov~mwjmgzmil! z`vw z`f smgzme

xbw ‘vljf~‐ z`f tiamgf, Z`f smgzme bawi wb}w z`f tiamgfefl bgzfj bw mc mlzipmgbzfj blj `f `bj b wz~ilh

wzflg` ic bagiìa, Wfsf~ba tfitaf ic z`f b~fb bawi xmzlfwwfj z`f bwwbvaz x`maf `mw c~mflj zii xbzg`fj

`fatafwwa} vlzma z`f tiamgf g`bwfj `me bxb},

Wvnwfrvflza}! z`f tiamgfefl gilcmwgbzfj z`f kf} ic `mw eizi~nmkf blj ci~gfj z`f smgzme mlzi b

x`mzmw` giaiv~fj ai~~}, Z`f} tvw`fj `me ilzi z`f caii~ blj wbz il `mw nij}! ilf tiamgfebl fsflz~betamlh `mw lfgk xmz` `mw niizw, Z`f smgzme xbw zbkfl b wì~z jmwzblgf ml z`f ai~~}! z`fl

z~blwcf~~fj zi b tiamgf offt blj zbkfl zi z`f ^bkxblb Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f bnivz 22te `f xbw

aigkfj vt ml b gfaa, B amzzaf x`maf abzf~ z`f tiamgf ziik `me zi z`f ^bkxblb Jmwz~mgz ìwtmzba zi

bwgf~zbml x`fz`f~ `f xbw mlzipmgbzfj, @f xbw ~fzv~lfj zi z`f wzbzmil blj aigkfj vt, Il z`f ~fzv~l

oiv~lf}! z`f smgzme wb}w! TG Nflfz ~ftfbzfja} blj wbsbhfa} bwwbvazfj `me baa isf~ `mw nij},

Bhbml b~ivlj 2>?74te z`f smgzme `fb~j z`f simgfw ic z`f tiamgfefl xì `bj n~ivh`z `me ml

jfebljmlh? ‖‘x`f~f mw z`bz cfaaix! zbkf `me ivz–, Meefjmbzfa} z`f gfaa jii~ xbw itflfj blj z`f

iz`f~ mlebzfw ic z`f gfaa xf~f zbkfl zi bliz`f~ tabgf, Z`f tiamgfefl xbakfj ml blj g~vfaa} zxmwzmlh

`mw b~e t~igffjfj zi bwwbvaz `me, @f ~fefenf~w TG Nflfz nfljmlh `me ci~xb~j blj wz~mkmlh `mw

wtmlf blj lfgk xmz` `mw fanix, TG Beb~bwm~m kmgkfj `me il `mw nbgk, Z`f iz`f~w zii `bj bzzbgkfj

`me xmz` z`fm~ cmwzw blj niizw ~ftfbzfja}! bczf~ x`mg` `f xbw aigkfj vt bhbml, Z`f tiamgf jmj liz

bcci~j `me bl} ciij i~ j~mlk! x`mawz ml jfzflzmil, Zixb~jw ei~lmlh x`fl `f ~frvfwzfj z`f tiamgf zi

n~mlh `me wief zfb xmz` `mw ixl eilf}! z`f} wzmaa ~fcvwfj, Lfmz`f~ jmj z`f} baaix `me zi mlci~e `mw

cbema} bnivz `mw x`f~fbnivzw,

Bz bnivz 0be il 24 Igzinf~ >448! z`f smgzme xbw zbkfl ivzwmjf z`f gfaa blj baaixfj zi wmz il b

nflg`, Z`f IMG ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil gbef ml b amzzaf abzf~ blj mlci~efj z`f smgzmew‐ cbema} z`bz `f

xbw ml tiamgf gvwzij}, TG Nflfz z`fl ~fgi~jfj z`f smgzme‐w wzbzfeflz blj ci~gfj `me zi wmhl mz

xmzìvz baaixmlh `me bl itti~zvlmz} zi ~fbj mz i~ fptabmlmlh mzw gilzflzw, Bnivz 22be z`f smgzme

xbw zbkfl zi z`f ^bkxblb Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z blj g`b~hfj xmz` j~msmlh vljf~ z`f mlcavflgf ic amrvi~

blj ci~ liz xfb~mlh b `faefz, Z`f smgzme mlci~efj z`f Ebhmwz~bzf z`bz `f xbw bwwbvazfj n} z`f

tiamgf, @f xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma blj z`f lfpz giv~z jbzf xbw cmpfj ci~ 2> Jfgfenf~ >448, Z`bz wbef

jb}! z`f smgzme xflz nbgk zi z`f ^bkxblb Tiamgf wzbzmil blj inzbmlfj tiwwfwwmil ic `mw

eizi~nmg}gaf blj kf}w,



>73

Il Igzinf~ 22! z`f smgzme xbw bjemzzfj zi xb~j Li 3 bz z`f ^bzlbtv~b ìwtmzba wffkmlh efjmgba

z~fbzeflz ci~ z`f mlov~mfw wvwzbmlfj c~ie z`f tiamgf bwwbvaz, @f bawi mlci~efj ìwtmzba bvzì~mzmfw

z`bz `f xbw bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf, Il Igzinf~ 27 `f xbw fpbemlfj n} z`f OEI xì `f bawi

mlci~efj ic z`f tiamgf bwwbvaz, Z`f smgzme xbw jmwg`b~hfj c~ie ìwtmzba il z`f wbef jb},

Z`f smgzme gietabmlfj ml x~mzmlh zi z`f ~fafsblz bvzì~mzmfw mlgavjmlh z`f @^G! LTG! MHT bljJMH%Afhba N~blg`,

>4>, E,M, Cbvwma Beffl? T~iailhfj blj n~vzba zi~zv~f n} z`f Kbavzb~b Wivz` tiamgf

Il 2: Igzinf~ >448 bnivz 2>?74te E,M, Cbvwma Beffl bhfj >8- blj bliz`f~ ebl lbefj H~bzmbl

xf~f ~mjmlh b eizi~g}gaf x`fl z`f} xf~f wzittfj ci~ b z~bccmg iccflgf n} bnivz fmh`z tiamgfefl bawi

il eizi~nmkfw, Z`f tiamgfefl wfb~g`fj z`fe blj `bj baafhfja} jmwgisf~fj b hiaj g`bml ml H~bzmbl‐w

z~ivwf~ tigkfz, Z`f zxi xf~f z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Kbavzb~b Wivz` Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f WM Zfllbkiil

ic z`f Z~bccmg N~blg` mlzf~~ihbzfj z`fe blj ~fgi~jfj z`fm~ wzbzfeflz, Z`f~fbczf~ z`f smgzme xbwaigkfj ml b tiamgf ìajmlh gfaa,

Bggi~jmlh zi Beffl! b~ivlj =te z`bz jb} IMG Vjb}blhb i~jf~fj b tiamgfebl lbefj Tbamz`b zi

fwgi~z `me zi z`f IMG‐w iccmgf, Z`fl IMG Vjb}blhb mlwz~vgzfj `me zi ~feisf `mw gaiz`fw blj

bggi~jmlha} `f `bj ~feisfj `mw sfwz blj Z%w`m~z, IMG Vjb}blhb z`fl ziik b nbzil bnivz ilf%

blj%b%`bac cffz ml aflhz` blj n~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj z`f smgzme wfsf~ba zmefw il `mw nbgk blj lfgk! tvaamlh

z`f smgzme‐w `fbj jixl ml c~ilz nfci~f fbg` naix, Jvf zi z`f wfsf~mz} ic z`f bwwbvaz! z`f smgzme wb}w

`f cfaa jixl wfsf~ba zmefw, Nvz fbg` zmef! z`f IMG ci~gfj `me zi wzblj vt blj gilzmlvfj z`f bwwbvaz,

Bczf~ wief zmef! z`f smgzme cfaz cbmlzmw` blj aiwz givlz ic ìx ebl} zmefw `f xbw bwwbvazfj,

Fsflzvbaa} z`f smgzme `bj nffl j~bhhfj nbgk zi z`f ìajmlh gfaa n} tiamgfebl Tbamz`b xì ziaj `me

zi tvz il `mw gaiz`fw,

Nvz `mw i~jfba xbw liz isf~, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme! b~ivlj emjlmh`z bliz`f~ tiamgfebl smwmzfj `mw

gfaa, Z`f smgzme xbw `bljgvccfj blj zbkfl jixl b camh`z ic wzftw zi x`bz aiikfj amkf b nbz`mlh

~iie, Bhbml! IMG Vjb}blhb xbw t~fwflz z`mw zmef bggietblmfj n} cmsf iz`f~ tiamgfefl, IMG

Vjb}blhb ~feisfj z`f smgzme‐w `bljgvccw! ci~gfj `me zi wz~mt gietafzfa} lbkfj blj ab} cbgf

vtxb~jw! il b nflg`,

Zbkmlh b ~itf! `f z`fl zmfj z`f smgzme‐w nij} zi z`f nflg` blj gvccfj `mw cffz zihfz`f~, Il IMG

Vjb}blhb‐w mlwz~vgzmilw ilf tiamgfebl cmpfj b ìwftmtf zi b xbzf~ zbt, Z`f IMG z`fl zmfj z`f smgzme‐w cbgf blj `fbj xmz` `mw sfwz blj wabeefj xbzf~ c~ie z`f ìwftmtf ilzi `mw cbgf, Z`f smgzme

wz~vhhafj jfwtf~bzfa} bw `f civlj `mewfac wvccigbzmlh vljf~ z`f xbzf~ t~fwwv~f il `mw cbgf! liwf blj

eivz`, Wiil `f aiwz gilwgmivwlfww,

Z`mw z~fbzeflz gilzmlvfj fbg` zmef `f ~fhbmlfj gilwgmivwlfww, Bczf~ b x`maf IMG Vjb}blhb `bj

~feisfj z`f gaiz`mlh gisf~mlh z`f smgzme‐w cbgf blj `fbj blj mlwf~zfj z`f ìwftmtf mlzi `mw eivz`,

Bliz`f~ tiamgfebl zmh`zflfj z`f smgzme‐w amtw b~ivlj z`f ìwf x`maf z`f xbzf~ zbt xbw itflfj %



>78

gìkmlh z`f smgzme blj ebkmlh naiij blj tàfhe wtv~z ivz ic `mw liwf blj eivz`, Ilgf bhbml z`f

smgzme nfgbef vlgilwgmivw, Z`mw zmef x`fl `f ~fhbmlfj gilwgmivwlfww! `f xbw kmgkfj blj bwwbvazfj

baa isf~ `mw nij} n} z`f tiamgfefl b~ivlj `me,

Z`f tiamgf t~igffjfj zi }fz bliz`f~ wzbhf ic zi~zv~f n} cmaamlh b wìttmlh nbh xmz` tfz~ia blj z}mlh

mz b~ivlj z`f smgzme‐w `fbj, Bhbml z`f smgzme cfaa vlgilwgmivw blj x`fl `f bxikf z`f} wz~vgk `meebl} zmefw xmz` b gblf, Cmlbaa} z`f smgzme xbw vlzmfj blj ziaj zi xfb~ `mw gaiz`fw, @f xbw

`bljgvccfj blj j~bhhfj ivz ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil c~ie z`f ~fb~ fpmz, Z`f smgzme bawi wb}w z`bz

z`~ivhìvz `mw zi~zv~f! z`f tiamgf gilzmlvivwa} jfeblj `f gilcfww zi tiwwfwwmlh xfbtilw % `f jmj

liz `bsf,

Ivzwmjf z`f wzbzmil! z`f smgzme wb}w `f xbw z`~ixl mlzi b tiamgf offt blj j~msfl zi b ailfa} tabgf, @f

xbw ziaj zi klffa jixl il z`f h~ivlj blj b tmwzia%amkf inofgz xbw ci~gfj mlzi `mw `bljw, Z`f tiamgf

z`fl ziaj `me zi ~vl, Nvz z`f smgzme ~fwmwzfj % tb~za} nfgbvwf `f xbw vlbnaf zi blj tb~za} nfgbvwf `f

xbw wvwtmgmivw ic z`f tiamgfefl‐w eizmsfw, Wi z`f} ziik `me zi z`f Kbavzb~b N~mjhf blj ziaj zi

ovet mlzi z`f ~msf~ nfaix, Bhbml! z`f smgzme `bj ~fcvwfj, Cmlbaa}! z`f tiamgf `bj zbkfl `me nbgk ziz`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj `f xbw aigkfj vt, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme! `f xbw rvmzf jmwi~mflzfj n} z`fl

blj mw vlbnaf zi wb} fpbgza} x`bz zmef baa z`fwf fsflzw ziik tabgf,

Lfpz ei~lmlh! Igzinf~ 26! z`f smgzme wb}w `f xbw bhbml zbkfl zi z`f nbz`~iie blj ci~gfj zi ~f%amsf

z`f zf~~mnaf i~jfba ic z`f t~fsmivw jb}, Z`bz mw! `f `bj nffl ilgf bhbml wz~mttfj blj zmfj zi z`f

nflg` xmz` `mw cffz gvccfj, Bhbml `mw `fbj blj cbgf xbw zmfj blj xbzf~ c~ie z`f ìwf xbw wtabw`fj

il `mw cbgf! gìkmlh blj wvccigbzmlh `me, Bhbml b wìttmlh nbh cmaafj xmz` tfz~ia xbw zmfj b~ivlj `mw

`fbj blj cbgf blj `f cfaa vlgilwgmivw, X`fl `f ~fhbmlfj gilwgmivwlfww! `f `bj nffl vlzmfj c~ie

z`f nflg` nvz `mw `bljw xf~f wzmaa gvccfj, Z`mw zmef ìxfsf~! z`f tiamgfefl bttamfj ‘Wmjj`baftb‐

imlzeflz b wz~ilh nbae wmemab~ zi G`mlfwf Zmhf~ nbae- il `mw xivljw bw xfaa bw `mw tflmw blj blvw,

Z`f xbzf~ ìwf xbw ilgf bhbml cigvwfj ml cvaa ci~gf il `mw nij}, Z`f tbml gbvwfj n} z`f imlzeflz

blj xbzf~ t~fwwv~f xbw vlnfb~bnaf blj `f `bj wg~fbefj ml bhil},

Cmlbaa} bczf~ x`bz wffefj b lfsf~%fljmlh lmh`zeb~f! `mw `bljgvccw xf~f ~feisfj blj `f xbw ziaj zi

tvz `mw z~ivwf~w il, Nvz fsfl x`maf `f j~fwwfj! `f xbw gilzmlvivwa} `mz blj kmgkfj, Bhbml z`f smgzme

nfgbef jmwi~mflzfj blj mw vlbnaf zi zfaa bz x`bz zmef i~ ci~ ìx ailh z`f zi~zv~f gilzmlvfj, Nvz `f

wb}w z`mw zmef! bnivz wmp tiamgfefl xf~f mlsiasfj,

Z`f tiamgf ziik z`f smgzme zi z`f G~mefw N~blg` iccmgf! ci~gfj `me zi wmz il z`f caii~ blj

`bljgvccfj `me zi b zbnaf afh, C~ie zmef zi zmef! IMG Vjb}blhb kmgkfj `me, Ilf zmef! bggi~jmlh

zi z`f smgzme! IMG Vjb}blhb n~ivh`z tfz~ia ml b nizzaf blj z`~fx mz mlzi `mw cbgf, @mw cmlhf~t~mlzw xf~f zbkfl blj `f xbw z`fl t~ijvgfj ml giv~z bnivz >?74te, Avgkma}! `mw cbema} efenf~w `bj

eblbhfj zi ~fzbml b abx}f~ zi bttfb~ il `mw nf`bac blj `f xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma, @ixfsf~! liz b xi~j

bnivz z`f zf~~mnaf zi~zv~f mlcamgzfj il `mw tf~wil xbw eflzmilfj ml giv~z, Z`bz wbef fsflmlh z`f

smgzme smwmzfj z`f Kbavnixmab Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba blj xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f bggmjflz wf~smgf xb~j, Il

Igzinf~ 28! `f xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi Xb~j >3 ic z`f wbef ìwtmzba blj gilzmlvfj zi ~fgfmsf efjmgba

z~fbzeflz ci~ z`f ebl} mlov~mfw `f `bj wvwzbmlfj,



>70

Z`f smgzme gietabmlfj ml x~mzmlh zi baa z`f ~fafsblz bvzì~mzmfw mlgavjmlh z`f @^G! LTG! MHT! JMH%

Afhba N~blg` blj z`f WWT ic Kbavzb~b,

>47, Eblovab Aihblb}bhbe! Z,K, ^bokveb~? Maafhba b~~fwz! jfzflzmil blj jfh~bjmlh

z~fbzeflz ic b givtaf n} z`f Kbljblb Tiamgf Jfb~ c~mfljw!Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw

Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil c~ie b ~fambnaf wiv~gf ~fhb~jmlh z`f maafhba b~~fwz blj

jfzflzmil ic b givtaf n} z`f Kbljblb Tiamgf xì `vemambzfj blj `b~bwwfj z`fe ebmla} jvf zi ~bgmba

nmbw il >3 Igzinf~ >448, Z`f tiamgf smwmzfj z`fm~ ìvwf bz lmh`z blj! bczf~ wfb~g`mlh z`f t~femwfw!

ziik z`f smgzmew mlzi tiamgf gvwzij}, Li ~fbwil ci~ z`f b~~fwzw xbw hmsfl, Z`f} xf~f jfzbmlfj bz z`f

wzbzmil vlzma z`f fb~a} ìv~w ic z`f ei~lmlh blj mlzf~~ihbzfj bz aflhz`, Z`f tiamgf baafhfja} mlwvazfj

z`fe ci~ nfmlh (Zbema( blj bggvwfj z`f smgzmew ic bmjmlh blj bnfzzmlh zf~~i~mwz bgzmsmzmfw, Z`f} bawi

baafhfja} z`~fbzflfj zi cbn~mgbzf b gbwf bhbmlwz z`fe,

Il >3 Igzinf~ >448 b~ivlj 22?:6 te Eblovab Aihblb}bhbe 73- blj `f~ `vwnblj Z,K, ^bokveb~

xf~f bz ìef x`fl z`f} `fb~j b z`~ff x`ffa sf`mgaf tbwwmlh zi blj c~i wfsf~ba zmefw il z`f ~ibj

bjoimlmlh z`fm~ ìvwf, Z`mw ebjf Ew, Aihblb}bhbe btt~f`flwmsf nfgbvwf z`f~f `bj nffl wfsf~ba

z`fczw ml `f~ lfmh`niv~ìij ml ~fgflz zmefw, W`f itflfj z`f nfj~iie xmljix blj wbx b z`~ff

x`ffa sf`mgaf wzit ml c~ilz ic `f~ ìvwf mzw j~msf~ bamh`zmlh c~ie z`f sf`mgaf blj aiikmlh b~ivlj

wfb~g`mlha}, Ew, Aihblb}bhbe mlrvm~fj c~ie `me! x`bz `f xbw aiikmlh ci~,

Z`f ebl ~ftamfj z`bz `f xbw c~ie z`f tiamgf blj xbw aiikmlh ci~ b tf~wil lbefj (Wmsbw`blkb~(, Wzmaa

wvwtmgmivw! Ew, Aihblb}bhbe bwkfj `me x`bz Tiamgf wzbzmil `f gbef c~ie blj `f wbmj! (Kbljblb

Tiamgf(,Wiil z`f~fbczf~ b tiamgfebl ml vlmci~e hiz jixl c~ie z`f sf`mgaf blj jfebljfj zi klix

x`fz`f~ z`f smgzme xbw b (Zbema( i~ b (Wml`bafwf(, W`f wbmj w`f xbw ic Zbema fz`lmgmz}, @f bwkfj x`bz

`f~ cbz`f~(w lbef xbw zi x`mg` w`f ~ftamfj! z`bz `f~ cbz`f~ xbw jfgfbwfj, Z`f tiamgfebl nb~~bhfj`f~ xmz` wfsf~ba iz`f~ rvfwzmilw x`mg` w`f `bj tbzmflza} blwxf~fj, Z`f tiamgf z`fl jfebljfj zi

wfb~g` z`f t~femwfw zìvh` li wfb~g` xb~~blz xbw t~ijvgfj,

@ixfsf~ bxb~f ic z`f fli~eivw tixf~w sfwzfj xmz` z`f tiamgf blj b~efj ci~gfw vljf~ z`f gv~~flz

fef~hflg} ~fhvabzmilw mlgavjmlh giljvgzmlh ~bljie wfb~g`fw! w`f `fatafwwa} inamhfj, Li wiilf~ z`f

wfb~g` nfhbl z`f tiamgfefl lizmgfj `f~ tfz jihw blj gbzw ml z`f ìvwf blj wgiajfj `f~ ci~ `bsmlh

(blmebaw ~vllmlh baa isf~ z`f ìvwf(, W`f ~femljfj z`fe z`bz mz xbw w`f xì ni~f z`f giwz ic

ebmlzbmlmlh `f~ tfzw blj bw wvg` z`f} ic li z~ivnaf zi bl}ilf fawf, Z`f vlmci~efj tiamgfebl xì

w`f abzf~ jmwgisf~fj xbw Wvn Mlwtfgzi~ WM- Tvlg`mnbljb- smgmivwa} kmgkfj bz `f~ jih blj jfebljfj

zi wff `f~ blj `f~ `vwnblj( lbzmilba mjflzmz} gb~jw,

Z`f jigveflzw xf~f `bljfj isf~ nvz liz wbzmwcmfj z`f tiamgfebl jfebljfj z`fm~ nm~z` gf~zmcmgbzfw!

iz`f~ jigveflzw blj bawi rvfwzmilfj `f~ `vwnblj, Bz z`mw timlz! Ew, Aihblb}bhbe bwkfj ci~ z`f

tiamgfebl(w mjflzmcmgbzmil! nvz `f ~ftamfj `f~ xmz` bl mlwvaz, Bl b~hveflz `bj flwvfj bczf~ x`mg` b

tiamgfebl ml gmssmfw w`f abzf~ jmwgisf~fj `f xbw Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf TG- Ob}bwmlh`f- z`~fbzflfj zi

b~~fwz z`fe blj zbkf z`fe zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Meefjmbzfa} WM Tvlg`mnbljb zfaftìlfj z`f Iccmgf~

ml G`b~hf IMG- ic z`f Kbljblb Tiamgf wzbzmil blj wb}mlh z`f givtaf (aiikfj wvwtmgmivw(! inzbmlfj



>7=

tf~emwwmil zi zbkf z`fe mlzi gvwzij}, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzmew n} z`mw zmef! z`f tiamgf `bj wfb~g`fj

z`f flzm~f ìvwf blj t~femwfw nvz jmj liz cmlj bl}z`mlh wvwtmgmivw, Nvz z`f tiamgfefl xflz zi z`f

zit caii~ ic z`f ìvwf blj TG Ob}bwmlh`f timlzfj zi z`f W`faa Hbw Gietbl} wmzvbzfj lfb~n},B amzzaf

x`maf abzf~ b tiamgf offt b~~msfj,

Z`f smgzmew xf~f zbkfl zi z`f Kbljblb Tiamgf wzbzmil blj t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f IMG, WMTvlg`mnbljb baafhfj! z`f W`faa Hbw Gietbl} givaj nf zb~hfzfj c~ie z`f smgzmew( ìvwf, Z`fl `f

wìxfj z`f smgzmew( MJ gb~jw zi z`f IMG xì bwkfj Ew, Aihblb}bhbe xì z`f ebl `f~ `vwnblj-

xbw, W`f ~ftamfj! .`vwnblj.! nvz WM Tvlg`mnbljb bggvwfj `f~ ic liz eflzmilmlh z`mw cbgz nfci~f blj

bawi bggvwfj `f~ ic ebmlzbmlmlh bl maamgmz ~fabzmilw`mt xmz` b ebl w`f lix gabmefj zi nf `f~ `vwnblj,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzmew! z`f tiamgf bawi bggvwfj z`fe ic?

T~ismjmlh mlci~ebzmil zi zf~~i~mwzw- zi bzzbgk z`f W`faa Hbw Gietbl};Nvmajmlh z`fm~ ìvwf! zi

flbnaf b ei~zb~ bzzbgk il z`f hbw gietbl};Vwmlh b c~bvjvaflz bwwfwweflz lvenf~ ci~ z`fm~

ìvwf;Ebmlzbmlmlh b n~iz`fa bz z`fm~ ìvwf ‚ bw z`f ìvwf gilzbmlfj ei~f z`bl z`~ff ~iiew!

blj;@bsmlh b ìvwf cvaa ic jihw wi bw zi jmwgiv~bhf tfitaf c~ie flzf~mlh mz,Z`f smgzmew xf~f z`flzbkfl zi z`f g~mefw n~blg` ic z`f tiamgf wzbzmil blj mlzf~~ihbzfj bz aflhz`, TG Ob}bwmlh`f z`~fbzflfj

zi cmafj gbwfw bhbmlwz z`fe; `f wìvzfj z`bz mz xbw nfgbvwf ic (Zbemaw( amkf z`f smgzmew z`bz z`f tiamgf

xf~f isf~xi~kfj blj givaj liz hfz bl} wafft bz lmh`z,

@f bawi mlwz~vgzfj b Xiebl Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf XTG- zi ~fgi~j Ew, Aihblb}bhbe(w jfzbmaw mlgavjmlh

nvz liz amemzfj zi- sbavf ic z`fm~ ìvwf! jfzbmaw ic `f~ xi~k tabgf! tb~flzw blj iz`f~ cbema}

efenf~w! t~msbzf eilf} z~blwbgzmilw! jbzf ic eb~~mbhf! blj ìx blj x`fl w`f efz `f~ `vwnblj,

Z`f smgzme wb}w w`f ~fcvwfj zi blwxf~ rvfwzmilw z`bz xf~f ic b tf~wilba blj gilcmjflzmba lbzv~f,

Efblx`maf TG Ob}bwmlh`f ziik mz vtil `mewfac zi ~fgi~j z`f wzbzfeflz ic E~, ^bokveb~ nvz `f

tv~tiwfcvaa} jfab}fj ml jimlh wi vlzma bnivz 7?:6 be, Z`fl bw E~, ^bokveb~ xbw liz cavflz ml z`f

Wml`bab ablhvbhf! Ew, Aihblb}bhbe xbw ziaj zi mlzf~t~fz zi `me, Nvz fsfl x`maf ~fgi~jmlh z`f

wzbzfeflz z`f wgiajmlh blj mlwvazmlh ic z`f smgzmew gilzmlvfj,

Cmlbaa} jilf! TG Ob}bwmlh`f t~igabmefj `f jmj liz nfamfsf b xi~j z`f} wbmj blj bggvwfj z`fe ic

wtmllmlh }b~lw nbmab hb`blbxb-, @f bawi z`~fbzflfj zi aigk z`fe vt vlzma z`f lfpz jb} x`fl `f

xivaj cbn~mgbzf b gbwf bhbmlwz z`fe blj `bva z`fe vt ml giv~z, Fsflzvbaa} z`f smgzmew xf~f i~jf~fj

zi wmhl z`fm~ wzbzfeflzw blj hi ìef, Bw b tb~zmlh wìz! TG Ob}bwmlh`f `bj baafhfja} nibwzfj z`bz

`f xbw c~ie Tiamgf Mlzfaamhflgf blj `bj cmafj ebl} gbwfw bhbmlwz Zbema tfitaf amkf z`f smgzmew, @f

bawi bggvwfj Ew, Aihblb}bhbe ic nfmlh (wlinnmw`( blj wbmj z`bz xiefl amkf `f~ xf~f b (t~inafe zi

z`f lbzmil(,

@f wbmj mz xbw `f~ (vttmz} bzzmzvjf( z`bz t~ietzfj `me zi n~mlh z`f smgzmew zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil %%

efblmlh! z`bz z`mw xbw zi tvlmw` `f~ ci~ liz bcci~jmlh jvf ~fsf~flgf zi `me ~bz`f~ z`bl nfgbvwf

z`f~f xbw b ~fbwilbnaf wvwtmgmil z`bz z`f smgzmew `bw gieemzzfj bl iccflgf, Z`f i~jfba isf~! Ew,

Aihblb}bhbe `bw lix gietabmlfj ml x~mzmlh zi z`f bvzì~mzmfw gilgf~lfj bnivz z`f maafhba b~~fwz!

jfzflzmil! `vemambzmil! `b~bwweflz blj ~bgmba nmbw n} z`f Kbljblb Tiamgf, W`f `bw ~frvfwzfj z`bz



>:4

t~ietz blj zì~ivh` mlsfwzmhbzmilw b~f giljvgzfj mlzi z`f mlgmjflz blj afhba blj jmwgmtamlb~} bgzmil

nf zbkfl bhbmlwz z`f tiamgfefl xì nf`bsfj ml wvg` b w`befcva blj jmwh~bgfcva ebllf~,

>4:, Ji~bm~bo Ob}bg`blj~bl? N~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj xmz` b gittf~ gbnaf

Il 72 Igzinf~ >448! Ji~bm~bo Ob}bg`blj~bl bhfj >0- zihfz`f~ xmz` S, Sfabevlm! O, Of}b~bo blj

bliz`f~! baa gbwvba abniv~f~w! xflz ml b ai~~} zi giaafgz wg~bt m~il bw vwvba, B~ivlj >te z`f} ~fzv~lfj

zi `bljisf~ z`f giaafgzfj wg~bt m~il zi b wìt nfailhmlh zi ilf ‘Abwblz`b‐ bailh Bhbabxbzzf îbj!

ml Ebzvhbeb, X`maf z`f} xf~f vlaibjmlh z`f wg~bt m~il c~ie z`f ai~~}! g~mefw n~blg`! IMG!

G`bemljb blj z`~ff iz`f~ tiamgfefl c~ie z`f Jijblhijb Tiamgf xbakfj vt zi z`fe, Ila} ilf

tiamgfebl xbw ml vlmci~e, Xmzìvz evg` bji blj xmz` li ~fbwil bcci~jfj! z`f tiamgfefl tvw`fj

z`f smgzme blj `mw giaafbhvfw mlzi b sbl blj ziik z`fe zi z`f Jijblhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Fl ~ivzf!

z`f smgzme blj z`f iz`f~w xf~f rvfwzmilfj bnivz ‘gvzzmlh fafgz~mgba xm~fw‐ bz Ebabnbjbxbzzf, Z`f efl

jflmfj bl} klixafjhf z`f mlgmjflz,

Vtil ~fbg`mlh z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! G~mefw IMG! G`bemljb fwgi~zfj z`f smgzme blj `mw c~mfljw zi b

lfx nvz vlvwfj nvmajmlh xmz`ml z`f t~femwfw ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f smgzme xbw zbkfl zi b

wftb~bzf ~iie, IMG G`bemljb gaiwfj z`f jii~ blj meefjmbzfa} nfhbl bwwbvazmlh z`f smgzme xmz` b

gittf~ gbnaf baa isf~ `mw nij} ml bl ml`vebl ebllf~, IMG G`bemljb wzbetfj il z`f smgzme‐w cffz

blj zifw xmz` `mw niizw! mlov~mlh z`f smgzme‐w afcz zif, Z`f~fbczf~! z`f efl xf~f zbkfl zi bliz`f~

nvmajmlh x`f~f Sfabevlm xbw zbkfl mlwmjf b ~iie blj bwwbvazfj,

IMG G`bemljb ~fgi~jfj z`fm~ wzbzfeflzw blj ziaj O, Of}b~bo blj z`f ai~~} j~msf~ zi afbsf, Z`f smgzme

xbw `bljgvccfj zihfz`f~ xmz` Sfavevlm blj i~jf~fj zi wmz il b nflg` vlzma z`f ciaaixmlh jb}, Z`f}

givaj liz ~fwz blj xf~f liz iccf~fj bl} ciij i~ xbzf~, Il 2 Lisfenf~ >448! bnivz 24be z`f

smgzme blj Sfavevlm xf~f zbkfl mlzi wftb~bzf ~iiew blj z`fm~ wzbzfeflzw ~fgi~jfj, Bggi~jmlh zi

z`f smgzme! fsfl x`maf `mw wzbzfeflz xbw ~fgi~jfj! IMG G`bemljb ~ftfbzfja} bwwbvazfj `me xmz` z`fgittf~ gbnaf gbvwmlh `me wf~mivw nijma} mlov~mfw, Z`f smgzme xbw z`fl ci~gfj zi wmhl z`f wzbzfeflz;

`f xbw liz wìxl mzw gilzflzw! lfmz`f~ xbw z`f wzbzfeflz ~fbj blj fptabmlfj zi `me, Bnivz 22be

z`f smgzme blj Sfavevlm xf~f g`b~hfj xmz` gvzzmlh fafgz~mgba xm~fw blj t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f

Ebhmwz~bzf ic Ebzvhbeb x`f~f z`f} xf~f ~fafbwfj il nbma,

Wiil z`f~fbczf~! z`f smgzme blj Sfavevlm smwmzfj z`f Lbhijb @iwtmzba blj xf~f bjemzzfj zi xb~j

li 22 ci~ efjmgba z~fbzeflz ci~ mlov~mfw gbvwfj n} z`f tiamgf bwwbvaz, Z`f smgzme ziaj z`f jigzi~w

bnivz z`f tiamgf bwwbvaz blj ebjf b gietabmlz zi z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf, Il 3 Lisfenf~ >448! `f xbw

fpbemlfj n} z`f OEI zi xìe `f bawi gietabmlfj, @f xbw jmwg`b~hfj c~ie ìwtmzba z`f wbef jb}

x`maf Sfavevlm gilzmlvfj zi nf ml ìwtmzba, Il Lisfenf~ >! z`f smgzme‐w cbz`f~ gietabmlfj zi z`f@^G smb cbp,

Wvnwfrvflza}! z`f smgzme bawi gietabmlfj ml x~mzmlh zi z`f @^G! LTG! MHT! JMH%Afhba! blj

Ebzvhbeb WWT,



>:2

>46, W,K,B,W, Lmw`blzb Cf~lblji? ‑Xf b~f zbkmlh }iv zi z`f nfbg` zi kmaa }iv―

Il 2> Lisfenf~ >448! b tiamgf wrvbj b~~msfj ml offtw! eizi~g}gafw blj z`~ff%x`ffaf~w blj

wv~~ivljfj z`f ìvwf ic Cf~lblji, Z`f} bwwbvazfj `me xmz` cmwzw! kmgkfj x`fl `f cfaa jixl il z`f

caii~ blj z~betafj `me vlzma `f cfaa vlgilwgmivw, Z`f} bawi `mz `mw xmcf xmz` b tmwzia il `f~ ci~f`fbj

blj z~betafj `f~ fsfl bczf~ w`f cfaa zi z`f caii~, Z`f} wabttfj z`fm~ }ivlh jbvh`zf~! Jmavkw`m! blj`mz `f~ `fbj, Ilf tiamgf iccmgf~ z~mfj zi ~feisf `f~ naivwf! jfwtmzf `f~ wz~vhhaf bhbmlwz z`mw, W`f xbw

j~bhhfj zi z`f tiamgf offt blj ilf iccmgf~ z~mfj bhbml zi amcz `f~ naivwf, X`fl w`f wg~fbefj! w`f xbw

nfbzfl, W`f wìvzfj c~ie z`f xmljix bwkmlh wiefilf zi hi blj mlci~e z`f h~bljeiz`f~, X`fl

w`f mlrvm~fj x`f~f z`f} xf~f nfmlh zbkfl! b tiamgf iccmgf~ ~ftamfj! ‘Xf b~f zbkmlh }iv zi z`f nfbg` zi

kmaa }iv,‐ Z`f }ivlh wil! Bloblb! xbw j~bhhfj zi b x baa blj wz~vgk bnivz z`f `fbj! cbgf blj wziebg`,

Jvf zi z`mw emwz~fbzeflz `f aiwz tb~z ic b ziiz` blj `mw amt xbw wtamz,

X`fl Cf~lblji ~fhbmlfj gilwgmivwlfww! ila} x`fl `f xbw mlwmjf z`f G~mef Jmsmwmil ic z`f

Lfhieni Tiamgf wzbzmil blj xbzf~ `bj nffl z`~ixl isf~ `me, Ilf tiamgf iccmgf~ xbw wìvzmlh z`bz

z`mw cfaaix `bj zi nf kmaafj blj z`bz z`f WWT `bw wbmj zi ji z`mw, @f xbw j~bhhfj ivz ic z`f ~iie bljisf~`fb~j bl iccmgf~ wtfbkmlh isf~ z`f tìlf zi wiefilf, ‖Wm~! z`bz mw z`f z`mlh z`bz M be x~mzmlh

lix, Z`mw cfaaix xì mw `bac jfbj lix mw ml c~ilz ic ef,– Abzf~! bczf~ z`fm~ ~fafbwf baa efenf~w ic

z`f cbema} wivh`z efjmgba z~fbzeflz blj z`f efjmgba ~fti~zw gilcm~efj z`fm~ mlov~mfw, Ml bl

bttamgbzmil ebjf zi z`f Giaieni @mh` Giv~z ml z`f n~mnf~} gbwf! z`f @mh` Giv~z ovjhf gblgfaafj

z`f nbma h~blzfj zi z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ xì xbw z`f bggvwfj ml z`mw gbwf,

>43, Evz`vkveb~ ^bsmkveb~ blj `mw xmcf Wzfaab ^blm? Baafhfj zi~zv~f blj t~iailhfj

jfzflzmil ic b givtaf Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil

z`bz iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Jf`mxfab Tiamgf wzbzmil b~~fwzfj b givtaf il >2 Lisfenf~ >448 xì xf~f baafhfja} zi~zv~fj n} z`f tiamgf blj abzf~ bhbml zi~zv~fj n} z`f Zf~~i~mwz Mlsfwzmhbzmil Jmsmwmil,

Wmlgf z`fl! z`f givtaf `bw nffl jfzbmlfj ml Giaieni ^feblj T~mwil, Li ~fbwil xbw hmsfl ci~ z`fm~

jfzflzmil blj li mlsfwzmhbzmil `bw nffl giljvgzfj mlzi z`f baafhbzmilw ic zi~zv~f jv~mlh z`fm~

mlzf~~ihbzmilw,

Nbwfj il z`f mlci~ebzmil hmsfl n} z`f smgzmew Evz`vkveb~ ^bsmkveb~ blj `mw xmcf Wzfaab ^blm-

^bsmkveb~ amsfj ml blj xi~kfj ml Giaieni, Il 2> Lisfenf~ >448! `f blj `mw xmcf xf~f b~~fwzfj

ci~ li ~fbwil, @mw xmcf xbw 6 eilz`w t~fhlblz bz z`f zmef, X`fl z`f} xf~f zbkfl zi z`f Jf`mxfab

Tiamgf wzbzmil! tiamgf baafhfja} nivlj `me c~ie `mw lfgk zi `mw cffz xmz` b gbnaf, @f xbw bwwbvazfj

xmz` b g~mgkfz wzvet blj `vlh c~ie z`f gfmamlh x`maf nfmlh nfbzfl, @mw xmcf xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi

tiamgf `fbjrvb~zf~w n} civ~ ebaf tiamgf iccmgf~w x`f~f w`f xbw baafhfja} wvnofgzfj zi wfpvba

`b~bwweflz blj nfbzfl xmz` b xm~f,

Il >> Lisfenf~ >448! z`f givtaf xbw `bljfj isf~ zi z`f Zf~~i~mwz Mlsfwzmhbzmil Jmsmwmil ZMJ-

ci~ mlzf~~ihbzmil, Iccmgf~w c~ie z`f ZMJ bhbml baafhfja} zi~zv~fj ^bsmkveb~ n} `blhmlh `me c~ie b



>:>

nfbe, Z`f} bawi tabgfj b niik il `mw `fbj blj `beef~fj `mw `fbj xmz` b g~mgkfz wzvet x`maf ~iaaw

ic tbtf~ xf~f mlwf~zfj ml `mw fb~w, Z`f} bawi nfbz `mw cffz blj mlofgzfj tfz~ia mlzi `mw cffz vlzma z`f}

xf~f lven, Z`f} ~fti~zfja} j~isf b nbaa timlz tfl mlzi `mw fb~w, @mw fb~w nafj ci~ wfsf~ba jb}w,

^bsmkveb~ xbw `bljfj isf~ zi z`f Lbs} ci~ cv~z`f~ mlsfwzmhbzmil il > Oblvb~} >440 , Lbsba iccmgf~w

gilzmlvfj zi zi~zv~f `me n} tvaamlh ivz `mw nfb~j blj bwwbvazmlh `me, Z`f~fbczf~ `f xbw zbkfl zi wfb

n} b nibz bailh xmz` b cfx iz`f~w blj zi~zv~fj, Bggi~jmlh zi `me! ilf tf~wil lbefj Ev`blz`bl xbw wzbnnfj blj z`~ixl mlzi z`f wfb, ^bsmkveb~ xbw nfbzfl vlzma `f aiwz gilwgmivwlfww,

Il Oblvb~} 7! x`fl `f ~fhbmlfj gilwgmivwlfww! `f xbw ml b ìwtmzba, @mw w`m~z xbw wibkfj xmz`

naiij blj `f xbw naffjmlh c~ie `mw liwf! fb~w blj eivz`, @f xbw jmwg`b~hfj il Oblvb~} = `mw

bjemwwmil gb~j lvenf~ mw >72778 blj `mw lbef xbw mlgi~~fgza} x~mzzfl bw W`bw`mkveb~ mlwzfbj ic

^bsmkveb~-, @f gilzmlvfj zi nf jfzbmlfj n} z`f ZMJ vlzma `f xbw ~febljfj il Bvhvwz 26 zi

Giaieni ^feblj T~mwil,

@mw xmcf xbw w`mczfj n~mfca} zi z`f Giaieni ^feblj T~mwil ml Ovlf >448 ci~ g`maj nm~z`, W`f hbsf

nm~z` zi b jbvh`zf~ blj niz` ic z`fe b~f wzmaa ml z`f ^feblj t~mwil, Z`f xìaf cbema} met~mwilfj

c~ie >448 vlzma z`f t~fwflz! mw t~ijvgfj ml giv~z ml z`f Xfamkbjb T~mwil fsf~} zxi xffkw, @ixfsf~!

li g`b~hfw `bsf nffl aijhfj bhbmlwz z`fe fsfl zìvh` zxi }fb~w `bsf tbwwfj, ^bsmkveb~ mw

~fhmwzf~fj xmz` z`f ^fj G~iww? MG^G 2>:=38 # 2>6838

NBGKHÎVLJ MLCIÊBZMIL?

^bsmkveb~ xbw fb~amf~ b~~fwzfj ml Giaieni il 27 Ova} >448, @f xbw b~~fwzfj n} z`f GGJ Giaieni

G~mef Jmsmwmil- Jfebzbhijb N~blg`, @f xbw ~fafbwfj n} z`f Eivlz%Absmlmb Giv~z il z`f >>

Bvhvwz >448, Jv~mlh z`mw zmef! `f xbw bawi bwwbvazfj x`maf ml gvwzij},

^bsmkveb~ nfamfsfw z`bz `f blj `mw xmcf xf~f zb~hfzfj nfgbvwf z`f} ~fcvwfj zi hmsf eilf} zi z`f

Kb~vlb h~ivt x`mg` xbw n~ikfl vt n} z`f Amnf~bzmil Zmhf~w ic Zbema Ffabe blj mlci~ebzmil bnivz

z`fe xbw hmsfl zi z`f tiamgf,

>48, Sfl, Jijblhijb B~m}bjbeeb? Tiamgf baafhfja} bwwbvaz blj cbn~mgbzf g`b~hfw bhbmlwz

z`~ff efl ci~ ~fcvwmlh zi tb} n~mnf

Ilf Nvjj`mwz i~hblmwbzmil! z`f Wbenij`m Sm`b~b Wbemzm}b aigbzfj bz Li 243! Xmof~beb Ebxbz`b

Giaieni 48! ~fafbwfw gbzzaf giljfelfj zi wabvh`zf~ blj hmsfw z`fe c~ffa} zi smaabhf~w blj ìefw,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f aigba gvwzie mz mw b h~fbz ef~mzi~mivw bgz zi ~fafbwf gbzzaf z`bz b~f giljfelfj zi

wabvh`zf~ vtil b eilf} tb}eflz, Vwvbaa} z`fwf gbzzaf b~f hmsfl zi zfetafw blj mljmsmjvbaw xì xmaa

aiik bczf~ z`fe, Z`f gbzzaf ~fafbwfj n} z`f i~hblmwbzmil b~f z~blwti~zfj xmz` b afzzf~ ~frvfwzmlh



>:7

tf~emwwmil ci~ wvg` z~blwti~z x~mzzfl il z`f i~hblmwbzmil‐w afzzf~`fbj ml tabgf ic z`f ~fafsblz afhba

tf~emz ~frvm~fj ci~ z`f tv~tiwf,

Il Lisfenf~ >:! >448! Sfl, Jijblhijb B~m}bjbeeb `fbj t~mfwz ic z`f Nij`m~bob~beb

Sm`b~bwz`blb ml Blv~bj`btv~b! xì `bj nffl xi~kmlh xmz` z`mw h~ivt ci~ z`f abwz zxi }fb~w!

inzbmlfj zxflz} cmsf gbzzaf c~ie z`f i~hblmwbzmil zi nf jmwz~mnvzfj beilh smaabhf~w bailh xmz` z`fafzzf~w ~frvfwzmlh tf~emwwmil ci~ wvg` z~blwti~z,

Z`f afzzf~w xf~f wmhlfj n} z`f ^fs, J`b~bhbeb Kvwbabjbeeb Z`f~i z`f `fbj t~mfwz ic z`f

Wbenij`mSm`b~b, @f `bj fb~amf~ z~blwcf~~fj :4 gbzzaf zi z`f Em`mlzbaf tiamgf blj 26 gbzzaf zi z`f

Kb`bzbhbhmam}btiamgf zi jmwz~mnvzf z`f gbzzaf beilhwz z`f tfitaf ic zìwf b~fbw! x`mg` `f `bj

inzbmlfj c~ie z`f GiaieniWbenij`m Sm`b~b,

Z`mw zmef! ivz ic z`f >6 gbzzaf inzbmlfj z`bz jb} n} z`f Sfl, Jijblhijb B~m}bjbeeb! 26 gbzzaf xf~f

hmsfl zi Tfzf~ Aflvw blj @,E, J`b~ebjbwb zi nf jmwz~mnvzfj beilh z`f smaabhfw, Tfzf~ Aflvw blj

@,E, J`b~ebjbwb z~blwti~zfj z`fm~ cmczffl gbzzaf ml b ai~~} nfb~mlh amgflwf Li, >>3%6>>3,

Bz b~ivlj >?74be il Lisfenf~ >6 x`fl z`f} ~fbg`fj z`f smaabhf Blhievhbeb! z`f} jmj liz `bsf

~iie ml z`fm~ t~itf~zmfw zi kfft z`f gbzzaf, Z`f} z`fl kligkfj il z`f jii~ ic Lv`vafnnfhf

Eiìebjjv Tbjma! klixl bw Blhbevsfhbeb Tbjmamhf! blj bwkfj `mw tf~emwwmil zi zmf z`f gbzzaf ml

`mw t~itf~z} zmaa z`f lfpz jb}, Tfzf~ Aflvw blj @,E, J`b~ebjbwb wbmj z`bz z`f} xf~f bgzmlh ml

bggi~jblgf zi z`f mlwz~vgzmilw ic z`f Sfl, Jijblhijb B~m}bjbeeb,

Bz 7be il z`f wbef jb}! wief civ~ iccmgf~w c~ie z`f Hbahbevxb tiamgf gbef ml b offt zi z`f ìvwf

icBlhbevsfhbeb Tbjmamhf xmz` z`f j~msf~ ic z`f ai~~} blj bliz`f~ tf~wil xìe J`b~ebjbwb blj

Tfzf~Aflvw gbef xmz`, Z`f tiamgf mlrvm~fj bczf~ z`f gbzzaf, Blhbevsfhbeb Tbjmamhf ziaj z`fe ìx

z`f gbzzafgbef zi nf ml `mw t~itf~z} blj z`fl tìlfj blj ziaj J`b~ebjbwb z`bz z`f tiamgf xf~fmlrvm~mlh bnivzz`f gbzzaf, Bczf~ b x`maf J`b~ebjbwb blj Tfzf~ Aflvw gbef zi `mw ìvwf, Z`f tiamgf

wflz z`f ai~~} j~msf~blj iz`f~ tf~wil zi n~mlh z`f ai~~} zi z`f Blhbevsfhbeb Tbjmamhf‐w t~itf~z}

blj hiz z`fe zi tbgk z`fgbzzaf nbgk mlzi z`f ai~~},

Z`f tiamgf z`fl bwwbvazfj Tfzf~ Aflvw! @,E, J`b~ebjbwb blj Blhbevsfhbeb Tbjmamhfebl} zmefw

xmz` z`fm~ `bljw blj cffz x`maf bggvwmlh z`fe ic `bsmlh n~ivh`z z`f gbzzaf zi ebkf z`femlzi efbz

wabvh`zf~-, Bczf~ z`mw bwwbvaz! z`f tiamgf ziik n} offt Tfzf~ Aflvw! @,E,

J`b~ebjbwb!Blhbevsfhbeb Tbjmamhf zi z`f Hbahbevxb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f} bawi ziik z`f ai~~}

gilzbmlmlh z`f 26 gbzzafmlzi gvwzij} blj hiz z`f smgzmew zi afz ivz blj zmf z`f gbzzaf ml z`f tiamgf

t~itf~z},

Bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f tiamgf bwkfj Blhbevsfhbeb Tbjbamhf zi tb} b n~mnf ic ^w, 64!444 zi nf wfz

c~ff, Bczf~ lfhizmbzmil! `f tbmj ^w, >4!444 blj z`f tiamgf ~fafbwfj `me, @ixfsf~! Tfzf~ Aflvw blj

@,E, J`b~ebjbwb xf~f tvz mlzi z`f tiamgf gfaa, Blhbevsfhbeb Tbjbamhf jifw liz xblz zi ~fsfba

z`mw cbgz jvf zi cfb~ ic `mw amcf,



>::

Vtil nfmlh mlci~efj ic z`f mlgmjflz! Sfl, Jijblhijb B~m}bjbeeb xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil zi

gab~mc} z`mw ebzzf~ bz 3be il Lisfenf~ >6, @ixfsf~! `f xbw zbkfl mlzi gvwzij} blj tvz mlzi z`f

gfaa, X`fl `f xbw fptabmlmlh! `f ziaj z`bz z`f iz`f~ 24 gbzzaf inzbmlfj c~ie z`f Wbenij`m Sm`b~b

Wbemz`m}b il z`f wbef jb} xf~f h~bmlh ml `mw zfetaf t~itf~z}! Nij`m~bob~beb Sm`b~bwz`blb ml

Blv~bj`btv~b, Bw z`f tiamgf `fb~j z`mw! z`f} xflz zi z`f zfetaf bz 6te il z`bz fsflmlh blj

n~ivh`z z`f gbzzaf zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

X`maf `f xbw ml z`f gfaa! WM ic tiamgf G`blj~bwm~m wiamgmzfj b n~mnf ic ^w, 64!444 zi nf wfz c~ff! x`mg`

`f ~fcvwfj, Ml z`f bczf~liil il Lisfenf~ >3! z`f tiamgf wìxfj b wzbzfeflz blj ci~gfj `me zi wmhl

mz ic x`mg` Sfl, Jijblhijb B~m}bjbeeb jmj liz klix z`f gilzflzw, Z`f tiamgf bawi hiz b wmhlbzv~f

c~ie Tfzf~ Aflvw blj @,E, J`b~ebjbwb il z`f wzbzfeflzw! z`f gilzflzw ic x`mg` xf~f liz ~fsfbafj

zi z`fe, Bz 7te il z`bz jb}! z`~ff ic z`fe xf~f t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Hbahbevxb Ebhmwz~bzfw blj

z`f} xf~f ~febljfj zmaa 3 Jfgfenf~ >448 blj ~fafbwfj il nbma,

>40, Bomz` Kveb~b? Baafhfj zi~zv~f blj ab}mlh cbawf g`b~hfw bhbmlwz cbema} efenf~w n}

Kiaillf tiamgf

Il 23 Jfgfenf~ >448! bz bnivz 0?74be zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w! Vjb}b Kveb~b blj T~febaba ml gmsmambl

j~fww c~ie z`f Kiaillf Tiamgf wzbzmil gbef aiikmlh ci~ Bomz` Kveb~b bz `mw tb~flz‐w ìvwf! wb}mlh

z`bz z`f~f mw b xb~~blz mwwvfj ci~ `mw b~~fwz, X`fl z`f} xf~f ziaj z`bz `f xbw ml z`f nbz`~iie zbkmlh

b xbw`! z`f} xflz mlzi z`f ìvwf blj j~bhhfj `me ivz ic z`f nbz`~iie lbkfj, Z`f} baafhfja}

bwwbvazfj `me xmz` b tiaf blj z`fl ci~gfj `me zi z`f caii~ x`f~f z`f} z~betafj `mw lbkfj nij}

mlgavjmlh `mw wfpvba i~hblw,

Bomz` Kveb~b‐w eiz`f~! X,@, îwbaml bhfj 38-! `mw cbz`f~ xì xbw nfj~mjjfl blj `mw wmwzf~!^be}babz`b xf~f ml z`f ìvwf bz z`bz zmef, X`maf Bomz` Kveb~b xbw nfmlh nfbzfl! îwbaml blj

^be}babz`b gbef ci~xb~j zi wzit z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bwwbvazmlh `me, @ixfsf~! `mw eiz`f~ xbw bawi

bwwbvazfj blj cbmlzfj, ^be}babz`b eblbhfj zi wlbzg` z`f tiaf c~ie ilf iccmgf~, Ml z`f flwvmlh

gilcvwmil Bomz` Kveb~b ~bl c~ie z`f t~femwfw, Z`f tiamgf z`fl bawi afcz afbsmlh nf`mlj z`f eiz`f~!

vlgilwgmivw il z`f caii~,

Efblx`maf Wffebxbz`m! bliz`f~ wmwzf~ ic Bomz` Kveb~b! gbef zi z`f ìvwf zi bzzflj zi `f~ wmgk

cbz`f~, W`f wbx `f~ eiz`f~ cbaafl il z`f caii~ blj bczf~ cbmamlh zi ~fsmsf `f~! ziik `f~ n} b z`~ff

x`ffaf~ zi z`f Kiaillf ìwtmzba, Il z`f xb} zi z`f ìwtmzba! civ~ iccmgf~w b~~msfj il eizi~ g}gafw

blj z`~fbzflfj z`fe liz zi zbkf z`f eiz`f~ zi z`f ìwtmzba, @ixfsf~! Wffebxbz`m mhli~fj z`fe

blj gb~~mfj il zi z`f ìwtmzba, X`fl Wffebxbz`m ~fzv~lfj ìef! w`f civlj z`bz ^be}babz`b `f~

wmwzf~- blj `f~ }ivlh g`maj `bj nffl zbkfl zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Ml z`f bczf~liil! Bomz` Kveb~b blj G`blbkb Z`vwmz`b Tf~f~b Wffebxbz`mw‐w wil- xf~f wzittfj bz

bl b~e} g`fgk timlz x`fl z`f} xf~f civlj ~mjmlh b eizi~ g}gaf, Z`f b~e} iccmgf~w bczf~ fpbemlmlh

z`fm~ nbhw blj mjflzmz} gb~jw `bj mlci~efj z`f tiamgf z`bzz`f} `bj civlj Bomz` Kveb~b, Wiil bczf~!

fmh`z tiamgf iccmgf~w c~ie z`f Kiaillf Tiamgf wzbzmil gbef blj b~~fwzfj z`fe, Ilgf bhbml z`f tiamgf



>:6

bwwbvazfj z`fe n} ci~gmlh z`fe zi z`f caii~ blj z~betamlh z`fe, Bz z`bz timlz! z`f b~e} iccmgf~w

xb~lfj z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ‖Liz zi bwwbvaz z`fe amkf bwwbvazmlh jihw–, Z`f tiamgf z`fl ziik z`fe zi

z`f Kiaillf Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f tiamgf bhbml bwwbvazfj Bomz` Kveb~b vlzma `f aiwz gilwgmivwlfww bz

z`f Kiaillf Tiamgf wzbzmil, ^beb}abz`b blj `f~ g`maj xì xf~f bawi ml b gfaa xmzlfwwfj z`mw mlgmjflz,

^be}babz`b wìvzfj c~ie z`f gfaa liz zi bwwbvaz `f~ n~iz`f~ ml wvg` b g~vfa ebllf~,

Ml z`f ei~lmlh il Jfgfenf~ 28! Bomz` Kveb~b‐w xmcf! B}fw`b Z`b~blhblm xì xbw 3 eilz`‐w

t~fhlblz- xflz zi wff Bomz` Kveb~b ml z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Mlwmjf z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! ^be}babz`b ziaj

`f~ z`bz `f~ n~iz`f~ `bj nffl bwwbvazfj ml b eiwz smgmivw ebllf~ blj `bj nffl zbkfl zi z`f

Kiaillf ìwtmzba z`f t~fsmivw lmh`z, ^be}babz`b ziaj `f~ zi hi zi z`f ìwtmzba zi wff mc `f~ `vwnblj

xbw wzmaa bamsf bw `f `bj nffl bwwbvazfj wi nbja}, B}fw`b Z`b~blhblm xflz zi z`f ìwtmzba nvz z`f

tiamgf xivaj liz baaix `f~ zi wff `f~ `vwnblj, Abzf~ w`f gbef zi afb~l z`bz `f~ `vwnblj `bj nffl

z~blwcf~~fj il z`f wbef jb} zi z`f Fenmamtmzm}b @iwtmzba,

Il z`f wbef jb}! ^be}babz`b blj G`blbkb Z`vwmz`b Tf~f~b xf~f t~ijvgfj nfci~f Fenmamtmzm}b

Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z blj ~febljfj, îwbaml z`f eiz`f~- `bj nffl z~blwcf~~fj c~ie z`f Kiaillf@iwtmzba zi z`f Fenmamtmzm}b @iwtmzba, Bczf~ z`bz! x`flfsf~ z`f cbema} xflz zi smwmz îwbaml! z`f

tiamgf iccmgf~w z`~fbzflfj blj z~mfj zi ci~gf z`fe zi hfz `f~ jmwg`b~hfj c~ie z`f ìwtmzba, Abzf~ z`f

cbema} afb~lfj z`bz w`f `bj nffl b~~fwzfj c~ie z`f ìwtmzba blj wflz zi z`f t~mwil,

X`fl z`f cbema} smwmzfj Bomz` Kveb~b ml z`f Fenmamtmzm}b @iwtmzba! `f xbw sf~} wmgk blj ziaj z`fe

z`bz z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w `bj bwwbvazfj `me sf~} nbja}, Bomz` Kveb~b! îwbaml `mw eiz`f~- blj

^beb}babz`b `mw wmwzf~- xf~f z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Zblhbaaf t~mwil, Z`f cbema} hiz zi klix abzf~ z`bz baa

z`~ff xmz` G`blbkb Z`vwmz`b Tf~f~b xf~f g`b~hfj xmz` tiwwfwwmil ic cm~fb~ew! bwwbvazmlh z`f tiamgf

blj inwz~vgzmlh z`f iccmgmba jvzmfw ic z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w,

Il Jfgfenf~ >:! Wffebxbz`m ~fti~zfj z`mw mlgmjflz n} b x~mzzfl gietabmlz zi z`f @^G! LTG! MHTblj Tiamgf @fbjrvb~zf~w, W`f bawi wvnemzzfj `f~ gietabmlz zi z`f JMH%Afhba blj WWT! ^bzlbtv~b,

Il 28 Oblvb~} >440! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ Vjb}b Kveb~b xì bwwbvazfj Bomz` Kveb~b ml z`f ìvwf

z`~fbzflfj blj wgiajfj z`f cbema} x`maf z`f} xf~f ml z`f t~femwfw ic z`f Fenmamtmzm}b Ebhmwz~bzf‐w

Giv~z ci~ gietabmlmlh, Z`f IMG ic z`f Kiaillf Tiamgf wzbzmil bawi z`~fbzflfj z`f cbema} ml z`f

t~femwfw ic z`f giv~z! il Oblvb~} 72 ml z`f t~fwflgf ic z`f cbema} mlgavjmlh B}fw`b Z`b~blhblm

Bomz` Kveb~b‐w xmcf-! Wffebxbz`m `mw fajf~ wmwzf~- blj `f~ `vwnblj blj Wm~m}babz`b Wffebxbz`m‐w

wmwzf~-, Bawi t~fwflz xf~f z`f abx}f~ ic z`f cbema}! Kvabwv~m}b blj n}wzbljf~w xì `bj gief zi z`f

giv~z il z`bz jb},

Bggi~jmlh zi ^be}babz`b blj B}fw`b Z`b~blhblm! z`f IMG z`~fbzflfj z`fe wb} mlh z`bz! ‖mc z`fwf

zxi efl b~f c~ffj! xf xmaa hfz z`fe wìz blj kmaafj, Xf xmaa hfz z`fm~ ìvwfw nv~lfj jixl,

Iz`f~xmwf! xf xmaa hfzb smaabhf~ zi wzbn z`fe zi jfbz` xmz` b klmcf, Ila} ilf nizzaf ic b~~bgk blj b

w`b~t klmcf mw lfgfwwb~},X`fl z`mw mlgmjflz `bttflfj M xbw il ìamjb}, M gbef bczf~ civ~ jb}w, M

zfaftìlfj blj ziaj z`fe ziwìiz baa civ~ ic z`fe, M `bsf eb~kfj z`fm~ ìvwfw, Wi hi bl}x`f~f blj

ebkf gietabmlzw,–



>:3

Bomz` Kveb~b xbw z`fl wflz zi ~fgfmsf z~fbzeflz bz z`f ^bzlbtv~b @iwtmzba vljf~ z`f gvwzij} ic

z`fKv~vxmzb t~mwil iccmgmbaw x`maf îwbaml `mw eiz`f~- blj ^be}babz`b `mw wmwzf~- xf~f ml z`f

Kv~vxmzbt~mwil, G`blbkb Z`vwmz`b Tf~f~b xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma il Oblvb~} 72,

Wffebxbz`m gietabmlfj ic z`mw wmzvbzmil zi z`f @^G! LTG! Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba! MHT! blj tiamgf

`fbjrvb~zf~w il Cfn~vb~} 6, Il Cfn~vb~} 3! B}fw`b Z`b~blhblm bawi gietabmlfj, îwbaml blj^be}babz`b xf~f ~fafbwfj il nbma il Cfn~vb~} >2 blj Bomz` Kveb~b xbw ~febljfj ml Kv~vxmzb

t~mwil, Li mlsfwzmhbzmilw `bj nffl zbkfl n} bl} hisf~leflz bvzì~mzmfw xmz` ~fhb~j zi z`f baafhfj

zi~zv~f ic z`mw ebl blj z`f cbn~mgbzmil ic g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `mw cbema} efenf~w,

>4=, Lbef xmz``faj-? ^btfj n} tiamgf

Il 28 Jfgfenf~ >448! b 28%}fb~%iaj ‖]– lbef xmz``faj ci~ wfgv~mz} ~fbwil- wvccf~fj b g`fwz tbml

x`maf w`f xbw xi~kmlh ml ‖Gf~bemg Xi~aj– Nm}bhbeb, @f~ fetai}f~ b~~blhfj efjmgba z~fbzeflz ci~

`f~ blj bczf~ hfzzmlh tf~emwwmil c~ie `f~ wvtf~smwi~! w`f afcz bz bnivz 8te, X`maf w`f xbw xbakmlh zixb~jw z`f nib~jmlh ìvwf! w`f lizmgfj z`bz wiefilf xbw ciaaixmlh `f~, W`f aiikfj nbgk blj wbx

civ~ efl ciaaixmlh `f~; w`f bzzfetzfj zi ~vl nvz z`~ff ic z`f efl gbvh`z `f~ x`maf z`f civ~z`

t~fwwfj b x`mzf giaiv~fj `bljkf~g`mfc wibkfj xmz` bl vlklixl wvnwzblgf isf~ `f~ liwf, Nfci~f

w`f aiwz gilwgmivwlfww w`f `fb~j b sf`mgaf wzittmlh lfb~n},

X`fl w`f ~fhbmlfj gilwgmivwlfww w`f xbw a}mlh il b nfj ml b ~iie, W`f wbx z`f Jftvz} G`bm~ebl

T~bjfw`m}b Wbnb`b T~ismlgmba Givlgma- Xfamhftiab blj `mw c~mflj niz` ic xìe w`f lbefj ml `f~

bccmjbsmz wmzzmlh bz z`f flj ic z`f wbef nfj j~mlkmlh bagiìa, W`f xbw wzmaa j~fwwfj ml baa `f~ gaiz`fw

blj bw w`f z~mfj zi itfl z`f jii~ blj fwgbtf z`f} gbvh`z `f~ blj z`~fx `f~ nbgk il z`f nfj, W`f

aiwz gilwgmivwlfww bhbml blj givaj liz ~fefenf~ x`bz `bttflfj bczf~ z`bz, X`fl w`f ~fhbmlfjgilwgmivwlfww w`f civlj z`bz w`f xbw a}mlh il z`f nfj xmz` b w`ffz z`~ixl isf~ `f~ lbkfj nij},

Z`f Jftvz} G`bm~ebl xbw z`f~f blj `f xbw `bac lbkfj, ] z`fl wbx `f~ gaiz`fw il z`f nfj blj

wzb~zfj zi hfz j~fwwfj x`maf g~}mlh blj bwkmlh z`f ebl ‖X`} jmj }iv ji z`mw zi ef9– Ml blwxf~ z`f

Jftvz} G`bm~ebl n~ikf bl fetz} b~~bgk nizzaf blj `faj mz zi `f~ lfgk wb}mlh ‖Mc }iv jb~f zi zfaa

bl}ilf bnivz z`mw mlgmjflz M xmaa kmaa }iv blj fsf~} ilf ml }iv~ cbema},– Z`f smgzme xbw zf~~mcmfj blj

tafbjfj xmz` `me zi afz `f~ hi blj ~fzv~l `f~ zi z`f nib~jmlh ìvwf, Z`fl! z`f Jftvz} G`bm~ebl

mhli~fj `f~ tafb blj bhbml z`~fbzflfj `f~,

Bz 8be il Jfgfenf~ 20! z`f Jftvz} G`bm~ebl ziik `f~ ivz ic z`f ~iie bczf~ gisf~mlh `f~ cbgf wi

z`bz li ilf xivaj nf bnaf zi ~fgihlmf `f~, @f ziik `f~ zi `mw c~mflj‐w z`~ff%x`ffaf~, Il `f~ xb}

ivz w`f lizmgfj b nib~j xmz` z`f xi~j ‘Hvfwz @ivwf‐ x~mzzfl ml Flhamw`, Z`f} j~ittfj z`f smgzme bz

z`f g~iww ~ibj lfb~ `f~ nib~jmlh ìvwf! z`~fbzflmlh `f~ ci~ b z`m~j zmef z`bz ‖Mc w`f ~fti~zw z`f

mlgmjflz zi bl}ilf z`bz z`f} xmaa kmaa `f~ blj fsf~}ilf ml `f~ cbema}–, Z`f smgzme xflz zi `f~

nib~jmlh ìvwf, W`f jmj liz zfaa bl}ilf ic z`f mlgmjflz nfgbvwf ic z`f jfbz` z`~fbzw ebjf n} z`f

Jftvz} G`bm~ebl,



>:8

Il Jfgfenf~ 20! z`f smgzme‐w eiz`f~ gbef zi wff `f~ blj cmljmlh `f~ aiikmlh sf~} wmgk bwkfj `f~ zi

zbkf efjmgmlf, Z`f smgzme `bj z`fl ziaj `f~ z`bz w`f t~fcf~~fj liz zi ji wi wmlgf efjmgbzmil ebjf

`f~ fsfl ei~f vlgieci~zbnaf, W`f eblbhfj zi xi~k ci~ zxi jb}w nvz bwkfj ci~ ilf xffk‐w afbsf

jvf zi maa `fbaz` il Jfgfenf~ >2 xmz` z`f mlzflzmil z`bz w`f xivaj liz ~fzv~l zi xi~k jv~mlh z`bz

zmef, @ixfsf~! wmlgf w`f `bj liz tbmj `f~ nib~jmlh cffw w`f `bj zi ~fzv~l zi z`f nib~jmlh ìvwf il

>= Jfgfenf~, Z`f ebz~il xbw liz z`f~f blj w`f `bj zi xbmz zmaa 72 Jfgfenf~ zi tb} `f~ nib~jmlh cffw blj ~fzv~l ìef,

Il 27 Oblvb~} >440! z`f smgzme‐w eiz`f~ xbw bwkfj zi effz `f~ wmwzf~ blj `f~ `vwnblj T,K,

T~febjbwb xì bjsmwfj `f~ liz zi afz ] amsf ml z`f smaabhf nvz zi zbkf `f~ blj hi afwz h~fbz `b~e

xivaj nfcbaa `f~, X`fl z`f smgzme‐w eiz`f~ jfebljfj zi klix z`f ~fbwil ci~ z`mw z`f} ~fcvwfj zi

zfaa `f~ nvz ~ftfbzfj z`bz w`f wìvaj zbkf z`f hm~a blj afbsf z`f smaabhf, X`fl z`f smgzme‐w eiz`f~

~fzv~lfj ìef w`f bwkfj `f~ jbvh`zf~ x`bz baa z`fwf wzbzfeflzw efblz, W`f z`fl n~ikf jixl g~}mlh

blj ziaj `f~ eiz`f~ fsf~}z`mlh z`bz `bj `bttflfj, Z`f smgzme‐w eiz`f~ z`fl tìlfj tiamgf

fef~hflg} lvenf~ 22=! blj ebjf b gietabmlz ~fhb~jmlh z`f mlgmjflz blj afcz z`f smaabhf xmz` `f~

jbvh`zf~ il Oblvb~} 2:,

B amzzaf x`maf abzf~ z`f eiz`f~‐w wmwzf~ mlci~efj `f~ n} tìlf z`bz z`f tiamgf `bj b~~msfj, Z`f tiamgf

iccmgf~! wtfbkmlh il z`f wbef tìlf bjsmwfj `f~ zi hi zi z`f Hijbkbxfab Tiamgf wzbzmil blj ebkf b

gietabmlz bnivz z`f mlgmjflz, Z`f smgzme blj `f~ eiz`f~ ziik b nvw zi z`f Hijbkbxfab Tiamgf

wzbzmil nvz x`maf il z`f xb} z`f smgzme ~fgfmsfj b einmaf tìlf gbaa ml x`mg` w`f xbw z`~fbzflfj

z`bz mc w`f wi evg` bw itflfj `f~ eivz` zi wb} bl}z`mlh bhbmlwz z`f Jftvz} G`bm~ebl! w`f xivaj

nf kmaafj,

Bz 24te z`f} ~fbg`fj z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, @ixfsf~! z`f IMG G~mefw N~blg`! Hijbkbxfab! ziaj z`fe

z`bz wmlgf z`f g~mef `bj nffl gieemzzfj ml Nm}bhbeb z`bz z`f} wìvaj ebkf b gietabmlz bz z`f

Nm}bhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f smgzme‐w eiz`f~ bawi mlci~efj `me z`bz `f~ jbvh`zf~ ~fgfmsfj b jfbz`

z`~fbz il `f~ einmaf tìlf il z`fm~ xb} zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj hbsf `me z`f lvenf~ ic z`f

mlgiemlh gbaa bw ~fhmwzf~fj il z`f tìlf, Fsfl zìvh` z`f Hijbkbxfab Tiamgf ~fcvwfj zi ~fgi~j z`f

gietabmlz! jvf zi z`f eiz`f~‐w mlwmwzflgf b cfebaf iccmgf~ xbw mlwz~vgzfj zi ~fgi~j z`f gietabmlz bz

bnivz 22te, Z`f eiz`f~ xbw liz baaixfj zi gief lfb~ `f~ x`maf z`f gietabmlz xbw ~fgi~jfj, Z`f

smgzme xbw ziaj zi wmhl z`f gietabmlz nvz xbw liz baaixfj zi wff x`bz xbw x~mzzfl, Lfmz`f~ xf~f

z`f} hmsfl z`f wf~mba lvenf~ ic z`f gietabmlz fsfl zìvh` z`f} ~frvfwzfj mz, Bczf~ z`f gietabmlz!

z`f cfebaf iccmgf~ blj zxi iz`f~ iccmgf~w ziik z`f smgzme zi nf bjemzzfj zi z`f Hijbkbxfab Jmwz~mgz

@iwtmzba,

Z`f smgzme xbw xb~jfj blj hmsfl efjmgba z~fbzeflz, X`maf w`f xbw xb~jfj! b c~mflj ic z`f Jftvz}

G`bm~ebl gbef zi z`f ìwtmzba blj wvhhfwzfj z`bz z`f} xivaj wfzzaf z`f ebzzf~ wb}mlh z`bz ‖xf b~f baa

tfitaf ic z`f wbef smaabhf–, @ixfsf~! z`f smgzme‐w eiz`f~ jmj liz bggftz bl} wfzzafeflz, Z`f smgzme

xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f ^bzlbtv~b Hflf~ba @iwtmzba n} z`f ìwtmzba benvablgf il Oblvb~} 23, Jv~mlh

z`f ìwtmzba smwmzmlh ìv~w ml z`f bczf~liil! bl vlklixl }ivlh ebl gbef ml zi z`f xb~j blj `bsmlh

bwkfj xì z`f smgzme xbw blj ziaj `f~ z`bz z`f Jftvz} G`bm~ebl `bj gief blj mw xbmzmlh lfb~ z`f

hbzf blj zi hi blj effz `me, @ixfsf~! x`fl z`f smgzme ziaj z`mw zi `f~ eiz`f~! z`f eiz`f~ `faj



>:0

z`f }ivlh ebl n} `blj blj xblzfj zi klix ei~f mlci~ebzmil x`mg` `f jmj liz t~ismjf nvz wmeta}

xflz bxb}, Il Oblvb~} 28! b OEI jfgab~fj z`bz z`f smgzme `bj nffl ~btfj blj eflzmilfj z`bz mc

fptf~z fsmjflgf xbw lffjfj ml giv~z zi ci~xb~j z`f jigveflzbzmil t~ismjfj,

Il Oblvb~} 20 x`fl z`f smgzme‐w cbz`f~ xbw ~fzv~lmlh ìef bczf~ smwmzmlh `f~ ml ìwtmzba zxi tf~wilw

klixl zi nf c~mfljw ic z`f Jftvz} G`bm~ebl blj cmsf iz`f~w naigkfj `mw xb} blj z~mfj zi bwwbvaz`me xmz` b nizzaf, @ixfsf~! `f eblbhfj zi fsbjf z`f bwwbvaz, Il Oblvb~} 2=! z`f smgzme xbw

jmwg`b~hfj c~ie z`f ìwtmzba xmz` ~fcf~~baw zi efjmgba gamlmgw, Jv~mlh z`mw tf~mij z`f Nm}bhbeb

Tiamgf wflz b efwwbhf zi z`f smgzme‐w eiz`f~ zi gief xmz` z`f smgzme blj aijhf b gietabmlz bz z`f

Nm}bhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f smgzme‐w eiz`f~ xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil il z`f wbef jb} blj

mlci~efj z`fe z`bz b gietabmlz `bj nffl zbkfl jixl ml z`f Hijbkbxfab Tiamgf wzbzmil, W`f hbsf

z`f zxi gietabmlz lvenf~w x`mg` w`f `bj eblbhfj zi hfz c~ie z`fe bw H,GMN,>00)32 blj

EGFL,>>)40,

X`fl w`f bwkfj ci~ z`f gietabmlz lvenf~ c~ie z`f Nm}bhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil w`f xbw mlci~efj z`bz

z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil xivaj nf giljvgzfj vljf~ z`f wbef gietabmlz ebjf zi z`f Hijbkbxfab Tiamgf bljz`f~fci~f mz xivaj nf ~fhmwzf~fj vljf~ z`f wbef lvenf~,

Wvnwfrvflza}! b tiamgf iccmgf~ bggietblmfj z`f smgzme blj `f~ eiz`f~ ml b sf`mgaf wi z`bz w`f givaj

mjflzmc} z`f Hvfwz @ivwf zi x`mg` w`f xbw zbkfl, Bczf~ smwmzmlh cmsf hvfwz @ivwfw! ] ~fgihlmfj z`f

cmcz` Hvfwz @ivwf! z`f Kbablm Lbjm Hvfwz @ivwf! bw z`f tabgf x`f~f w`f `bj nffl `faj blj ~btfj,

Z`f tiamgf `bj z`f~fbczf~ wfb~g`fj z`f t~femwfw, Z`f} bawi aiikfj mlzi z`f Hvfwz Mlci~ebzmil Niik

blj civlj z`bz z`f lbef blj mjflzmz} gb~j lvenf~ ic z`f Jftvz} G`bm~ebl T~bjfw`m}b Wbnb`b

Xfamhftiab flzf~fj bw b hvfwz xì `bj wzb}fj z`f lmh`z il 28 Jfgfenf~ >448, Z`f tiamgf z`fl

wfb~g`fj z`f ~iie ~fgi~jfj bw z`f ilf iggvtmfj z`f Jftvz} G`bm~ebl blj ziik mlzi gvwzij} z`f

nfj amlfl x`mg` `bj wmlgf nffl xbw`fj- blj z`f @izfa Hvfwz Mlci~ebzmil Niik,

Z`f tiamgf bawi rvfwzmilfj z`f xbmzf~ xì `bj nffl ml wf~smgf il z`f 28 Jfgfenf~, Z`f xbmzf~

~fgihlmfj z`f smgzme, Z`fl z`f tiamgf ziik z`f xbmzf~ zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil ml i~jf~ zi hfz `mw

wzbzfeflz! bczf~ x`mg` `f xbw ~fafbwfj, Z`f Nm}bhbeb tiamgf z`fl `bsmlh zbkfl z`f gilzbgz tìlf

lvenf~w ic z`f smgzme‐w ìvwfìaj ziaj z`fe z`bz z`f} xivaj gilzbgz z`fe x`fl z`f lffj b~mwfw,

Z`f smgzme blj `f~ eiz`f~ afcz ci~ ìef, Wmlgf z`f Nm}bhbeb tiamgf `bj liz gilzbgzfj z`f smgzme!

z`f smgzme‐w eiz`f~ tìlfj z`fe blj xbw ziaj z`bz z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil xbw ml t~ih~fww, W`f xbw bawi

bwkfj mc w`f givaj t~ismjf b sf`mgaf wi z`f tiamgf givaj b~~fwz z`f Jftvz} G`bm~ebl! zi x`mg` w`f

~ftamfj z`bz w`f jmj liz `bsf z`f eilf},

Il Oblvb~} >0 x`fl z`f smgzme‐w cbz`f~ xbw ml z`f hb~jfl `f lizmgfj z`~ff wz~blhf~w il z`f ~ibjittiwmzf z`f ìvwf gb~~}mlh z`bz x`mg` bttfb~fj amkf m~il nb~w, Z`f smgzme‐w cbz`f~ `bj rvmfza}

fsbjfj z`fe, Ml z`mw ~fhb~j! z`f smgzme‐w cbz`f~ ebjf b gietabmlz bz z`f Hijbkbxfab Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Wmlgf z`mw mlgmjflz! z`f smgzme‐w cbema} efenf~w eisfj c~ie z`f smaabhf ci~ z`fm~ t~izfgzmil blj

wbcfz},

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme! bczf~ w`f xbw bnjvgzfj blj ~btfj z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w wzmaa amsf bw c~ff efl! z`f

tiamgf `bsf liz lizmcmfj z`fe ic bl} cv~z`f~ bgzmil zbkfl il z`f g~mef! blj mz xbw ila} z`~ivh` b



>64

X`fl Fjxb~j xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil bhbml z`f wbef fsflmlh! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w z`~fbzflfj `me

ic b~~fwz blj bhbml ziik jfzbmaw ic z`f cbema}, Ilgf bhbml! z`f tiamgf bwkfj `me zi n~mlh `mw gbwf cmaf

~fhb~jmlh `mw b~~fwz il 2==0 blj nblk jfzbmaw il Lisfenf~ >3 zi z`f Kblj} tiamgf, Fjxb~j xflz zi

Kblj} tiamgf il z`f lfpz jb}! Lisfenf~ >8 blj wìxfj z`f gbwf cmaf blj z`f nblk niik, @ixfsf~

z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w `bsf z`~fbzflfj blj bwkfj `mw cbema} zi afbsf Kblj}, Jvf zi gilzmlvmlh z`~fbz!

Fjxb~j afcz z`f oin nvz `f givaj liz cmlj bliz`f~ oin wi `f wzb~zfj xi~kmlh bhbml c~ie Jfgfenf~ 3bz z`f wbef tabgf x`f~f `f vwfj zi xi~k,

Bggi~jmlh zi Fjxb~j! `f ~fgihlmfj ilf tiamgf iccmgf~! Wf~hfblz Xff~bwmlh`f! blj zìwf tiamgf b~f

c~ie mlzfaamhflgf vlmz c~ie Kblj} tiamgf, Emg`bfa Fjxb~j `bw wmp g`maj~fl, Cmsf ic z`fe b~f bz

ìef blj zxi g`maj~fl b~f wzmaa wzvj}mlh, @f cfb~w ic `mw b~~fwz bz bl} zmef blj bliz`f~ zi~zv~f bw

Fjxb~j `bj fb~amf~ fptf~mflgfj, @mw cbema} gblliz fmz`f~ hi zi Obcclb i~ amsf ml Kblj},

>22, Wvhbz` î`blb? Bwwbvazfj jvf zi t~msbzf rvb~~fa xmz` tiamgf

Bz b~ivlj =te il >= Jfgfenf~ >448! Wvhbz` î`blb! xbw ~fzv~lmlh ìef c~ie xi~k, @f

gilwvefj b nff~ bz b ~fwzbv~blz blj wzittfj bz b wìt zi nv} wiefz`mlh zi fbz, Mlwmjf z`f wìt!

Wvhbz` î`blb wbx Eblmkkb! b tiamgf iccmgf~! ml z`f gietbl} ic bliz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~ c~ie z`f

Zmwwbeb`b~beb Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj! il b t~fsmivw iggbwmil! Eblmkkb `bj bwkfj Wvhbz` î`blb

zi aflj `me `mw eizi~g}gaf ci~ tf~wilba ~fbwilw, Wvhbz` î`blb ~fcvwfj z`mw cbsiv~! wb}mlh z`bz z`f

eizi~g}gaf nfailhfj zi `mw fetai}f~‐w gietbl}, Z`fl Eblmkkb z`~fbzflfj `me n} wb}mlh! ‖Mw z`bz

wi9 Z`f jb} xmaa gief x`fl }iv xmaa lffj vw"– Eblmkkb wìxfj `mw jmwtafbwv~f bz z`bz zmef blj abzf~

il z`f iggbwmilw x`fl z`f} efz il z`f ~ibj,

Il Jfgfenf~ >=! wffmlh Wvhbz` î`blb flzf~ z`f wìt! iccmgf~ Eblmkkb gbef ivz blj gbaafj `me zi

ilf wmjf blj bwkfj mc `f xbw j~vlk, Wvhbz` î`blb ~ftamfj z`bz `f `bj ila} gilwvefj nff~, Iccmgf~

Eblmkkb wzbzfj! ‖Z`bz mw flivh` ci~ vw–, Wvhbz` ~frvfwzfj z`f iccmgf~ liz zi niz`f~ `me bw `f `bj

jilf li x~ilh blj z`bz `f xbw il `mw xb} ìef, Iccmgf~ Eblmkkb z`fl wabttfj `me il z`f g`ffk!

wb}mlh ‖Xf xmaa wff bnivz z`bz–, Wvhbz` î`blb tafbjfj xmz` z`f iccmgf~ liz zi `mz `me bw `f `bj

jilf li x~ilh, Eblmkkb zbvlzfj `me blj ~ftfbzfj z`f xi~j ‖x~ilh‣ x~ilh‣– blj bhbml

wabttfj `me n~vzbaa} bg~iww `mw g`ffk,

Bliz`f~ tiamgf wzfttfj ml blj wbmj! ‖]iv~ eivz` mw zii nmh–! blj wz~vgk `me wfsf~fa} il `mw `fbj

xmz` z`f Z%63 ~mcaf `f xbw gb~~}mlh, @f z`fl ebjf b gbaa il `mw einmaf tìlf blj bwkfj ci~ b tiamgfofft zi nf jmwtbzg`fj! wzbzmlh z`bz z`fm~ iccmgf~w xf~f nfmlh bwwbvazfj, Wvhbz` î`blb bwkfj iccmgf~

Eblmkkb x`} `f xbw nfmlh z~fbzfj amkf b g~memlba! blj ml ~fwtilwf z`f iccmgf~ wbmj wb~gbwzmgbaa}!

‖Aiik! lix `f mw z~}mlh zi zfbg` vw z`f abx,–

Z`f tiamgf offt z`fl b~~msfj xmz` ei~f iccmgf~w xì bawi wzb~zfj zi bwwbvaz Wvhbz` î`blb, @f xbw

vlbnaf zi ~fgihlmwf z`f iccmgf~w xì bwwbvazfj `me i~ z`fm~ lvenf~w ml z`f h~ivt! nfgbvwf bz z`bz



>62

zmef `f nfhbl zi cffa cbmlz blj `mw smwmil nfgbef nav~~fj jvf zi `mw `fbj mlov~mfw c~ie z`f bwwbvaz,

@mw `fbj xbw naffjmlh blj `mw Z%w`m~z xbw wibkfj ml naiij,

Bz z`bz zmef! Wvhbz` î`blb‐w wmwzf~! B}blz`mkb! gbef zi z`f wgflf, @ixfsf~! w`f xbw bawi wgiajfj

n} z`f tiamgf, Wì~za}! iccmgf~ G`bljmeba ic z`f wbef Tiamgf wzbzmil gbef zi z`f wgflf il `mw

eizi~g}gaf, @f wgiajfj B}blz`mkb xmz` civa ablhvbhf blj bzzfetzfj zi bwwbvaz `f~! bz x`mg` timlz B}blz`mkb nfgbef c~mh`zflfj blj ~bl bxb}, Iccmgf~ G`bljmeba z`fl bwwbvazfj Wvhbz` î`blb xì

cfaa vlgilwgmivw, Z`f smgzme xbw zbkfl zi z`f Jfnb~bxfxb ìwtmzba, Iccmgf~ Eblmkkb! G`bljmeba

blj wief iz`f~ iccmgf~w xf~f b~ivlj z`f smgzme‐w nfj x`fl `f ~fhbmlfj gilwgmivwlfww,

Baafhfja}! iccmgf~ Eblmkkb `bj jfgfmzcvaa} ~fti~zfj zi iz`f~ tb~zmfw! mlgavjmlh z`f jigzi~ ml z`f

ìwtmzba! z`bz Wvhbz` î`blb `bj mlzfljfj zi tv~g`bwf maafhba j~vhw blj x`maf j~vlk `bj cbaafl c~ie

z`f nmkf blj mlov~fj `mewfac, Vtil `fb~mlh z`mw cbawf ~fti~z! Wvhbz` î`blb wìvzfj ivz z`bz `f jmj

liz vwf j~vhw! blj z`bz z`mw xbw b h~iww mlovwzmgf bw `f `bj nffl bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf, @f bawi

wzbzfj zi z`f jigzi~ z`bz `mw tv~wf blj einmaf tìlf xf~f emwwmlh, Iccmgf~ Eblmkkb z`fl t~ijvgfj

niz` z`fwf mzfew, Z`f jigzi~ z`fl bwkfj z`f tiamgf z`bz n~ivh`z ml Wvhbz` î`blb! mc `f `bj bl} mlov~mfw, Iccmgf~ Eblmkkb wzbzfj z`bz z`f smgzme jmj liz `bsf wf~mivw mlov~mfw! bw `f `bj ila} cbaafl icc

`mw nmkf, Z`f smgzme inofgzfj bhbml zi z`f cbawf wzbzfeflz blj bjjfj z`bz `f `bj b wfsf~f `fbjbg`f,

@ixfsf~! iccmgf~ Eblmkkb xbw bnaf zi `bsf `me jmwg`b~hfj c~ie ìwtmzba blj n~ivh`z `me zi z`f

Zmwwbeb`b~beb Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f `f xbw tabgfj ml b gfaa, @f xbw bawi liz hmsfl bl} ciij i~ j~mlk

z`bz lmh`z, Wvhbz` î`blb mw vlbnaf zi wzbzf bz x`bz zmef `f xbw zbkfl zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Il Jfgfenf~ 74! iccmgf~ Eblmkkb ziik Wvhbz` î`blb ivz ic z`f gfaa blj bllivlgfj aivja}! ‖Z`mw

mw z`f hv} xì gbef zi bwwbvaz z`f tiamgf–! blj ziik `me zi b zbnaf zi ~fgi~j `mw lbef blj

xi~ktabgf, Wvhbz` î`blb xbw liz wìxl x`bz fawf xbw ~fgi~jfj nvz xbw ci~gfj zi wmhl z`f niik,

Iccmgf~ Eblmkkb z`fl z`~fbzflfj zi `bsf `me met~mwilfj ci~ zxi }fb~w, Bliz`f~ iccmgf~ wvhhfwzfj

gblgfaamlh `mw j~msf~‐w amgflwf wi z`bz `f xivaj nf ivz ic b oin, Z`f smgzme xbw z`fl ~fzv~lfj zi `mw

gfaa, Wvhbz` î`blb xbw wzmaa liz hmsfl bl} ciij i~ j~mlk z`bz ei~lmlh, X`maf Wvhbz` î`blb xbw ml

`mw gfaa! iccmgf~ G`bljmeba gbef zi z`f gfaa blj wìxfj `me b tbgkfz ic j~vhw! wzbzmlh z`bz z`mw xbw

z`f fsmjflgf z`f} xivaj vwf zi `bsf `me met~mwilfj ci~ zxi }fb~w,

Abzf~! iccmgf~ Eblmkkb gbef blj ziik Wvhbz` î`blb zi bliz`f~ gfaa blj ziaj `me zi ~feisf `mw Z%

w`m~z! bwkmlh mc `mw cbema} n~ivh`z `me bliz`f~ w`m~z bw `f givaj liz nf t~ijvgfj ml giv~z ml wvg` b

wzbzf, Wvnwfrvflza}! x`fl Wvhbz` î`blb‐w n~iz`f~%ml%abx! Blma T~m}blz`b! gbef zi wff `me! `f bwkfj

`me zi n~mlh bliz`f~ w`m~z wi `f givaj nf t~ijvgfj ml giv~z, Blma T~m}blz`b z`fl jmj wi,

Bz b~ivlj 2>?74 il z`f wbef jb}! Wvhbz` î`blb xbw t~ijvgfj ml Zmwwbeb`b~beb giv~z vljf~ z`fbaafhfja} cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw blj ~febljfj, @f abzf~ gbef zi klix z`bz z`f cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz

`me xf~f tiwwfwwmil ic maafhba wvnwzblgfw j~vhw- blj j~msmlh `mw eizi~g}gaf vljf~ z`f mlcavflgf ic

bagiìa, Il 2 Oblvb~} >440! Wvhbz` î`blb xbw t~ijvgfj ml z`f Zmwwbeb`b~beb giv~z blj ~fgfmsfj

nbma, Il Oblvb~} >! jvf zi z`f jmwgieci~z blj tbml ml `mw nij}! Wvhbz` î`blb wivh`z z~fbzeflz

c~ie b t~msbzf jigzi~, @ixfsf~! jvf zi z`f wfsf~mz} ic `mw mlov~mfw! `f xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f

@benblzizb Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ci~ cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz, Z`f smgzme mlci~efj z`f jigzi~ xì fpbemlfj



>6>

`me! blj z`f OEI! z`bz `f `bj nffl zi~zv~fj n} z`f tiamgf, Wvhbz` î`blb xbw xb~jfj blj ~fgfmsfj

efjmgba z~fbzeflz vlzma Oblvb~} 0, @f xbw bjsmwfj zi gilzmlvf z~fbzeflz xmz` b wtfgmbamwz, Z`f smgzme

gilzmlvfw zi wvccf~ c~ie wfsf~f `fbjbg`fw! jmmlfww blj cbmlzmlh wtfaaw! jvf zi z`f bwwbvaz il `me n}

z`f tiamgf,

Wvhbz` î`blb ebjf b x~mzzfl gietabmlz zi z`f @^G! LTG! MHT! Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba! JMH Afhba!JMH Wivz`f~l blj WWT @benblzizb,

>440

>2>, Ei`bebj Eb`b~iic Ei`bebj Tbwem? Tiamgf baafhfja} bwwbvaz blj cbn~mgbzf g`b~hfw

bhbmlwz zxi efl

Il 6 Oblvb~} >440! Ei`bebj Eb`b~iic Ei`bebj Tbwem! b j~msf~! j~isf `mw sbl xmz` cmsf

tbwwflhf~w zixb~j Hbaaf c~ie Zblhbaab, X`fl `f b~~msfj bz z`f ebml nvw wzblj ic Hbaaf bz bnivz

7?74be! z`f tbwwflhf~w xflz zi b eiwrvf zi t~b} blj Ei`bebj Tbwem xflz zi j~mlk zfb bz b ìzfa

lfb~n} xmz` Ei`bebj ^m}bc, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj! x`maf z`f} xf~f j~mlkmlh zfb!

z`~ff tiamgf iccmgf~w ml gmsma j~fww c~ie B`blhbeb Tiamgf gbaafj Ei`bebj Tbwem blj bwkfj x`fz`f~

`f mw b sbl j~msf~,

X`fl Ei`bebj Tbwem gbef ivz! ilf iccmgf~ `bj h~bnnfj `mw Z%w`m~z blj ziik `me lfb~ z`f tiamgf

offt, Z`f iccmgf~ rvfwzmilfj `me bnivz b ai~~} z`bz `bj z~blwti~zfj wief gbzzaf, X`fl Tbwem wbmj `f

jmj liz klix bl}z`mlh! z`f iccmgf~ `mz `me il z`f afcz wmjf ic `mw cbgf! x`mg` n~ikf b ziiz` ml `mw

vttf~ obx, Z`fl! z`f iccmgf~w `mz Ei`bebj ^m}bc zii, Z`f} tvw`fj z`fe mlzi z`f tiamgf offt blj

xbljf~fj c~ie tabgf zi tabgf ml Hbaaf zixl, X`fl z`f} wbx gix jvlh ml z`f gaiz`fw ic zxi tf~wilw

lfb~ z`f Lbs} gbet! z`f} ci~gmna} ziik z`fe zii ml z`f offt,

Bczf~ nfmlh rvfwzmilfj! z`f zxi efl wìxfj z`f tiamgf b tabgf x`f~f z`f gixw xf~f nfmlh kftz,

Z`fl z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ziaj z`fe z`bz z`f} lffjfj jmfwfa ci~ z`f offt blj i~jf~fj z`fe zi n~mlh b

gbl ic jmfwfa blj tixf~ ima, Xmz`ml b cfx emlvzfw bczf~ ~fgfmsmlh z`f jmfwfa blj ima z`f tiamgf

~fafbwfj z`f zxi tf~wilw, Z`f tiamgf ziik Ei`bebj Tbwem blj Ei`bebj ^m}bc zi Hbaaf @b~niv~

tiamgf blj kftz z`fe ci~ zxi ìv~w nfci~f z~blwcf~~mlh zi B`blhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Il Oblvb~} 3! z`f lfpz jb}! z`f} xf~f zbkfl zi z`f iccmgmba ~fwmjflgf ic z`f Ebhmwz~bzf blj g`b~hfj xmz` ~innf~} blj vlabxcva z~blwti~z ic gbzzaf blj t~ijvgfj nfci~f Hbaaf ebhmwz~bzf‐w giv~z, Z`f}

xf~f ~febljfj zmaa Oblvb~} 0 blj ~fafbwfj il nbma bczf~ tb}mlh ^w, :4!444 ~fwtfgzmsfa},

Ei`bebj Tbwem xflz zi z`f Z`blhbaab Nbwmg @iwtmzba ci~ z`~ff jb}w, Ml z`f ìwtmzba! `f mlci~efj

bnivzz`f OEI ic z`f tiamgf bwwbvaz, Il Oblvb~} 72! z`f} wflz b x~mzzfl wvnemwwmil zi z`f @^G blj

bawimlci~efj z`f WWT ml Hbaaf! LTG blj z`f MHT il Cfn~vb~} 3,



>67

>2>, Tijjbab Ob}blz`b? Tiamgf baafhfja} bzzfetz zi bnjvgz b oiv~lbamwz Tijjbab Ob}blz`b mw b

xfaa%klixl oiv~lbamwz blj z`f wfg~fzb~} ic z`f Xi~kmlh Oiv~lbamwzw( Bwwigmbzmil, @mw bwwigmbzmil `bw

zbkfl bgzmil ~fhvab~a} zi jfcflj efjmb c~ffjie blj z`f ~mh`z zi fpf~gmwf c~ffjie ic fpt~fwwmil,Bz

b~ivlj 7be il Oblvb~} 8z`

! b h~ivt ic tf~wilw gbef ml zxi sf`mgafw nfb~mlh lvenf~w HG%4743 blj>67>440- blj bwkfj `mw xmcf zi itfl z`f jii~! gabmemlh z`bz z`f} xf~f c~ie z`f tiamgf blj z`bz z`f}

xblzfj zi inzbml mlci~ebzmil c~ie Tijjbab Ob}blz`b, W`f ~fcvwfj zi itfl z`f jii~ nfgbvwf ci~ cfb~

ic bnjvgzmil, Bnjvgzmilw ml z`f lmh`z! b ~fba z`~fbz blj b sf~} gieeil `bttflmlh ml W~m Ablkb!

iczfl flj vt ml jmwbttfb~blgfw, X`fl z`f h~ivt z`~fbzflfj zi ci~gmna} itfl z`f jii~! `mw xmcf

gbaafj ci~ `fat zi z`f lfmh`ni~w blj bw z`f lfmh`ni~w ~fbamfj z`bz z`mw h~ivt xbw bzzfetzmlh zi

bwwbvaz z`f oiv~lbamwz, Ilgf z`f h~ivt ~fbamfj z`bz z`f~f xbw b ab~hf g~ixj z`f} ~fz~fbzfj blj hiz

mlzi z`fm~ offt blj sbl blj `v~~mfj c~ie wgflf, Z`f cbema} meefjmbzfa} zfaftìlfj z`f Kb`bzvjvxb

tiamgf! x`mg` xbw z`f lfb~fwz Tiamgf wzbzmil! nvz z`f tiamgf wzbzfj z`bz z`f} xf~f vlbnaf zi wflj b

einmaf zfbe meefjmbzfa}, Z`fl z`f Ei~bhb`b`flb tiamgf xbw gilzbgzfj z`~ivh` z`f wtfgmba

fef~hflg} tiamgf li, 22=,

Z`f cbema} xbw mlci~efj n} iccmgf~w ml g`b~hf ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmilw z`bz z`f} `bj liz wflz bl} zfbe

zi rvfwzmil `me blj bawi z`bz z`f} xf~f liz bxb~f ic bl} ivzwmjf tiamgf ebkmlh b smwmz zi z`fm~ b~fb,

Bczf~ ebkmlh ebl} mlrvm~mfw! xmz`ml bnivz : ìv~w z`f oiv~lbamwz gilgf~lfj xbw bnaf zi gilcm~e z`bz

z`f offt nfb~mlh li, HG%4743 nfailhfj zi z`f Ebzb~b tiamgf, Z`f iccmgf~ ml g`b~hf ic z`f Tiamgf

wzbzmil! ìxfsf~! ziaj z`f oiv~lbamwz z`bz z`mw sf`mgaf `bj liz nffl ~fafbwfj ci~ b jvz} ic z`mw

lbzv~f,Z`mw bzzfetzfj bnjvgzmil giefw bczf~ ilf ic z`f fsflzw z`bz gbvwfj b h~fbz wgbljba ml z`f

givlz~} x`f~f b emlmwzf~ ic z`f hisf~leflz! Ef~s}l Wmasb! `bj baafhfja} ci~gmna} flzf~fj W~m Ablkb

N~ibjgbwzmlh Gi~ti~bzmil blj bwwbvazfj b lfxw eblbhf~ ci~ liz zfafgbwzmlh ilf ic `mw wtffg`fw,

Z`mw mlgmjflz g~fbzfj vt~ib~ beilh z`f fetai}ffw xì wvnjvfj z`f emlmwzf~ blj z`f hblh xìbggietblmfj z`f emlmwzf~ blj z`f xìaf mlgmjflz xbw h~fbza} tvnamgmfj ml z`f givlz~}, Vljf~ z`fwf

gm~gvewzblgfw! baa efjmb i~hblmwbzmilw! mlgavjmlh z`f Xi~kmlh Oiv~lbamwzw( Bwwigmbzmil! ziik bgzmil ml

i~jf~ zi jfcflj z`f ~mh`zw ic z`f efjmb,

Efblx`maf z`f B~e} Gieebljf~ Az, Hflf~ba Wb~bz` Cilwfkb xbw rvizfj ml z`f efjmb bw wb}mlh!

.Z`f nmhhfwz inwzbgaf zi bg`mfsmlh iv~ zb~hfzw ic z`f emamzb~} z`mw }fb~ xbw z`f z~fbg`f~ivw efjmb

mlwzmzvzmilw blj efjmb tf~willfa,. Z`mw wzbzfeflz j~fx giljfelbzmilw c~ie z`f C~ff Efjmb

Eisfeflz CEE-! z`f Xi~kmlh Oiv~lbamwzw( Bwwigmbzmilw blj iz`f~ efjmb i~hblmwbzmilw,Z`mw

eilz`! b afbjmlh hainba efjmb lfzxi~k lbefj W~m Ablkb bw z`f civ~z` eiwz jblhf~ivw tabgf ci~

oiv~lbamwzw ml z`f xi~aj, @ixfsf~! z`f W~m Ablkbl hisf~leflz blj z`f iz`f~ wzbzf bhflgmfw ~fcvwf zizbkf bl} bgzmil zi t~izfgz z`f oiv~lbamwzw,

Ml cbgz! g~fbzmlh cfb~ tw}gìwmw beilh oiv~lbamwzw blj il fsf~}ilf xì flhbhfw ml bl} wi~z ic tvnamg

jfnbzf bttfb~w zi nf b tiamg} flgiv~bhfj n} z`f hisf~leflz, Z`f~f `bsf nffl ebl} wgi~lcva

~feb~kw n} wtikfwefl ci~ z`f hisf~leflz bnivz z`f ~frvfwzw ci~ bgzmil z`bz `bsf gbaafj il z`f

hisf~leflz zi mlrvm~f mlzi `vebl ~mh`zw bnvwfw ml z`f givlz~}, Baa aigba mlsfwzmhbzmlh bvzì~mzmfw

`bsf nffl ebjf j}wcvlgzmilba n} wf~mivw tiamzmgba mlzf~sflzmil bhbmlwz bl} g~fjmnaf mlsfwzmhbzmilw,



>6:

Z`f hisf~leflz bawi ittiwfw bl} bzzfetz c~ie z`f Vlmzfj Lbzmilw zi bwwmwz z`f hisf~leflz ml

giljvgzmlh mlsfwzmhbzmilw,

>2:, W`m~b Nv`~bl? Em~m`blb WMV zi~zv~fw ebl bczf~ b~nmz~b~} b~~fwz

Il 26 Oblvb~} >440! bz bnivz :te! W`m~b Nv`~bl blj `mw bwwmwzblz ~fzv~lfj zi `mw xi~kwìt ‖^,

Zfg– bz z`f ^vkebaf Smof}btv~b ovlgzmil bz Tbllmtmzm}b! bczf~ bzzfljmlh zi b tv~g`bwf i~jf~,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj! W`m~b Nv`~bl inwf~sfj z`bz b Zbzb Wmhlba Gbn xbw tb~kfj

ivzwmjf `mw xi~kwìt, @f z`fl wbx b tiamgf iccmgf~ ml z`f gbn blj `fb~j `me gbaamlh `me, Z`f tiamgf

iccmgf~ bwkfj W`m~b Nv`~bl x`f~f `f `bj nffl, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ z`fl gbaafj W`m~b Nv`~bl‐w

bwwmwzblz blj x~izf jixl `mw lbef blj bjj~fww, Z`fl `f ziaj z`f bwwmwzblz zi zbkf W`m~b Nv`~bl‐w

eizi~g}gaf ìef bw `f xbw zbkmlh W`m~b Nv`~bl zi z`f Em~m`blb Tiamgf wzbzmil nfgbvwf z`f IMG

~frvfwzfj zi wff `me,

Z`f~f xf~f wmp iccmgf~w ml z`f gbn blj `f ~fgihlmwfj Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf Lbljbwflb! xì xbw gb~~}mlh

b Z%63! b WM! b j~msf~ blj z`~ff iz`f~w, W`m~b Nv`~bl xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Em~m`blb Wtfgmba G~mefw

N~blg` blj ziaj zi wzblj ml z`f gi~lf~ ic z`f ~iie, W`m~b Nv`~bl xbw z`fl ziaj z`bz `f xbw

btt~f`fljfj bw b wvwtfgz ic b ofxfaaf~} z`fcz z`bz `bj zbkfl tabgf ml z`f ìvwf ic `mw givwml! J~,

Wbetbz` T~bjfft Kveb~b Bz`vki~bab! xì amsfj lfpz jii~ zi W`m~b Nv`~bl, Bggi~jmlh zi W`m~b

Nv`~bl! z`f zxi cbemamfw xf~f blh~} xmz` fbg` iz`f~ blj `mw givwml `bj tv~tiwfa} metamgbzfj `me zi

bsflhf `me,

Bl iccmgf~ bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil bwkfj z`f iccmgf~ xì n~ivh`z `me ml ‖mw z`mw z`f cfaaix9– Z`fl z`f

iccmgf~ gbef lfb~ `me blj bwkfj! ‖X`f~f b~f z`f hiijw9– Z`f iccmgf~ z`fl wvjjfla} wabttfj W`m~b

Nv`~bl il `mw g`ffk blj xmz` `mw cmwz `mz `me il `mw wziebg` wfsf~ba zmefw, Z`fl cmsf iccmgf~w xì

xf~f z`f~f g~ixjfj b~ivlj W`m~b Nv`~bl blj nfhbl zi `mz `me xmz` z`fm~ `bljw blj cffz ci~ bnivz

26 emlvzfw! wìvzmlh bz `me ‖zi hmsf z`f hiijw–, Beilh zìwf xì bwwbvazfj `me! W`m~b Nv`~bl~fgihlmwfj z`f WM xì n~ivh`z `me zi z`f wzbzmil, W`m~b Nv`~bl xbw z`fl `blj gvccfj blj xbw ziaj

zi wmz il b nip,

Bz bnivz 8te W`m~b Nv`~bl `fb~j z`f simgf ic `mw eiz`f~ blj wbx `mw eiz`f~ zbakmlh zi b WM, @f

meefjmbzfa} xflz vt zi `f~ blj ziaj `f~ z`bz `f `bj nffl bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf, Z`f iccmgf~ z`fl

wgiajfj `me blj g`bwfj `me bxb} zfaamlh `me zi ~fzv~l zi `mw tabgf il z`f nip, Z`f~fbczf~ `f xbw

smwmzfj n} `mw xmcf blj bliz`f~ ~fabzmsf, @mw xi~k bwwmwzblz bawi gbef zi wff `me, @f mlci~efj z`fe

z`bz `f `bj nffl bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf, @f xbw `bljgvccfj zi bl m~il g`bm~ ci~ z`f xìaf lmh`z, Bz

0be il Oblvb~} 23! tiamgf gilwzbnaf Lbljbwflb gbef blj z`~fbzflfj `me ‖bz afbwz lix zfaa z`f

z~vz`– blj wabttfj `me ebl} zmefw il `mw g`ffkw,

Bz bnivz =?74be W`m~b Nv`~bl‐w eiz`f~ gbef blj efz z`f IMG xmz` W`m~b Nv`~bl, Z`f IMG z`fl

z`~fbzflfj `mw eiz`f~ z`bz mc w`f zbakfj i~ ~fti~zfj z`f mlgmjflz zi `vebl ~mh`zw bgzmsmwzw! `f xivaj

wflj `f~ wil zi t~mwil ci~ 2: jb}w, Z`f~fbczf~ `f xbw cmlhf~t~mlzfj, Bz bnivz :?74te b wzbzfeflz

xbw ~fgi~jfj blj `f xbw ~fafbwfj, @ixfsf~! `f xbw liz baaixfj zi wff x`bz xbw x~mzzfl li~ z`f

wzbzfeflz z`bz `f `bj ~fgi~jfj, X`fl `f xbw afbsmlh z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f IMG z`~fbzflfj `me



>66

z`bz `f `bj `fb~j z`bz `mw eiz`f~ `bj gilwvazfj `vebl ~mh`zw bgzmsmwzw blj mc `f z~mfj zi gilzmlvf

wvg` wzftw z`f} xivaj cbn~mgbzf b g`b~hf blj wflj `me zi t~mwil,

W`m~b Nv`~bl baafhfj z`bz `f xbw cbawfa} metamgbzfj ml z`f z`fcz blj xbw bwwbvazfj blj `b~bwwfj n}

z`f iccmgf~w ic z`f Em~m`blb Wtfgmba Mlsfwzmhbzmil Vlmz il z`f mlwzmhbzmil ic `mw givwml J~, Wbetbz`

T~bjfft Kveb~b Bz`vki~bab bw bl bgz ic ~fsflhf, @f z`fl wbmj z`bz `mw givwml! b jigzi~! mw eb~~mfjzi b jigzi~ xì mw z`f jbvh`zf~ ic z`f Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf Kbavzb~b, @f z`fl b~hvfj

z`bz z`f iccflgf wìvaj `bsf nffl mlsfwzmhbzfj n} z`f @iebhbeb tiamgf vljf~ xìwf ov~mwjmgzmil mz

amfw nvz xbw mlwzfbj mlsfwzmhbzfj n} z`f Em~m`blb WMV,

Il Oblvb~} 2=! W`m~b Nv`~bl ~fti~zfj z`mw mlgmjflz n} b x~mzzfl gietabmlz zi z`f @^G blj LTG!

MHT blj JMH Afhba,

>26, @m~m}bhf H~bzmbl Abwblz`b T~bwblz`b Tf~f~b? Z`~fbzflfj blj maafhbaa} jfzbmlfj

@m~m}bhf H~bzmbl Abwblz`b T~bwblz`b Tf~f~b‐w oin xbw tiamw`mlh xiij cv~lmzv~f, Il 20 Oblvb~}

>440! H~bzmbl xbw gbaafj zi z`f Tb}bhbab Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f `f xbw ziaj z`bz b gietabmlz `bj nffl

ebjf bhbmlwz `me n} b gamflz, H~bzmbl `bj xi~kfj il b tiamw`mlh oin bz z`f gamflz‐w ìvwf c~ie 2 zi

>7 Jfgfenf~ >448, Bnivz ilf xffk bczf~ H~bzmbl `bj gietafzfj z`f xi~k bz z`f ìvwf! z`f gamflz

ebjfb gietabmlz bhbmlwz H~bzmbl zi z`f Tb}bhbab tiamgf wb}mlh z`bz `f `bj liz gietafzfj z`f

xi~kwbzmwcbgzi~ma} blj `f wìvaj ~f%ji z`f xi~k bz `mw ixl giwz,

H~bzmbl xbw kftz ml z`f tiamgf gfaa ci~ bnivz >4 emlvzfw blj ~fafbwfj ila} bczf~ z`f IMG gbef zi z`f

Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f IMG z`~fbzflfj `me z`bz `f xmaa nf nfbzfl mc `f jifw liz wmhl b wzbzfeflz wb}mlh

z`bz `f xmaa ~f%ji z`f xi~k bz `mw ixl giwz bz z`f gamflz‐w ìvwf, H~bzmbl wmhlfj z`f wzbzfeflz blj

xflz ìef,

Il Oblvb~} 72! H~bzmbl xbw bhbml gbaafj zi z`f Tb}bhbab Tiamgf wzbzmil, Nvz `f xbw vlbnaf zi hi! blj

wi `f wflz `mw xmcf zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, X`fl `mw xmcf xflz w`f efz z`f IMG xì wgiajfj `f~

aivja} blj mlwmwzfj z`bz H~bzmbl ~f%ji z`f xi~k, Z`f IMG z`~fbzflfj `f~ z`bz mc H~bzmbl jifw liz ~f%

ji z`f xi~k `f xmaa cbn~mgbzf b gbwf bhbmlwz `me blj wflj `me zi t~mwil ci~ }fb~w,

Il Cfn~vb~} > bz bnivz 24?74be! z`f gamflz‐w n~iz`f~ xmz` cmsf iz`f~ tf~wilw xflz zi H~bzmbl‐w

ìvwf nvz `f xbw liz z`f~f bz z`bz zmef, Z`f} gilc~ilzfj `mw xmcf xì xbw 0 eilz`w t~fhlblz blj

z`~fbzflfj `f~ n} wb}mlh z`bz `f~ `vwnblj xmaa liz nf baaixfj zi xbak il z`f wz~ffz blj z`bz z`f} xmaa

kmaa `me mc `f jifw liz ~f%ji z`f xi~k, @mw xmcf wb}w z`bz ilf ic z`fe! b xiebl z~mfj zi `mz `f~,

Nfzxffl 24 zi 22te! z`f gamflz‐w n~iz`f~ bhbml xflz zi H~bzmbl‐w ìvwf xmz` z`~ff iccmgf~w ic z`f

Tb}bhbab Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f iccmgf~w ziaj `mw xmcf zi bwk H~bzmbl zi gief blj effz z`f IMG

H~bzmbl‐w xmcf z`fl bwkfj z`fe mc z`f} givaj hmsf `f~ b lizf zi z`bz fccfgz, Z`f iccmgf~w z`fl ziaj `f~

z`bz z`f} jmj liz mwwvf lizfw blj zi wff z`bz `f~ `vwnblj giefw blj effzw z`f IMG H~bzmbl

~fti~zfj z`mw ebzzf~ zi z`f WWT WWT- Kbavzb~b ml z`f t~fwflgf ic z`f IMG Tb}bhbab il Cfn~vb~} 3,

Z`f WWT mlwz~vgzfj bl iccmgf~ zi zbkf jixl b wzbzfeflz c~ie H~bzmbl, Z`fl z`f IMG! xì xbw il



>63

z`f t~femwfw z`fl efz H~bzmbl blj ziaj `me z`bz `f xivaj cmaf b gbwf bhbmlwz `me, X`fl H~bzmbl xbw

afbsmlh z`f t~femwfw! z`f IMG `bj z`~fbzflfj `me xmz` wb}mlh! ‖nf gb~fcva"– Il z`f wbef jb}

fsflmlh bl iccmgf~ c~ie z`f Tb}bhbab Tiamgf xflz zi H~bzmbl‐w ìvwf blj `bj hmsfl `me b lizf

mlwz~vgzmlh `me zi gief zi z`f Tb}bhbab Tiamgf wzbzmil z`f lfpz jb},

Bz =be il Cfn~vb~} 8! H~bzmbl blj `mw xmcf xflz zi z`f Tb}bhbab Tiamgf wzbzmil bw z`f lizf mljmgbzfj, Z`f gamflz xbw bawi z`f~f, @f ~f%ziaj z`f xìaf mlgmjflz nvz z`f iccmgf~ xì giljvgzfj z`f mlrvm~}

wzbzfj z`bz mz mw timlzafww cmh`zmlh xmz` z`f tiamgf! blj z`bz z`f} `bsf tvz z`f ebzzf~ zi z`f giv~zw,

Z`f iccmgf~ hbsf `me b ci~e ~fgfmtz ic b~~fwz- blj tvz H~bzmbl mlzi b gfaa zfaamlh `me z`bz `f xivaj

wzb} z`f~f vlzma `f xbw zbkfl zi giv~z, Z`f ~fgfmtz ~fgi~jfj z`bz z`f ~fbwil ci~ b~~fwz xbw ‖g~memlba

n~fbg` ic z~vwz–,

H~bzmbl xbw tvz mlzi z`f gfaa bz 22?26be zmaa 2>?26te, Z`fl! `f xbw zbkfl ivz ic z`f gfaa blj b

wzbzfeflz xbw zbkfl c~ie `me nfci~f `f xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z ic Kbavzb~b,

@f xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma,

H~bzmbl‐w xmcf xflz zi z`f Tb}bhbab Tiamgf wzbzmil xmz` b x~mzzfl ~frvfwz bwkmlh ci~ z`f ‘gietabmlz‐

jigveflz il x`mg` z`f gbwf xbw nbwfj il Cfn~vb~} 0, B cfebaf tiamgf iccmgf~ ziaj `f~ z`bz b afzzf~

c~ie bl bzzi~lf}%bz%abx mw ~frvm~fj ci~ z`f tv~tiwf, Z`f afzzf~ xbw z`fl t~ijvgfj il Cfn~vb~} 20 zi

z`f wbef cfebaf iccmgf~, Z`f iccmgf~ zbkmlh z`f af zzf~! bwkfj H~bzmbl‐w xmcf zi gief il Cfn~vb~} >6

zi giaafgz z`f jigveflz, Bggi~jmlha} `mw xmcf xflz zi effz `f~ il Cfn~vb~} >6 nvz xbw ziaj z`bz

z`f~f xbw wzmaa ei~f zmef ci~ z`f gbwf blj z`f iccmgf~ jmj liz hmsf z`f wbmj jigveflz,

H~bzmbl mlci~efj z`f @^G! LTG! MHT blj WWT IC Kbavzb~b ic z`mw wmzvbzmil il Cfn~vb~} 2 blj 8,

@mw xmcf blj `mw eiz`f~ bawi mlci~efj z`f wbef tf~wilw nfzxffl Cfn~vb~} 6 blj >3, @ixfsf~! li

bgzmil `bj nffl zbkfl,

>23, Vefw` G`bzv~blhb? Tiamgf blj obma hvb~j zi~zv~f ni} zi gilcfww

Vefw` G`bzv~blhb xbw b 23%}fb~%iaj wzvjflz ic @)Effhb`bobjv~b Eb`b Smj}bab}b, Bz bnivz

>?74te il >4 Oblvb~} >440! Vefw` G`bzv~blhb xflz zi z`f Wii~m}bxfxb Tiamgf wzbzmil xmz` `mw

tb~flzw bczf~ z`f} `bj nffl bwkfj zi ~fti~z z`f~f, @mw wgìia t~mlgmtba Wvlma Kveb~b xbw bawi bz z`f

Tiamgf wzbzmil, Ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w! Whz T~febjbwb gbaafj `me mlwmjf blj bwkfj `me! ml c~ilz ic `mw

wgìia t~mlgmtba! x`fz`f~ `f `bj n~ikfl z`f jii~ ic z`f ìef wgmflgf ~iie xmz` `mw c~mfljw, X`fl

`f jflmfj z`f bggvwbzmil! T~febjbwb wzb~zfj nfbzmlh `me il `mw wìvajf~w xmz` b > zi 7 ciiz ailh

xiijfl tiaf, Ml bjjmzmil T~febjbwb bwkfj `me x`bz fawf `f `bj jilf bczf~ n~fbkmlh z`f jii~, Wiilz`f~fbczf~! Iccmgf~ Blv~b! b efenf~ ic z`f Z~bccmg tiamgf gbef mlzi z`f ~iie blj wabttfj `me il

`mw ~mh`z fb~, @mw cbz`f~ xbw ml c~ilz ic z`f wzbzmil nvz liz baaixfj zi gief mlwmjf,

Bczf~ z`f zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w bwwbvazfj `me! Vefw` xbw aigkfj `me vt ml b gfaa, @mw cbz`f~ z~mfj zi

gbaa `me blj ~fz~mfsf `me c~ie z`f wzbzmil nvz z`f iccmgf~w g`bwfj `me bxb}, X`fl `f ~fcvwfj zi



>68

afbsf z`f iccmgf~w wìvzfj bz `me z`bz `f givaj n~mlh wiefz`mlh zi fbz ci~ `mw wil, Bz b~ivlj 6?74te

`mw cbz`f~ ~fzv~lfj xmz` zxi ~iaaw blj nvlw blj afcz, Z`f t~mlgmtba bawi afcz bz z`f wbef zmef,

Bz emjlmh`z! z`f zxi iccmgf~w bnisf eflzmilfj ziik Vefw` ivz ic z`f gfaa, T~febjbwb j~bhhfj `me

n} `mw w`m~z giaab~ blj wìvzfj! ‖Zfaa z`f z~vz`" ]iv ziik b zfafsmwmil wfz blj bl betamcmf~–, X`fl

Vefw` jflmfj z`f g`b~hf! z`f} nfbz `me bhbml il `mw wìvajf~w! aixf~ nbgk blj niz` afhw ci~ bnivz`bac bl ìv~, Z`fl z`f} bwkfj `me x`mg` iz`f~ ni}w xf~f mlsiasfj, @f wzbzfj z`bz il 8 Jfgfenf~

>448! bw z`f ~iie jii~ xbw liz aigkfj! `f flzf~fj z`f ~iie xmz` Lvxbl ^blb blj t~ftb~fj blj

j~vlk wief zfb! nvz lfmz`f~ ni} wziaf bl}z`mlh, Z`f iccmgf~w bhbml nfbz `me blj tvz `me nbgk ml z`f

gfaa, Fsfl zìvh` `f xbw ml wfsf~f tbml jvf zi z`f zi~zv~f! z`f tiamgf jmj liz t~ismjf bl} efjmgba

z~fbzeflz,

Bz 6be il >2 Oblvb~}! z`f iccmgf~w ziik `me ivz ic z`f gfaa blj jfebljfj zi klix x`f~f `f xbw

`mjmlh z`f ofxfaaf~} wziafl c~ie Gi~blfa ^bab`be}‐w ìvwf blj wzb~zfj `mzzmlh `me bhbml, Bw `f

givaj liz nfb~ z`f tbml gbvwfj n} z`f zi~zv~f bl} ailhf~! Vefw` G`bzv~blhb ci~gmna} gilcfwwfj zi

z`f bggvwbzmilw, Z`fl T~febjbwb x~izf wiefz`mlh ml b tiamgf flz~} niik, Z`f iccmgf~w ziik `me zi

z`f t~mlgmtba! zfbg`f~w blj `mw tb~flzw blj ci~gfj `me zi gilcm~e `mw gilcfwwmil, @f `bj li gìmgf

nvz zi bggftz fsf~}z`mlh nfgbvwf `f xbw bc~bmj z`bz z`f iccmgf~w emh`z zi~zv~f `me bhbml mc `f

~fcvwfj, T~febjbwb wbmj zi z`f iz`f~w! ‖Lix }iv `fb~j `f bggftzfj fsf~}z`mlh,–

Z`fl! z`f iccmgf~w ziik `me blj `mw tb~flzw ml b z`~ff%x`ffaf~, Z`f} j~ittfj `mw tb~flzw icc lfb~

`mw ìvwf! nfci~f t~igffjmlh zi `mw c~mflj Lvxbl‐w ìvwf, Lvxbl xbw liz bz ìef nvz il z`f xb}

zi bliz`f~ c~mflj‐w ìvwf! Jmlfw`! z`f} gbef bg~iww Lvxbl il b nmg}gaf xmz` bliz`f~ tf~wil, Z`f}

b~~fwzfj Lvxbl blj tvz `me mlzi z`f z`~ff%x`ffaf~, T~febjbwb wabttfj Lvxbl il niz` g`ffkw blj

afhw, Z`f iccmgf~w z`fl xflz ml wfb~g` ic b ni} klixl bw ^blb G`bzv~b Ebjv~blhb- blj b~~fwzfj`me zii, Z`f} ziik z`f ni}w xmz` z`fe ivz zi Kmlmwwb}b}b Ovlgzmil, T~febjbwb hiz b xiijfl tiaf

blj wìvzfj bz z`f ni}w bwkmlh z`fe zi mjflzmc} z`f aigbzmil ic z`f wziafl hiijw, X`fl z`f g`maj~fl

wbmj z`bz z`f} jmj liz wzfba bl}z`mlh! z`f iccmgf~w ~ftfbzfja} `mz z`fe xmz` z`f xiijfl tiaf blj z`fl

tvz z`fe mlzi z`f gfaa bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Il >7 Oblvb~} z`f tiamgf cmafj zxi ~innf~} g`b~hfw bhbmlwz z`fe blj z`fl n~ivh`z z`fe nfci~f z`f

@benblzìzb giv~z, Z`f g`maj~fl xf~f zbkfl zi @benblzìzb t~mwil bw z`f} xf~f vlbnaf zi tb} z`f

cmlf ^w, 24!444 blj tvz ml b ~iie xmz` lmlf iz`f~ mlebzfw, Hvb~jw bz z`f obma zi~zv~fj Vefw` xmz`

ìwf tmtfw blj tvz `me vljf~ b zbnaf ml i~jf~ zi `vemambzf `me ml z`f hvb~jw‐ ~iie il z`f lmh`z ic

z`f >:z`, Il >6 Oblvb~} z`f g`maj~fl xf~f t~ijvgfj nfci~f @benblzìzb giv~z bhbml blj ~fafbwfjil nbma,

Il 7 Cfn~vb~} Whz T~febjbwb tmgkfj vt Vefw`! Lvxbl blj Ab`m~v c~ie z`fm~ ~fwtfgzmsf ìvwfw

blj n~ivh`z z`fe bazihfz`f~ zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Il z`f xb}! `f z`~fbzflfj z`fe n} wb}mlh! ‖Hmsf

vw baa z`f wziafl hiijw! iz`f~xmwf xf xmaa gbaa z`f smaabhf~w blj ìaj b effzmlh blj zfaa z`fe z`bz }iv

b~f z`mfsfw,– Bczf~ z~bsfaamlh bnivz ilf kmaiefz~f! `f wzittfj z`f sf`mgaf blj ziaj Vefw` blj

Lvxbl zi ~vl, X`fl Vefw` xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil il Wvljb} zi wmhl ml bw ~frvm~fj vljf~ `mw



>60

giljmzmilw ic nbma! T~febjbwb ilgf bhbml z`~fbzflfj `me wb}mlh! ‖M zi~zv~fj Ab`m~v! `f xivaj ìaj b

effzmlh blj `blj }iv isf~ zi z`f smaabhfw vlafww }iv ~fzv~l z`f hiijw }iv `bsf wziafl,– @ixfsf~!

Vefw` `bw wz~ilha} jflmfj bl} klixafjhf bw zi z`f x`f~fbnivzw ic z`f hiijw,

Vefw` Z`b~blhb wvnemzzfj b gietabmlz zi z`f MHT! WWT Zflhiaf! @^G blj IMG ic Wii~m}bxfxb

Tiamgf wzbzmil, @f bawi wflz `mw bccmjbsmz zi z`f g`mfc ovwzmgf! LTG blj Lbzmilba G`maj Bvzì~mz},

>28, Z`blvob Abkwèm? @mz xmz` bl bpf

Z`blvob Abkwèm mw z`f eiz`f~ ic 2:%}fb~%iaj Kbvw`ba}b ^bzlb}bkf blj ilfblj%b%`bac }fb~ iaj

Wbw`mlm Wf`b~b ^bzlb}bkf, @f~ `vwnblj G}~ma ^bzlb}bkf xi~kfj bw b wfgv~mz} iccmgf~! bzzbg`fj zi z`f

@ivwmlh Bvzì~mz}! wmlgf 2=08, @f xbw wzbzmilfj ml Betb~bm blj gbef ìef ila} ci~ xffkfljw,

Bz bnivz 24be il 7 Cfn~vb~} >440! Z`blvob wbx ^bwmkb! xì xbw fetai}fj xmz` z`f Jmsmwmilba

Wfg~fzb~}‐w iccmgf bz Kbzb~bhbeb! j~mlkmlh bagiìa xmz` zxi iz`f~ tf~wilw xìwf lbefw w`f jmj lizklix nvz givaj mjflzmc}, Z`blvob `fb~j z`bz z`f} xf~f zbakmlh bnivz z`f ìvwf ic Eb`mljbwm~m! bl

bggivlzblz bzzbg`fj zi z`f iccmgf ic z`f Jmsmwmilba Wfg~fzb~} x`mg` mw wmzvbzfj nf`mlj `f~ ixl

ìvwf,

Bz :te! ^bwmkb gbef zi `f~ ìvwf blj bwkfj ci~ `f~ `vwnblj blj Z`blvob ~ftamfj z`bz `f xbw bz

xi~k, ^bwmkb z`fl ~ftfbzfja} bwkfj `f~ bnivz `f~ `vwnblj blj nfgief ei~f z`~fbzflmlh, Z`blvob

z`fl bwkfj `me xì `f xbw blj `f wìxfj `f~ `mw mjflzmz} gb~j,

Z`fl `f bwkfj `f~ ‖X`bz mw z`f jmwtvzf }iv b~f `bsmlh xmz` bggivlzblz Eb`mljbwm~‐w ablj9– Z`blvob

ziaj `me z`bz w`f xbw liz bxb~f ic bl}z`mlh blj `f `bj nfzzf~ bwk `f~ `vwnblj bnivz mz,

Z`fl bhbml ^bwmkb wìvzfj! ‖X`f~f mw ^bzlb}bkf9 Zfaa `me zi gief ivz,– Z`fl `f bzzfetzfj zi

flzf~ z`f ìvwf x`mg` Z`blvob z~mfj zi t~fsflz, @ixfsf~! ^bwmkb tvw`fj `mw xb} mlwmjf! tvw`mlh

Z`blvob mlzi b ~iie blj il zi b nfj, Ml z`f t~igfww `f gbvh`z `f~ blj tvaafj `f~ j~fww blj ml z`f

wz~vhhaf `f~ wkm~z xbw zi~l, Z`blvob wzb~zfj zi wìvz ci~ `fat, Z`fl `f ziik bl bpf x`mg` xbw a}mlh

ml b gi~lf~ ic `f~ ìvwf blj `mz `f~ xmz` z`f `bljaf, Z`blvob cfaa jixl vljf~ z`f xfmh`z ic z`f

naix blj ^bwmkb wz~vgk `f~ bhbml wfsf~ba zmefw, Z`fl z`f bggivlzblz Eb`mljbwm~m zii gbef xmz` `mw

wb~ilh ~bmwfj blj bwkfj ci~ `f~ `vwnblj, Z`blvob Abkwèm lizmgfj z`bz `f zii xbw j~vlk,

@fb~mlh z`f limwf Z`blvob‐w lfmh`ni~ Wvlma Jb}b~bzlf gbef blj tvaafj ^bwmkb n} `mw w`m~z x`maf

^bwmkb wz~vhhafj xmz` Jb}b~bzlf, Bz z`bz eieflz T~febwm~m! Tijm Jb}b~bzlf! blj Xff~bkiil xì

b~f fetai}ffw bzzbg`fj zi Zixl Jfsfaiteflz Bvzì~mz}! blj wief iz`f~ tf~wilw xì `bj `fb~j

Z`blvob wìvzmlh gbef ~vllmlh blj tvaafj fsf~}ilf ivz, Z`fl ^bwmkb blj Eb`mljbwm~m wzb~zfj zi

cmh`z xmz` zìwf tfitaf,

Z`blvob wb}w w`f xbw ml wfsf~f tbml jvf zi bl mlov~} zi `f~ `blj blj xflz zi z`f Kbzb~bhbeb Tiamgf

wzbzmil zi aijhf bl flz~}, Mlwmjf z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`maf z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ xbw zbkmlh jixl `f~

gietabmlz! bliz`f~ iccmgf~ ziaj `me z`bz z`f~f xbw b tìlf gbaa c~ie z`f Jmsmwmilba Wfg~fzb~}, Bczf~



>6=

blwxf~mlh z`f gbaa z`f iccmgf~ gbef nbgk blj gilzmlvfj zi x~mzf jixl `f~ gietabmlz, Bczf~ cmlmw`mlh!

z`f tiamgf ovwz hiz `f~ wmhlbzv~f il mz nvz jmj liz ebkf `f~ ~fbj z`f gilzflzw, Z`fl z`f Tiamgf wflz

`f~ zi z`f Kbzb~bhbeb @iwtmazba,

Z`blvob wb}w z`bz x`maf z`f Jigzi~ xbw g`fgkmlh `f~! `f zii hiz b zfaftìlf gbaa c~ie z`f Jmsmwmilba

Wfg~fzb~}, Z`f Jigzi~ ziaj `f~ z`bz `f givaj liz z~fbz `f~ blj wflz `f~ zi @benblzìzb @iwtmzba mlbl Benvablgf, Z`f wbef jb} bz bnivz 0te z`f} itf~bzfj il `f~ b~e, W`f xbw ml z`f ìwtmzba ci~

z`~ff jb}w blj ml z`f bczf~liil ic 6 Cfn~vb~} >440 w`f xbw jmwg`b~hfj, Wmlgf z`fl! w`f `bw nffl

vlbnaf zi xi~k blj `f~ b~e mw wzmaa ml tabwzf~,

Il 3 Cfn~vb~} w`f xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj z`f tiamgf bwkfj `f~ zi hi zi z`f Efjmbzmil Nib~j

blj wfzzaf z`f ebzzf~! x`mg` w`f ~fcvwfj, B gbwf xbw mlwzmzvzfj ml giv~z, Nbwfj il `f~ gietabmlz! z`f

tiamgf wzb~zfj mlsfwzmhbzmil mlzi z`f baafhfj bwwbvaz ìxfsf~! li t~ih~fww `bw nffl ~fti~zfj, Ml

bjjmzmil! jvf zi z`f baafhfj mlcavflgf n} z`f iccmgf ic z`f Jmsmwmilba Wfg~fzb~} z`f gbwf `bj liz nffl

mlsfwzmhbzfj,

>20, Oiwft` B~va Cf~lblji? Abwz wffl il `mw xb} zi lbs} gbet

Mz xbw il 3 Cfn~vb~} >440 z`bz smgzme! Oiwft` B~va Cf~lblji! xbw abwz wffl il `mw xb} zi z`f

Kbatmzm}b Lbs} Gbet, Oiwft` xflz z`f~f bczf~ `f `bj nffl ~frvfwzfj n} ilf ic z`f Lbs} tf~willfa

zi oiml b tb~z} ci~ `mw jbvh`zf~‐w nm~z`jb}, C~ie `mw ìef! Oiwft` xbw gb~~}mlh wief nizzafw ic

bagiìa blj wief webaa ciij ci~ z`f tb~z} x`mg` xbw wvttamfj zi `me n} `mw n~iz`f~‐w xmcf! Sb~vlm,

@ixfsf~! wmlgf z`fl Oiwft` `bw liz ~fzv~lfj ìef, X`fl mlrvm~mfw xf~f ebjf xmz` z`f lbs}

tf~willfa! z`f} jflmfj z`bz z`f~f xbw b tb~z} bazìvh` z`f} `bj bgklixafjhfj z`bz z`f} `bj

~frvfwzfj b tb~z},

Z`f~f xbw mlci~ebzmil z`bz zxi jb}w bczf~ Oiwft` jmwbttfb~fj! `f xbw wffl mlwmjf z`f gbet,

Efblx`maf! wief ic z`f lbs} iccmgf~w `bj bawi nfhvl fpzi~zmlh eilf} c~ie Oiwft`‐w cbema} ml

fpg`blhf ci~ `mw ~fafbwf, Xblzmlh zi hfz `me nbgk! il Cfn~vb~} >0 blj >=! Oiwft`‐w cbema} jfgmjfj

zi tb} isf~ ^w, 264!444 zi z`fwf tf~wilw, @ixfsf~! fsfl bczf~ hfzzmlh z`f eilf} z`f} lfsf~

t~ijvgfj Oiwft` i~ ~fsfbafj `mw x`f~fbnivzw,

Il Cfn~vb~} 0! Oiwft`‐w cbema} ebjf gietabmlzw ~fhb~jmlh `mw jmwbttfb~blgf xmz` z`f Kbatmzm}b

Tiamgf wzbzmil; z`f @^G ml Giaieni il Cfn~vb~} 0 blj 27; z`f Emlmwz~} ci~ Jmwbwzf~ Eblbhfeflz

blj @vebl ^mh`zw il Cfn~vb~} 2> blj Tiamgf @fbjrvb~zf~w il Eb} 2>,

>2=, Jfaxbab Lbkbz`mhf Kff~z`m Tbjebkveb~b? Tiamgf zi~zv~f xmz` tiaf

Jfaxbab Lbkbz`mhf Kff~z`m Tbjebkveb~b ~bl b `bm~ wbail ml z`f smaabhf ic Hijbkbxfab, Il 8

Cfn~vb~} >440 x`fl `f xbw nvw} xi~kmlh ml `mw wbail! b wgìia ni} xì Kff~z`m Tbjebkveb~b

klfx zi nf b ~fwmjflz ic z`f b~fb! nvz xìwf lbef `f jmj liz klix! gbef mlzi z`f wbail blj wìxfj



>34

`me b einmaf tìlf, Z`f ni} bwkfj Kff~z`m mc `f xivaj `fat `me wfaa mz blj Kff~z`m bwkfj z`f ni}

zi afbsf z`f tìlf ml z`f wbail, Bczf~ b x`maf b tf~wil gbef mlzi z`f wbail blj Kff~z`m ziaj `me z`bz

z`f~f xbw b tìlf ci~ wbaf, Kff~z`m bwkfj `me mc `f xivaj nf bnaf zi wfaa mz, Z`f ebl ziik z`f tìlf

bxb} bczf~ zfaamlh Kff~z`m z`bz `f xmaa hfz mz wiaj,

Bz bnivz :te b tiamgf iccmgf~ c~ie z`f Hijbkbxfab Tiamgf wzbzmil gbef zi z`f wbail blj ziik Kff~z`m Tbjebkveb~b zi z`f tìlf wìt ml Hijbkbxbab, Z`f ixlf~ ic z`f wìt xbw t~fwflz, Z`f

iccmgf~ bwkfj Kff~z`m Tbjebkveb~b mc `f `bj wziafl b tìlf c~ie z`f wìt, X`fl Kff~z`m ~ftamfj

z`bz `f `bj liz z`f iccmgf~ wabttfj `mw g`ffk, Kff~z`m Tbjebkveb~b xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f

Hijbkbxfab Tiamgf wzbzmil blj tvz ml z`f gfaa, Abzf~ ml z`f fsflmlh bl iccmgf~ ziik `me ivz wb}mlh

z`bz `f xblzfj zi zbkf Kff~z`m‐w wzbzfeflz, Z`f iccmgf~ z`fl ziaj `me zi bjemz z`bz `f `bj wziafl b

tìlf i~ iz`f~xmwf `f xmaa `mz `me, Kff~z`m bhbml wbmj z`bz `f `bj liz wziafl z`f tìlf, Z`fl z`f

iccmgf~ bwkfj `me zi zv~l `mw nbgk blj wz~fzg` ivz `mw `bljw vt il z`f xbaa, Z`f iccmgf~ z`fl ziik b

tiaf x`mg` xbw bnivz : cffz ml aflhz` blj wzb~zfj zi bwwbvaz `me wfsf~fa} il `mw wìvajf~w! wtmlf blj

afhw ci~ bnivz 24 emlvzfw, @f cv~z`f~ wb}w z`bz jvf zi z`f wfsf~mz} ic z`f naixw `f givaj liz n~fbz`f,

@f gilcfwwfj zi z`f bggvwbzmil ml i~jf~ zi fwgbtf z`f gilzmlvmlh bwwbvaz, Ila} z`fl jmj z`f iccmgf~

wzit z`f bwwbvaz, Kff~z`m Tbjebkveb~b wb}w z`bz z`f iccmgf~ xì bwwbvazfj `me xbw ~fcf~~fj zi bw z`f

‘Wbbef eb`bz`z`b}b‐ efblmlh wf~hfblz, Kff~z`m xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f ~iie ic z`f Iccmgf~ ml g`b~hf

IMG-! x`f~f `f xbw bhbmlwz bwkfj mc `f `bj wziafl z`f tìlf, Mz xbw ivz ic jfwtf~bzmil blj cfb~

z`bz `f xivaj nf zi~zv~fj bhbml z`bz `f cfaz `f `bj li gìmgf nvz zi wb} ‘}fw‐, Z`f iccmgf~ xì

bwwbvazfj Kff~z`m z`fl t~ivja} wzbzfj z`bz x`fl ‘z`f xi~kw xf~f hm sfl efblmlh z`bz x`fl `f xbw

zi~zv~fj- z`bz Kff~z`m Tbjebkveb~b `bj bggftzfj z`bz `f wziaf z`f tìlf‐,

Z`f lfpz jb}! Cfn~vb~} 0! bliz`f~ iccmgf~ t~igffjfj zi zbkf b wzbzfeflz c~ie Kff~z`m Tbjebkveb~b

nvz x`fl `f bwkfj zi wff z`f wzbzfeflz `f xbw ~fcvwfj, Kff~z`m wb}w z`bz `f xbw liz baaixfj zi wff

x`bz xbw x~mzzfl li~ xbw mz fptabmlfj zi `me nvz `f xbw ci~gfj zi wmhl z`f wzbzfeflz lfsf~%z`f%afww,

@f xbw z`fl ~fzv~lfj zi z`f tiamgf gfaa, Abzf~ z`bz jb} Kff~z`m Tbjebkveb~b xbw t~ijvgfj ml z`f

Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z ic Tbaebjvaab, Kff~z`m Tbjebkveb~b hiz zi klix z`bz! mlzf~ bamb! `f xbw g`b~hfj

xmz` z`f iccflgf ic ‘mljvgmlh b emli~ zi gieemz bl iccflgf‐ blj ‘~bgkfzff~mlh ci~ b ailh tf~mij‐,

Z`f tiamgf inofgzfj zi nbma nvz `f xbw abzf~ ~fafbwfj il b gbw` nbma ic ^w, 3444,

Wvnwfrvflza} il Cfn~vb~} >3 blj >8! Kff~z`m xflz xmz` `mw tb~flzw zi effz z`f BWT ^bzlbtv~b,

@ixfsf~! z`f} xf~f liz bnaf zi effz z`f BWT il niz` zìwf jb}w blj ila} efz `me il z`f 2 Eb~g`

>440, Z`f} mlci~efj z`f BWT ic z`f mlgmjflz blj z`f tiamgf bwwbvaz x`mg` ~fwvazfj ml `mw gilcfwwmil,

Z`f BWT bjsmwfj z`fe zi hi nbgk zi z`f Hijbkbxfab Tiamgf wzbzmil blj ebkf b wzbzfeflz blj mc

ovwzmgf xbw liz jilf zi gief nbgk zi `me, Il z`f wbef jb} Kff~z`m Tbjebkveb~b blj `mw tb~flzw

xflz zi z`f Hijbkbxfab Tiamgf wzbzmil blj efz z`f IMG! blj ziaj `me x`bz z`f BWT `bj wbmj,

@ixfsf~! z`f IMG jmj liz wìx bl} mlzf~fwz blj wbmj `f givaj zfaa `mw wzi~} ml giv~z x`fl z`f gbwf

mw gbaafj,

Kff~z`m Tbjebkveb~b wflz x~mzzfl gietabmlzw hmsmlh jfzbmaw ic z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f @^G! LTG!

Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba! MHT! JMH Afhba N~blg` blj z`f BWT ic ^bzlbtv~b,



>32

>>4, Vjvxblb Bz`vki~babhf Jil Aba Abwblz`b? Tiamgf baafhfja} cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz

b ebl blj `mw cbema} efenf~w

Vjvxblb Bz`vki~babhf Jil Aba Abwblz`b ~bl b wìt ml z`f c~ilz ~iie ic `mw ìvwf, Bz bnivz 0te

il 0 Cfn~vb~} >440! zxi efl xbakfj wz~bmh`z mlzi Aba Abwblz`b‐w ìvwf z`~ivh` z`f wìt blj nfhbl

zi wfb~g` `mw ìef z`~ixmlh z`mlhw b~ivlj, Aba Abwblz`b xbw emljmlh z`f wìt bz z`f zmef, X`fl

`f wbx x`bz xbw zbkmlh tabgf `f ~bl ivz ic z`f wìt blj wvwtfgzmlh z`fe zi nf ~innf~w nfhbl zi

wìvz ci~ `fat, Aba Abwblz`b‐w tb~flzw xì amsf ml b ìvwf ittiwmzf zi `mw ìvwf bawi gbef ~vllmlh

ivz, Aba Abwblz`b‐w zxi wmwzf~w blj b n~iz`f~ xì xf~f bawi amsmlh ml z`bz ìvwf gbef ivz, Bw wiil bw

`f hiz ivz ic `mw wìt! `f wbx Kb~v blj Wvwblz`b c~ie z`f lfb~n} ^ # ^ Gilwz~vgzmil Gietbl}

wzbljmlh lfb~ `mw wìt,

@fb~mlh z`f gieeizmil blj wffmlh z`f tfitaf hbz`f~mlh ivzwmjf z`f wìt! z`f zxi efl! xì `bj

hilf mlwmjf Aba Abwblz`b‐w ìvwf ml wfb~g` ic wiefz`mlh gbef ivz blj wbmj z`bz z`f} xf~f c~ie z`f

tiamgf blj afcz xmz` z`f zxi c~ie z`f gietbl}, Aba Abwblz`b `fb~j ilf ic z`f efl zbkmlh b gbaa

c~ie b einmaf tìlf `f gb~~mfj zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Aba Abwblz`b mjflzmcmfj z`f zxi bw WM Jbeemkb

blj WM Nvjjmkb ic z`f Nbjv~bam}b Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Bz 8te il z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! Cfn~vb~} =! x`fl Aba Abwblz`b xbw emljmlh z`f wìt! b tiamgf offt

j~isf vt blj wzittfj n} `mw wìt, Z`f~f xf~f wfsf~ba tiamgf iccmgf~w mlwmjf mlgavjmlh z`f IMG ic z`f

Nbjv~bam}b Tiamgf wzbzmil blj WM Jbeemkb blj WM Nvjjmkb, Z`f IMG blj z`f zxi WMw hiz ivz ic z`f

offt blj gbef mlzi z`f wìt, Z`f} jfebljfj c~ie Aba Abwblz`b x`f~f z`f zxi nbzzf~mfw xf~f, Aba

Abwblz`b wbmj `f jmj liz klix bl}z`mlh bnivz mz, Bw `f jflmfj klixafjhf ic z`f nbzzf~mfw z`f tiamgf

`bljgvccfj Aba Abwblzb` blj tvw`fj `me mlzi z`f tiamgf offt,

Z`f offt j~isf zi z`f t~femwfw ic z`f ^ # ^ Gilwz~vgzmil Gietbl}, Z`f IMG blj z`f zxi WMw hiz

jixl blj xflz mlwmjf, Aba Abwblz`b wbx z`fe wtfbkmlh xmz` Kb~v c~ie z`f gietbl}, WM J`beemkb

gbef zi z`f offt blj nfhbl zi z`~fbzfl Aba Abwblzb`, ‖Jil‐z z`mlk xf xmaa afz }iv hi wi wmeta}!– `f

wbmj, ‖Xf xmaa tvz nienw i~ j~vhw blj cbn~mgbzf b gbwf bhbmlwz }iv blj wflj }iv zi t~mwil, Xf b~f

amgflwfj z`vhw"– Z`fl z`f} ziik Aba Abwblz`b zi z`f Nbjv~bam}b Tiamgf wzbzmil blj tvz `me mlzi z`f

tiamgf gfaa, Aba Abwblz`b xbw ila} j~fwwfj ml b wb~ilh nvz z`f} jmj liz baaix `me zi hfz b w`m~z i~

gaiwf `mw wìt, Z`f} jmj liz hmsf Aba Abwblz`b bl}z`mlh zi fbz z`bz lmh`z,

Bz 0?74be il Cfn~vb~} 24! Aba Abwblz`b xbw zbkfl ivz ic z`f gfaa blj ziaj zi wmhl b wzbzfeflz `f

lfsf~ ebjf, @f xbw lfmz`f~ baaixfj zi wff x`bz xbw x~mzzfl li~ xbw bl}z`mlh fptabmlfj, @f xbw

wmeta} ci~gfj zi wmhl, @f xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Nbjv~bam}b ìwtmzba blj wìxl zi z`f JEI, Bczf~

z`bz Aba Abwblz`b xbw tvz nbgk mlzi z`f gfaa, @f xbw liz hmsfl bl}z`mlh zi fbz jv~mlh z`f ei~lmlh i~

ci~ avlg`,

Bz b~ivlj >?74te Aba Abwblz`b xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebz`vhbeb Ebhmwz~bzf‐w giv~z blj

~febljfj ci~ cmsf jb}w, Bz z`f flj ic z`mw tf~mij `f xbw bhbml t~ijvgfj ml giv~z blj nbmafj, Abzf~

Aba Abwblz`b hiz zi klix z`bz `f xbw g`b~hfj xmz` z`f inwz~vgzmil ic tiamgf jvzmfw, @f bawi hiz zi



>3>

klix z`bz `mw wmwzf~w Blieb G`mz~blm! Jfftb Jbeb}blz`m blj `mw n~iz`f~ Wb~bz` Xmgk~bebwmlh`f

`bj bawi nffl ebjf tb~zmfw zi z`f g`b~hf,

Aba Abwblz`b mlci~efj n} x~mzzfl gietabmlz zi z`f @^G blj LTG! Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba! MHT! JMH

Afhba N~blg` blj WWT ic Kbavzb~b bnivz z`mw wmzvbzmil, @ixfsf~! li bgzmil `bj nffl zbkfl,

>>2, Jijbetf Hbebhf Bwblz`b B~bsmljb? Bgmj z`~ixl ml `mw cbgf

Jijbetf Hbebhf Bwblz`b B~bsmljb blj K,O, Z`vwb~b G`bemljb xf~f }ivlh c~mfljw blj il >0

Cfn~vb~} >440! z`f} wfz ivz il b eizi~nmkf xmz` tabzf Li, WTZC2774! zi hi zi z`f ìvwf ic b

~fabzmsf ml z`f Tmzbnbjjb~b b~fb ic Ebzb~b Jmwz~mgz, Bw z`f ~fabzmsf z`f} xf~f smwmzmlh xbw liz }fz bz

ìef z`f} xflz zi ~fcvfa z`f eizi~nmkf, Bz b~ivlj 6?74te! z`f} tbwwfj b z~vgk xmz` tabzf Li, >>8%

8046, Z`f j~msf~ ic z`mw sf`mgaf bamh`zfj c~ie z`f z~vgk blj g~iwwfj z`f ~ibj xmzìvz g`fgkmlh ci~

ilgiemlh z~bccmg, Bw z`f eizi~nmkf xbw tbwwmlh z`mw j~msf~‐w `blj wamh`za} zivg`fj z`f eizi~nmkf‐w

~fb~ smfx em~~i~ vtil x`mg` z`f j~msf~ xbw sf~} blh~} blj z`f~f xbw wief fpg`blhf ic xi~jwnfzxffl z`f tb~zmfw,

Z`f j~msf~ z`f~fbczf~ wbmj! ‖]iv hi b`fbj blj afz‐w wff x`bz `bttflw,– Z`f zxi }ivlh tfitaf

mhli~fj z`mw blj gilzmlvfj z`fm~ oiv~lf}, @ixfsf~! liz ailh z`f~fbczf~ z`f z~vgk tv~wvfj z`fe c~ie

nf`mlj blj wz~vgk z`f eizi~nmkf, Jvf zi z`f metbgz! B~bsmljb xbw z`~ixl wief jmwzblgf c~ie z`f

wgflf ic z`f giaamwmil,

X`fl `f eblbhfj zi hfz vt blj ~fzv~l `f wbx z`bz Z`vwb~b G`bemljb blj z`f eizi~nmkf xf~f niz`

a}mlh nflfbz` z`f z~vgk, Z`f j~msf~ hiz ivz ic z`f z~vgk blj ~bl bxb} c~ie z`f wgflf, B~bsmlj~b

tvaafj `mw c~mflj ivz c~ie vljf~ z`f z~vgk blj civlj z`bz Z`vwb~b G`bemljb xbw naffjmlh wfsf~fa}

c~ie bl mlov~} zi `mw afh, B~bsmlj~b z~mfj zi cmlj b sf`mgaf zi zbkf Z`vwb~b G`bemljb zi b ìwtmzba

nvz givaj liz cmlj ilf, @f afcz Z`vwb~b G`bemljb lfb~ b ìvwf x`f~f `f bawi kftz z`f jbebhfj

eizi~nmkf blj xflz aiikmlh ci~ b z`~ff%x`ffaf~ zi zbkf `mw c~mflj zi z`f ìwtmzba,

Bw `f xbw wfb~g`mlh! b zbpm wzittfj c~ie x`mg` wief tfitaf bamh`zfj blj gabmefj z`bz z`f} xf~f

c~ie z`f Tmzbnbjjb~b Tiamgf wzbzmil ml z`f Ebzb~b Jmwz~mgz, Beilh z`f h~ivt xbw z`f j~msf~ ic z`f

z~vgk blj z`f h~ivt `bj hvlw ml z`fm~ `bljw, Z`f z~vgk j~msf~ xflz ci~xb~j blj wbmj! ‖]iv b~f z`f

ilf xì giaamjfj xmz` e} z~vgk!– blj wzb~zfj nfbzmlh `me, Z`f~fbczf~! B~bsmlj~b‐w `bljw xf~f zmfj

nf`mlj `mw nbgk blj `mw afhw xf~f bawi zmfj blj z`f} gilzmlvfj zi nfbz `me, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w

tmgkfj `me vt blj j~ittfj `me wfsf~ba zmefw, X`fl B~bsmlj~b cfaa ml z`f hvzzf~! z`f} tvaafj `me

ivz blj gilzmlvfj nfbzmlh `me,

B~bsmlj~b gbaafj ci~ xbzf~ blj z`fl z`f z~vgk j~msf~ ziik b nizzaf! tvz wiefz`mlh mlzi b gvt blj

hbsf mz zi `me zi j~mlk, B~bsmlj~b wiil ~fbamwfj z`bz `f `bj nffl hmsfl bgmj, @f wìvzfj bwkmlh!

‖Mwl‐z mz bgmj z`bz }iv `bsf hmsfl ef zi j~mlk,– Z`f z~vgk j~msf~ wbmj! ‖Wi }iv gbl‐z j~mlk mz!– blj

z`~fx z`f bgmj mlzi `mw cbgf; z`f amrvmj bawi wt~fbj zi `mw f}fw, B~bsmlj~b z`fl wìvzfj ml tbml, N}

z`mw zmef wiefilf bawi n~ivh`z Z`vwb~b G`bemljb zi z`f wbef tabgf blj `f xbw bawi nfbzfl n} z`f



>37

tiamgf iccmgf~w, Z`f iccmgf~w xì xf~f mjflzmcmfj bw zìwf xì gb~~mfj ivz z`f bwwbvazw b~f z`f IMG ic

z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! Kb~vlbwflb xì tbwwfj bxb} wief zmef bczf~ z`mw mlgmjflz-! Whz Bz`btbz`v Li,

>20==-! TG Hbemlm Li, 60002-! TG Wvhbz` Li, 740=- blj wief iz`f~ iccmgf~w,

B~bsmlj~b blj Z`vwb~b G`bemljb xf~f zbkfl zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj z`f z~vgk j~msf~ b~~msfj abzf~

xmz` wief amrvi~, Z`f IMG ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj z`f j~msf~ itflfj z`f tiamgf gfaa blj bwwbvazfjz`f zxi c~mfljw bhbml, X`fl B~bsmlj~b wìvzfj ml tbml nfgbvwf ic z`f bgmj nv~lw blj xmz` z`f

cv~z`f~ tbml ic z`f nfbzmlh wief tiamgf iccmgf~w gbef blj tiv~fj amrvi~ il z`f nv~lw, B~bsmlj~b‐w

cbz`f~ afb~lfj bnivz z`f mlgmjflz bz b~ivlj 22te il z`bz jb} blj xflz zi z`f Tmzbnbjjb~b Tiamgf

wzbzmil! ml Ebzb~b Jmwz~mgz zi wff `mw wil blj Z`vwb~b G`bemljb, Wfsf~ba iz`f~ c~mfljw blj cbema}

efenf~w ic z`f zxi }ivlh efl bawi b~~msfj, @ixfsf~! z`f} xf~f ~fcvwfj tf~emwwmil zi wff

B~bsmlj~b blj Z`vwb~b G`bemljb, B~bsmlj~b‐w cbz`f~! xmz` `mw xmcf blj }ivlhf~ wil xflz zi wff

`me il z`f ei~lmlh ic z`f lfpz jb} Cfn~vb~} >=- nvz xf~f liz baaixfj zi effz `me, Z`f cbema}

xbw liz fsfl baaixfj zi n~mlh ciij blj j~mlk zi z`f zxi efl, Bz b~ivlj 22be! B~bsmlj~b‐w cbz`f~

b~~msfj bz z`f wzbzmil xmz` z`f t~fwmjflz ic z`f T~ismlgmba Givlgma nvz ilgf bhbml tf~emwwmil zi wff

z`f zxi }ivlh efl xbw ~fcvwfj, Z`f tiamgf ziaj z`f cbz`f~ z`bz wief aigba tfitaf `bj bwwbvazfj B~bsmlj~b blj z`~ixl wief bgmj bz `me blj z`bz z`f} `bsf jmwgisf~fj b hvl ml z`f tiwwfwwmil ic

Z`vwb~b G`bemljb, B~bsmlj~b‐w cbz`f~ mlwmwzfj z`bz wmlgf `mw wil `bj liz gieemzzfj bl} iccflwf `f

xblzfj zi wff `me, X`fl z`f} xf~f bhbml ~fcvwfj z`f cbz`f~ tafbjfj xmz` z`f tiamgf zi zbkf

B~bsmlj~b zi b ìwtmzba, Z`f iccmgf~w ~ftamfj z`bz z`f} xivaj ji z`bz wiil,

B~bsmlj~b‐w cbz`f~ xflz zi z`f wzbzmil wfsf~ba zmefw jv~mlh z`f jb} zi ~flfx `mw ~frvfwz z`bz `mw wil

nf zbkfl zi z`f ìwtmzba nvz z`f iccmgf~w ~fcvwfj zi ji wi, B~bsmlj~b‐w cbz`f~ kftz il z~}mlh il Eb~g`

2 blj `f wbx z`bz bz b~ivlj 7te B~bsmlj~b blj Z`vwb~b G`bemljb xf~f zbkfl ivz blj wìxl zi

wief gbef~befl blj oiv~lbamwzw, Z`f IMG bwkfj B~bsmlj~b zi ~feisf `mw w`m~z blj z`fl `mw cbz`f~

wbx z`bz z`f afcz wmjf ic `mw g`fwz wìxfj wfsf~f nv~l eb~kw, Z`f~f xf~f bawi xivljw il ilf ic Z`vwb~b G`bemljb‐w afhw, Z`f gbef~befl ziik tmgzv~fw ic niz` c~ie sb~mivw blhafw, Z`f~fbczf~! z`f

IMG ic z`f wzbzmil i~jf~fj B~bsmlj~b‐w cbz`f~ zi tb} ci~ z`f tìzih~bt`f~w, @f tbmj ^w, 286 zi z`f

gbef~befl z`~ivh` Wf~hfblz Bz`btbz`v, Z`f~fbczf~ z`f zxi }ivlh efl xf~f zbkfl nbgk zi z`f gfaa,

B~bsmlj~b‐w cbz`f~ gilzbgzfj bl Bzzi~lf} %bz%Abx xì ebjf b zfaftìlf gbaa zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Z`f abx}f~ xbw ziaj z`bz z`fwf zxi tf~wilw xivaj nf zbkfl zi b ìwtmzba, Abzf~ wiefilf gbaafj zi

B~bsmlj~b‐w cbz`f~ n} b einmaf tìlf blj ziaj `me z`bz z`f zxi efl `bj nffl zbkfl zi Ei~bsikb

@iwtmzba, @ixfsf~! x`fl `f xflz zi z`f ìwtmzba `f givaj liz cmlj fmz`f~ ic z`fe wi `f ~fzv~lfj zi

z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f~f b tiamgf iccmgf~ btt~ibg`fj B~bsmlj~b‐w cbz`f~ blj wbmj! ‖]iv nfzzf~ hi

bxb} iz`f~xmwf wiefnij} eb} kmaa }iv,– @f ~ftamfj z`bz! ‖Fsfl mc M be kmaafj! M xmaa liz eisfbxb},–

Bz bnivz 8te! B~bsmlj~b blj Z`vwb~b G`bemljb xf~f tvz ml b tiamgf sf`mgaf blj B~bsmlj~b wìvzfj

zi `mw cbz`f~! ‖Tafbwf jil‐z hi ìef z`f} eb} kmaa vw,– Bz z`mw z`f cbz`f~ ~ftamfj z`bz `f xivaj liz

afbsf nvz xivaj ciaaix z`fe, Z`f tiamgf gb~ ziik z`f zxi tfitaf zi z`f Ebzb~b @iwtmzba, B~bsmlj~b

xbw ìwtmzbamwfj bz Xb~j Li, >: il Eb~g` 2, @f xbw z~fbzfj z`f~f vt zi z`f 6z` Eb~g`, Jv~mlh z`mw

zmef `mw cbz`f~ zbakfj zi z`f wtfgmbamwz jigzi~ xì xbw z~fbzmlh `mw wil, Z`f jigzi~ wzbzfj z`bz jvf zi



>3:

jfab}fj z~fbzeflz z`f wmzvbzmil ic B~bsmlj~b‐w f}f xbw wf~mivw blj z`bz `f `bj aiwz z`f wmh`z ml z`bz

f}f gietafzfa},

Il Bt~ma 7! bl itf~bzmil xbw tf~ci~efj il z`f f}f, Bczf~ z`mw z`f wmzvbzmil nfgbef fsfl xi~wf blj

`f xbw z~blwcf~~fj c~ie z`f Ebzb~b ìwtmzba zi z`f Giaieni F}f @iwtmzba, N} z`fl B~bsmlj~b `bj

gietafzfa} aiwz `mw wmh`z ml ilf f}f blj `mw `fb~mlh ml ilf fb~ `bj bawi jfzf~mi~bzfj, B~bsmlj~b mw wzmaazbkmlh z~fbzeflz bz z`f Giaieni F}f @iwtmzba, Efblx`maf z`f Tmzbnbjjb~b Tiamgf `bw cmafj g`b~hfw

bhbmlwz B~bsmlj~b blj Z`vwb~b G`bemljb ci~ tiwwfwwmlh b cm~f b~e! bzzfetzmlh zi wìiz wief

tf~wil blj bzzfetzmlh zi flhbhf ml b ~innf~}, Li bgzmil `bj nffl zbkfl bhbmlwz z`f z~vgk j~msf~ blj

z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ci~ z`fm~ bgzmilw ml z`~ixmlh bgmj bw xfaa bw wfsf~fa} nfbzmlh B~bsmlj~b blj

Z`vwb~b G`bemlj~b, Bawi li mlrvm~} `bj nffl zbkfl ci~ kfftmlh B~bsmlj~b blj Z`vwb~b G`bemlj~b

ci~ zxi xffkw bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil nf}ilj z`f >: ìv~w tf~emzzfj n} z`f abx! z`vw t~fsflzmlh z`fe

c~ie hfzzmlh efjmgba z~fbzeflz ci~ z`fm~ wf~mivw mlov~mfw,

>>>, Tmzg`g`bm Z`benm Eb~mkb~ Cbm? X`f~fbnivzw vlklixl bczf~ b~nmz~b~} b~~fwz

Tmzg`g`bm Z`benm Eb~mkb~ Cbm! ~fzv~lfj zi W~m Ablkb bczf~ xi~kmlh ml z`f Emjjaf Fbwz ci~ bnivz

ilf blj `bac }fb~w, @f amsfw xmz` `mw cbema} ml `mw smaabhf ic Xblbz`bxmaavxb blj xi~kw bw b cb~ef~,

Cbm ixlw b hvl ci~ z`f t~izfgzmil ic `mw `b~sfwz blj ìajw amgflwf Li, J8=4=68,

Bz bnivz 22?74te il >0 Cfn~vb~} >440! Cbm‐w cbema} efenf~w `fb~j wiefilf xbw wìvzmlh Cbm‐w

lbef ivzwmjf z`f ìvwf, Cbm‐w xmcf bwkfj z`fe xì z`f} xf~f blj xbw ziaj z`bz z`f} xf~f c~ie z`f

tiamgf blj zi itfl z`f jii~, X`fl w`f itflfj z`f jii~! b tiamgf iccmgf~ ml vlmci~e blj zxi iz`f~w

ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw ci~gmna} flzf~fj z`f ìvwf, Ilf iccmgf~ ml gmsmambl j~fww tvaafj Cbm vt blj ziaj

`me zi j~fww blj bggietbl} z`fe x mz` `mw Mjflzmz} Gb~j, Cbm jmj wi, Cbm‐w xmcf bwkfj z`fe x`f~f

z`f} xf~f zbkmlh `me blj z`f iccmgf~ ml vlmci~e ziaj `f~ z`bz z`f} xf~f zbkmlh `me zi z`f

Xblbz`bxmaavxb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f} ziik `me ml b x`mzf sbl xmzìvz b lvenf~ tabzf,

Bz 3be il ciaaix mlh jb}! il Cfn~vb~} >=! K,E, Wbewvjffl Cbm‐w n~iz`f~ml%abx- xflz zi z`f Tiamgf

wzbzmil blj `bj wffl z`f x`mzf sbl tb~kfj lfb~ z`f wzbzmil! xmz` Cbm mlwmjf, Z`fl z`f tiamgf iccmgf~

wìvzfj bz Wbewvjffl liz zi mlzf~cf~f blj bawi liz zi gief nbgk, @f z`fl ziik `mw mjflzmz} gb~j

zii, Cbm‐w xmcf zii `bj hilf zi z`f Tvzzbabe Tiamgf wzbzmil ml wfb~g` ic `f~ `vwnblj, X`maf w`f xbw

bxb} c~ie z`fm~ ìef! b ebl ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw xì mjflzmcmfj `mewfac bw nfmlh c~ie z`f GMJ xflz

zi z`fm~ ìvwf blj ebjf mlrvm~mfw c~ie z`f g`maj~fl bnivz z`f xfbtil Cbm ixlfj,

Il Eb~g` 7! Cbm‐ }ivlhf~ n~iz`f~ xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj mlrvm~fj bnivz `me, Z`fl z`f

tiamgf ziaj `me z`bz z`f} `bj wflz Cbm zi Giaieni bw `f `bw `bj gillfgzmilw xmz` z`f Amnf~bzmil

Zmhf~w ic Zbema Ffabe AZZF-, Z`f iccmgf~ cv~z`f~ ziaj `me zi wv~~fljf~ z`f hvl zi z`f Tiamgf

wzbzmil, Il ciaaixmlh jb}! Eb~g` :! Cbm‐w n~iz`f~ `bljfj isf~ z`f hvl bailh xmz` z`f amgflwf blj

~fgi~jfj mz ml z`f Tiamgf Mlci~ebzmil Niik, Bz z`mw zmef z`f efenf~w ic Cbm‐w c bema} mlci~efj z`f

@^G isf~ z`f tìlf bnivz z`f mlgmjflz,

Il Eb~g` 3! Cbm‐w xmcf blj zxi n~iz`f~w xflz zi z`f Xblbz`bxmaavxb Tiamgf wzbzmil zi aijhf bl

flz~}, @ixfsf~! b tiamgf iccmgf~ nfb~mlh nbjhf Li, 66240 ziaj z`fe z`bz mz xbw li vwf ml ebkmlh bl



>36

flz~} z`f~f blj ziaj z`fe zi mlrvm~f bz Giaieni Ci~z Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f} z`fl ebjf mlrvm~mfw c~ie

z`bz wzbzmil nvz z`f iccmgf~w ziaj z`fe z`f} jmj liz klix bl}z`mlh bnivz mz, Cbm‐ cbema} wbmj z`bz Cbm

mw bl mlligflz ebl blj `f jifw liz `bsf bl} gillfgzmilw xmz` AZZF, @f mw z`f ila} n~fbjxmllf~ ml

z`f cbema} blj z`f} gblliz wv~smsf xmzìvz `me,

>>7, E,A, Nbwma Tf~f~b? Xb~lfj liz zi ~fti~z zi~zv~f

Il 3 Eb~g` >440! E,A, Nbwma Tf~f~b xbw zbkmlh b gix zi nf `bljfj isf~ zi b nv}f~ blj xbw xbakmlh

ml z`f Lfhieni îbj lfb~ Xfamwm~b, Bl iccmgf~ ic b g`fgktimlz rvfwzmilfj `me bnivz `mw oiv~lf}

blj bczf~ `f fptabmlfj `f xbw baaixfj zi t~igffj, X`maf `f xflz cv~z`f~ `f xbw wzittfj n} wief

smaabhf hvb~jw xì b~~fwzfj `me blj ziik `me zi z`f Kbljblb Tiamgf wzbzmil,

TG Xmof~bzlf tabgfj Nbwma Tf~f~b ml b gfaa blj abzf~ ziik `me ivz ic z`f gfaa ci~ b wzbzfeflz, X`maf

~fgi~jmlh z`f wzbzfeflz! z`f iccmgf~ wvjjfla} `mz Nbwma Tf~f~b isf~ `mw ~mh`z f}f, Nbwma Tf~f~b cfaz

wfsf~f tbml blj gaiwfj `mw f}fw blj z`fl z`f iccmgf~ wz~vgk `mw cbgf ilgf bhbml, Jvf zi z`mw bwwbvaz `fcfaz wfsf~f tbml ml `mw `fbj, Abzf~ z`f wbef iccmgf~ ziaj z`f smgzme liz zi ebkf bl} gietabmlzw,

Bczf~ z`f IMG ic z`f wzbzmil gbef `f xbw ~fafbwfj, Abzf~ z`f smgzme flzf~fj z`f ^bhbeb ìwtmzba blj

xbw bjemzzfj, Z`f~f xf~f smwmnaf eb~kw ic mlov~} bnivz `mw ~mh`z f}f, B OEI fpbemlfj `me blj

ebjf b efjmgba ~fti~z, Z`f smgzme bawi ebjf gietabmlzw zi z`f ~fafsblz bvzì~mzmfw,

>>:, Nvjj`m Msblz`b Hvlbwfkb~b? ‑N} `mzzmlh z`f ni} amkf z`bz mz xmaa liz xi~k; b tiaf x ivaj

ji z`f z~mgk―

Bz 7te il 8 Eb~g` >440! b tiamgf wfb~g` tb~z} giet~mwmlh ic WM Bz`vki~baf ic z`f Effzm}bhijb

Tiamgf wzbzmil! bliz`f~ iccmgf~ blj b @ief Hvb~j gbef zi z`f ìvwf ic Vwtbzbnbljmhf Nvjj`mMsblz`b Hvlbwfkb~b ‘Nvjj`m‐-, Z`f WM blj z`f ìef h vb~j xf~f ml gmsmambl j~fww, Z`f ìef hvb~j

`bj b nbljbhf il `mw b~e, Z`f} xf~f ciaaixmlh b tiamgf jih xì afj z`fe zi z`~ff ìvwfw ml z`f

smgmlmz}, Abzf~ z`f cbema} jmwgisf~fj z`bz z`f wfb~g` tb~z} `bj gief ml z`f sbl nfailhmlh zi Wm~mtbab

xì xbw b ebl c~ie z`f smaabhf blj xbw bawi xmz` z`f wfb~g` tb~z}-,

WM Bz`vki~baf bwkfj Nvjj`m‐w eiz`f~ x`f~f `f~ `vwnblj xbw, W`f ziaj `me z`bz `f~ `vwnblj `bj

hilf zi xi~k ml z`f tbjj} cmfajw bnivz 3 kmaiefz~fw bxb}, Z`f WM z`fl ziaj `f~ zi zbkf z`fe zi `me,

W`f ~fcvwfj blj bwkfj `f~ wil Nvjj`m zi wìx z`f xb} zi x`f~f `mw cbz`f~ xi~kfj, Nvjj`m inamhfj

blj hiz mlzi Wm~mtbab‐w sbl xmz` z`f tiamgf wfb~g` tb~z}, @ixfsf~! z`f tiamgf ziik `me wz~bmh`z zi z`f

Effzm}bhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Z`f} ziik `me zi z`f ~iie ic z`f IMG, Z`f IMG h~bnnfj `me n} `mw `bm~ blj nblhfj `mw `fbj il

z`f xbaa wfsf~ba zmefw, Wv~t~mwfj blj c~mh`zflfj Nvjj`m cfaa zi z`f caii~, Z`fl z`f IMG z~betafj blj

kmgkfj z`f ni} xmz` `mw niizw, Z`fl `f mlwz~vgzfj WM Bz`vki~baf zi zbkf z`f ni} zi z`f G~mefw

N~blg`, Z`f WM j~bhhfj z`f ni} zi z`f jii~ ic z`f ~iie ic z`f G~mefw N~blg` blj kmgkfj `me

mlwmjf ebkmlh Nvjj`m hi wt~bxamlh mlzi z`f ~iie,



>38

blj z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf bawi ~fgi~jfj b wzbzfeflz c~ie `me, @f xbw jmwg`b~hfj il Eb~g` 27 nvz

~fbjemzzfj bhbml il Eb~g` 2: blj ~fgfmsfj z~fbzeflz vlzma Eb~g` >:, Z`f OEI `bj bhbml fpbemlfj

z`f ni},

Il Eb~g` 22! Nvjj`m‐w cbz`f~ ebjf b gietabmlz bnivz z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f Fatmzm}b BWT blj zi z`f

@^G il Eb~g` 2=, Ml ~fwtilwf zi `mw gietabmlz! iccmgf~w c~ie z`f @^G smwmzfj Nvjj`m‐w ìvwf zimlrvm~f mlzi z`f mlgmjflz il Eb~g` >8, BWT Cf~lblji bawi smwmzfj z`f ìvwf ic Nvjj`m il wbef jb}

nvz wgiajfj `mw tb~flzw ~fcf~~mlh zi z`f cbgz z`bz z`f mlgmjflz `bj bttfb~fj il aigba ZS, @f ziaj

Nvjj`m zi gief zi z`f Effzm}bhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil bz 2te z`bz jb}, Bggi~jmlha} Nvjj`m xflz xmz`

`mw cbz`f~ zi z`f wzbzmil x`f~f z`f BWT ziik jixl b wzbzfeflz c~ie `me, Nvjj`m‐w eiz`f~ xbw

gbaafj zi z`f Fatmzm}b BWT‐w iccmgf zi ~fgi~j b wzbzfeflz il Eb~g` >0,

Il Eb~g` >=! Nvjj`m‐w cbz`f~ ebjf b x~mzzfl gietabmlz bnivz z`mw mlgmjflz zi z`f @^G blj LTG!

MHT blj JMH Afhba, @ixfsf~! li cv~z`f~ bgzmil `bj nffl zbkfl,

>>6, Lbef xmz``faj-? ^btfj n} tiamgf iccmgf~ giljvgzmlh mlrvm~}

Il Eb~g` =! >440! bz bnivz 22?74be! b tiamgf iccmgf~ bzzbg`fj zi z`f @bkeblb Tiamgf wzbzmil gbef

zi P‐w ìvwf lbef xmz``faj ci~ wfgv~mz} ~fbwilw- zi mlrvm~f bnivz z`f giet abmlz w`f `bj ebjf

fb~amf~ ~fhb~jmlh b ablj jmwtvzf xmz` `f~ lfmh`niv~w, Z`f iccmgf~ flzf~fj `f~ ìvwf blj wbz ml z`f `baa

zi zbkf jixl jfzbmaw ic z`f jmwtvzf, W`f ziaj z`f iccmgf~ z`bz bw b ~fwvaz ic z`f ablj jmwtvzf `f~

lfmh`niv~w `bj jbebhfj `f~ tablzbzmil blj `bj z`~ixl wzilfw bz `f~ ìvwf gbvwmlh z`f zmafw il `f~

~iic zi n~fbk, Z`f iccmgf~ ~fgi~jfj baa z`fwf jfzbmaw blj hbsf `f~ b lizf mlwz~vgzmlh `f~ zi gief zi

z`f @bkeblb Tiamgf wzbzmil il Eb~g` 26 ci~ bl mlrvm~}, Z`f iccmgf~ z`fl xbakfj b~ivlj z`f ìvwf

bwwfwwmlh z`f jbebhf zi z`f tablzbzmil blj z`f ~iic blj inwf~smlh z`bz z`f~f wffefj zi nf wiefjbebhf zi z`f zmafw isf~ z`f nfj~iie bwkfj `f~ zi wìx `me mlzi z`f nfj~iie zi wff mz c~ie mlwmjf,

X`fl w`f wìxfj `me mlzi z`f ~iie! z`f iccmgf~ wvjjfla} gbvh`z `f~ ml `mw b~e, Wv~t~mwfj! w`f z~mfj

zi hfz bxb} nvz `f `faj `f~ zmh`za} blj kmgkfj z`f nfj~iie jii~ w`vz, W`f wz~vhhafj zi hfz bxb}

c~ie `me nvz `f z`fl `mz `f~ wtmlf `b~j xmz` `mw `blj blj z`~fbzflfj `f~ liz zi ebkf limwf, @f

z`fl z`~fx `f~ ilzi z`f nfj, W`f z~mfj zi hfz vt blj fwgbtf n} tvw`mlh z`f iccmgf~ bxb} c~ie `f~,

@ixfsf~! z`f iccmgf~ ci~gmna} ~btfj `f~ blj w`f aiwz gilwgmivwlfww,

X`fl w`f ~fhbmlfj gilwgmivwlfww! w`f xbw wi zf~~mcmfj z`bz w`f xbw vlbnaf zi ebkf b eisf, W`f wbx

z`f iccmgf~ tmgkmlh vt b vwfj giljie c~ie z`f caii~; z`f iccmgf~ amlhf~fj ci~ wief zmef blj z`fl afcz

z`f ìvwf, Fsfl bczf~ z`f iccmgf~ `bj afcz z`f ìvwf! w`f givaj liz eisf c~ie z`f nfj, X`fl `f~eiz`f~ gbef z`bz fsflmlh! w`f civlj `f~ jbvh`zf~ ml nfj, @f~ eiz`f~ bwkfj `f~ x`} w`f `bj liz

giikfj b efba blj w`f wbmj w`f jmj liz cffa xfaa,

Il Eb~g` 26! w`f xflz zi z`f @bkeblb Tiamgf wzbzmil ci~ z`f tiamgf mlrvm~} ~fhb~jmlh z`f ablj

jmwtvzf x`f~f w`f efz z`f IMG zi ~fti~z z`f mlgmjflz ic ~btf, @ixfsf~! nfmlh c~mh`zflfj n} z`f

IMG‐w wzf~l ebllf~mwe! w`f ila} eflzmilfj z`f gietabmlz ~fhb~jmlh z`f ablj jmwtvzf, Z`f IMG



>30

gbaafj bliz`f~ iccmgf~ ziaj `me zi aiik mlzi z`f ebzzf~ blj tvz mz zi giv~z, Z`mw iccmgf~ z`fl ziik vt

z`f mlrvm~}, Il Eb~g` 23! w`f xflz zi z`f Jf}}bljb~b @iwtmzba zi hfz z~fbzeflz, W`f ziaj z`f

jigzi~ xì fpbemlfj `f~ z`bz w`f `bj nffl ~btfj n} bl iccmgf~ ic z`f @bkeblb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f

jigzi~ bjsmwfj `f~ zi hfz xb~jfj blj wflz `f~ zi effz bliz`f~ jigzi~, X`fl w`f xflz zi effz z`f

wbmj jigzi~! w`f wbx iz`f~ smaabhf~w z`f~f, W`f jmj liz xblz `f~ wmzvbzmil zi nf klixl zi z`fe wi w`f

afcz blj ~fzv~lfj ìef,

Wvnwfrvflza}! w`f mlci~efj `f~ wmwzf~%ml%abx bnivz z`f mlgmjflz ic ~btf blj xflz xmz` `f~ zi z`f

iccmgf ic z`f BWT ml Ebzb~b zi ~fti~z mz, Z`f} ebjf b gietabmlz zi bl iccmgf~ ic z`f BWT‐w iccmgf

wmlgf z`f BWT xbw liz bsbmabnaf, Z`f iccmgf~ xì ziik jixl z`f gietabmlz z`fl gbaafj z`f IMG

@bkeblb Tiamgf wzbzmil blj lizmcmfj `me ic z`f gietabmlz, Z`f iccmgf~ bawi mlwz~vgzfj `f~ zi hi blj

effz z`f IMG blj hbsf `f~ b lizf zi nf hmsfl zi z`f IMG; ìxfsf~! w`f xbw zii wmgk zi hi zi effz

z`f IMG blj hiz bjemzzfj zi z`f Ebzb~b Hflf~ba @iwtmzba x`f~f w`f ~fgfmsfj z~fbzeflz ci~ zfl jb}w

Eb~g` 28 zi >8-, Z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf ziik b wzbzfeflz c~ie `f~ blj b cfebaf tiamgf iccmgf~ bawi

gbef blj ziik jixl b wzbzfeflz, Z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ ic z`f ìwtmzba bawi fpbemlfj `f~,

Z`f smgzme xbw jmwg`b~hfj c~ie z`f ìwtmzba nvz w`f xbw wzmaa ml wìgk blj cffamlh vlxfaa, W`f jmjliz xblz zi hi nbgk zi `f~ ìvwf blj amsf n} `f~wfac bw w`f `bj jilf fb~amf~ wi xflz zi amsf xmz` b

~fabzmsf,

W`f wvnemzzfj b x~mzzfl gietabmlz il Bt~ma 2 zi z`f @^G! LTG! MHT! Tiamgf @fbjrvb~zf~w! WWT

Ebzb~b blj z`f JMH Afhba, Il `f~ ~frvfwz zi klix mc bl} bgzmil `bj nffl zbkfl bhbmlwz z`f tiamgf

iccmgf~! z`f IMG ic @bkeblb Tiamgf wzbzmil mlci~efj `f~ z`bz z`f wbmj iccmgf~ `bj nffl wvwtfljfj,

@ixfsf~! li cv~z`f~ mlci~ebzmil il z`f t~ih~fww ic z`mw gbwf `bw nffl ~fti~zfj,

>>3, W`blz`mhb~b Wv~fw` Kveb~? Wgìiazfbg`f~ n~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj ml tiamgf jfzflzmil

W`blz`mhb~b xbw z`f ebwzf~ ml g`b~hf ic ìgkf} ci~ z`f t~meb~} wgìia bz Z~mlmz} Giaafhf, @f xbw

~frvfwzfj zi hi zi z`f Kblj} Tiamgf wzbzmil il 22 Eb~g` >440 bz b~ivlj >?74te il z`f t~fzfpz z`bz

`mw `fat xbw lffjfj zi i~hblmwf b ìgkf} ziv~lbeflz, @f smwmzfj z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil bw ~frvfwzfj blj

xbw b~~fwzfj xmzìvz nfmlh mlci~efj ic z`f g`b~hfw blj tabgfj ml b tiamgf gfaa, Z`f wbef jb} zxi

vlmci~efj iccmgf~w blj z`~ff iz`f~w ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw xflz zi `mw ìvwf blj ~feisfj `mw gietvzf~!

abtzit blj wief GJw, Il wbef jb} `f xbw rvfwzmilfj blj wvnofgzfj zi wfsf~f zi~zv~f, @f xbw

bhbml mlzf~~ihbzfj il 74 Eb~g` blj ml z`f ei~lmlh ic 72 Eb~g`, @f gietabmlw z`bz `f xbw wz~mttfj

lbkfj! `vlh c~ie z`f gfmamlh blj nfbzfl n} wfsf~ba tiamgf iccmgf~w, @f bawi gietabmlw ic nfmlh

kmgkfj blj nfmlh nv~lfj il z`f `fbj xmz` gmhb~fzzfw, G`maam weikf xbw bawi naixl mlzi `mw cbgf blj`f xbw bawi wvnofgzfj zi fafgz~mg wìgkw, @f xbw ziaj zi bjemz z`bz `mw wgìia t~mlgmtaf bz Z~mlmz}

Giaafhf xbw mlsiasfj xmz` zf~~i~mwzw! x`mg` `f ~fcvwfj zi ji, @f xbw ~ftfbzfja} bwkfj zi gieemz

wvmgmjf,

MTw Lmw`blz`b! ]bzbxb~b blj Kb~vlb~bz`lf! Whz Lm`ba blj TGw ^bzlbtbab blj Obamfae xf~f baafhfja}

~fwtilwmnaf ci~ zi~zv~f,



>3=

W`blz`mhb~b xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f b ebhmwz~bzf il Eb~g` 72 blj i~jf~fj zi nf ~febljfj bz

Nihbenb~b t~mwil, @f xbw h~blzfj nbma il 20 Ova}! bczf~ 30 jb}w ic `mw jfzflzmil! blj bwkfj zi wmhl

ml bz z`f Kblj} Tiamgf wzbzmil fsf~} Wvljb}, Bczf~ wvccf~mlh z`f zi~zv~f W`blz`mhb~b wzbzfw z`bz `f

`bw jfsfaitfj bwzèb blj wvccf~w c~ie `fbjbg`fw, Z`f~f b~f eb~kw ic zi~zv~f baa isf~ `mw nij} blj

`f mw nfmlh gilwzblza} z`~fbzflfj liz zi zbkf bl} bgzmil bhbmlwz z`f tiamgf, Z`f tiamgf `bsf cmafj

cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw ic t~ismjmlh mlci~ebzmil zi zf~~i~mwzw blj z~bmlmlh zf~~i~mwzw,

W`blz`mhb~b‐w xmcf xbw b zfbg`f~ bz Bwìkb Smj}bab}b blj `f~ oin xbw zf~emlbzfj nfgbvwf ic z`f

mlgmjflz,

>>8, Tff~ Bjvebm Ei`befj ^bcffk? X`f~fbnivzw ic ebl jfzbmlfj ci~ rvfwzmilmlh

vlklixl

B~ivlj =?74te il >4 Eb~g` >440! wfsfl tf~wilw ml gmsmambl j~fww blj bliz`f~ ml z`f vlmci~e ic z`f

Wtfgmba Zbwk Ci~gf WZC-! baa nfb~mlh cm~fb~ew ~vw`fj mlzi z`f ìvwf ic Tff~ Bjvebm Ei`befj^bcffk, Ilf ic z`fe tvaafj Tff~ n} `mw w`m~z blj mjflzmcmfj z`f zfbe bw nfmlh c~ie z`f GMJ @fbj

N~blg` ml Giaieni, Z`f} cv~z`f~ wbmj z`bz z`f} xblzfj zi rvfwzmil `me nvz cbmafj zi t~ismjf

wtfgmcmg ~fbwil ci~ `mw b~~fwz, Z`f} z`fl ziik `me ml z`f x`mzf sbl blj ziaj `mw xmcf zi gief zi z`f

Wabsf Mwablj Tiamgf wzbzmil z`f ciaaixmlh jb},

Z`f lfpz jb}! Eb~g` >2! x`fl `mw xmcf xflz zi z`f Wabsf Mwablj tiamgf wzbzmil! w`f xbw ziaj n} z`f

tiamgf z`bz z`f} klfx liz`mlh bnivz `f~ `vwnblj blj z`mw mlgmjflz, C~ie z`f mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj!

z`f tiamgf jmj liz ~fgfmsf bl} gietabmlz ~fhb~jmlh z`mw gbwf il z`f wbef jb} nvz b gbwf ml z`mw ~fhb~j

xbw cmafj il Eb~g` >> bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil ml z`f b~fb x`f~f Tff~ ~fwmjfj, Z`f smgzme‐w xmcf

mlci~efj z`f @^G! z`f T~fwmjflzmba Gieemwwmil blj z`f GMJ Tiamgf @fbjrvb~zf~w bnivz z`mwmlgmjflz! nvz inzbmlfj li mlci~ebzmil,

>>0, Evz`vxb`fllbjm îw`bl Kimzfp? Tiamgfebl bwwbvazw tb~zlf~ ic xiebl xmz` xìe `f

`bj bl bccbm~

Evz`vxb`fllbjm îw`bl Kimzfp! b cmw`f~ebl! `bj nffl gi`bnmzmlh xmz` b xiebl ci~ isf~ wmp }fb~w

xì xbw abzf~ civlj zi nf `bsmlh bl bccbm~ xmz` bliz`f~ ebl! WM Wbloffsb Wflfsm~bz`lf bzzbg`fj zi

@mkkbjvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj! WM Wflfsm~bz`lf wzb~zfj giemlh zi

îw`bl‐w ìvwf ml wfb~g` ic `me ci~ li bttb~flz ~fbwil! x`mg` ebjf îw`bl cfb~ z`bz `f xbw nfmlh tf~wfgvzfj,

Il >3 Eb~g` >440! îw`bl jfgmjfj zi hi zi z`f @mkkbjvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil xmz` `mw cbz`f~ zi effz

IMG blj ebkf b gietabmlz ~fhb~jmlh z`f bnvwf ic tixf~ n} WM Wflfsm~bz`lf, @ixfsf~! x`fl z`f}

xflz zi z`f wzbzmil! z`f IMG xbw liz bsbmabnaf zi effz blj bliz`f~ iccmgf~ ziik jixl z`f gietabmlz

blj ~fgi~jfj îw`bl‐w wzbzfeflz, îw`bl lizmgfj z`bz x`fl `f gbef zi z`f tb~z bnivz z`f

`b~bwweflz n} WM Wflfsm~bz`lf! z`f iccmgf~ mhli~fj `mw gieeflzw blj jmj liz zbkf z`fe jixl,



>84

Il Eb~g` >8! z`f xiebl ziaj îw`bl z`bz WM Wflfsm~bz`lf xbw giemlh zi gbzg` `me z`bz lmh`z,

Jvf zi cfb~! îw`bl afcz `mw ìef blj xflz zi `mw cbz`f~‐w ìvwf, Bz bnivz 22?74te îw`bl g~ftz

vt gaiwf zi `mw ìvwf blj wbx z`bz WM Wflfsm~bz`lf xbw mlwmjf xmz` z`f xiebl, îw`bl xbw abzf~

mlci~efj n} z`f xiebl z`bz WM Wflfsm~bz`lf `bj z`~fbzflfj zi kmaa `me ‘amkf b jih‐,

Il Eb~g` >0! îw`bl xflz zi z`f @mkkbjvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil bhbml! efz WM Wflfsm~bz`lf blj bwkfj`me x`} `f xbw aiikmlh ci~ `me, Z`f WM bggvwfj îw`bl ic c~frvflza} rvb~~famlh xmz` z`f xiebl

blj nfmlh bjjmgzfj zi hblob gbllbnmw- blj `f~iml x`mg` îw`bl jflmfj, Z`f WM gbaafj z`f xiebl zi

gief zi z`f wzbzmil blj! ml c~ilz ic z`f xiebl! bwkfj îw`bl zi afbsf z`f ìvwf wi z`bz w`f givaj

amsf ml mz, îw`bl ~fcvwfj z`f WM Wflfsm~bz`lf‐w wvhhfwzmil xmz` wb}mlh z`bz z`f ìvwf nfailhfj zi

`me blj z`bz `f jmj liz xblz zi amsf xmz` bl}ilf xì xbw `bsmlh b ~fabzmilw`mt xmz` iz`f~ efl,

îw`bl givaj ji liz`mlh nvz hi nbgk zi `mw cbz`f~‐w ìvwf! x`maf z`f xiebl ~fzv~lfj zi `mw ìvwf,

B cfx jb}w abzf~! îw`bl gbef zi klix z`bz iz`f~ efl `bj nfhvl zi c~frvflz `mw ìvwf blj `bj

wziafl `mw tivaz~}, îw`bl ebjf b gietabmlz bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f `f xbw ziaj n} bl iccmgf~ zi

wi~z ivz z`f ixlf~w`mt ic `mw ìvwf xmz` z`f Jmsmwmilba Wfg~fzb~} blj zi aijhf b gietabmlz ~fhb~jmlh z`f tivaz~} il z`f ciaaixmlh jb}, Efblx`maf! îw`bl `fb~j z`bz z`f xiebl `bj afcz `mw ìvwf, @f

xflz ìef blj g`blhfj z`f aigkw ic z`f jii~w blj ~fzv~lfj zi `mw cbz`f~‐w ìvwf, Il Bt~ma >!

îw`bl `fb~j z`bz z`f xiebl `bj n~ikfl z`f aigkw blj flzf~fj `mw ìvwf, Nbwfj il z`mw lfxw! `f

xflz zi `mw ìvwf blj wbx `mw tf~wilba t~itf~z} nfmlh aibjfj ilzi b z~bgzi~,

WM Wflfsm~bz`lf blj b tiamgf gilwzbnaf klixl bw Wv~blhb bzzbg`fj zi z`f wbef tiamgf wzbzmil xf~f

bawi t~fwflz, Il wffmlh îw`bl! z`f WM meefjmbzfa} i~jf~fj z`f gilwzbnaf zi gbzg` îw`bl blj

bwwbvaz `me, îw`bl ~bl bxb} zi `mw cbz`f~‐w ìvwf nvz! z`f WM blj z`f gilwzbnaf ciaaixfj `me blj

bwwbvazfj `me ml c~ilz ic `mw cbz`f~ blj `mw lfmh`niv~w, Z`f gilwzbnaf Wv~blhb `faj îw`bl! x`mg`

flbnafj z`f WM zi bwwbvaz blj kmgk `me, Bazìvh` `f xbw c~mh`zflfj! îw`bl‐w cbz`f~ bwkfj z`fe z`f

~fbwil ci~ bwwbvazmlh `mw wil, Bz z`bz! WM Wflfsm~bz`lf bawi bwwbvazfj îw`bl‐w cbz`f~ xì mw 34 }fb~w %

ic%bhf, Bczf~ z`f bwwbvaz! z`f zxi iccmgf~w ziik îw`bl blj `mw cbz`f~ zi z`f @mkkbjvxb Tiamgf

wzbzmil blj tvz z`fe ml b gfaa,

Bczf~ b x`maf WM Wflfsm~bz`lf ziik îw`bl ivz ic z`f gfaa! tvw`fj `me mlzi z`f caii~ blj `mz `mw `fbj

wfsf~ba zmefw, Z`f~fbczf~ `f ebjf `me zi amf cbgf jixl x`maf z`f WM hiz il z`f zit ic `mw nij} blj

bwwbvazfj `me xmz` `mw cmwzw blj niizw, Efblx`maf! gilwzbnaf Wv~blhb bwwbvazfj z`f wiaf ic îw`bl‐w

cffz xmz` b g`bml x`mg` aiikfj amkf b nmg}gaf g`bml,

Z`f} bwwbvazfj `me ci~ bnivz 26 emlvzfw nfci~f ~fzv~lmlh `me zi z`f gfaa, Z`f~fbczf~ îw`bl blj `mw

cbz`f~ xf~f zbkfl zi z`fB~bg`g`mkbljb ìwtmzba x ̀ f~f z`f jigzi~ bwkfj îw`bl‐w cbz`f~ mc `f xbwvljf~ z`f mlcavflgf ic amrvi~,îw`bl‐w cbz`f~ jflmfj mz blj wbmj z`bz `f jmj liz zbkf amrvi~ i~

gmhb~fzzfw wmlgf `f `bj b `fb~z t~inafe, @fcv~z`f~ ziaj z`f jigzi~ z`bz z`f} xf~f bwwbvazfj n} tiamgf,

Z`fl! z`f jigzi~ bwkfj z`f WM mc niz` xf~f ml z`fwbef gbwf, Z`f WM wzbzfj z`bz z`f} xf~f zxi

wftb~bzf gbwfw, @ixfsf~! z`f jigzi~ jmj liz zfwz i~ fpbemlfîw`bl blj `mw cbz`f~ nvz x~izf

wiefz`mlh blj hbsf mz zi z`f WM



>82

Z`fl! z`f WM ziik îw`bl blj `mw cbz`f~ zi z`f tabgf x`f~f z`f xiebl xbw amsmlh blj ebjf z`fe

wzblj il z`f ~ibj ml c~ilz ic `f~ ìvwf! wgiajmlh aivja} wb}mlh! ‖Aiik"! Niz` cbz`f~ blj wil b~f

`bljgvccfj–, Z`f WM bawi wabttfj îw`bl wfsf~ba zmefw, Z`fl! `f ziik z`fe zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil

x`f~f `f n~ivh`z hblob blj ci~gmna} ziik îw`bl‐w cmlhf~ t~mlz il mz, îw`bl xbw ci~gfj zi wmhl b

tbtf~ ml x`mg` bjemzzfj `mw nfmlh ml tiwwfwwmil ic hblob blj `f xbw liz baaixfj zi ~fbj x`bz `f

wmhlfj, Il Bt~ma 7! îw`bl xbw gbaafj nfci~f z`f IMG ic z`f @mkkbjvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil zi xìeîw`bl `bj fptabmlfj x`bz `bj `bttflfj, Z`f IMG z`fl mljmgbzfj! ‖Z`mw mw b z}tmgba gbwf ic iv~

cfaaixw, M xmaa z~} zi ji wiefz`mlh bnivz mz,– Ml z`f efblzmef! îw`bl‐w cbz`f~ xbw g`b~hfj ci~

bgzmlh vljf~ z`f mlcavflgf ic amrvi~ blj t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z Hbaaf blj nbmafj,

@f xbw mlci~efj n} z`f tiamgf zi nf t~fwflz nfci~f z`f giv~z il Bt~ma 0,

îw`bl abzf~ xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z ml Hbaaf x`f~f `f xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma,

Bczf~ nfmlh hmsfl nbma! îw`bl xbw bjemzzfj zi Kb~btmzm}b ìwtmzba zi ~fgfmsf efjmgba z~fbzeflz ci~

z`f xivljw gbvwfj n} z`f tiamgf bwwbvaz, Z`f OEI c~ie z`f ìwtmzba fpbemlfj `me blj ìwtmzba

tiamgf ~fgi~jfj b wzbzfeflz c~ie `me, îw`bl xbw jmwg`b~hfj il Bt~ma 6, Il Bt~ma 3! îw`bl

gietabmlfj ic z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f WWT! Hbaaf blj zi z`f IMG @mkkbjvxb Tiamgf Wbzmil, Il Bt~ma 0!îw`bl‐w cbz`f~ bzzfljfj z`f giv~z bw mlwz~vgzfj n} z`f tiamgf nvz civlj z`f~f xbw li wvg` gbwf il

z`f hmsfl jbzf, îw`bl‐w cbz`f~ bawi gietabmlfj ic z`mw zi z`f IMG ic @mkkbjvxb xì mlwz~vgzfj z`f

tiamgf iccmgf~ zi hmsf z`f gi~~fgz jbzf xmzìvz `b~bwwmlh tfitaf,

>>=, Lvxbl G`beb~b? Nb~f cffz `mz xmz` b nbzil! cmlhf~w xmz` b zbnaf afh

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj! bz 24?26be il >0 Eb~g` >440! Kbzvhbwzizb tiamgf b~~fwzfj

Lvxbl G`beb~b ml Kbzvhbwzizb zixl il wvwtmgmil ic wzfbamlh gb~ gbwwfzzfw, Il Eb~g` >=! z`f tiamgf

ziik Lvxbl zi wfsf~ba wìtw zi mjflzmc} wief t~ijvgzmilw blj zi `mw ìvwf x`f~f z`f} ziik b ziiakmz,

Bz lmh`z il wbef jb}! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w xì b~~fwzfj Lvxbl ~fti~zfja} bwwbvazfj `mw nb~f cffz xmz`

b nbzil blj ci~gfj `mw cmlhf~w vljf~ ilf afh ic b zbnaf blj `mz z`f zit ic z`f zbnaf, Lvxbl cv~z`f~

wbmj z`bz tiamgf iccmgf~w ~feisfj `mw gaiz`fw ebkmlh `me lbkfj blj bwwbvazfj `me, Ml z`f fsflmlh ic

Eb~g` 74! z`f iccmgf~w ci~gfj `me zi wmhl b wzbzfeflz x`mg` xbw liz ~fgi~jfj i~ fptabmlfj zi `me,

Il z`f lfpz jb} Eb~g` 72-! `f xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f g`mfc ic Kblj} Ebhmwz~bzf x`f~f `mw

bzzi~lf}%bz%abx wtfgmcmgbaa} mlci~efj z`f ebhmwz~bzf bnivz z`f baafhfj zi~zv~f blj maafhba jfzflzmil,

Z`f ebhmwz~bzf i~jf~fj Lvxbl zi nf ~febljfj vlzma Bt~ma 8 blj bawi i~jf~fj z`f t~mwil iccmgf~w zi

n~mlh `me nfci~f OEI bz Kblj} ìwtmzba blj zi t~fwflz z`f ~fti~z il Bt~ma 8, Mz bawi mlwz~vgzfjLvxbl zi ebkf b tfzmzmil ic cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw bttamgbzmil zi z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z,

Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ xì ~ft~fwflzfj z`f Kbzvhbwzizb tiamgf nfci~f z`f ebhmwz~bzf ziaj z`f jfcflgf

abx}f~ xì bttfb~fj z`bz z`f} b~f ~fbj} ci~ bl}z`mlh, Lvxbl xbw ~fzv~lfj zi z`f Nihbenb~b

~feblj t~mwil,



>8>

>74, Niaillbhf Jmlvw`b Vjb~b Niaillb? Tiamgfefl `bsf }fz zi nf g`b~hfj isf~ z`f

gvwzijmba jfbz` ic b ebl

Nbwfj il z`f zfwzmeil} ic z`f smgzme(w xmcf-

Il 74 Eb~g` >440! nfzxffl 3te zi 3?74te! z`f smgzme! Niaillbhf Jmlvw`b Vjb~b Niaillb xbw

zbkfl mlzi tiamgf gvwzij} n} Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- Hfkm}blbhf ic z`f Nbljb~bhbeb Tiamgf

wzbzmil, @f xbw bz z`f Nbljb~bhbeb Sffjbhbeb b~fb x`fl z`f tiamgf ziik `me il g`b~hfw ic

baafhfja} `b~ni~mlh b cm~f b~e,Bnivz wfsfl iccmgf~w! bawi mlgavjmlh ilf G`bljblb Am}blbhf! ziik

Jmlvw`b Vjb~b ml b offt zi z`f Nbljb~bhbeb tiamgf,

Bz bnivz 8te zi 8?74te z`bz jb}! G`bljblb Am}blbhf zfaftìlfj z`f ìvwf x`f~f z`f smgzme(w xmcf!

T~bjfftb T~m}blhblm! xbw wzb}mlh mlci~emlh `f~ zi gief zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

X`fl T~bjfftb T~m}blhblm ~fbg`fj z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil bz bnivz 0te! w`f wbx `f~ `vwnblj wmzzmlh il

z`f caii~ ic z`f tiamgf jfzflzmil gfaa, @mw `bljw xf~f `bljgvccfj nf`mlj `mw nbgk x`maf ilf ic `mw

afhw xbw gvccfj n} z`f jii~ ic z`f gfaa,Jmlvw`b Vjb~b z`fl ziaj `mw xmcf zi aiik ci~ z`f ìvwf ic Wbetbz`, W`f xbw ziaj z`bz w`f xivaj nf bnaf zi cmlj Wbetbz` ilgf w`f mw bawi bnaf zi aigbzf b

tf~wil lbef Blvw`b,

Z`f abzzf~(w ìvwf xbw lfb~ z`f Tblbjv~b lfx n~mjhf, @f wbmj Wbetbz` `bj b cm~f b~e blj z`bz `f

wìvaj n~mlh mz blj gief, @f cv~z`f~ wzbzfj z`bz `f xivaj nf t~ijvgfj ml giv~z z`f ciaaixmlh

ei~lmlh,Bggi~jmlha} T~bjfftb T~m}blhblm! w`f blj `f~ g`maj xf~f bawi zbkfl ml b tiamgf offt zi z`f

Xbjjvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f Xiebl Tiamgf Iccmgf~ XTG-! b tiamgf bwwmwzblz xì nfb~w iccmgf~ Li,

0:888! `bj bggietblmfj z`fe zihfz`f~ xmz` b tiamgf j~msf~, Ml W~m Ablkb! bl iccmgf~ gbl iczfl nf

meefjmbzfa} mjflzmcmfj n} z`f iccmgf~ lvenf~ jmwtab}fj ml z`fm~ vlmci~e,

Z`f offt z`f} xf~f ~mjmlh tb~kfj bz z`f Xbjjvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil ci~ bnivz ilf ìv~ blj abzf~ b

tiamgf gilwzbnaf! xì xbw bawi mlwmjf z`f offt! ~fgfmsfj b tìlf gbaa mlwz~vgzmlh `me zi t~igffj

wvttiwfja} zi hfz z`f cm~fb~e,Z`f} cm~wz xflz zi z`f Blvw`b‐w ìvwf, Z`f abzzf~ bawi bggietblmfj

z`fe bz bnivz 22te ml himlh zi z`f Wbetbz`(w ìvwf nvz `f xbw liz z`f~f bz z`f zmef, Wbetbz`(w

eiz`f~ z`fl ziik z`fe zi bliz`f~ tabgf wfb~g`mlh ci~ Wbetbz`,

Z`f ~ibj `fbjmlh zi mz xbw jb~k, Wbetbz`‐w eiz`f~ xflz z`f~f xmz` `mw vlgaf, Z`f aigbzmil ic z`f

wbmj ìvwf xbw liz klixl, Bz z`f zmef! T~bjfftb T~m}blhblm wzb}fj lfb~ z`f offt xmz` `f~

g`maj,@ixfsf~! x`fl mz ziik z`f h~ivt zii ailh ci~ z`fe zi ~fzv~l! iccmgf~ Li, 0:88 `bj bwkfj

T~bjfftb T~m}blhblm zi ciaaix z`f h~ivt zi g`fgk x`bz z`f gbvwf ic z`f jfab} xbw, @ixfsf~! il `f~

xb} w`f jfgmjfj zi ~fzv~l bw w`f givaj liz t~igffj nfgbvwf z`f tabgf xbw zii jb~k, Wbetbz`!ìxfsf~! gbef xmz` `mw eiz`f~ blj `mw vlgaf,

Z`f} z`fl t~igffjfj nbgk zi Wbetbz`‐w ìvwf, Bczf~ b~~msmlh! Wbetbz` xflz mlwmjf z`fm~ ìvwf blj

xbw wffl gb~~}mlh b aflhz`} x`mzf nip bw `f fef~hfj x`mg` `f hbsf zi z`f tiamgf,Z`fl z`f tiamgf

bwkfj Wbetbz` bawi zi gief xmz` z`fe, Z`f} baa xflz nbgk zi Blvw`b‐w ìvwf, X`maf z`f} xf~f lfb~

z`f zfetaf z`f} itflfj z`f nip, Mlwmjf z`f nip xbw b xfbtil x~bttfj xmz` gaiz`, T~bjfftb



>87

T~m}blhblmw wb}w w`f jifw liz klix x`bz mz xbw! ìxfsf~! z`f XTG `bj ziaj `f~ z`bz z`f~f xbw b Z%

63! b G`mlfwf ebjf cm~fb~e; blj b Hba kbzbw Eiaizis gigkzbma-,

Vtil wffmlh x`bz xbw mlwmjf z`f nip! iccmgf~ li, 0:88 gilz~bgzfj wief ilf n} z`f tìlf bttb~flza}

mlci~emlh z`f tf~wil il z`f lfpz amlf z`bz z`f} `bj civlj b Z%63 blj b Hba kbzbw mlwmjf z`f nip,

Z`f} z`fl gaiwfj z`f nip bw z`f} baa t~igffjfj nbgk zi z`f Nbljb~bhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil,Bz z`fNbljwb~bhbeb tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ziik z`f nip mlwmjf, Mz xbw bnivz 7be z`f ciaaixmlh

jb}! Eb~g` 72! x`fl T~bjfftb T~m}blhblm ~frvfwzfj z`fe zi baaix `f~ zi wff `f~ `vwnblj! nvz z`f

tiamgf ziaj `f~ z`bz mz xbw liz tiwwmnaf ci~ `f~ zi wff `me bz z`bz zmef, W`f xbw mlwzfbj ziaj zi ~fzv~l

bz 8be, T~bjfftb T~m}blhblm xbw z`fl wflz zi `f~ vlgaf(w ìvwf,

Bz b~ivlj 8 be! T~bjfftb T~m}blhblm xflz nbgk zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil zi wff `f~ `vwnblj, Z`f

^fwf~sf iccmgf~ ziaj `f~ zi xbmz vlzma z`f IMG b~~msfw, T~bjfftb T~m}blhblm! ìxfsf~! lizmgfj z`bz

`f~ `vwnblj xbw li ailhf~ ml z`f tiamgf jfzflzmil gfaa, W`f xflz zi z`f gblzffl x`f~f w`f xbmzfj

vlzma =be, X`maf w`f xbw xbmzmlh z`f~f! w`f isf~`fb~j b h~ivt ic xiefl zbakmlh z`bz b tf~wil c~ie

z`f Sffjbhbeb b~fb `bj nffl kmaafj, W`f btt~ibg` z`fe bwkmlh mc z`f} klfx x`fz`f~ z`f tf~wil xbwb ebl i~ b xiebl,

Z`f} ziaj `f~ z`f} xf~f vlbxb~f wmlgf li ilf xbw baaixfj zi wff z`f nij},T~bjfftb T~m}blhblm xbw

abzf~ bwkfj n} `f~ vlgaf xì gbef n} b z`~ff%x`ffaf~ zi gief xmz` `me himlh nbgk zi z`fm~ ìef,

Bz ìef! `f~ vlgaf ziaj `f~ z`bz `f `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz z`f tiamgfefl `bsf kmaafj

wiefilf, Abzf~! ilf ic z`fm~ lfmh`ni~w gbef zi mlci~e z`fe z`bz z`f tf~wil z`f tiamgfefl `bsf

kmaafj xbw Jmlvw`b Vjb~b,

Bz 24?74be zi 22be ic z`f wbef jb}! T~bjfftb T~m}blhblm xflz nbgk zi z`f Nbljb~bhbeb Tiamgf

wzbzmil ~frvfwzmlh z`fe zi ~fhmwzf~ b gietabmlz bnivz x`bz w`f `bw afb~lfj nvz w`f xbw ~fcvwfj, Bl

iccmgf~ ziaj `f~ z`bz mc `f~ `vwnblj `bj jilf x~ilh z`f~f xbw li lfgfwwmz} zi aijhf b gietabmlz,@ixfsf~ T~bjfftb T~m}blhblm mlwmwzfj ci~ wfsf~ba zmefw }fz z`f iccmgf~ jmj liz zbkf `f~ gietabmlz

jixl,X`fl b g~fx c~ie b lbzmilba zfafsmwmil g`bllfa gbef zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f} zii xf~f

~fcvwfj c~ie wffmlh z`f jfbj nij} ic z`f tf~wil,

X`fl z`f ~fabzmsfw ic Jmlvw`b Vjb~b ~fzv~lfj zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f} xf~f ziaj zi t~igffj zi z`f

Nbljb~bhbeb @iwtmzba zi mjflzmc} z`f jfbj nij}, Z`f}! ìxfsf~! xf~f liz baaixfj zi wff z`f nij}

vlzma z`f Ebhmwz~bzf gbef bz bnivz >?74te zi 7?74te, Mz xbw ila} z`bz zmef z`bz T~bjfftb T~m}blhblm

blj `f~ ~fabzmsfw xbw bnaf zi gilcm~e z`bz z`f jfbj nij} bz z`f Ei~zvb~}! xìwf `bljw wzmaa `bsf

`blj gvccw il! xbw `f~ `vwnblj,Z`f Ebhmwz~bzf ziaj T~bjfftb T~m}blhblm zi gief zi z`f @i~blb

Giv~z il = Bt~ma >440, W`f ~frvfwzfj c~ie z`f Ebhmwz~bzf z`bz z`f jfbz` mlrvfwz wìvaj nf lizgiljvgzfj n} z`f Nbljb~bhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Z`f nij} xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Tbljv~b @iwtmzba, Z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! Bt~ma 2! z`f jfbz` mlrvfwz xbw

gb~~mfj ivz blj z`f nij} `bljfj isf~ zi ~fabzmsfw, Ml z`f jfbz` mlrvfwz! mz xbw ~fsfbafj z`bz Jmlvw`b

Vjb~b `bj wvwzbmlfj hvl wìzw zi `mw `fbj blj `mw eivz`,T~bjfftb T~m}blhblm baafhfj z`bz Lmeba

Kb~vlb~bzlb! IMG ic z`f Xbjjvxb Tiamgf! xbw ~fwtilwmnaf ci~ wìizmlh blj kmaamlh ic `f~ `vwnblj,



>8:

Lmeba Kb~vlb~bzlb `mewfac wzbzfj z`f `f `bw nffl ~frvfwzfj zi `fat ml z`f gbwf n} z`f Nbljb~bhbeb

Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Z`f gbwf ml ~fabzmil zi z`mw! nfb~mlh Gbwf Li, 78=77)40! xbw cmafj nfci~f z`f @i~blb Ebhmwz~bzfw

Giv~z, Il 26 Ova} >440! b ~fgieefljbzmil `bw ba~fbj} nffl ebjf z`bz wmlgf mz xbw fsmjflz zi z`f

giv~z z`bz z`f smgzme(w jfbz` xbw wvwtmgmivw! baa fsmjflgf ml gillfgzmil xmz` z`f smgzme(w jfbz`wìvaj nf ~fcf~~fj zi z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba BH-,

@ixfsf~! wmlgf z`f wbmj ~fgieefljbzmil xbw tvz ci~xb~j! z`f~f `bw liz nffl bl} bgzmil zbkfl, Il

3 Lisfenf~ >440! T~bjfftb T~m}blhblm `bw x~mzzfl zi z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba ~frvfwzmlh z`f wbmj

iccmgf z`f cmamlh ic g`b~hfw bhbmlwz Lmeba Kb~vlb~bzlb blj iz`f~ tiamgfefl mlsiasfj; ìxfsf~! zi

jbzf z`f BH `bw liz zbkfl bl} bgzmil wi cb~,T~mi~ zi `mw jfbz`! Jmlvw`b Vjb~b xbw xi~kmlh ml b

wg~ffl t~mlzmlh wìt, @f `bw wzvjmfj bz b Nvjj`mwz wgìia ml Tblbjv~b W~m Wveblhbab Ni}w Wgìia

x`f~f `f `bw fpgfaafj vt zi z`f Bjsblgfj Afsfa fpbemlbzmil, Ml zìwf jb}w! jv~mlh `mw c~ff zmef! `f

vwvbaa} hmsfw b t~msbzf zvzi~mba ml z`f wvnofgzw ic Wgmflgf blj Wml`bab ablhvbhf,

>72, Wv~ffl Kmlwil? Gvwzijmba jfbz` ic }ivlh ebl

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj! bz 3?74te il : Bt~ma >440! Wv~ffl Kmlwil afcz `mw ìvwf zi

effz b c~mflj lbefj Ovjf! nvz jmj liz ~fzv~l ìef z`bz lmh`z, Bz =be il lfpz jb}! Ovjf mlci~efj

Wv~ffl‐w h~bljeiz`f~ z`bz tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Hbetb`b Tiamgf wzbzmil `bj b~~fwzfj

Wv~ffl blj `bj zbkfl `me zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Il ~fgfmsmlh z`mw mlci~ebzmil! Wv~ffl‐w

h~bljeiz`f~ xflz zi z`f wzbzmil blj civlj Wv~ffl ml z`f aigk vt ~iie x`f~f w`f xbw bnaf zi wtfbk

zi `me, Wv~ffl ziaj `f~ z`bz x`maf ~fzv~lmlh c~ie Ovjf‐w ìvwf! `f xbw b~~fwzfj il ‘wvwtmgmil‐,

@ixfsf~! `f xbw liz hmsfl bl} cv~z`f~ jfzbmaw, Wv~ffl‐w h~bljeiz`f~ efz xmz` b abx}f~ bz 24?74be xì abzf~ mlci~efj `f~ bczf~ smwmzmlh z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil z`bz Wv~ffl xivaj nf ~fafbwfj bczf~ z`f tiamgf

iccmgf~ ziik jixl b wzbzfeflz,

Il Bt~ma 3! x`fl Wv~ffl‐w h~bljeiz`f~ xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! bl iccmgf~ ziaj `f~ z`bz baa

iccmgf~w gilgf~lfj xmz` `f~ wil‐w gbwf `bj hilf zi z`f wmzf ic b nien nabwz blj bwkfj `f~ zi ~fzv~l

z`f ciaaixmlh jb}, X`maf w`f xbw xbmzmlh ci~ z`f abx}f~ il Bt~ma 8! bl iccmgf~ lbefj T~m}blz`b bwkfj

`f~ zi wff IMG ic G~mef N~blg`, X`fl w`f efz z`f IMG G~mef N~blg`! z`f IMG ziaj `f~ zi wff z`f

@fbj Rvb~zf~w Mlwtfgzi~ @RM-, X`fl w`f efz z`mw iccmgf~ w`f xbw ziaj z`bz Wv~ffl `bj gieemzzfj

wvmgmjf ml z`f aigk vt ~iie blj bwkfj `f~ zi hi zi z`f Hbetb`b @iwtmzba blj hmsf b wzbzfeflz, W`f

mjflzmcmfj z`f jfbj nij} bw z`bz ic `f~ h~bljwil ml z`f ìwtmzba, W`f bawi xmzlfwwfj xivljw baa isf~

`mw cbgf blj b xm~f eb~k b~ivlj `mw lfgk, Hbetb`b Ebhmwz~bzf Wb`bnjffl giljvgzfj z`f tiwz

ei~zfe x`f~f w`f xbw bwkfj zi nf t~fwflz ci~ z`f efjmgba fpbemlbzmil,

Il Bt~ma 0! w`f xflz zi z`f iccmgf ic z`f BWT ml Tbam}bhijb x`f~f w`f ebjf b ~fti~z, Il Bt~ma =!

z`f efjmgba iccmgf~! bczf~ z`f fpbemlbzmil! ziaj `f~ z`bz z`f~f xf~f xivljw il `mw `fbj! nbgk! ~mh`z

b~e! afcz `blj wmjf! f}f n~ixw! blj il z`f ci~f`fbj, Z`f iccmgf~ cv~z`f~ wzbzfj z`bz z`f~f xbw b xm~f



>86

eb~k b~ivlj `mw lfgk blj z`bz mz xbw jmccmgvaz zi ovjhf x`fz`f~ z`f eb~k ~fsfbafj z`bz Wv~ffl `bj

gieemzzfj b wvmgmjf, @mw nij} xbw `bljfj isf~ zi `f~ il Bt~ma = blj b ~mzvba xbw `faj il Bt~ma 24,

Il Eb} 6! w`f mlci~efj bnivz z`mw mlgmjflz zi z`f MHT! JMH Afhba! GMJ! WWT blj BWT ml

Hbetb`b! blj sb~mivw iz`f~ bvzì~mzmfw, @ixfsf~! li bgzmil `bj nffl zbkfl li~ `bj w`f ~fgfmsfj

bl} ~fwtilwf c~ie z`f bci~feflzmilfj iccmgf~w,

>7>, Lbljb Kveb~ blj ^befw`? Tiamgf wfsf~fa} zi~zv~f n~iz`f~w

Lbljb Kveb~! eb~~mfj xmz` b g`maj! xbw xi~kmlh bw b wfgv~mz} hvb~j bz z`f Zmaf Gietbl}! bz z`f

Nib~j ic Mlsfwzeflz! Nbabhiaab! Kblj}, Bz 6?74te il 28 Bt~ma >440! x`maf il z`f xb} zi `mw

xi~ktabgf `f xbw b~nmz~b~ma} b~~fwzfj n} iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi Kblj} Tiamgf wzbzmil xmzìvz b xb~~blz,

Bczf~ b~~fwzmlh `me! z`f iccmgf~w ziik `me zi z`fm~ Tiamgf wzbzmil blj abzf~ z~blwcf~~fj `me zi z`f

Jbvabhbab Tiamgf wzbzmil il Bt~ma >3,

Lbljb‐w cbema} efenf~w wzbzf z`bz z`f} `bsf liz nffl t~itf~a} mlci~efj ic `mw b~~fwz n} z`f tiamgf,

Wmlgf `f cbmafj zi ~fzv~l ìef! `mw ~fabzmsfw xflz wfb~g`mlh ci~ `me, Il Bt~ma >4! x`fl z`f} xflz zi

z`f Zfajflm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil zi ebkf b wzbzfeflz! z`f tiamgf ziaj z`fe z`f} jmj liz `bsf bl}

mlci~ebzmil blj mlwz~vgzfj z`fe zi gief nbgk z`f ciaaixmlh jb}, Mz xbw ila} il Bt~ma >2! x`fl z`f}

~fzv~lfj z`bz z`f} gbef zi klix z`bz z`f tiamgf ml Kblj} `bj b~~fwzfj Lbljb blj `mw n~iz`f~

^befw`, Z`f} z`fl t~igffjfj zi z`f Kblj} Tiamgf wzbzmil il z`f wbef jb}, @ixfsf~! x`fl z`f}

b~~msfj bz z`bz Tiamgf wzbzmil! bl iccmgf~ ziaj z`fe z`bz z`f iccmgf~ xì `bj mlci~efj z`fe ic z`f

n~iz`f~‐w b~~fwz xbw liz t~fwflz bz z`bz zmef blj z`f} xf~f ziaj zi ~fzv~l z`f ciaaixmlh jb},

Bz >te z`bz jb}! b~ivlj >4 tiamgf iccmgf~w c~ie z`f GMJ ml Kblj} b~~msfj zihfz`f~ xmz` Lbljb ml

zxi offtw blj iz`f~ sf`mgafw, Z`f} wzb~zfj wfb~g`mlh `mw ìvwf ci~ wiefz`mlh blj z`fl wfb~g`fj `mw

eiz`f~‐w ìvwf bw xfaa! x`mg` mw bnivz b kmaiefz~f bxb}, Z`f} giljvgzfj zì~ivh` wfb~g`fw ic niz`

t~itf~zmfw xmzìvz b xb~~blz c~ie b giv~z blj rvfwzmilfj `mw xmcf bw zi x`fz`f~ z`f~f xf~f nienw

i~ xfbtilw ml z`f ìvwf, X`fl z`f} cbmafj zi cmlj bl} fsmjflgf c~ie z`f zxi ìvwfw! z`f tiamgf

iccmgf~w mlwzfbj ziik baa z`f ~fgfmtzw c~ie b tbxlwìt z`bz z`f cbema} `bj kftz x`fl z`f} tbxlfj

z`fm~ ofxfaaf~} ml i~jf~ zi z~bsfa zi Zbema Lbjv! Mljmb! ci~ b ~famhmivw xi~w`mt ml Oblvb~} >440, Z`f

tiamgf iccmgf~w ziaj z`f ~fabzmsfw ic z`f smgzmew zi n~mlh wief gaiz`fw ci~ Lbljb blj `mw n~iz`f~!

^befw`! xì `bsf bawi nffl b~~fwzfj,

^befw` `bj nffl b~nmz~b~ma} b~~fwzfj bz b~ivlj >?74te il Bt~ma 2= n} b~ivlj cmsf tiamgf iccmgf~w

bawi bzzbg`fj zi Kblj} Tiamgf wzbzmil bz b tb~k ml Bavz`xbzzb ml Jmhblb zixl! Kblj}, ^befw` mw bz`~ff%x`ffaf~ j~msf~ xìe z`f tiamgf bggvwfj ic nfmlh b zf~~i~mwz, Z`f tiamgf ziik `me zi z`fm~

Tiamgf wzbzmil blj abzf~ z~blwcf~~fj `me zi z`f Kbzvhbwzìzb Tiamgf wzbzmil il Bt~ma >3, Il Bt~ma >0!

z`f tiamgf z~blwcf~~fj Lbljb zi z`f Jbvabhbab Tiamgf wzbzmil blj il Bt~ma >=! `mw ~fabzmsfw xflz zi

z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil xmz` b tiamgf iccmgf~ bzzbg`fj zi Kblj} Tiamgf wzbzmil, X`fl z`f ~fabzmsfw efz `me!

Lbljb gabmefj z`bz bczf~ nfmlh b~~fwzfj! civ~ i~ cmsf tiamgf iccmgf~w wz~mttfj ic `mw gaiz`fw blj z`bz



>83

`f xbw `vlh zi b gfmamlh bczf~ `mw afhw xf~f nivlj xmz` wz~mlh, X`maf `f xbw `blhmlh vtwmjf jixl!

z`f tiamgf `bj `me nfbzfl baa isf~ `mw nij} ci~ bl ìv~ x`maf rvfwzmilmlh `me,

Lbljb‐w ~fabzmsfw smwmzfj `me bnivz >4 zmefw z`f~f, Z`f tiamgf! ìxfsf~! mlci~efj z`fe z`bz z`f}

givaj ila} smwmz `me il Wvljb}w blj Xfjlfwjb}w, X`flfsf~ b ~fabzmsf xflz zi smwmz `me z`f} xf~f

t~fsflzfj c~ie zbakmlh ml z`fm~ ixl lbzmsf ablhvbhf blj b tiamgf iccmgf~ baxb}w wbz gaiwfa} zieilmzi~ z`fm~ gilsf~wbzmil,

Il Eb} 23! z`f tiamgf t~ijvgfj Lbljb blj ^befw` nfci~f z`f Kblj} Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z, Jfwtmzf

Lbljb mlci~emlh z`f giv~z z`bz z`f} `bj nffl zi~zv~fj n} z`f tiamgf! z`f giv~z jmj liz zbkf bgzmil

zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`fm~ gietabmlzw ic zi~zv~f, Bczf~ z`f giv~z! z`f tiamgf z`fl ziik Lbljb zi Jbvabhbab

Tiamgf wzbzmil blj `mw n~iz`f~ ^befw` zi z`f Kbzvhbwzìzb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Il Ovlf 2! x`fl z`f

~fabzmsf xflz zi Jbvabhbab Tiamgf wzbzmil zi wff Lbljb! `f wbmj z`bz `f bwkfj ci~ wief efjmgmlf ci~

`mw `fbjbg`f c~ie z`f tiamgf nvz tiamgf wbmj z`f} xivaj lffj tf~emwwmil c~ie Kblj} Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Z`f~f zxi iccmgf~w ziaj z`f ~fabzmsfw bnivz Lbljb‐w `fbaz` giljmzmil blj ziaj z`fe z`bz `f xbw

wìxmlh wmhlw ic b tw}gìaihmgba jmwi~jf~! wziebg` t~inafew blj cfsf~, Z`f} bawi wbmj z`bz `f iczflaiwz gilwgmivwlfww blj mw jmwtab}mlh wz~blhf nf`bsmiv~; ci~ mlwzblgf! wafftmlh lbkfj; blj givaj li

ailhf~ ~fefenf~ x`bz `f xbw jimlh x`maf ml tiamgf gvwzij},

Bz 24te il Eb} >8! ^befw` xbw bhbml z~blwcf~~fj nbgk zi z`f Kblj} Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f `f xbw

baafhfja} nfbzfl n} b~ivlj fmh`z tiamgf iccmgf~w, ^befw` wbmj z`f tiamgf `bj z`f wiafw ic `mw cffz blj

`mw fb~w nfbzfl xmz` bl m~il nb~, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w zii! amkf z`f} `bj jilf zi `mw n~iz`f~! wz~mttfj

icc `mw gaiz`fw `f xbw lbkfj, Z`f}! h~bnnfj! tvaafj blj `mz `mw wfp i~hbl ~ftfbzfja} xmz` z`fm~ `bljw

gbvwmlh `me wfsf~f tbml, Z`f iccmgf~ bawi tvaafj ivz `mw eivwzbg`f blj `bm~ c~ie `mw g`fwz x`maf

rvfwzmilmlh `me,

Il Eb} >0! ^befw`‐w ~fabzmsfw smwmzfj z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil nvz xf~f liz baaixfj zi effz `me blj xf~fg`bwfj bxb} n} z`f tiamgf zfaamlh z`fe? ‖n~mlh z`f ciij blj hi–, X`fl z`f} xflz zi z`f Tiamgf

wzbzmil bhbml il Ovlf 2! z`f tiamgf ziaj z`fe z`bz `f `bj ba~fbj} nffl z~blwcf~~fj nbgk zi z`f

Kbzvhbwzìzb Tiamgf wzbzmil,

X`fl z`f} ~fbg`fj z`f Kbzvhbwzìzb Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f} xf~f ziaj z`bz z`f} lffjfj zi wfgv~f

tf~emwwmil c~ie z`f Kblj} Tiamgf wzbzmil cm~wz nfci~f wffmlh `me! i~ x`f~fsf~ `f xbw nfmlh `faj,

@mw ~fabzmsfw bawi wbmj z`bz fsf~} zmef z`f} gief zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f tiamgfefl zii abnfafj

z`fe bw zf~~i~mwzw, Z`f tiamgf `bj bawi z`~fbzflfj z`fe z`bz z`f} givaj bawi nf b~~fwzfj vljf~ z`f

Fef~hflg} ^fhvabzmilw! mlgavjmlh ^befw`‐w zxi%}fb~%iaj g`maj,

>77, ^flhbwbem G`mz`~bkveb~? Tiamgf baafhfja} zi~zv~f b ebl jv~mlh mlzf~~ihbzmil Z`f Bwmbl

@vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz tiamgf b~~fwzfj blj ziik b ebl

zi b Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f z`f} baafhfja} zi~zv~fj `me jv~mlh z`f mlzf~~ihbzmil,

Nbwfj il z`f mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj c~ie Wbz`msfa Nbxblm! z`f smgzme(w xmcf-



>88

X`fl E~, ^flhbwbem G`mz`~bkveb~! b j~msf~ ic z`~ff%x`ffaf~ cbmafj zi gief ìef! `mw xmcf!

Wbz`msfa Nbxblm xflz ivz zi wfb~g` ci~ `me il Bt~ma 20! >440, Nbxblm gbef zi klix c~ie xmzlfwwfw

xi~kmlh bz b sf`mgaf wf~smgf gflz~f bz Jmhblb! z`bz tiamgf iccmgf~w ml gmsma gaiz`fw `bj zbkfl

G`mz`~bkveb~ x`maf `f xbw bz z`f gflz~f, W`f ebjf bl flz~} bz z`f Zfajflm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil bz

b~ivlj =te bnivz z`f jmwbttfb~blgf ic `f~ `vwnblj, W`f z`fl xflz zi z`f Kblj} Tiamgf wzbzmil il Bt~ma 2= blj >4! nvz givaj liz cmlj ivz bl}z`mlh bnivz `me,

Bz >te il Bt~ma >2! >440! iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f ^fhmilba Mlzfaamhflgf Vlmz ic z`f Kblj} Tiamgf

wzbzmil wfb~g`fj `f~ ìvwf, Z`f iccmgf~w mlci~efj Nbxblm z`bz `f~ `vwnblj xbw jfzbmlfj bz z`f

Kblj} Tiamgf wzbzmil bczf~ `mw b~~fwz, Z`f} bawi wbmj z`bz mc w`f givaj t~ijvgf Hboflj~b Kveb~!

G`mz`~bkveb~‐w n~iz`f~%ml%abx! z`f} xivaj ~fafbwf `f~ `vwnblj,

G`mz`~bkveb~ xbw jfzbmlfj vlzma Bvhvwz 0! >440! x`fl `bj xbw g`b~hfj xmz` wfzzmlh icc b nien il

b nvw blj wflz zi Nihbenb~b ~feblj t~mwil, Bczf~ `f xbw z~blwcf~~fj ivz ic tiamgf gvwzij} `f

bjemzzfj z`bz `f `bj nffl wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj c~ie z`f jb} ic `mw b~~fwz,

Nbxblm bawi baafhfw z`bz `f~ `vwnblj xbw wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj vljf~ mlzf~~ihbzmil blj ci~gfj zi wmhl

wief tbtf~w! z`f gilzflzw ic x`mg` `f xbw vlbxb~f ic, X`fl z`f~f xf~f mlzf~smfxw! Nbxblm blj `mw

cbema} efenf~w xf~f baaixfj zi wtfbk ila} ml Wml`bab! b ablhvbhf z`bz Nbxblm! xì mw Zbema! nb~fa}

klixw, W`f mw liz wv~f x`fz`f~ G`mz~bkveb~ xbw fpbemlfj n} b Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ bz z`f

Kblj} Hflf~ba @iwtmzba! nvz w`f xmzlfwwfj wgb~w il `mw cbgf! `blj blj cffz,

G`mz`~bkveb~ mw gv~~flza} t~ijvgfj ml giv~z zxmgf b eilz` bz Zfajflm}b Ebhmwz~bzf giv~z ml Kblj},

Z`f g`b~hf w`ffzw `bsf liz nffl t~fwflzfj nvz z`f cbgzw `bsf nffl ~fti~zfj zi z`f giv~z n} z`f

Zf~~i~mwz Mlsfwzmhbzmil Jmsmwmil ZMJ-! bzzbg`fj zi tiamgf `fbjrvb~zf~w ml Kblj},

>7:, Oblbkb T~bjfft Kveb~b? ‑M xmaa n~fbk `mw nilfw blj t~ijvgf `me bz giv~z―

@bsmlh ~fgfmsfj bl i~jf~ c~ie z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! Oblbkb T~bjfft Kveb~b! b 2:%}fb~%iaj wzvjflz!

xflz xmz` `mw cbz`f~ blj eiz`f~ zi Jflm}b}b Tiamgf wzbzmil zi hmsf b wzbzfeflz ~fhb~jmlh z`f aiww ic

b gfaa tìlf il >0 Bt~ma >440, Bz z`f GMJ wfgzmil ml z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! b tiamgf iccmgf~ ziik T~bjfft

mlwmjf b ~iie bailh xmz` b ebl lbefj Blbljb xì ~fwmjfw z`f Jflm}b}b b~fb blj gbef ivz bczf~

bnivz 24 emlvzfw, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ wbmj zi Blbljb! ‖Z`mw cfaaix `bj liz zbkfl }iv~ gfaa tìlf, Mz

mw }iv~ ~fwtilwmnmamz} zi wbcfhvb~j }iv~ tìlf, Mz wìxw }iv~ gb~fafwwlfww, Xf gblliz ji bl}z`mlh

blj }iv `bj nfzzf~ zi ebkf bl flz~} ic aiwmlh }iv~ tìlf,– Efblx`maf! T~bjfft blj `mw tb~flzw

xf~f xbmzmlh ci~ bl iccmgf~ zi zbkf jixl `mw wzbzfeflz,

Wvjjfla}! bliz`f~ iccmgf~! WM Xmebabkff~z`m gbef blj ziik T~bjfft n} z`f `blj xmz` wb}mlh! ‖B~f

}iv z`f ebl9– blj ziik `me mlwmjf z`f ~iie bhbml, X`fl T~bjfft‐w eiz`f~ bzzfetzfj zi ciaaix

z`fe! z`f WM Xmebabkff~z` i~jf~fj `f~ zi ~febml ivzwmjf, @ixfsf~! bw z`f} xf~f gilgf~lfj!



>80

T~bjfft‐w eiz`f~ Hbebhf Mlj~blm xflz mlwmjf x`f~f z`f WM `bj zbkfl T~bjfft blj wbx z`bz z`f WM

xbw ìajmlh T~bjfft n} `mw w`m~z giaab~ blj wabttmlh `me, Il wffmlh z`f bwwbvaz! Mlj~blm wìvzfj bz

`me liz zi `mz T~bjfft, Z`fl! z`f WM ziaj `f~! ‖Mc }iv xblz zi zbkf `me bxb}! tb} z`f sbavf ic z`f

tìlf, Iz`f~xmwf! M xmaa n~fbk `mw nilfw blj t~ijvgf `me bz z`f giv~z ziei~~ix,–

Ml i~jf~ zi t~fsflz T~bjfft nfmlh bwwbvazfj bhbml blj bsimj `me zi nf t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f giv~z!Mlj~blm jfgmjfj zi tb} z`f sbavf ic z`f tìlf, Nvz! T~bjfft wìvzfj! ‖Ji liz tb} bl} eilf} ci~ b

z`mlh M `bsf liz jilf, Mc }iv b~f tb}mlh! mz efblw xf b~f bjemzzmlh,– T~bjfft bawi ziaj z`f Mlwtfgzi~

ic Tiamgf liz zi bggftz z`f eilf} wb}mlh! ‖Mc }iv zbkf z`f eilf} c~ie e} eiz`f~! mz efblw z`bz

}iv b~f zv~lmlh ef zi b gvat~mz ci~ b g~mef M `bsf liz gieemzzfj, @f~fbczf~! M xivaj liz [nf baaixfj

ziU bzzflj wgìia blj xivaj gieemz wvmgmjf,–

@ixfsf~! xmz` z`f mlzflzmil ic wbsmlh T~bjfft! Mlj~blm tbmj ^w, 3444 blj bwkfj ci~ b ~fgfmtz, WM

Xmebabkff~z`m ~fcvwfj zi hmsf `f~ b ~fgfmtz blj z`~fbzflfj zi ~feblj z`fe mlgavjmlh `mw tb~flzw,

T~bjfft wzb~zfj wìvzmlh bz eiz`f~ xmz` wb}mlh! ‖]iv tbmj eilf}! lix M `bsf nfgief b gvat~mz,–

Bczf~ nfmlh ~fafbwfj il bz :?:6te il Bt~ma >0! `f xflz zi b ìzfa! wxbaaixfj wmpzffl zbnafzw ic Tblbjia, @f bawi z~mfj zi ovet c~ie z`f zit ic b nvmajmlh nvz xbw t~fsflzfj n} iz`f~ tfitaf,

Bz 3te il z`f wbef jb} T~bjfft xbw bjemzzfj zi Jflm}b}b ìwtmzba jvf zi z`f isf~jiwf, Bw `mw

giljmzmil jfzf~mi~bzfj `f xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi Kb~btmzm}b @iwtmzba, Bazìvh` T~bjfft wv~smsfj `f

wvccf~fj eflzba z~bveb c~ie z`mw mlgmjflz, @f xbw jmwg`b~hfj c~ie z`f ìwtmzba il Eb} :, @mw

tb~flzw wvnemzzfj b gietabmlz zi sb~mivw aigba bvzì~mzmfw il Eb} 3,

>76, Xflhbttvam B~~bzg`mhf Emabl G`blbkb? Tiamgf bwwbvaz blj cbawfa} g`b~hfj cmsf efl

Nbwfj il z`f zfwzmeil} ic ilf ic z`f smgzme(w cbz`f~-

Il 2 Eb} >440! Xflhbttvam B~~bzg`mhf Emabl G`blbkb! bl b~e} iccmgf~ c~ie z`f B~e} Gieeblji

Vlmz bz Sbsvlm}b! xflz zi z`f Kbzb~bhbeb nvw wzbzmil ml i~jf~ zi effz wiefilf z`f~f il `mw eizi~

g}gaf, @f xbw il iccmgmba afbsf bz z`f zmef, Il `mw xb}! b Xiebl Wvn Mlwtfgzi~ XWM-! g~iwwfj ml

c~ilz ic `me il z`f ~ibj il x`mg` `f xbw z~bsfaamlh blj t~ietzfj `me zi wzit,

Nfci~f afbsmlh ci~ z`f nvw wzbzmil! Emabl bwkfj z`f wbmj tiamgf iccmgf~! .Mw z`bz z`f xb} ci~ }iv bw b

tiamgf iccmgf~ zi g~iww z`f ~ibj9. X`maf `f b~~msfj bz z`f wzbzmil zi effz `mw c~mflj `f wbx z`f cfebaf

tiamgf iccmgf~! xì gbef abzf~ zihfz`f~ xmz` zxi iz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~w! btt~ibg`mlh `me, Bw z`f}

z~mfj zi zbkf `me zi z`fm~ tiamgf wzbzmil xmzìvz fptabmlmlh z`f g`b~hf! `f ~fwmwzfj! zfaamlh z`fe .M bemlligflz. nfci~f `f ~fzv~lfj zi `mw ìef,

Nfzxffl >te zi 7te z`bz jb}! 26 `fbsma} b~efj tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi Kbzb~bhbeb Tiamgf

wzbzmil gbef zi z`f ìvwf ic Emabl(w cbz`f~! Xflhbttvam B~bzg`mhf Wm~mtbab, Ivz ic z`f h~ivt!

Wm~mtbab ~fgihlmwfj zxi ic z`fe bw Wvn Mlwtfgzi~ Beb~bjmsbkb~b blj Wf~hfblz Abamz`,Bw wiil bw z`f

iccmgf~w ~fbg`fj z`f ìvwf! z`f} b~~fwzfj `mw zxi wilw! Emabl blj Hb}bl G`bemljb! bw xfaa bw z`~ff



>8=

ic Emabl(w c~mfljw xì xf~f t~fwflz bz z`f zmef! ilgf bhbml xmzìvz hmsmlh z`fe bl} ~fbwil, Z`f}

wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj z`f h~ivt ci~ bnivz >4 emlvzfw mlwmjf z`f ìvwf,

X`fl wief ic z`fm~ lfmh`niv~w wbx z`fe nfmlh bwwbvazfj! z`f} z~mfj zi mlzf~sflf blj z`f tiamgf bawi

bwwbvazfj z`fe, Z`fl! z`f iccmgf~w j~bhhfj z`f n~iz`f~w zixb~jw b ~ibj x`f~f z`f} `bj tb~kfj z`fm~

tiamgf offt blj ci~gmna} tvz z`fe mlzi z`f sf`mgaf,Z`f cbz`f~! Wm~mtbab! xflz zi z`f Kbzb~bhbeb Tiamgfwzbzmil x`f~f `mw zxi wilw `bj nffl zbkfl nvz `f xbw liz baaixfj zi effz z`fe, @ixfsf~! `f xbw

bnaf zi effz z`fe abzf~ ciaaixmlh z`f bwwmwzblgf ic Wvn Mlwtfgzi~ Nbljvwm~m! b tiamgf iccmgf~ bzzbg`fj

zi Benbablzìzb Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Il Eb} >! baa cmsf b~~fwzffw xf~f t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Z`mwwbeb`b~beb Ebhmwz~bzf(w Giv~z, Z`f

tiamgf cmafj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz z`fe ci~ wfpvba `b~bwweflz! bzzbgk il z`f tiamgf iccmgf~! inwz~vgzmil ic

tiamgf jvzmfw blj wvttiwfja} ci~ nfmlh jfwf~zf~w, Baa ic z`fe xf~f wflz zi z`f Zblhbaab t~mwil, Bw

z`f mlov~mfw ic Emabl blj `mw n~iz`f~ G`bemljb xi~wflfj x`maf z`f} xf~f ml t~mwil! z`f t~mwil

iccmgf~w wflz z`fe zi @benblzìzb @iwtmzba ci~ z~fbzeflz il Eb} 3,

Il Eb} 2: baa ic z`fe xf~f ~fafbwfj il nbma, Emabl ~fzv~lfj ci~ jvz} zi `mw b~e} gietbl} il Eb}

28, @ixfsf~! z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! Emabl xbw ilgf bhbml bjemzzfj zi z`f Blv~bj`btv~b @iwtmzba ci~

zxi jb}w,

Z`fm~ ~fabzmsfw `bsf ba~fbj} wvnemzzfj b gietabmlz zi z`f gilgf~lfj bvzì~mzmfw! mlgavjmlh z`f

Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf MHT-! Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf WWT-! z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf ic

z`f Kbzb~bhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil LTG- blj z`f @vebl ^mh`zw

Gieemwwmil ic W~m Ablkb @^GWA- il Eb} 2>,

Z`f} `bsf bawi wflz z`fm~ bccmjbsmzw zi z`f G`mfc Ovwzmgf il Eb} >>,Jfwtmzf cmamlh z`fm~ gietabmlzw li

bgzmil `bw nffl zbkfl il z`mw gbwf wi cb~, Bczf~ z`f mlgmjflz! z`f ~fabzmsfw ic z`f n~iz`f~w gabmefjz`bz z`f zxi xf~f wìxmlh wmhlw ic tw}gìaihmgba jmwi~jf~ wmlgf z`f bwwbvaz, Z`f} b~f bawi xi~~mfj

z`bz z`f g`b~hfw z`f tiamgf cmafj bhbmlwz Emabl eb} bawi bccfgz `mw oin,

>73, Kbz`m~bsfav Wbz`}bxbl? Ci~gmna} zbkfl bxb} ml x`mzf sbl

Il 2 Eb} >440! 20%}fb~%iaj Kbz`m~bsfav Wbz`}bxbl `bj hilf zi b c~mflj‐w tabgf x`f~f `f wtflz zmef

tab}mlh b nib~j hbef, Wiil bczf~! wfsf~ba tf~wilw! xì xf~f jfwg~mnfj abzf~ n} xmzlfwwfw bw iccmgf~w

c~ie z`f GMJ! b~~msfj, Z`f} xf~f z~bsfaamlh ml b x`mzf sbl blj bggietblmfj n} bliz`f~ tf~wil il b

~fj eizi~g}gaf, Bz b~ivlj 24te zi 22te z`f wbmj iccmgf~w btt~ibg`fj z`f smgzme blj ci~gmna} ziik `me bxb} zixb~jw z`fm~ sbl, Kbz`m~bsfav‐w c~mfljw xmzlfwwfj z`f mlgmjflz,

Z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! Eb} >! Kbz`m~bsfav‐w c~mfljw mlci~efj `mw tb~flzw bnivz z`f mlgmjflz, Bz bnivz

6te! Kbz`m~bsfav‐w eiz`f~! Wvn~beblmve Eb~mbeeb! xflz zi z`f Kbz`b~bhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil zi

~fti~z `f~ wil‐w ci~gmnaf bnjvgzmil blj wvnwfrvflz jmwbttfb~blgf, @ixfsf~! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ xì

xbw il jvz} `bj wgiccfj bz `f~ blj ~fcvwfj zi ~fgi~j `f~ gietabmlz x`mg` mw ml jm~fgz gilz~bsflzmil

ic z`f ~fhvabzmilw abmj ivz ml z`f W~m Ablkbl Tiamgf I~jf~w, W`f xbw ziaj? ‖]iv~ wil evwz `bsf



>02

Wm~mtbab ~fgihlmwfj zxi ic z`fe bw WM Beb~bjmsbkb~b blj Whz Abamz`, Bw wiil bw z`f iccmgf~w ~fbg`fj

z`f ìvwf! z`f} b~~fwzfj `mw zxi wilw! Emabl blj Hb}bl G`bemljb! bw xfaa bw z`~ff ic Emabl‐w c~mfljw

xì xf~f t~fwflz bz z`f zmef! ilgf bhbml xmzìvz hmsmlh z`fe bl} ~fbwil, Z`f} wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj

z`f h~ivt ci~ bnivz >4 emlvzfw mlwmjf z`f ìvwf, X`fl wief ic z`fm~ lfmh`niv~w wbx z`fe nfmlh

bwwbvazfj! z`f} z~mfj zi mlzf~sflf blj z`f tiamgf bawi bwwbvazfj z`fe, Z`fl! z`f iccmgf~w j~bhhfj z`f

n~iz`f~w zixb~jw b ~ibj x`f~f z`f} `bj tb~kfj z`fm~ tiamgf offt blj ci~gmna} tvz z`fe mlzi z`f sf`mgaf,

Z`f cbz`f~! Wm~mtbab! xflz zi z`f Kbzb~bhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f `mw zxi wilw `bj nffl zbkfl nvz

`f xbw liz baaixfj zi effz z`fe, @ixfsf~! `f xbw bnaf zi effz z`fe abzf~ ciaaixmlh z`f bwwmwzblgf

ic WM Nbljvwm~m! b tiamgf iccmgf~ bzzbg`fj zi Benbablzìzb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Il Eb} >! baa cmsf b~~fwzffw

xf~f t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Z`mwwbeb`b~beb Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z, Z`f ti amgf cmafj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz z`fe

ci~ wfpvba `b~bwweflz! bzzbgk il z`f tiamgf iccmgf~! inwz~vgzmil ic tiamgf jvzmfw blj wvttiwfja} ci~

nfmlh jfwf~zf~w, Baa ic z`fe xf~f wflz zi z`f Zblhbaab t~mwil, Bw z`f mlov~mfw ic Emabl blj `mw

n~iz`f~ G`bemljb xi~wflfj x`maf z`f} xf~f ml t~mwil! z`f t~mwil iccmgf~w wflz z`fe zi

@benblzìzb @iwtmzba ci~ z~fbzeflz il Eb} 3, Il Eb} 2: baa ic z`fe xf~f ~fafbwfj il nbma, Emabl~fzv~lfj ci~ jvz} zi `mw b~e} gietbl} il Eb} 28, @ixfsf~! z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! Emabl xbw ilgf

bhbml bjemzzfj zi z`f Blv~bj`btv~b @iwtmzba ci~ zxi jb}w,

Z`fm~ ~fabzmsfw wvnemzzfj b gietabmlz zi z`f gilgf~lfj bvzì~mzmfw! mlgavjmlh z`f MHT! aigba WWT!

IMG ic z`f Kbzb~bhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil! LTG blj @^G il Eb} 2>, Z`f} bawi wflz bccmjbsmzw zi z`f

g`mfc ovwzmgf il Eb} >>, Li bgzmil `bj nffl zbkfl,

>70, Ebamk îw`bl Xmob}b~bzlf? Tiamgf wfsf~fa} zi~zv~f b }ivlh ebl ml gvwzij}

Bz bnivz 7te il > Eb} >440! WM Jbeemkb blj Whz Ob}baba! niz` bzzbg`fj zi z`f Kfkm~bxb Tiamgf

wzbzmil! `bj zbkfl Ebamk îw`bl Xmob}b~bzlf mlzi z`fm~ gvwzij} bz z`f wzbzmil, @f xbw zbkfl il

t~fzfpz z`bz `f xbw wvttiwfj zi mjflzmc} wiefilf bz z`f wzbzmil, Ebamk xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil il

`mw eizi~g}gaf xmz` Ob}baba xì wbz nf`mlj `me, X`fl z`f} b~~msfj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f iccmgf~w

g`fgkfj Ebamk‐w eizi~g}gaf, X`fl WM Jbeemkb gbef zi z`f tabgf! `f wvjjfla} wabttfj Ebamk‐w cbgf

blj rvfwzmilfj `me bnivz b gbwwfzzf blj b tìlf z`bz `f xbw liz bxb~f ic, Z`fl! z`f iccmgf~w ziik

`me zi b tabgf z`f} jfwg~mnfj bw z`f ‘gilcf~flgf `baa‐! bl fetz} wtbgf mlwmjf z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Z`f~f! z`f} ci~gmna} ~feisfj Ebamk‐w w`m~z blj zmfj `mw `bljw xmz` mz, Z`f} nflj `me isf~ blj

mlwf~zfj b xiijfl tiaf nfzxffl `mw afhw blj b~e, Z`fl z`f} tvz niz` fjhfw ic z`f tiaf il zxi

wftb~bzf g`bm~w z`f~fn} wvwtfljmlh `me,

X`maf Ebamk xbw ml z`mw tiwmzmil! z`f wiafw ic `mw cffz blj nij} xf~f nfbzfl, Bczf~ wief zmef! `f cfaa

jixl zi z`f caii~ x`fl z`f w`m~z z`bz xbw vwfj zi zmf `me aiiwflfj, @f ~febmlfj vlgilwgmivw c~ie

z`f cbaa ci~ wief zmef, Z`fl! Wf~hfblz Ob}baba tiv~fj tfz~ia c~ie b tia}z`flf nbh `f xbw ìajmlh

mlzi Ebamk‐w cbgf zi bxbkfl `me, Ebamk! xì xbw ba~fbj} ml meeflwf tbml bz z`f zmef! `bj bwkfj ci~

xbzf~ c~ie z`f tiamgfefl, Z`f tiamgf! ìxfsf~! mhli~fj `mw tafb blj ci~gfj `me zi wzblj vt, Z`f}

i~jf~fj `me zi ovet vt blj jixl ci~ wfsf~ba zmefw, X`fl `f xbw vlbnaf zi tf~ci~e z`f i~jf~! z`f



>0>

iccmgf~w ~feisfj `mw nfaz blj vwfj mz zi nfbz `mw nbgk, Z`f tiamgfefl bhbml bwkfj `me zi ~vl b~ivlj

z`f wbmj fetz} wtbgf, Ebamk z~mfj jimlh x`bz z`f tiamgfefl `bj bwkfj `me zi ji nfgbvwf `f xbw

c~mh`zflfj nvz `f givaj li ailhf~ ~vl,

Bz 3?74te! tiamgf iccmgf~w n~ivh`z `me zi z`f GMJ x`f~f z`f tiamgf ebjf `me wmz il b nflg`,

Nfci~f himlh ivz! z`f} ziaj Ebamk z`bz z`f} xf~f himlh ivz ci~ b j~mlk blj xivaj nf nbgk ml b cfx emlvzfw, Bz z`f zmef bawi! Whz Ob}baba `bj wabttfj `me, X`fl z`f iz`f~ iccmgf~w `bj ~fzv~lfj bz

b~ivlj 24te! z`f} i~jf~fj `me zi tf~ci~e x`bz `f `bj jilf fb~amf~, Bz bnivz 24?74te! Ebamk‐w

eiz`f~ xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil xmz` `mw vlgaf zi wff `me, X`fl z`f} b~~msfj! z`f tiamgfefl z`fl

i~jf~fj z`fe zi zbkf `me xmz` z`fe il b eizi~g}gaf blj zi afbsf z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Nvz nfci~f

afbsmlh! z`f tiamgf ebjf `me wmhl b wzbzfeflz! x`mg` xbw ba~fbj} t~ftb~fj n} z`f tiamgf! nvz z`f

gilzflzw ic x`mg` xf~f liz ~fsfbafj zi `me,

Bz :?74te il Eb} :! Ebamk xbw ~fafbwfj c~ie tiamgf xmzìvz `bsmlh nffl t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f

giv~z, Meefjmbzfa} bczf~ `mw ~fafbwf! `f xbw zbkfl zi z`f Jbenvaab Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba ci~ efjmgba

bzzflzmil, Bczf~ z`f mlgmjflz! Ebamk gilzmlvivwa} wvccf~fj naffjmlh c~ie `mw liwf blj eivz`, IlEb} 22! Ebamk‐w cbz`f~! N,H, Emg`bfa Fjxb~j! xflz zi z`f Kfkm~bxb Tiamgf wzbzmil zi ~fhmwzf~ b

gietabmlz ~fhb~jmlh z`f b~nmz~b~} b~~fwz! jfzflzmil blj zi~zv~f ic `mw wil; ìxfsf~! z`f tiamgf

~fcvwfj zi zbkf `mw wzbzfeflz ~fabzmlh zi z`f tiamgf zi~zv~f ml gilz~bsflzmil ic z`f tiamgf i~jf~w!

wfgzmilw B%7 blj G%2,

Ebamk‐w ~fabzmsfw wvnemzzfj b gietabmlz zi z`f MHT! JMH Li~z` Gflz~ba T~ismlgf! @RM ic Kfkm~bxb

Tiamgf wzbzmil blj iz`f~ bvzì~mzmfw il Eb} 28, Z`f} bawi wflz bccmjbsmzw zi z`f g`mfc ovwzmgf il Eb}

>>,

>7=, K,^,T, Lmablz`b Kveb~b blj G`bz`v~blhb? Fef~hflg} wv~hf~} bczf~ zi~zv~f

Il z`f lmh`z ic 6 Eb} >440! Kbljbhijb ^bobtbkwb Tbz`m~lbabhf Lmablz`b Kveb~b blj

G`bz`v~blhbxf~f beilh z`f hvfwzw bz b xfjjmlh tb~z} ml z`fm~ lfmh`ni~ìij, Bl b~hveflz b~iwf

nfzxffl z`f ìwzwblj wief ic z`f hvfwzw blj mz jfsfaitfj mlzi b n~bxa, Hiijw ml z`f ìvwf xf~f

webw`fj blj z`~ffeizi~g}gafw nfailhmlh zi z`f hvfwzw xf~f zi~g`fj,

Z`f Fatmzm}b tiamgf xf~f mlci~efj n} z`f ìwzw blj b~~msfj bz z`f wgflf, Lmablz`b! xì `bj hilf

ìef n} z`fl! xbw ziaj n} b c~mflj z`bz G`bz`v~blhb xbw nfmlh bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf, Lmablz`b blj

b c~mflj xflz zi z`f wgflf, Z`f} jmj liz wff G`bz`v~blhb nvz mlwzfbj xf~f hmsfl g`bwf blj gbvh`z

n} z`f tiamgf! xì wfsf~fa} nfbz Lmablz`b bz z`f zmef ic `mw b~~fwz x`maf `mw c~mflj fwgbtfj,

Z`fl! z`f iccmgf~w ziik Lmablz`b zi b tiamgf offt x`f~f `mw z~ivwf~w blj w`m~z xf~f wz~mttfj icc, @mw

`bljw blj cffz xf~f zmfj zihfz`f~ xmz` b tmfgf ic xm~f il z`f caii~ ic z`f offt, Z`f iccmgf~w nfbz

Lmablz`b‐w flzm~f nij} vwmlh z`fm~ `bljw! cffz blj wief tiafw, @f xbw zbkfl zi z`f Fatmzm}b Tiamgf

wzbzmil x`f~f Lmablz`b wbx `mw c~mflj! G`bz`v~blhb ml b gfaa, Z`f} bzzbgkfj Lmablz`b ci~ z`f z`m~j

zmef blj tvz `me mlzi z`f bjoimlmlh gfaa,



>0:

z`fm~ z~ivwf~w nbgk il blj ~fzv~l zi z`f gfaa, @bac bl ìv~ abzf~! iccmgf~ Nbaflj~b ziik z`fe ivz ic

z`f gfaa zi ~fgi~j z`fm~ wzbzfeflzw,

Bz 7te il Eb} 3! G`bz`v~blhb‐w eiz`f~ xflz zi wff `f~ wil bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Lmablz`b‐w

eiz`f~xbw bawi z`f~f blj z`f} xf~f ziaj n} z`f iccmgf~w z`bz z`f ni}w `bj nffl zbkfl zi xbzf~ z`f

hb~jfl, Z`f} xbmzfj ivzwmjf zmaa bnivz :?74te blj xflz mlzi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil bhbml x`f~f z`f} wbx b tiamgf iccmgf~ zbkmlh wzbzfeflzw c~ie z`fe, Z`f} bawi wbx z`bz z`fm~ wilw xf~f j~mttmlh xfz nvz

xfb~mlh z~ivwf~w z`bz xf~f liz xfz, Z`f} wbx z`bz z`fm~ wilw‐ nijmfw xf~f wxiaafl baa isf~,

X`fl iccmgf~ Nbaflj~b wbx z`f eiz`f~w! `f wìvzfj bz z`fe zi gief mlwmjf blj wmz jixl lfb~ z`f

ni}w wmlgf z`f} zii xf~f mlsiasfj ml z`f xfjjmlh tb~z} gbwf, Z`f eiz`f~w wbx z`bz z`f ni}w

bttfb~fj zi nf vlbnaf zi wzblj wz~bmh`z nvz lfsf~z`fafww z`f iccmgf~ kmgkfj z`fe blj wìvzfj bz

z`fe zi wzblj wz~bmh`z, Z`f iccmgf~ wzietfj il Lmablz`b‐w cffz blj wìvzfj bz `me zi wzblj wz~bmh`z,

Bczf~ z`f wzbzfeflzw xf~f gietafzfj! z`f ni}w xf~f ci~gfj zi wmhl z`fe, Z`f} xf~f tvz nbgk mlzi

z`f gfaa xmzìvz nfmlh baaixfj zi wff z`f gilzflzw ic z`fm~ wzbzfeflzw, G`bz`v~blhb‐w eiz`f~ xbw

abzf~ baaixfj zi wff `f~ wil blj w`f bwkfj `me x`} z`f} xf~f wibkmlh xfz, @f ~ftamfj z`bz z`f} `bjnffl g~vfaa} bwwbvazfj! zi~zv~fj blj `bj nffl jivwfj xmz` xbzf~ ml i~jf~ zi ~fsmsf z`fe,

Abzf~ z`bz fsflmlh! Eb} 3! G`bzv~blhb blj Lmablz`b xf~f zbkfl ivz ic z`f gfaa blj i~jf~fj zi wabt

fbg` iz`f~, @ixfsf~! iccmgf~ Nbaflj~b wbmj z`bz z`f} xf~f liz jimlh mz `b~j flivh` blj wzb~zfj

wabttmlh z`fe `mewfac, B amzzaf x`maf abzf~! z`f iccmgf~ ziaj z`fe zi ji amkfxmwf vlzma ilf ic z`fe aiwz

gilwgmivwlfww, Z`f ni}w xf~f z`~fbzflfj mlzi jimlh z`mw vlzma Lmablz`b cbmlzfj, Z`f iccmgf~ z`~fx

wief xbzf~ il `mw cbgf blj x`fl Lmablz`b ~fhbmlfj gilwgmivwlfww! `f ziaj `me zi gilzmlvf vlzma

8te, Z`fl! z`f} xf~f tvz nbgk mlzi z`f gfaa, Bw Lmablz`b z~mfj zi j~mlk wief xbzf~ c~ie b nizzaf ml

z`f gfaa! iccmgf~ Nbzvxbzzf meefjmbzfa} h~bnnfj z`f nizzaf c~ie `me,

Bz b~ivlj =te! z`f} xf~f zbkfl zi z`f Fatmzm}b @iwtmzba nvz li jigzi~ z`f~f fpbemlfj z`fe, Z`flz`f} xf~f n~ivh`z nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf bz `mw iccmgmba ~fwmjflgf, Iccmgf~ Nbaflj~b z`~fbzflfj z`fe

liz zi zbak, X`fl z`f Ebhmwz~bzf bwkfj z`fe x`} z`fm~ cffz xf~f wxiaafl! z`f iccmgf~ ziaj z`f

Ebhmwz~bzf z`bz z`f ni}w `bj nffl nfbzfl vt nbja} bz z`f xfjjmlh, Z`f ni}w xf~f zii c~mh`zflfj zi

wtfbk vt jvf zi z`f cfb~ ic nfmlh bwwbvazfj bhbml,

Bczf~ z`mw! z`f} xf~f zbkfl zi b t~mwil lfb~ z`f Fatmzm}b giv~z ìvwf, Lmablz`b xbw ml h~fbz tbml blj

`f wìvzfj zi nf zbkfl zi b ìwtmzba, Bl iccmgf~ z`fl hbsf `me wief efjmgmlf, Abzf~ z`bz lmh`z!

Lmablz`b wzb~zfj zi siemz naiij blj xbw zbkfl zi z`f Fatmzm}b ìwtmzba, C~ie z`f~f `f xbw ~vw`fj zi

z`f Kb~btmzm}b @iwtmzba x`f~f fef~hflg} wv~hf~} xbw tf~ci~efj il `mw wziebg`, @f xbw

ìwtmzbamfj vljf~ hvb~j,

Lmablz`b xbw z~fbzfj ml xb~j Li = ic z`f Kb~btmzm}b @iwtmzba c~ie Eb} 3 zi 20, @f ziaj baa z`f

jigzi~w xì fpbemlfj `me z`bz `f `bj nffl bwwbvazfj n} z`f Fatmzm}b tiamgf, @ixfsf~! z`f ìwtmzba

tiamgf jmj liz zbkf bl} wzbzfeflz c~ie Lmablz`b,



>06

Jv~mlh Lmablz`b‐w ìwtmzbamwbzmil! iccmgf~ Nbaflj~b gbef zi wff `me blj wbmj! ‖Ci~ amfw! }iv xf~f

bwwbvazfj,– Z`f iccmgf~ cv~z`f~ei~f ebjf z`f wzbzfeflz z`bz! ‖Xf xmaa hmsf }iv nbma il z`f >8z`–

blj xmz` z`bz `f hbsf Lmablz`b `mw einmaf tìlf lvenf~ blj afcz,

Il Eb} 20! Lmablz`b xbw zbkfl zi z`f Hbaaf t~mwil x`f~f `f ~fgfmsfj efjmgba z~fbzeflz vlzma Eb}

>>, @f xbw zbkfl zi z`f Kb~btmzm}b @iwtmzba gamlmg ilgf b xffk, Il Eb} >>! `f xbw t~ijvgfj ml z`fFatmzm}b Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z blj ~fafbwfj il nbma, G`b~hfw xf~f bawi metiwfj il z`fe z`b z z`f} `bj

jmwtab}fj cm~f b~ew! bwwbvazfj blj mlov~fj tfitaf! jbebhfj hiijw ml z`f ìvwf! blj zi~g`fj z`~ff

eizi~g}gafw,

X`maf z`f zxi xf~f ml t~mwil! z`fm~ eiz`f~w ~fti~zfj z`mw mlgmjflz ml b x~mzzfl gietabmlz il Ova} 2,

Lmablz`b ~fti~zfj z`mw gbwf ic zi~zv~f ml b x~mzzfl gietabmlz il Bvhvwz 6 zi z`f ~fafsblz hisf~leflz

bvzì~mzmfw wvg` bw z`f @^G! LTG! MHT blj JMH Hflf~ba Wivz`f~l T~ismlgf! Hbaaf,

>:4, ^bemb` ^vnb Wblj~bl? Zi~zv~fj zi gilcfww zi nfmlh b zf~~i~mwz

Il 8 Eb} >440! ^bemb` ^vnb Wblj~bl xbw bwkfj zi gief zi z`f Nbabhiaab Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f `f

xbw rvfwzmilfj blj ~fafbwfj, Il Eb} 24 `f xbw bhbml ~frvfwzfj zi gief zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f

`f xbw `faj isf~lmh`z nfci~f nfmlh ~fafbwfj z`f ciaaixmlh jb}, @f xbw ~ftfbzfja} rvfwzmilfj bw zi

x`fz`f~ `f xbw mlsiasfj ml zf~~i~mwz bgzmsmzmfw, Il Eb} 27! il `mw xb} zi xi~k! iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi

z`f Nbabhiaab Tiamgf wzbzmil ci~gfj `me mlzi b gbn blj ziik `me bxb},

Il `fb~mlh bnivz `mw bnjvgzmil! `mw ~fabzmsfw xflz zi z`f Nbabhiaab Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f iccmgf~w

jflmfj z`bz `f `bj nffl b~~fwzfj, Z`f} ~fzv~lfj z`f ciaaixmlh jb} blj xf~f bhbml ziaj z`bz Wblj~bl`bj nffl b~~fwzfj, X`fl `mw ~fabzmsfw xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! lix z`f z`m~j

smwmz! z`f} xf~f ziaj z`bz `f xbw nfmlh `faj ml z`f Kblj} Tiamgf wzbzmil, @ixfsf~! x`fl z`f}

bzzfljfj z`bz Tiamgf wzbzmil `mw ~fabzmsfw xf~f liz tf~emzzfj zi wff `me,

Ill Eb} 28! `f xbw n~ivh`z zi `mw ìef ml `bljgvccw, Z`f bggietbl}mlh iccmgf~w wfb~g`fj z`f

ìvwf ci~ xfbtilw jv~mlh x`mg` zmef z`f cbema} wbx `me nfmlh kmgkfj blj nfbzfl n} tiamgf iccmgf~w!

mlgavjmlh MT Lmw`blz`b ic z`f Kblj} Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f cbema} bawi lizfj z`bz z`f tiamgf xf~f

vljf~ z`f mlcavflgf ic amrvi~ bz z`f zmef, Cmlbaa}! il Eb} 2=! `mw n~iz`f~ xbw baaixfj zi wff `me nvz

xbw i~jf~fj zi wtfbk ila} ml Wml`bab,

Il Ova} >7! `mw n~iz`f~! xmcf blj 2=%}fb~%iaj jbvh`zf~ xf~f bwkfj zi gief zi z`f Kblj} Tiamgf

wzbzmil, Bz z`f wzbzmil! z`f xmcf blj z`f jbvh`zf~ xf~f zbkfl mlzi b ~iie blj ebjf zi wzblj ml c~ilz

ic Wblj~bl, Z`f iccmgf~w z`~fbzflfj z`bz z`f} xivaj b~~fwz `mw xmcf blj jbvh`zf~ mc `f jmj liz

gilcfww z`bz `f xbw b zf~~i~mwz, Z`f ~fabzmsfw wzbzfj z`bz `f bttfb~fj sf~} tbaf blj xbw g~}mlh, @f

xbw ci~nmjjfl zi wtfbk bnivz `mw zi~zv~f,



>03

Mz mw ~fti~zfj z`bz! jv~mlh z`f flzm~f tf~mij ic `mw jfzflzmil ic civ~ eilz`w! `f `bj lfsf~ nffl

fpbemlfj n} b OEI, @f xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f b giv~z ml z`f cm~wz xffk ic Wftzfenf~ blj

wvnwfrvflza} jfzbmlfj bz z`f Kblj} Tiamgf wzbzmil, Il Wftzfenf~ 2=! `f xbw b~~bmhlfj nfci~f z`f

Kblj} Ebhmwz~bzf‐w giv~z x`f~f `mw jfzflzmil xbw fpzfljfj vlzma Wftzfenf~ >>! xmz` li g`b~hfw zmaa

z`fl abmj bhbmlwz `me,

206, Ebjjvebhf J`b~ebjbwb? @vlh c~ie gfmamlh n} zifw blj nfbzfl xmz` nbzil blj ~vnnf~ tmtf

Bz 6?74te il 27 Eb} >440! civ~ iccmgf~w c~ie z`f Wmhm~m}b Tiamgf wzbzmil xflz zi z`f ìvwf ic

Ebjjvebhf J`b~ebjbwb bwkmlh `me x`fz`f~ `f `bj nffl hmsfl eilf} n} b tf~wil gbaafj

T~febjbwb, X`fl `f jflmfj fmz`f~ klixmlh z`f wbmj tf~wil i~ ~fgfmsmlh eilf} c~ie `me! z`f

tiamgfefl ziik `me zi z`f wzbzmil wvttiwfja} zi inzbml b wzbzfeflz c~ie `me, Z`f ciaaixmlh

ei~lmlh! bczf~ J`b~ebwbwb `bj cbmafj zi ~fzv~l ìef! `mw xmcf blj eiz`f~ xflz zi z`f Wmhm~m}b

Tiamgf wzbzmil aiikmlh ci~ `me, Z`f zxi xbmzfj ci~ baeiwz bl ìv~ nfci~f nfmlh bwwmwzfj, Fsflzvbaa}!

ilf ic z`f tiamgfefl! xìe z`f} ~fgihlmwfj bw ilf ic zìwf xì `bj b~~fwzfj J`b~ebjbwb c~ie

z`fm~ ìvwf! btt~ibg`fj z`fe blj ziik z`fe zixb~jw z`f nbgk ti~zmil ic z`fm~ Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~fz`f smgzme xbw nfmlh `faj, Z`f~f! z`f} civlj `me a}mlh il z`f h~ivlj blj wbx z`bz `f givaj liz

wtfbk t~itf~a}, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ ziaj z`fe z`bz z`f} `bj hmsfl `me ila} b cfx wabtw ci~ liz zfaamlh

z`fe z`f z~vz`,

Efblx`maf! jfwtmzf fptf~mflgmlh jmccmgvaz} ml zbakmlh! J`b~ebjbwb eblbhfj zi zfaa `mw cbema}

efenf~w z`bz z`f tiamgfefl `bj wz~mttfj icc `mw gaiz`fw! `vlh `me c~ie z`f gfmamlh n} `mw zifw blj

`bj z`fl nfbzfl `me xmz` nbzilw blj ~vnnf~ tmtfw baa isf~ `mw nij}, @f cv~z`f~ wzbzfj z`bz z`f}

bwwbvazfj `me zxmgf ml z`f wbef ebllf~ jv~mlh z`f lmh`z, J`b~ebjbwb wbmj z`bz z`f~f xf~f civ~

iccmgf~w ic z`f Wmhm~m}b tiamgf wzbzmil! xì xf~f ~fwtilwmnaf ci~ zi~zv~mlh `me! nvz `f ila} mjflzmcmfj

zxi ic z`fe! lbefa} Wf~hfblz Fkblb}bkf blj B~m}bxblwb, Z`f zxi xf~f xfb~mlh tabml gaiz`fw, @f

cv~z`f~ gabmefj z`bz bczf~ `bsmlh nffl nfbzfl `f xbw ci~gfj zi wmhl b nablk tbtf~ blj `bj nffl

xb~lfj bhbmlwz zfaamlh bl}ilf bnivz x`bz `bj `bttflfj zi `me,

X`fl z`f} ~fafbwfj J`b~ebjbwb c~ie z`fm~ gvwzij}! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ziaj `mw cbema} liz zi zbkf

`meci~ efjmgba z~fbzeflz nvz zi zbkf `me ìef jm~fgza}, Bw z`f} xf~f c~mh`zflfj ic x`bz givaj

`bttflzi z`fe mc z`f} jmj liz ciaaix z`f tiamgf i~jf~w! z`f} ziik `me ìef, @ixfsf~! x`fl

J`b~ebjbwb‐wgiljmzmil xi~wflfj! z`f} ziik `me zi b t~msbzf ìwtmzba gaiwf zi z`fm~ ìvwf x`f~f z`f

smgzme `bj inzbmlfjz~fbzeflz,

Xmz` z`f cfb~ blj w`bef J`b~ebjbwb `bj wvccf~fj ciaaixmlh z`f mlgmjflz! `f ziik timwil ml bl

bzzfetz zi gieemz wvmgmjf, @mw amcf xbw wbsfj nvz z`f fpzflz ic `mw mlov~mfw jvf zi z`f timwil givajliz nf meefjmbzfa} bwgf~zbmlfj, Wiil bczf~! `f xbw z`fl zbkfl zi Jbenvaab ìwtmzba x`f~f `f xbw

bjemzzfj ml xb~j lvenf~ 8, Vtil `bsmlh nffl mlci~efj bnivz z`f mlgmjflz! aigba `vebl ~mh`zw

h~ivtw `bj J`b~ebjbwb z~blwcf~~fj c~ie Jbenvaab @iwtmzba zi z`f Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ic Ebzbaf ci~

cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz, X`maf `f xbw bz z`f Ebzbaf @iwtmzba wief aigba bgzmsmwzw `bj `me t~fwflzfj zi b

OEI zi hfz b Wtfgmba Efjmgba Gf~zmcmgbzf,



>08

Z`f baafhfj mlgmjflz ic zi~zv~f xbw n~ivh`z zi lizmgf ic z`f @^G! LTG blj WT ic Ebzbaf, Z`f

tiamgfwvtf~mlzfljflz‐w iccmgf ic Ebzbaf amkfxmwf ci~xb~jfj z`f gietabmlz zi z`f Jbenvaab

Wvtf~mlzfljflz‐wiccmgf, Il Eb} >7! z`f Jbenvaab iccmgf ziik vt z`f gbwf ~frvm~mlh b Wtfgmba Efjmgba

Gf~zmcmgbzf ci~ovjmgmba bgzmil x`mg` xbw bawi t~ismjfj,

J`b~ebjbwb `bj liz nffl bnaf zi cvaa} ~fgisf~ c~ie z`f mlov~mfw `f wvwzbmlfj c~ie z`f zi~zv~f n} z`f tiamgf, Zìvh` `mw n~vmwfw `fbafj! `f xbw vlbnaf zi eisf `mw b~ew blj afhw li~ebaa} bw nfci~f

blj vlbnaf zi ji bl} xi~k,

>:2, Vwxbzzf Am}blbhf Wzblaf} Wflbsm~bzlb? Zi~zv~f smgzme wvccf~w `fb~mlh aiww ciaaixmlh

bwwbvaz

Il 28 Eb} >440! civ~ iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Fpgmwf Wzbzmil ic Tblbjv~b xflz zi z`f ìvwf x`f~f

z`f smgzme! Vwxbzzf Am}blbhf Wzblaf} Wflbsm~bzlb blj `mw xmcf! Xmofwv~m}b B~bg`g`mhf Jilb W`m~blm!

xf~f amsmlh, Z`f wbmj iccmgf~w xf~f aiikmlh ci~ Wzblaf}! xì ~fti~zfja} wfaaw t~i`mnmzfj amrvi~! nvz `f xbw liz z`f~f, Wì~za} bczf~ z`f iccmgf~w afcz! W`m~blm wbx `f~ `vwnblj nfmlh bwwbvazfj n} z`f iccmgf~w

x`fl w`f `fb~j wief limwf lfb~ z`fm~ ìvwf, W`f ~bl zi z`f wgflf blj nfhhfj z`f iccmgf~w zi wzit

bwwbvazmlh `f~ `vwnblj, @ixfsf~! z`f iccmgf~w mhli~fj `f~ blj gilzmlvfj nfbzmlh `me, W`m~blm!

ìxfsf~! xbw bnaf zi ~fgihlmf z`~ff ic z`f civ~ iccmgf~w blj ~fefenf~fj z`bz z`f} xf~f lizfj bw

j~vh bjjmgzw, Z`fwf iccmgf~w bwwbvazfj `f~ `vwnblj xmz` tiafw, Z`f} bawi tvlg`fj blj kmgkfj `me,

Bczf~ nfbzmlh Wzblaf}! z`f Fpgmwf Iccmgf~w z`fl jfebljfj c~ie `me nizzafw ic t~i`mnmzfj amrvi~ z`bz

`f xbw ~fti~zfja} wfaamlh, @f hbsf z`fe zxi nizzafw ic b~~bgk, Bw `f tbwwfj il z`f eilf} xi~z` ^w,

064 c~ie `mw tigkfz zi `mw xmcf! ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w ci~gmna} ziik z`f eilf} c~ie `f~ n} wvjjfla}

z`~vwzmlh `mw `blj mlzi `f~ naivwf x`f~f w`f `bj kftz z`f eilf}, Z`f wbef iccmgf~w z`fl ziik Wzblaf} mlzi z`fm~ sf`mgaf zixb~jw z`f Fpgmwf Wzbzmil ic Tblbjv~b, W`m~blm z`fl ciaaixfj z`fe n}

zbkmlh b z`~ff% x`ffaf~, Wzblaf}! ìxfsf~! xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma c~ie z`f iccmgf~‐w gvwzij} blj xflz

nbgk ìef il z`f wbef jb}, Z`f iccmgf~w zìvh` xb~lfj `me c~ie himlh zi ìwtmzba zi hfz

efjmgbzmil ci~ z`f mlov~mfw `f wvwzbmlfj ciaaixmlh `mw b~~fwz, Z`f} bawi ziaj `me zi ~fzv~l zi z`f

Fpgmwf Wzbzmil il z`f ciaaixmlh jb},

Bw W`m~blm blj Wzblaf} xflz zi z`f Fpgmwf Wzbzmil il Eb} 20! z`f IMG wflz Wzblaf} ivzwmjf z`f

~iie, @f z`fl ziik bliz`f~ iccmgf~ ml i~jf~ zi ci~gmna} zbkf W`m~blm‐w cmlhf~ t~mlzw c~ie bnivz zfl

nizzafw ic t~i`mnmzfj amrvi~, X`fl W`m~blm ~fcvwfj zi ji wi! z`f iccmgf~w z`~fbzflfj `f~ z`bz z`f}

xivaj bwwbvaz `f~ `vwnblj ilgf bhbml mc w`f ~fcvwfw zi gieta} xmz` z`fm~ i~jf~; z`vw! w`f `bj li

gìmgf nvz zi giitf~bzf xmz` z`fe, Z`f IMG wveeilfj W`m~blm mlzi `mw ~iie blj ziaj `f~ z`bz `f

givaj b~~blhf ci~ wief wfzzafeflz i~ ~famfc il `f~ `vwnblj‐w gbwf mc w`f xivaj gaiwfa} ciaaix `mw

i~jf~w blj giitf~bzf xmz` `me,

Z`f IMG bwkfj `f~ zi gief gaiwf zi `me blj x`fl w`f xflz! w`f xbw ziaj! ‖M xmaa tvz }iv mlzi b

oin, Nvz! }iv evwz wflj }iv~ `vwnblj zi xi~k fsf~}jb}, Ji liz kfft `me bz ìef, Blj }iv evwz

kfft z`f tìlf lfb~ }iv,– W`m~blm z`fl ~fbamfj z`bz z`f IMG xbw hmsmlh `f~ vha} efwwbhfw ml bl



>00

bzzfetz zi zbkf wfpvba bjsblzbhf ic `f~ blj z`f wmzvbzmil, Il z`f wbef jb}! W`m~blm xflz zi z`f

Tblbjv~b Wivz` Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f w`f efz z`f @RM, Z`f~f w`f cmafj b gietabmlz bnivz z`f bwwbvaz

ic `f~ `vwnblj blj bnivz z`f iccmgf~ xì bzzfetzfj zi zbkf wfpvba bjsblzbhf ic `f~, Z`f @RM z`fl

~fcf~~fj `f~ gbwf zi z`f 22= Tiamgf Wrvbj xì ~fgi~jfj `f~ wzbzfeflz,

Il Eb} 2=! Wzblaf} `bj `mewfac bjemzzfj zi z`f Tblbjv~b @iwtmzba, Z`f~f! Wzblaf} blj `mw xmcfW`m~blmjfwg~mnfj z`f wzi~} ic t`}wmgba zi~zv~f z`bz z`f Fpgmwf Iccmgf~w `bj tf~tfz~bzfj il z`f smgzme

zi z`f jigzi~fpbemlmlh `me, Z`f efjmgba fpbemlbzmil ~fsfbafj z`bz `f wvccf~fj c~ie `fb~mlh aiww

bczf~ `mw fb~w xf~fwf~mivwa} bccfgzfj n} z`f bwwbvaz,

Il Eb} >2! Wzblaf} xbw jmwg`b~hfj c~ie z`f ìwtmzba, Il z`f wbef jb} bawi! W`m~blm aijhfj

gietabmlzwbnivz `f~ `vwnblj‐w b~~fwz blj wvnwfrvflz zi~zv~f nfci~f z`f Gieemwwmilf~ Hflf~ba ic

Fpgmwf! z`f @^Gblj MHT, @ixfsf~! z`f~f `bj liz nffl bl} wvnwzblzmba t~ih~fww wi cb~ ~fhb~jmlh

bl} bgzmil zbkfl n} bl} icz`f bvzì~mzmfw,

>:>, Wiaieilw Gbwtbw Tiva? Tiamgf gilzmlvivwa} jfzbml blj zi~zv~f b ebl b~~fwzfj xmzìvz

g`b~hf

Wiefzmef jv~mlh z`f eilz`w ic Bt~ma z`mw }fb~! civ~ tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f GMJ ml Giaieni

xflz zi b ìvwf x`f~f z`f ~fabzmsfw ic z`f smgzme! Wiaieilw Gbwtbw Tiva! xf~f ~fwmjmlh, Z`f iccmgf~w

bwkfj `mw ~fabzmsfw ic `mw x`f~fbnivzw bw z`f} xf~f wfb~g`mlh ci~ `me blj z`f} ziaj z`fe z`bz Tiva

xbw wzb}mlh xmz` `mw xmcf ml Lbxbabtmzm}b, Z`f tiamgf afcz wì~za} bczf~,

Bz =te il 74 Eb} >440! wmp tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Z`fajflm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`~ff ic z`fe

xf~f xfb~mlh tabml gaiz`fw! ilgf bhbml gbef nbgk bwkmlh Tiva‐w wmwzf~ blj `mw eiz`f~ ic `mw

x`f~fbnivzw, Ilgf bhbml z`f} ziaj z`f tiamgfefl ic x`f~f `f xbw wzb}mlh, Bz 8be z`f ciaaixmlh

ei~lmlh Tiva‐w wmwzf~ ~fgfmsfj b tìlf gbaa c~ie `mw xmcf zfaamlh `f~ z`bz z`f tiamgf `bj b~~fwzfj Tiva

bz >be z`bz ei~lmlh nvz w`f jmj liz klix x`f~f `f `bj nffl zbkfl, Z`fl bz :te! Tiva‐w xmcf gbaafj

bhbml zi wb} z`bz `f xbw nfmlh `faj bz z`f Lbxbabtmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f} xf~f z`fl bwkfj zi hi

blj wff `me z`f~f, Bz 0?74be il Ovlf 2! Tiva‐w wmwzf~ blj `mw }ivlhf~ n~iz`f~ xflz zi z`f

Lbxbabtmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil, @ixfsf~! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w jmj liz baaix z`fe zi wtfbk xmz` `me,

X`fl `mw wmwzf~ bwkfj b tiamgf iccmgf~ x`fz`f~ `f xivaj nf z~blwcf~~fj zi bliz`f~ tabgf! w`f xbw ziaj

`f xivaj nf z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Z`fajflm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil ml zxi ìv~w,

Bz 22?74be! z`~ff iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Z`fajflm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil b~~msfj blj ziik `me c~ie z`f

gvwzij} ic z`f Lbxbabtmzm}b Tiamgf zi z`fm~ wzbzmil il b tvnamg nvw, Z`f smgzme‐w ~fabzmsfw ziik z`fwbef nvw! nvz x`fl b tiamgf iccmgf~ ~fgihlmwfj z`fe! `f gilcmwgbzfj z`f einmaf tìlf ic Tiva‐w

wmwzf~! zfaamlh `f~ z`bz `f xivaj ~fzv~l mz ilgf z`f nvw ~fbg`fj z`f zixl ic Kblj}! x`mg` `f jmj,

Tiva ziaj `mw wmwzf~ zi gief zi z`f wzbzmil zi wff `me, Bz >?74te! x`fl Tiva‐w wmwzf~ blj eiz`f~

xflz zi z`f Z`fajflm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil! `f ziaj z`fe z`bz `f `bj nffl nfbzfl n} tiamgfefl bzzbg`fj

zi z`f Lbxbabtmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil x`mawz `f xbw ml z`fm~ gvwzij}, Z`f} `bj nfbzfl `me il z`f `fbj



>0=

blj il `mw `bljw ci~ bnivz bl ìv~ xmz` b tiamgf nbzil blj wief tabwzmg ebzf~mba, X`fl Tiva wbmj

`f xbw ml tbml! `mw wmwzf~ hbsf `me wief tbmlkmaaf~w blj efjmgmlba ima,

Vtil afb~lmlh ic `f~ n~iz`f~‐w fptf~mflgf x`maf `f xbw ml z`f gvwzij} ic z`f Lbxbabtmzm}b tiamgf!

w`f bwkfj z`f tiamgfefl bz z`f Z`fajflm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil liz zi nfbz `me! zi x`mg` z`f} `bsf bh~ffj,

Z`f} bawi gabmefj z`bz z`f} jmj liz nfbz t~mwilf~w ml z`fm~ Tiamgf wzbzmil, Hfzzmlh z`mw ~fwtilwf! `mwwmwzf~ blj eiz`f~ hbsf `mw wief ciij blj xflz ìef bz b~ivlj 6?74te, Bz 0be il Ovlf >! x`fl

`mw wmwzf~ blj eiz`f~ xflz nbgk zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f} wbx Tiva nfmlh wvnofgzfj zi rvfwzmilmlh

n} b tiamgf iccmgf~ mlwmjf b ~iie, X`fl z`f} xf~f bnaf zi wtfbk xmz` `me Tiva xbw g~}mlh, @f ziaj

z`fe zi aiik bczf~ `mw xmcf xì xbw fmh`z eilz`w t~fhlblz bw `f `bj nffl ziaj `f xivaj liz nf

~fafbwfj ci~ z`~ff i~ civ~ eilz`w,

B tiamgf iccmgf~! xì xbw xfb~mlh tabml gaiz`fw blj ilf ic zìwf xì xf~f rvfwzmilmlh z`f smgzme!

bwkfj z`f smgzme‐w wmwzf~ zi gief blj wff `me zi bliz`f~ ~iie mlwmjf z`f wbmj Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f~f!

z`f~f xf~f z`~ff efl xì `bj bwkfj `f~ x`fz`f~ w`f bawi `bj bl} mlsiasfeflz ml ‖zf~~i~mwz–

bgzmsmzmfw, X`fl w`f jflmfj mz! z`f} t~fwwv~fj `f~ zi wb} wiefz`mlh ~fafsblz bnivz z`f wbmj bgzmsmzmfw, Z`mw zmef! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ ziaj `f~ z`bz z`f ~fbwil x`} z`f} b~~fwzfj `f~ n~iz`f~ xbw z`bz `f `bj

nffl zi Kmamlig`g`m! ml z`f li~z`f~l tb~z ic W~m Ablkb! wiefzmef ml >447 zihfz`f~ xmz` `mw c~mfljw,

Zìvh` z`f tiamgf gabmefj z`bz z`f} klfx Tiva xbw klixafjhfbnaf bnivz cm~fb~ew blj z`bz `f mw

wvttiwfj zi `bsf nffl mlsiasfj ml zf~~i~mwe! z`f} givaj liz t~ismjf bl} g~fjmnaf fsmjflgf li~

wvnwzblzmbzf z`f baafhbzmilw,

Bczf~ z`f rvfwzmilmlh xbw gietafzfj! `mw wmwzf~ bwkfj Tiva bnivz z`f baafhbzmilw z`f tiamgf `bsf

ebjf bhbmlwz `me blj `f ziaj `f~ z`bz `f xflz z`f~f ila} zi smwmz z`f ~fabzmsfw ic `mw c~mfljw, @f bawi

wbmj z`bz `f ila} wzb}fj z`f~f ila} ci~ z`~ff jb}w, @f ziaj `mw wmwzf~ z`bz bz z`bz timlz ml zmef `f `bj

liz nffl nfbzfl n} z`f tiamgfefl bz z`bz wzbzmil, W`f hbsf `me wief ciij blj efjmgmlf nfci~f

afbsmlh, X`fl z`f smgzme xbw smwmzfj bhbml bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil il Ovlf 7 n} `mw ~fabzmsfw bz b~ivlj

0be! z`f} wbx `me a}mlh il z`f caii~ `bac lbkfj, X`fl `mw wmwzf~ z~mfj gbaamlh `me! `f givaj liz zbak

t~itf~a} t~ietzmlh z`fe zi bwk `me x`bz `bj `bttflfj, Z`f smgzme ebjf z`f ciaaixmlh wzbzfeflz?

‖Bz >be zijb} Ovlf 7-! b~ivlj 3 tf~wilw ml gmsma gaiz`fw `bsmlh nffl j~vlk nfbz ef blj zmfj vt e}

afhw blj `blh ef il z`f gfmamlh, Z`fl! z`f} zmfj vt e} `bljw bw xfaa blj wfsf~fa} nfbz ef ci~ bnivz

> ìv~w, Z`f} fwtfgmbaa} `mz e} `fbj! b~e! `fbt blj z`f wiaf ic e} cffz, M gbl‐z eisf e} afcz b~e

jvf zi z`f bwwbvaz–,

Tiva givaj li ailhf~ xbak t~itf~a}, Abzf~ `mw wmwzf~ hbsf `me wief ciij blj efjmgmlf nvz `f givaj

liz fbz mz n} `mewfac nfgbvwf ic z`f wfsf~mz} ic `mw mlov~mfw, Z`fl! `mw wmwzf~ mlci~efj b tiamgf iccmgf~! xìe z`f} `bsf mjflzmcmfj bw Jmwwblb}bkf! bnivz z`f mlgmjflz, X`fl bwkfj n} z`f wbmj iccmgf~! Tiva

ziaj `me z`bz `f `bj nffl zi~zv~fj! nvz z`f tiamgfebl lfsf~z`fafww mhli~fj `me wb}mlh z`bz z`f} `bj

lfsf~ zi~zv~fj `me, @f mlwzfbj hbsf `mw lbef gb~j zi z`f smgzme‐w wmwzf~ zfaamlh `f~ ic `mw n~iz`f~?

‖Tiva `bw b xfbtil! bwk `me zi `blj isf~ z`f xfbtil zi z`f tiamgf, Mc z`f~f mw bl} mlci~ebzmil

~fhb~jmlh z`f xfbtil! meefjmbzfa} gilzbgz ef–, X`fl bwkfj x`fz`f~ z`f} xivaj nf ~fafbwmlh Tiva

i~ zbkmlh `me zi b giv~z! z`f wbef tiamgf iccmgf~ ziaj `f~? ‖Bz z`f eieflz! xf xmaa lfmz`f~ n~mlh `me



>=4

zi z`f giv~z li~ ~fafbwf `me, Xf xmaa kfft `me ci~ cv~z`f~ mlsfwzmhbzmil,– Bczf~ afb~lmlh z`mw! `f~

wmwzf~ `bj zi bwk z`mw tiamgf iccmgf~ bhbml liz zi zi~zv~f `f~ n~iz`f~ bl}ei~f,

Tiva‐w wmwzf~ abzf~ bwkfj `me x`fz`f~ `f `bj bl} xfbtil blj `f ziaj `f~ `f xbw liz bxb~f ic x`bz

z`f tiamgf b~f bggvwmlh `me ic, @f ziaj `f~ z`bz z`f tiamgf `bj nffl tvzzmlh t~fwwv~f il `me zi

bjemz z`bz `f `bj b xfbtil blj z`bz `f `bw `bj gillfgzmil xmz` zf~~i~mwzw,

>:7, Ovlf >7~j mlgmjflz ~fabzmlh zi Wvhbz` Lmw`blz`b Cf~lblji bwwbwwmlbzfj >4z` Wftzfenf~

>440-? Efl baafhfja} xmz` z`f nbgkmlh ic tiamgf z`~fbzfl tfzmzmilf~w zi xmz`j~bx gbwf

Wvhbz` blj `mw xmcf! Wbljbebam Tbjem Tfm~mw b~f tfzmzmilf~w ic b cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw gbwf nfci~f

Wvt~fef Giv~z! Lfhieni Gbwf Li, C^, ::3)48-, Z`f} `bj nffl baafhfja} zi~zv~fj bczf~ maafhba

b~~fwz blj jfzflzmil n} 2> tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Lfhieni Tiamgf wzbzmil, Wvhbz` `bj fb~amf~

ebjf b gietabmlz bhbmlwz Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf MT- Eb`bhbebhf J~bebjbwb ci~ wiamgmzmlh b n~mnf ic

^w, 6!444 VWJ :3- bnivz x`mg` z`f N~mnf~} Gieemwwmil `bw ebjf mlrvm~mfw blj cmafj b gbwf nfci~fz`f @mh` Giv~z ic Giaieni Gbwf Li, N)2360)>443-,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj! bz 22be il >7 Ovlf >440! z`f givtaf `m~fj b z`~ff%x`ffaf~

z~mw`bx- nfb~mlh lvenf~ >46)04>6 j~msfl n} b j~msf~ gbaafj Bomz` blj xf~f il z`f xb} zi z`f

Lfhieni @iwtmzba zi hfz z~fbzeflz ci~ Wvhbz`(w xmcf, X`maf z`f z`~ff%x`ffaf~ xbw xbmzmlh ci~ b

z~bccmg wmhlba lfb~ z`f Jbavtbz`b N~mjhf il Giaieni%G`mabx ebml ~ibj! civ~ tf~wilw ic zxi ic

xìe Wvhbz` mjflzmcmfj bw Lm~iw`bl blj Lbeba wzittfj z`f z`~ff%x`ffaf~,Lm~iw`bl blj Lbeba

bwkfj z`f givtaf zi xmz`j~bx z`f gbwf x`mg` mw gv~~flza} tfljmlh bz z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z! Lfhieni

nfci~f fsflmlh ic z`f lfpz jb} Ovlf >:-, Z`f} wbmj mc Wvhbz` jmj liz xmz`j~bx z`f bttamgbzmil! z`f}

xmaa kmaa z`fe baa, Z`f} cv~z`f~ wbmj z`bz z`f} `bj tf~emwwmil zi ji wi c~ie z`f Lfhieni tiamgf,Jvf zi cfb~! z`f givtaf ~fzv~lfj ìef xmzìvz himlh zi z`f ìwtmzba,Ovwz bczf~ z`f givtaf ~fzv~lfj

ìef! z`f civ~ tf~wilw gbef zi z`f hbzf ic z`f ìvwf blj wzb~zfj nblhmlh il mz blj wìvzmlh z`bz

z`f} xivaj kmaa z`f givtaf mc z`f givtaf jmj liz xmz`j~bx z`f gbwf, Wvhbz` jmj liz itfl mz nvz givaj

mjflzmc} z`f civ~ tf~wilw z`~ivh` z`f hbzf z`f wbef efl bw `f efz lfb~ z`f n~mjhf, Zxi vlmjflzmcmfj

tf~wilw xf~f ovwz wzb}mlh xmzìvz wìvzmlh i~ nblhmlh z`f hbzf,

Z`f givtaf xflz zi z`f iccmgf ic Jftvz} Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba JMH- ml Tbam}bhijb x`f~f z`f} efz E~,

Wb~bz` Ob}bwwi~m}b! JMH xìe mlwz~vgzfj Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf BWT- Obhijb B~bg`g`m

blj Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- Wbeb~bomz` zi zbkf meefjmbzf bgzmil, Z`fl z`f givtaf ebjf b

gietabmlz zi Tbam}bhijb G~memlba Jmsmwmil ~fhb~jmlh z`f jfbz` z`~fbzw Li, WMMN 7:6)>33- il Ovlf

>7,Zìwf xì ebjf jfbz` z`~fbzw zi xmz`j~bx z`f gbwf b~f klixl zi z`f givtaf bw tf~wilw ic

g~memlba nbgkh~ivlj vwvbaa} `m~fj ci~ g~memlba bgzmsmzmfw bczf~ z`fm~ ~fafbwf, Z`f givtaf nfamfsfw z`bz

z`fwf z`~fbzw `bsf nffl ebjf bz mlwzmhbzmil ic tiamgf iccmgf~w xì b~f ~fwtiljflzw ml z`f

cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw bttamgbzmil,Baa efenf~w ic z`f cbema} b~f lix amsmlh ml b cfb~ ic cv~z`f~

`b~bwweflz i~ jfbz` z`~fbzw x`maf ml tv~wvf ic hfzzmlh ovwzmgf,

Bjjmzmilba jfzbmaw?



>=2

W,K,B,W Lmw`blzb Cf~lblji! ebjf b gietabmlz bhbmlwz bl Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf MT- xì wiamgmzfj b

n~mnf ic ^w, 6!444 VWJ :3- c~ie `me blj z`f N~mnf~} Gieemwwmil! `bsmlh mlsfwzmhbzfj z`f

gietabmlz! cmafj bl bgzmil bhbmlwz z`mw tiamgf iccmgf~ bz z`f @mh` Giv~z ic Giaieni,Il 2>

Lisfenf~ >448! b tiamgf wrvbj b~~msfj ml offtw! eizi~g}gafw blj z`~ff%x`ffaf~w blj wv~~ivljfj z`f

ìvwf ic E~, Cf~lblji, Z`f} bwwbvazfj `me xmz` cmwzw! kmgkfj x`fl `f cfaa jixl il z`f caii~ blj

z~betafj `me vlzma `f cfaa vlgilwgmivw,

Z`f} bawi `mz `mw xmcf xmz` b tmwzia il `f~ ci~f`fbj blj z~betafj `f~ fsfl bczf~ w`f cfaa zi z`f caii~,

Z`f} wabttfj }ivlh jbvh`zf~! Jmavkw`m! blj `mz `f~ `fbj, Ilf tiamgf iccmgf~ z~mfj zi ~feisf `f~

naivwf! jfwtmzf ic `f~ wz~vhhaf bhbmlwz z`mw, W`f xbw j~bhhfj zi z`f tiamgf offt blj ilf iccmgf~ z~mfj

bhbml zi amcz `f~ naivwf, X`fl w`f wg~fbefj! w`f xbw nfbzfl, W`f wìvzfj c~ie z`f xmljix bwkmlh

wiefilf zi hi blj mlci~e z`f h~bljeiz`f~,

X`fl w`f mlrvm~fj x`f~f z`f} xf~f nfmlh zbkfl! b tiamgf iccmgf~ ~ftamfj! (Xf b~f zbkmlh }iv zi z`f

nfbg` zi kmaa }iv,( Z`f }ivlh wil! Bloblb! xbw j~bhhfj zi b xbaa blj wz~vgk bnivz z`f `fbj! cbgf blj

wziebg`, Jvf zi z`mw emwz~fbzeflz `f aiwz tb~z ic b ziiz` blj `mw amt xbw wtamz,

Cf~lblji ~fhbmlfj gilwgmivwlfww ila} x`fl `f xbw mlwmjf z`f G~mef Jmsmwmil ic z`f Lfhieni

Tiamgf wzbzmil blj xbzf~ `bj nffl z`~ixl isf~ `me, Ilf tiamgf iccmgf~ xbw wìvzmlh z`bz z`mw cfaaix

`bj zi nf kmaafj blj z`bz z`f Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf WWT- `bw wbmj zi ji z`mw,

@f xbw j~bhhfj ivz ic z`f ~iie blj isf~`fb~j bl iccmgf~ wtfbkmlh isf~ z`f tìlf zi wiefilf, (Wm~!

z`bz mw x`bz M be x~mzmlh lix! bnivz z`mw cfaaix xì mw `bac jfbj lix ml c~ilz ic ef,( Abzf~! bczf~

z`fm~ ~fafbwf baa efenf~w ic z`f cbema} wivh`z efjmgba z~fbzeflz blj z`f efjmgba ~fti~zw gilcm~efj

z`fm~ mlov~mfw, Ml bl bttamgbzmil ebjf zi z`f Giaieni @mh` Giv~z ml z`f n~mnf~} gbwf! z`f @mh`

Giv~z ovjhf gblgfaafj z`f nbma h~blzfj zi z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ xì xbw z`f bggvwfj ml z`mw gbwf,

>::, Hbabtmzb`flf Hfjb~b Lbljblm Kveb~m? Maa%z~fbzfj bczf~ t~msbzf b~hveflz

Il >8 Ovlf >440! bz bnivz >te! Hbabtmzb`flf Hfjb~b Lbljblm Kveb~m bhfj :6- `bj b rvb~~fa xmz`

b lfmh`niv~ klixl bw ^,E, Tbjebkveb~m! z`f xmcf ic z`f IMG ic z`f Ebzbaf t~mwil! @,E,

Fkblb}bkf, Lbljblm wb}w z`bz Tbjebkveb~m bwwbvazfj `f~ blj `f~ wil, Gilwfrvflza} Tbjeb

Kveb~m `bj bjemzzfj `f~wfac zi z`f ^bz`zìzb @iwtmzba,

Bz bnivz 7?74te il z`f wbef jb}! iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi Ebzbaf Tiamgf wzbzmil gbef blj b~~fwzfj

Lbljblm blj ziik `f~ ml b t~msbzf sbl zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Lbljblm‐w `vwnblj bawi xflz xmz` `f~blj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil efz z`f IMG blj ebjf b wzbzfeflz ~fhb~jmlh z`f mlgmjflz, Z`f IMG

jfgab~fj z`bz wmlgf z`f cm~wz gietabmlz ebjf xbw bhbmlwz Lbljblm! z`f} `bj zbkfl `f~ mlzi gvwzij},

Lbljblm xbw ebjf zi wmz il b g`bm~ lfb~ z`f tiamgf gfaa,

Bz bnivz 6te Lbljblm xbw zbkfl zi bliz`f~ ~iie vtwzbm~w blj b wzbzfeflz ~fgi~jfj, Z`f iccmgf~

xì ~fgi~jfj z`f wzbzfeflz zbakfj zi `f~ wzf~la}, @f bggvwfj `f~ ic gvzzmlh blj mlov~mlh

Tbjebkveb~m xmz` b klmcf, Lbljblm jflmfj z`mw, Bczf~ z`f wzbzfeflz xbw ~fgi~jfj! Lbljblm



>=>

~frvfwzfj z`bz w`f xblzfj zi ~fbj mz nfci~f wmhlmlh, Z`f iccmgf~ z`fl wìvzfj bz `f~ wb}mlh? ‖Xì ji

}iv z`mlk }iv b~f z`bz M wìvaj hmsf z`mw zi nf ~fbj9– @f cv~z`f~ wgiajfj `f~ wb}mlh z`bz w`f xbw zii

ci~xb~j, @f ci~gfj `f~ zi wmhl z`f jigveflz z`bz w`f xbw b wvwtfgz, Lbljblm xbw bhbml zbkfl

jixlwzbm~w blj ziaj zi wmz il b xiijfl nflg`, Lbljblm‐w `vwnblj n~ivh`z `f~ b efba, Ci~ z`f lmh`z

bl iaj xiebl xbw kftz xmz` Lbljblm blj bz lmh`z z`f} niz` xflz vtwzbm~w blj waftz il b nflg`,

Z`f lfpz jb} Lbljblm `bj hiz `f~ eflwfw blj `f~ `fbj blj nbgk bg`fj nbja}, Lbljblm ziaj z`f

fajf~a} xiebl bnivz mz blj w`f ziik `f~ zi b zbt blj ziaj `f~ zi xbw` `f~ wimafj hb~eflzw! ml x`mg`

w`f `bj zi j~fww bhbml ml z`fm~ xfz wzbzf,

Lbljblm xbw zbkfl nbgk jixlwzbm~w blj ziaj zi wmz il z`f xiijfl nflg`! x`mg` w`f civlj sf~}

vlgieci~zbnaf, Bz bnivz 0be Lbljblm gbaafj b Xiebl Tiamgf Iccmgf~ XTG- blj ziaj `f~ ic `f~

tiwmzmil blj bwkfj `f~ ci~ efjmgmlf, Z`f XTG ~fcvwfj zi inamhf wb}mlh z`bz z`f} xf~f nvw} hfzzmlh

~fbj} ci~ z`f b~~msba ic b wflmi~ iccmgf~,

Abzf~ bhbml Lbljblm wtikf zi bliz`f~ XTG blj bwkfj `f~ ci~ wblmzb~} xfb~, W`f zii ~fcvwfj zi

inamhf wb}mlh? ‖X`f~f b~f xf zi cmlj wvg` z`mlhw; b~f xf zi hi ìef blj n~mlh z`fe9– Lbljblm xbw

ml h~fbz jmwgieci~z blj civlj mz fbwmf~ zi wzblj blj xbmz, Z`f iccmgf~w ìxfsf~! wìvzfj bz `f~ zi wmz

jixl, Lbljblm z`fl ziaj ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w `f~ tiwmzmil, Z`f iccmgf~ ziaj `f~ zi zfaa ilf ic z`f

XTGw, X`fl Lbljblm lfpz wtikf zi b XTG! w`f ziaj Lbljblm z`bz w`f xivaj nf zbkfl zi b giv~z ml

b amzzaf x`maf blj zi nfb~ mz wiefìx blj xbmz tbzmflza}, Wìgkfj Lbljblm bwkfj x`} w`f xbw zi nf

zbkfl zi giv~z blj xbw ziaj z`bz mz xbw zi inzbml nbma,

X`maf Lbljblm xbmzfj! w`f `fb~j z`f IMG ~fta} zi b tìlf gbaa wb}mlh z`bz `f xmaa nf wfljmlh

wiefilf- bz 22?64te! x`mg` w`f meefjmbzfa} klfx xbw xmz` ~fcf~flgf zi `f~,

Lbljblm xbw zbkfl zi giv~z, @f~ `vwnblj zii oimlfj `f~, Bl iccmgf~ xì xbw z`f~f ziaj z`fe z`bz mz xbw liz b giv~z jb}! blj z`bz z`f~f xmaa nf li abx}f~w! ìxfsf~! mc z`f} givaj ~faibj `mw einmaf

tìlf xmz` ^w, 244! `f givaj hfz z`fe b abx}f~ `f klfx, Lbljblm‐w `vwnblj t~ismjfj `me xmz` z`f

eilf}; ìxfsf~! `f ziik z`f tìlf gbaa xmzìvz ~faibjmlh z`f einmaf tìlf, Lbljblm z`fl xbw

zbkfl xmz` wief iz`f~w xì xf~f bawi ml tiamgf gvwzij} blj `f~ `vwnblj zi z`f Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z

Ebzbaf,

Bz z`f giv~z! z`f iccmgf~ xì `bj wbmj `f xivaj cmlj b abx}f~ bwkfj Lbljblm ìx evg` eilf} z`f}

`bj, X`fl w`f ~ftamfj z`bz w`f `bj ^w, 644 `f wgiccfj bz mz, Lbljblm z`fl hbsf `f~ hiaj g`bml zi `f~

`vwnblj zi nf tbxlfj, Ci~ z`mw z`f} hiz bliz`f~ ^w, >444,

Z`f iccmgf~ z`fl xflz blj wtikf zi z`f abx}f~ xìwf lbef xbw hmsfl bw Jb~w`blm Hvlbwfkfb~b, Z`f abx}f~ bwkfj Lbljblm zi ~fabzf z`f mlgmjflz ml n~mfc wmlgf w`f xbw nvw}! blj bwkfj ci~ ^w, :444,

Lbljblm ziaj `f~ z`bz z`f} `bj ila} ^w, >644 ml `blj zi x`mg` z`f abx}f~ wbmj xbw liz flivh` wmlgf

w`f `bw zi hmsf eilf} zi z`f tiamgf bw xfaa, @ixfsf~! w`f bh~ffj z`bz z`f} xivaj tb} z`f ~febmlmlh

^w, 2644 il z`f lfpz jbzf, X`fl z`f gbwf xbw gbaafj! z`f abx}f~ bttfb~fj ci~ Lbljblm, Lbljblm wb}w

z`bz b g`b~hf `bj nffl cbn~mgbzfj bhbmlwz `f~ wzbzmlh z`bz w`f `bj gvz blj mlov~fj Tbjebkveb~m xmz`

b klmcf, Z`f tiamgf ittiwfj nbma blj Lbljblm xbw ~febljfj zmaa Ovlf 74,



>=7

Lbljblm xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Ebzbaf t~mwil! x`f~f z`f IMG mw z`f `vwnblj ic z`f wbmj

Tbjebkveb~m, Z`f iccmgf~ xì `bj mlz~ijvgfj z`f abx}f~ zi Lbljblm xflz blj wtikf zi z`f IMG ml

b c~mflja} zf~ew ~fcf~~mlh zi `me bw ebg`bl ‘n~iz`f~%ml%abx‐-, Gabttmlh z`fm~ `bljw zihfz`f~ ml b

hfwzv~f ic gilh~bzvabzmlh il b oin xfaa jilf! z`f iccmgf~ ziaj z`f IMG z`bz `f `bj jilf `mw tb~z blj

lix z`f ~fwz xbw vt zi `me, Z`f IMG z`fl mlrvm~fj bnivz z`f abx}f~ z`bz `bj bttfb~fj ci~

Lbljblm, Z`f iccmgf~ ziaj `me z`bz mz xbw z`f ‖wbef ilf–, Z`f iccmgf~ cv~z`f~ bwkfj z`f IMG mc z`f} xmaa nf ‖aiikfj bczf~–, Zi x`mg` z`f IMG wbmj z`bz wvg` z`mlhw gbl nf jmwgvwwfj abzf~, Lbljblm

gabmew z`fl z`f IMG ziik b tìlf gbaa blj wbmj z`bz `f mw wfljmlh b tf~wil blj zi wflj b nvw,

Lbljblm xbw z`fl wflz zi z`f Kblj} t~mwil il z`bz wbef jb},

Bz z`f Kblj} t~mwil! wfsf~ba xiefl obmai~w hiz zihfz`f~ blj mlzmemjbzfj `f~ wb}mlh; ‖Wi }iv gbef

bczf~ bwwbvazmlh iv~ IMG‐w xmcf9 Z`f obmai~w il jvz} ziei~~ix xmaa bwwbvaz }iv–! z`f} ziaj `f~ blj

hbsf `f~ ciij zi fbz,

Il Ovlf >=! Lbljblm xbw zbkfl zi z`f ~iie ic z`f xiebl Obmai~ xì bwkfj `f~ mc w`f gbef c~ie

Ebzbaf, X`fl Lbljblm jmj liz wtfbk! w`f xbw z`~fbzflfj blj ziaj zi wtfbk, Lbljblm z`fl ~fabzfjz`f mlgmjflz! ~fcf~~mlh zi z`f IMG bw z`f ‖Hvb~j Bm}b– z`f lbef n} x`mg` `f xbw klixl ml z`f

smaabhf, Z`f xiebl obmai~ z`fl wgiajfj `f~ bwkmlh! ‖Zi xìe ji }iv z`mlk }iv b~f ~fcf~~mlh zi bw

Hvb~j Bm}b9 Afb~l zi zbak! t~itf~a}" Jmj }iv liz bwwbvaz z`f xmcf ic z`f IMG9– wb}mlh z`mw w`f ziik

Lbljblm zi bliz`f~ ~iie,

Il z`f xb} zi z`f ~iie Lbjblm wamttfj blj cfaa il z`f caii~, Wfsf~ba xiefl obmai~w ml z`f smgmlmz}

z`fl tivlgfj il `f~! blj kmgkfj blj z~betafj `f~! wìvzmlh bz `f~ zi hfz vt, Lbljblm hiz vt xmz`

jmccmgvaz}, Z`f xiefl obmai~w lix wv~~ivljfj `f~ blj wzb~zfj zi bwwbvaz `f~ ml b eiwz g~vfa ebllf~

`mzzmlh `f~ `fbj bhbmlwz z`f xbaa, Z`f} ziaj `f~ z`bz z`f} `bj hiz mlwz~vgzmilw zi ‘`bac kmaa `f~‐, X`fl

Lbljblm xbw wi bwwbvazfj z`bz w`f tbwwfj v~mlf blj naiij, Z`f xiefl obmai~w z`fl hbsf `f~ b tmfgf

ic gaiz` blj ziaj `f~ zi gafbl vt z`f efww blj z`fl `bsf nbz`,

Lbljblm wb}w bczf~ w`f `bj b nbz` w`f nfgbef sf~} wmgk blj siemzfj, Lbljblm xbw z`fl zbkfl zi b

jigzi~, @ixfsf~! z`f xiebl obmai~ xì bggietblmfj `f~ z`~fbzflfj `f~ liz zi zfaa ic z`f bwwbvaz,

Bc~bmj Lbljblm gietamfj,

Il Ovlf 74! Lbljblm xbw zbkfl zi z`f Ebzbaf Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z, Bhbml z`f xiefl obmai~w

z`~fbzflfj liz zi ~fsfba z`bz w`f xbw bwwbvazfj blj mc w`f jmj z`bz w`f xivaj nf bwwbvazfj bhbml x`fl

w`f mw zbkfl nbgk,

Lbljblm xbw z`fl wflz nbgk zi z`f Ebzbaf t~mwil! x`f~f z`f IMG ic z`f t~mwil @,E, Fkblb}bkf

bwkfj `f~ mc w`f `bj flivh` ic mz ‖tb~mttv fz`mz`b9–- @f cv~z`f~ z`~fbzflfj `f~ z`bz mc z`f~f mw bl}

t~inafe bhbml ml z`f lfmh`niv~ìij! w`f xivaj nf kmaafj blj wflz ìef, Wtfbkmlh zi iz`f~ iccmgf~w!

`f ziaj z`bz mz xbw b w`bef z`bz z`f} givaj liz `bsf hiz z`f t~mwilf~w zi `bsf jilf z`f ~fwz zii!

x`mg` efblw ~btf, Lbljblm xbw tvz mlzi b t~mwil gfaa, Lbljblm‐w `vwnblj xbw liz baaixfj zi wff

`f~ nvz z`f gaiz`fw z`bz xf~f n~ivh`z n} `me xf~f hmsfl zi `f~,



>=:

Lbljblm xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z, Z`f wbef abx}f~ T~m}bjb~w`blm Hvlbwfkb~b

bttfb~fj ci~ `f~, Lbljblm tbmj `f~ z`f ~febmljf~ ic ^w, 2644, Lbljblm mlwz~vgzfj z`f abx}f~ zi zfaa

giv~z z`bz w`f xbw bwwbvazfj ml z`f t~mwil nvz w`f jmj liz ji wi, Lbljblm xbw hmsfl nbma blj

~fafbwfj,

Il z`f wbef jb}! jvf zi z`f z~bveb wvwzbmlfj il `f~ nij} blj tbmlw! Lbljblm hiz `f~wfac bjemzzfjzi z`f Ebzbaf @iwtmzba, W`f ziaj z`f jigzi~w z`bz w`f xbw bwwbvazfj n} z`f xiefl obmai~w ic z`f

Kblj} t~mwil, Z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf ~fgi~jfj b wzbzfeflz c~ie `f~, Z`f OEI fpbemlfj `f~, Lbljblm

xbw jmwg`b~hfj il Ova} 0! bczf~ bnivz ilf xffk ic z~fbzeflz, Lbljblm wb}w z`bz bw b ~fwvaz ic z`f

bwwbvaz! `f~ fb~w `bj zi nf z~fbzfj, W`f xbw wflz n} z`f Ebzbaf @iwtmzba zi z`f Kblj} @iwtmzba x`f~f

mz xbw jfgab~fj z`bz `f~ fb~w `bj nffl mlov~fj ic z`f bwwbvaz,

Il Ova} :! Lbjblm‐w `vwnblj gietabmlfj bnivz z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f Kblj} n~blg` ic z`f @^G, Il

Ova} 0! b x~mzzfl gietabmlz bnivz z`f mlgmjflz xbw wflz zi z`f @^G ml Giaieni blj zi z`f

Gieemwwmilf~ Hflf~ba ic T~mwilw blj z`f MHT, Gilwfrvflz zi z`f gietabmlz ebjf zi z`f MHT z`f

gietabmlz xbw ~fcf~~fj zi z`f JMH ic Gflz~ba T~ismlgf,

>:6, Wf}liia B~njffl Wf}liia Bwxb~? ‑Xf xmaa gief blj wff }iv bz ìef―

Wf}liia B~njffl Wf}liia Bwxb~ xflz zi Lfhieni T~mwil zi wff `mw n~iz`f~! Wf}liia Emwxb~! bl

mlebzf ml z`f t~mwil bz 7te il 7 Ova} >440, X`maf zbakmlh zihfz`f~! Emwxb~ ziaj Bwxb~ z`bz t~mwil

iccmgf~w `bj z`~fbzflfj zi bwwbvaz `me vlafww `f xivaj tb} ^w, >6!444, Emwxb~ bwkfj Bwxb~ zi gief

z`f lfpz jb} xmz` z`f eilf}, Bz z`bz zmef `f xivaj wìx Bwxb~ z`f tf~wil zi xìe `f wìvaj

`blj isf~ z`f eilf}, @f bawi bwkfj Bwxb~ zi tb} ^w, 2444 zi z`f iccmgf~ t~fwflz bz z`f effzmlh,

Bwxb~ `bj ila} ^w, 644 il `me nvz `f `bljfj mz baa isf~ zi z`bz iccmgf~,

Ovwz nfci~f Emwxb~ jmfj! Wf}fjv Eièbj Bn`v Vnf}jb! bliz`f~ mlebzf! xbw himlh ci~ b nbz` bz

:te il Ova} 7, @f wbx Emwxb~ ìajmlh `mw g`fwz blj bnjiefl, X`fl bwkfj! Emwxb~ ziaj `me z`bz

Nvj`mkb blj zxi iz`f~ hvb~jw `bj bwwbvazfj `me! x`mg` gbvwfj `me wfsf~f tbml, Bn`v Vnf}jb

bjsmwfj `me zi hi zi z`f ìwtmzba, Il `mw xb} nbgk c~ie z`f nbz`! `f wbx z`bz Emwxb~ `bj cbaafl

jixl jfbj il z`f caii~,

X`fl z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil xbw mlmzmbzfj! Bn`v Vnf}jb zfwzmcmfj zi iccmgf~w c~ie z`f G~mef Wfgzmil ic

z`f Lfhieni Tiamgf wzbzmil bw zi x`bz `f `bj `fb~j c~ie Emwxb~, Nbwfj il `mw wzbzfeflz!

Lfhieni Tiamgf ziik z`f zxi obma hvb~jw! Xb~lbkvabwv~m}b Ai~fzi Ef~ma C~blgfw Aixf blj E,

Nvj`mkb Ob}bwblkb mlzi gvwzij} blj tvz z`fe il ~feblj,

Bczf~ ebkmlh `mw wzbzfeflz! zxi mlebzfw gbef! ziik `me nf`mlj Xb~j 22 blj t~fzfljfj zi `mz `me,

Z`f} jmj liz nfbz `me nvz tvw`fj `me wi z`bz `f cfaa jixl, @f xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f t~mwil ìwtmzba

nfgbvwf ic z`mw mlgmjflz, Z`f G`mfc Obmai~! Obhbz`! bwkfj Vnf}jb zi effz xmz` `me, Bczf~ `f xbw

jmwg`b~hfj c~ie z`f ìwtmzba! `f xflz zi `mw iccmgf, @f bwkfj rvfwzmilw bnivz z`mw mlgmjflz blj ebjf

lizfw nvz! xmzìvz Vnf}jb‐w wmhlbzv~f, X`maf Vnf}jb xbw ml z`f iccmgf! `f `fb~j wief iccmgf~w



>=6

ivzwmjf gbaamlh `mw lbef wb}mlh z`bz `f xbw h~blzfj nbma, Z`f g`mfc obmai~ ziaj `me! ‖]iv `bsf nffl

nbmafj ivz, Mz mw hiij ci~ baa ic vw z`bz }iv b~f afbsmlh, Mc }iv wzb} `f~f! xf eb} baa `bsf zi hi zi

t~mwil, Xf xmaa gief blj wff }iv bz ìef, M xmaa hmsf }iv ^w, 264!444 mc }iv ji liz eflzmil e}

lbef ml z`f mlgmjflz,– @ixfsf~! Vnf}jb jmj liz bggftz z`mw iccf~,

Bz b~ivlj =?:6te il Ova} 28! civ~ tf~wilw ml `faefzw gbef zi `mw ìvwf! zmfj `me zi z`f xmljix h~maaf blj nfbz `me xmz` b tiaf ci~ wief zmef, Z`f} xb~lfj `me liz zi gief ci~xb~j nfci~f z`f

giv~z bw b xmzlfww ml z`f gbwf ic Emwxb~, Bggi~jmlh zi Vnf}jb! `f ~fgihlmfj zxi ic z`fe bw z`f obma

hvb~jw! Tfm~mfw blj Obhbz`,

Xmz` ~fwtfgz zi z`f jfbz` ic Wf}liia Emwxb~! z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z `bw h~blzfj afbsf zi t~igffj xmz`

b cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw bttamgbzmil ml ~fwtfgz ic b~zmgafw 22! 2>! 27:- blj 28 ic z`f ggilwzmzvzmil Gbwf

Li, 7:>)>440-,

>:3, Wb~bz` Kveb~b Lbmjiw? Amcf ml jblhf~ bz Ei~bzvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil

Wb~bz` Kveb~b Lbmziw! bhfj 70 }fb~w! xbw b~~fwzfj il 6 Ova} >440 b~ivlj 2>,74te x`maf `f xbw

xi~kmlh bz Kfwbaxbzzb ml b ìvwf! ml Tblbjv~b, Z`f b~~fwz xbw gb~~mfj ivz n} iccmgf~w c~ie

Ei~bzvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f iccmgf~w gbef ml b z`~ff x`ffaf~ blj bz z`f eieflz ic b~~fwz wzb~zfj

bwwbvazmlh Wb~bz`, Z`f tabgf c~ie x`f~f Wb~bz` xbw b~~fwzfj mw vljf~ z`f ov~mwjmgzmil ic Tblbjv~b

Wivz` Kfwbaxbz`b- Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`mg` mw ivzwmjf z`f ov~mwjmgzmil ic z`f Ei~bzvxb tiamgf,

@ixfsf~! z`f b~~fwzmlh iccmgf~w xf~f c~ie z`f Ei~bzvxb tiamgf blj Wb~bz` xbw `faj bz z`bz wzbzmil,

Z`f baafhbzmil bhbmlwz Wb~bz` xbw z`fcz! x`mg` `f `bw jflmfj, X`fl z`f tiamgf xf~f bwwbvazmlh `me

z`f} jfebljfj z`bz `f ~fzv~l wief b~zmgafw x`mg` z`f tiamgf bggvwfj `me ic wzfbamlh, Wb~bz` jflmfj

z`f g`b~hf, ^ft~fwflzbzmilw xf~f ebjf zi z`f Ei~bzvxb tiamgf blj zi iz`f~ wvtf~mi~ tiamgf iccmgf~w;

ìxfsf~! Wb~bz` xbw lfmz`f~ t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f giv~z li~ ~fafbwfj,

Jvf zi ~ftfbzfj bwwbvazw Wb~bz` aiwz gilz~ia ic `mw nixfa eisfeflzw, Z`f~f xbw h~bsf gilgf~l z`bz

`f givaj jmf c~ie `mw mlov~mfw,

Jfwtmzf z`f gbwf nfmlh ~fti~zfj zi z`f BWT ic Ei~bzvxb! li flrvm~} i~ bl} bgzmil `bj zbkfl tabgf,

>:8, J, L, Lmeba blj ^blomz`? B~~fwzfj blj bwwbvazfj ci~ `fatmlh b cfebaf wzvjflz xì cfaa

jixl

J, L, Lmeba blj ^blomz` xf~f xi~kmlh ml @benblzizb! Hblli~vxb Wgìia, Lmeba mw z`f t~mlgmtba

blj ^blomz` xbw b zfbg`f~ ml z`f wgìia, Il z`f ei~lmlh il 8 Ova} >440! J, L, Lmeba blj ^blomz`

gbef zi wgìia blj inwf~sfj z`bz z`f eboi~mz} ic g`maj~fl xf~f bnwflz, Ila} zxi zfbg`f~w ~fti~zfj

zi z`f iccmgf ic z`f wgìia x`maf z`f ~fwz ic z`f zfbg`f~w `bj liz b~~msfj, Z`f cfx g`maj~fl xì gbef

zi z`f wgìia xf~f zbkfl nbgk zi z`fm~ ìefw n} z`fm~ tb~flzw,



>=3

Il z`f wbef jb}! b gbetbmhl xbw himlh zi nf `faj bz @benblzizb zixl bwkmlh ci~ b nvw c~ie z`f

bvzì~mzmfw ci~ tfitaf zi z~bsfa zi z`fm~ xi~kmlh tabgfw blj ci~ g`maj~fl zi hi zi wgìia, Baa ic z`fe

`bsf li gìmgf nvz zi xbak ci~ ailh jmwzblgfw jvf zi z`f bnwflgf ic b nvw amlf ml z`f smaabhf,

T~mlgmtaf Lmeba zìvh`z z`bz z`f g`maj~fl emh`z `bsf tb~zmgmtbzfj ml z`f gbetbmhl, @f xflz zi

~fti~z z`f wmzvbzmil zi z`f t~ismlgmba fjvgbzmil iccmgf xmz` zxi zfbg`f~w blj wief ic z`f tb~flzw,

Jvf zi z`f abgk ic b sf`mgaf! z`f t~mlgmtba ~ijf b nmg}gaf nfailhmlh zi ^blomz`! xì xbw bnivz ziafbsf ci~ @benblzizb zixl il b t~msbzf ebzzf~! blj iz`f~ tfitaf wzb~zfj zi xbak zixb~j z`f zixl,

X`maf Lmeba blj ^blomz` xf~f il z`f xb} zi z`f zixl! z`f} wbx tfitaf xf~f zbkmlh tb~z ml z`f

gbetbmhl, Z`f} wbx ebl} ic z`f g`maj~fl ic Hblli~vxb Wgìia bggietbl}mlh z`fm~ tb~flzw, Bz

z`bz zmef z`f gbetbmhlf~w xf~f bz Wm~mnitv~b Ovlgzmil blj z`f} xf~f xbakmlh zi z`f zixl, Wief

tiamgf iccmgf~w xf~f bawi bz z`f ovlgzmil mlwtfgzmlh z`f gbetbmhl,

T~mlgmtba Lmeba blj zfbg`f~ ^blomz` wzittfj z`f nmg}gaf blj wzb}fj bz z`f ovlgzmil! aiikmlh bz z`f

g`maj~fl ic Hblli~vxb Wgìia, Wvjjfla} z`f} `fb~j b nmh limwf blj wbx b cfebaf wzvjflz ic z`f

wgìia }faa blj cbaa jixl, Z`f} abzf~ gbef zi klix z`f limwf xbw b hvlwìz zi g`bwf bxb} faft`blzwjfwz~i}mlh g~itw,- ^blomz` ~vw`fj zi z`f wzvjflz blj nflz jixl zi tmgk `f~ vt, Bz z`bz zmef!

Kbamlhb! @RM bzzbg`fj zi @benblzizb Tiamgf wzbzmil gbef zi ^blomz` blj bwwbvazfj `me, @f bawi

wgiajfj ^blomz` ml nbj xi~jw, Wief tiamgf iccmgf~w xì gbef xmz` z`f @RM bawi bwwbvazfj `me xmz`

nbzilw,

Wffmlh z`f bwwbvaz! g`maj~fl z~mfj zi wbsf ^blomz` nvz z`f tiamgf g`bwfj z`fe bxb} blj tvw`fj `me zi

b tiamgf offt, Z`f~f xf~f bliz`f~ fafsfl tfitaf ml z`f offt, X`fl tiamgf bzzfetzfj zi bwwbvaz

^blomz` bhbml ml z`f offt! iz`f~ b~~fwzfj tf~wilw t~fsflzfj z`f bwwbvaz, Z`f tiamgf ziik z`fe zi z`f

Tiamgf wzbzmil blj tvz z`fe mlzi b gfaa, X`maf z`f tfitaf xf~f ml z`f gfaa! z`f @RM blj iz`f~ tiamgf

iccmgf~w wgiajfj bz z`fe vwmlh civa ablhvbhf,

Efblx`maf! Lmeba blj fmh`z tb~flzw xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj bwkfj ci~ z`f ~fafbwf ic z`f

b~~fwzffw, @ixfsf~! @RM Kbamlhb wgiajfj z`fe, T~mlgmtba Lmeba xbw sf~} bw`befj ml c~ilz ic

tb~flzw, Wief tb~flzw xf~f bc~bmj ic z`f @RM blj afcz nvz t~mlgmtba Lmeba blj zxi tfitaf

~febmlfj, Z`fl! @RM Kbamlhb i~jf~fj bl WM zi tvz t~mlgmtba Lmeba blj iz`f~ zxi tb~flzw mlzi b

tiamgf offt wb}mlh! ‖Xf xblz }iv zi gafbl wief ~vnnmw` il z`f ~ibjw, ]iv hfz ~fbj} zi nf ~ibj

gafblf~w,– Iccmgf~w tvz z`fe mlzi z`f offt blj ziik z`fe b~ivlj z`f smaabhf! gilwzblza} wgiajfj

z`fe, Abzf~! z`f} j~ittfj z`fe bz Hblli~vxb Wgìia,

Efblx`maf! ^blomz` blj bliz`f~ fafsfl tfitaf wzb}fj ml z`f gfaa c~ie 24?74be zi 3te, Z`fl! @RM

Kbamlhb ziik z`fe zi b ebhmwz~bzf blj wvnemzzfj b ~fti~z wb}mlh z`bz ^blomz` blj bliz`f~ zxitfitaf xf~f giljvgzmlh b gbetbmhl bz z`f Wm~mnitv~b Ovlgzmil blj `bj niz`f~fj tbwwflhf~w ml z`f

~ibj x`mg` gbvwfj z~bccmg gilhfwzmil! mlgavjmlh benvablgfw zbkmlh mlov~fj wiajmf~w zi ìwtmzba, Ml

~fwtilwf! z`f ebhmwz~bzf wbmj z`bz z`f bggvwfj `bj liz jilf bl}z`mlh x~ilh, @ixfsf~! x`fl z`f

bggvwfj bwkfj ci~ ~fafbwf il nbma! z`f @RM jmj liz baaix mz, Z`f @RM gabmefj z`bz z`f tiamgf xblzfj

zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`fe blj kfft z`fe bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil ci~ b cv~z`f~ aflhz` ic zmef, Cmlbaa}! z`f

ebhmwz~bzf baaixfj z`f tiamgf zi kfft z`fe ci~ cv~z`f~ mlsfwzmhbzmil, Z`f bggvwfj xf~f kftz ml tiamgf



>=8

gvwzij} ci~ zxi jb}w blj ~fafbwfj il nbma il Ova} 0 bczf~ tb}mlh ^w, 244!444 ml zizba blj nfmlh bwkfj

zi hi zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil ci~ wmhlbzv~fw fsf~} Wvljb}, Z`f @RM Kbamlhb baafhfja} z`~fbzflfj

^blomz` blj Lmeba z`bz z`f} xivaj nf jmwemwwfj c~ie z`fm~ oinw, @f ziaj z`bz `f xivaj mlci~e z`f

fjvgbzmil emlmwz~} z`bz z`f} i~hblmwfj z`f gbetbmhl blj `bj nf`bsfj nbja}, @f bawi wbmj z`bz `f

xivaj mlci~e z`mw zi z`f MHT,

>:0, Sfav Jflb Jb}babl! Sfaveebmave Kbebaz`bwbl? B~nmz~b~} b~~fwz blj jfzflzmil

Gbwf 2? Sfav Jflb Jb}babl bhfj >3- mw b ~fwmjflz ic Obcclb! W~m Ablkb, Ml Bt~ma! >440! `f oiv~lf}fj

zi Kblj} zi btta} ci~ b tbwwti~z blj wzb}fj xmz` `mw wzftwmwzf~! Sfavkbab}msblm,Cfb~mlh bnjvgzmil n}

z`f Amnf~bzmil Zmhf~w ic Zbema Ffabe AZZF-! `f jfgmjfj zi ~febml ml Kblj} vlzma z`f bvzì~mzmfw

btt~isfj `mw tbwwti~z bttamgbzmil blj `f givaj afbsf z`f givlz~}, @ixfsf~! il 0 Ova} >440! wief

iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Kblj} Tiamgf Zf~~i~mwz Mlsfwzmhbzmil Jftb~zeflz ZMJ-! ml xfb~mlh gmsmambl

gaiz`fw b~~msfj bz `mw wmwzf~(w ìvwf ml z`f @blzblb jmwz~mgz, Z`f} bwkfj Jb}babl zi bggietbl} z`fe

zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil zi ebkf b wzbzfeflz, Bz z`f wzbzmil! `f xbw b~~fwzfj blj `faj ml gvwzij},

Sfavkbab}msblm xbw bawi rvfwzmilfj ci~ z`~ff jb}w,Ba~fbj} z`~ff eilz`w `bsf tbwwfj wmlgf `mw

mlgb~gf~bzmil blj Jb}babl `bw lfsf~ nffl t~ijvgfj nfci~f giv~z, Lfmz`f~ `f li~ `mw cbema} `bw nffl

ziaj vljf~ x`bz g`b~hfw `f mw nfmlh `faj! i~ x`} `f mw ml gvwzij}, Z`f tiamgf `bsf baaixfj `mw wmwzf~

blj `f~ cbema} zi smwmz `me zxmgf b xffk! nvz z`f} eb} ila} wtfbk zi `me ml z`f t~fwflgf ic tiamgf

iccmgf~w blj ml Wml`bafwf! b ablhvbhf Jb}babl(w wmwzf~ gblliz wtfbk, Z`vw! z`f} `bsf li xb} zi

bwgf~zbml z`f z~vz` ic `mw wmzvbzmil! x`fz`f~ `f `bw nffl zi~zv~fj! i~ ìx `f mw nfmlh z~fbzfj, Z`f

tiamgf! ei~fisf~! b~f gb~fcvaa} lizmlh blj wg~vzmlmmlh bl} smwmzi~w blj! z`vw! `mw wmwzf~ cfb~w himlh zi

z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil zi wff `me,

Gbwf >? Z`f Lfhieni tiamgf b~~fwzfj Sfaveebmave Kbebaz`bwbl! b efenf~ ic Wigmbamwz Frvbamz} Tb~z} WFT- blj `mw n~iz`f~%ml%abx Wblz`m~bamlhbe il Wftzfenf~ 26 bw z`f} xf~f t~ftb~mlh zi z~bsfa

zi Giaieni n} nvw, Z`f} xf~f i~jf~fj ivz ic z`f nvw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! jfwtmzf

`bsmlh t~ijvgfj tiamgf ~fhmwz~bzmil jigveflzw zi sf~mc} z`fm~ mjflzmz},Jv~mlh z`fm~ jfzflzmil ml z`f

tiamgf gvwzij}! z`f tiamgf ~fcvwfj zi ~fafbwf z`fe z`fm~ gabmemlh z`bz cv~z`f~ mlrvm~mfw mlzi z`fm~

tiwwmnaf gillfgzmil zi z`f AZZF xbw lfgfwwb~},

@ixfsf~! z`f tiamgf cbmafj zi t~ismjf gilg~fzf fsmjflgf z`bz wvtti~z ~fbwilbnaf h~ivljw ci~ z`fm~

b~~fwz blj cbmafj zi wìx z`f jfzflzmil i~jf~ ci~ z`f zxi efl,E~, Wiebwm~m Am}blbhf! Lfhieni

@fbj Rvb~zf~w Mlwtfgzi~ gabmefj il Wftzfenf~ >2 z`bz z`f tiamgf `bj inzbmlfj b z`~ff%eilz`

jfzflzmil i~jf~ ci~ z`f zxi efl nvz x`fl nfmlh bwkfj! z`f tiamgf cbmafj zi t~fwflz z`f i~jf~, Tiamgf~fafbwfj z`f zxi efl il Wftzfenf~ >7 bw mlsfwzmhbzmilw `bj nffl gietafzfj blj li fsmjflgf ic

.wvwtmgmivw bgzmsmzmfw. `bj nffl civlj,

>:=, N, Wvefj`b? Lfx zfg`lmrvf zi metfjf mlsfwzmhbzmil mlzi gbwfw ic zi~zv~f blj cbawf

g`b~hfw

Nbwfj il z`f zfwzmeil} ic Ob}blz`m ^be}babz`b xmcf blj eiz`f~ ic z`f smgzmew-



>=0

Bz bnivz 22te il 22 Ova} >440! b h~ivt ic b~efj tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi Kv~vlfhbab Tiamgf

wzbzmil nblhfj il z`f jii~ ic z`f ìvwf ic N, Wvefj`b, X`fl Wvefj`b(w 2:%}fb~%iaj wil Wblob}b

itflfj z`f jii~! civ~ iccmgf~w flzf~fj z`f ìvwf, Z`f} gvccfj Wvefj`b blj wfb~g`fj z`f flzm~f

ìvwf xmzìvz bl} xb~~blz i~ lizmgf, Z`f} jvh vt z`f flzm~f caii~ xmz` bl bpf ci~ bnivz 74 emlvzfw

blj afcz zbkmlh Wvefj`b blj Wblob}b zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,Il 2> Ova} bz 0?74be! Ob}blz`m! Wvefj`b(w

xmcf xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f w`f wbx `f~ `vwnblj! nvz xbw liz baaixfj zi wtfbk zi `me,W`f z`fl bwkfj iccmgf~w zi wff `f~ wil,

Z`f} ziaj `f~ zi hi zi z`f cm~wz caii~ ic z`f nvmajmlh blj z`f~f w`f wbx `f~ wil Wblob}b wmzzmlh il b

nflg`! `mw cbgf xbw wxiaafl, Z`f eiz`f~ bwkfj z`f ni} x`bz `bj `bttflfj `f ziaj `f~ z`bz `f `bj

nffl nfbzfl n} b tiamgf iccmgf~! G`bllb Bnf}~bz`lb! xì mlzf~~ihbzfj `me bnivz b z`fcz, Wblob}b

mlmzmbaa} jflmfj bl} tb~z ml z`f ebzzf~ nvz bczf~ nfmlh nfbzfl! `f gilcfwwfj `mw mlsiasfeflz,Bczf~ z`mw!

Ob}blz`m ziaj z`f iccmgf~w z`bz z`f} xf~f liz mlsiasfj ml bl} z`fczw nvz z`f iccmgf~ ziaj `f~ z`bz

Wblob}b `bj ba~fbj} gilcfwwfj z`bz `f `bj n~ikfl mlzi b ìvwf,

X`fl Ob}blz`m bwkfj `f~ wil x`} `f wbmj wi! `f wbmj z`bz `f xbw wgb~fj z`bz z`f iccmgf~w xivajgilzmlvf zi nfbz `me, Bczf~ z`bz! w`f xflz jixlwzbm~w zi effz iccmgf~ G`bllb! xì bwkfj Ob}blz`m zi

zfaa z`f z~vz` bnivz z`f mlgmjflz, W`f bhbml jflmfj mlsiasfeflz ml b z`fcz, Z`f iccmgf~ z`fl wìvzfj

blj wgiajfj `f~ vwmlh civa ablhvbhf,

Bl iccmgf~ gbef zi `f~ blj bwkfj x`fz`f~ z`f} `bj tbxlfj z`f wziafl hiijw, X`fl Ob}blz`m jflmfj

wvg` bl bgzmil! z`f iccmgf~ z`~fbzflfj `f~ blj jfebljfj zi wff `f~ Lbzmilba Mjflzmz} Gb~j, Z`f

iccmgf~ z`fl ziik z`f gb~j zihfz`f~ xmz` `f~ tbwwti~z,Bz 0?74be il Ova} 27! Ob}blz`m bhbml xflz z`f

Tiamgf wzbzmil zi wff `f~ `vwnblj blj wil, Il z`mw iggbwmil z`f tiamgf ziaj `f~ liz zi gief bhbml zi

z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil nfci~f Ova} 20, Il Ova} 2:! Wvefj`b(w zxi n~iz`f~w N, Wb~bz` blj N, Lm`ba xflz zi

z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Wblob}b ziaj z`fe z`bz `mw `bljw xf~f zmfj nf`mlj `mw nbgk blj z`bz `f `bj nffl

`vlh blj nfbzfl vt ci~ zxi jb}w, Ob}blz`m bawi wbx z`f eb~kw il `mw `bljw,

Z`f} xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil bhbml il Ova} 23 blj 28, Wvefj`b ziaj z`fe z`bz z`f tiamgf `bj wbmj

z`bz vlafww `f ~fsfbafj z`f tabgf x`f~f z`f} `bj `mjjfl z`f wziafl ofxfa~}! z`f} xivaj nf kmaafj, Zi

bsimj z`f gilzmlvivw nfbzmlhw! Wvefj`b ziaj z`f tiamgf z`bz `f `bj hmsfl z`f ofxfa~} zi `mw wmwzf~(w

jbvh`zf~w, @fb~mlh z`mw! Wvefj`b(w wmwzf~ N, Ebaamkb blj `f~ wil%ml%abx Kbeba xflz zi z`f Tiamgf

wzbzmil x`f~f Kbeba xbw t~ietza} ~febljfj ci~ bnivz `bac bl ìv~ nfci~f nfmlh ~fafbwfj,

Il Ova} 20! Ob}blz`m blj N, Ebaamkb xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil nvz xf~f ziaj zi afbsf,

Il z`f wbef jb}! z`f} xflz zi z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil N~blg` iccmgf ml Kv~vlfhbab blj

aijhfj b gietabmlz Li, @^G 7088)>440-, X`fl z`f} xflz mlci~efj wzbcc bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil

z`fe z`bz z`f} `bj ~fti~zfj z`mw zi z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil N~blg` iccmgf! bl iccmgf~ wgiajfj

z`fe blj z`~fbzflfj z`fe zi xmz`j~bx z`f gietabmlz, Ob}blz`m wvnwfrvflza} ebjf b x~mzzfl

gietabmlz ic z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf,

Il Ova} 2=! iccmgf~w ziik Wblob}b zi z`f ìwtmzba blj bawi zi z`f bjjmzmilba ebhmwz~bzfw, Wblob}b xbw

~fafbwfj il nbma nvz Wvefj`b xbw g`b~hfj xmz` z`fcz ic z`f ofxfa~} blj ~febljfj, Gbwfw bhbmlwz



744

>62, Wb~bz` Kveb~b? Bwwbvazfj ci~ isf~zbkmlh b tiamgf gbn

Il 20 Bvhvwz >440! Wb~bz` Kveb~b! b tiamgf j~msf~ bzzbg`fj zi Blhvlvkiabtfafwwb Tiamgf wzbzmil

xbw ~fzv~lmlh zi Blhvlvkiabtfafwwb bczf~ gietafzmlh `mw ziv~ ic jvz} bz z`f Fwbab Tf~b`f~b ml

Kblj}, @f afcz Kblj} bz bnivz =?74be! j~msmlh bailh z`f ^bzlbtv~b Fenmamtmzm}b ~ibj ml Tiamgf Gbn

Amgflwf Li, XT AC 43=:, Ml z`f gbn xf~f Whz @feblz`b ic @iilhbeb Tiamgf blj `f~ `vwnblj! TG Xmofwfkb~b Li, >0===- ic Benbablzìzb Tiamgf blj z`fm~ 24 }fb~%iaj wil blj TG Ebamljb Li,

34808-! TG Lbabkb Li, 34362- blj TG Nihb`bxbzzf Li, 34006- c~ie Benbablzìzb Tiamgf,

Fl~ivzf bz @mjjbaablb! ^bzlbtv~b! Wb~bz` isf~ziik bliz`f~ tiamgf gbn, Z`mw tiamgf gbn z`fl isf~

ziik Wb~bz`‐w gbn, Bhbml Wb~bz` isf~ziik z`f iz`f~ gbn, Blj bhbml Wb~bz` xbw isf~zbkfl, Z`fl z`f

iz`f~ gbn nafx `mw ì~l blj wmhlbaafj ci~ Wb~bz` zi wzit `mw gbn, Wb~bz` wzittfj, Mz xbw bnivz :te,

Bl @RM! MT! wf~hfblz blj gilwzbnaf bamh`zfj c~ie z`f iz`f~ gbn blj gbef vt zi Wb~bz`‐w gbn, Z`f}

~feisfj z`f kf} c~ie z`f mhlmzmil! itflfj z`f gbn jii~! tvaafj Wb~bz` ivz ic z`f gbn blj wzb~zfj zi

bwwbvaz `me! baa z`f x`maf ~ft~mebljmlh `me `b~wà} vwmlh civa ablhvbhf, Baa ic z`f civ~ iccmgf~w

oimlfj ml z`f bwwbvaz x`mg` ziik tabgf il z`f ebml ~ibj blj xmzlfwwfj n} i~jmlb~} gmsmambl

ilaiikf~w, Wb~bz` xbw hmsfl li itti~zvlmz} zi bwk z`f ~fbwil ci~ z`mw bwwbvaz,

Z`f @RM bwwbvazfj TG Lbabkb zii! xì xbw ml Wb~bz`‐w gbn, Bczf~ z`bz z`f} ziik Wb~bz` blj z`f

iz`f~w zi z`f ^bzlbtv~b Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f~f! z`f} xf~f bhbml bwwbvazfj! z`mw zmef ml c~ilz ic iz`f~

tiamgf iccmgf~w, Z`f mlwtfgzi~ `faj Wb~bz` n} z`f lfgk blj tvw`fj `me mlzi b tiamgf gfaa! klixmlh cvaa

xfaa z`bz Wb~bz` blj Lbabkb xf~f tiamgf iccmgf~w, Z`f iz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~w xì z~bsfaafj ml Wb~bz`‐w

gbn wbx baa z`fwf z`mlhw blj wvnemzzfj x~mzzfl wzbzfeflzw bnivz z`f mlgmjflz,

Bczf~ bnivz bl ìv~%blj%b%`bac! z`f mlwtfgzi~ xì bwwbvazfj Wb~bz` ziik `me blj Lbabkb ml `mw gbn

zi b t~msbzf lv~wmlh ìef, Z`f mlwtfgzi~ ziaj z`fe zi wzb} ivzwmjf blj xflz mlwmjf zi effz b jigzi~klixl bw Jftvz} Efjmgba Iccmgf~ Bz`vab ^bzlbxff~b, Bczf~ bnivz cmsf emlvzfw `f gbef nbgk blj

ziaj Wb~bz` blj Lbabkb zi hi mlwmjf blj wff z`f jigzi~, Z`f jigzi~ bwkfj Wb~bz` x`fz`f~ i~ liz `f

xbw bl bagiìamg, Wb~bz` ziaj z`f jigzi~ `f `bj liz zbkfl bl} bagiìa, Wb~bz` ziaj `me z`bz z`f} `bj

nffl bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf, Z`f jigzi~ ìxfsf~! mlci~efj `me z`bz z`f~f xf~f li smwmnaf wmhlw ic

mlov~mfw ic z`f bwwbvaz il z`fe, Bz z`mw Wb~bz` mlci~efj `me z`bz `f xbw fptf~mflgmlh wfsf~f tbml ml

`mw fb~! lfgk! `fbj blj nbgk x`f~f `f `bj nffl nfbzfl, Zbkmlh li lizmgf! z`f jigzi~ hiz Wb~bz` zi

wmhl b jigveflz, Wb~bz` blj Lbabkb `bsmlh li tixf~ isf~ z`mw wmzvbzmil xf~f `fatafww blj wmhlfj

z`f jigveflz! liz mlci~emlh `me ic x`bz z`f jigveflz gilzbmlfj,

Bz bnivz =te il z`f wbef jb}! z`f ^bzlbtv~b Tiamgf ebjf bl flz~} ml z`f tiamgf niik! wb}mlh z`bz

Wb~bz` blj Lbabkb xf~f n~vzbaa} bwwbvazfj blj hiz Wb~bz` zi wmhl mz, @f xbw z`fl bwkfj zi ~fti~z zi

z`f giv~z il >6 Bvhvwz >440, Bz bnivz 22te Wb~bz` blj Lbabkb xf~f nbmafj ivz n} Tiamgf Xiebl

Wf~hfblz @feblz`b Li, 233:- xì wmhlfj ci~ z`f nbma, Z`bz lmh`z Wb~bz`‐w h~ivt wzb}fj bz z`f

ìef ic ilf ic Wb~bz`‐w c~mfljw blj gilzmlvfj z`fm~ oiv~lf} z`f ciaaixmlh ei~lmlh bz bnivz 6be,

Nbgk ìef Wb~bz` ebjf b wzbzfeflz ~fhb~jmlh z`f mlgmjflz bz z`f Kvzzmhbab Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f Whz

Xmawil Li, 2>:88- ~fgi~jfj mz blj hbsf b ovjmgmba efjmgba ci~e zi z`f jigzi~ zi cmaa ivz, Bz z`f



74>

klffw! fanixw blj z`f wiafw ic z`f cffz, Z`fl! z`f IMG wbmj! ‖Z`mw mw liz flivh`, @blh `me,– Z`fl!

Jbwbl xbw namljciajfj blj `mw eivz` xbw gisf~fj xmz` b tmfgf ic gaiz` zi t~fsflz `me wìvzmlh,

@mw gaiz`fw xf~f ~feisfj, Z`f iccmgf~w zmfj `mw `bljw nf`mljxmz` b tmfgf ic gaiz` blj z`f zmfj b

~itf zi z`f gaiz`,

Z`f} tvz z`f flj ic z`f ~itf isf~ z`f nfbe ic z`f ~iic blj tvaafj il mz wi z`bz `mw nij} xbwwvwtfljfj, X`fl `f xbw `vlh! bl iccmgf~ `mz `mw `fbj xmz` b ìwf, Z`mw abwzfj ci~ bnivz ilf blj

`bac ìv~w, @f xbw baeiwz vlgilwgmivw x`fl `f xbw n~ivh`z jixl, X`fl `f xbw zbkfl jixl! `f

xbw bwkfj zi amf jixl blj bl m~il nb~ xbw tabgfj il `mw afhw blj zxi tiamgf gilwzbnafw wziij il

fbg` wmjf ic z`f nb~ x`mg` gbvwfj wfsf~f tbml, Iccmgf~w wbmj! ‖mc }iv `bsf li eilf}! xf xmaa hfz

wief c~ie }iv~ lfmh`niv~w! nvz `blj isf~ z`fm~ ofxfaaf~}–, Z`fl! `f xbw n~ivh`z nbgk zi z`f

h~ivlj caii~ blj `mw afhw xf~f g`bmlfj, @f xbw gblfj il z`f ciaaixmlh jb},

Ml z`f ei~lmlh il Bvhvwz >3! tiamgf ~fgi~jfj `mw wzbzfeflz blj bwkfj `me zi wmhl mz, @f xbw

n~ivh`z nfci~f z`f Hbetb`b Ebhmwz~bzf bz liil, Z`f Tiamgf gabmefj z`bz z`f mlrvm~} xbw liz isf~

nvz Jbwbl xbw h~blzfj nbma ic ^w, 244!444 blj z`f jb} ic z`f z~mba xbw cmpfj ci~ 7 Lisfenf~ >440,

Il Bvhvwz >8! Jbwbl xflz zi b t~msbzf jigzi~ ci~ efjmgbzmil, Bw `mw tbml gilzmlvfj! `f xbw

bjemzzfj zi Xb~bkbtiab @iwtmzba c~ie Wftzfenf~ 2 zi 7 x`f~f `f ziaj b jigzi~ x`bz `bj `bttflfj

zi `me ml z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f jigzi~ mlci~efj z`mw zi z`f Jbjmhbeb Tiamgf blj bl iccmgf~ ziik

jixl `mw wzbzfeflz,

>67, T~bwblz`b T~bjfft Kveb~b C~blgmw? ‑Xf klix ìx zi fpz~bgz mlci~ebzmil c~ie }iv―

Il >2 Bvhvwz >440 bz bnivz =be T~bwblz`b T~bjfft Kveb~b C~blgmw xflz zi z`f Tblbjv~b Wivz`

Tiamgf wzbzmil zi hfz b gf~zmcmfj git} ic b gietabmlz `f `bj ebjf il 20 Bvhvwz >440 xmz` ~fhb~j zi

z`f aiww ic `mw lbzmilba MJ gb~j,

Bw T~bwblz`b xbw afbsmlh z`f t~femwfw bczf~ inzbmlmlh z`f gf~zmcmgbzf! b tiamgf iccmgf~ j~fwwfj ml

gmsmambl gaiz`fw bwkfj `me mc `f xbw bawi klixl n} z`f lbef ic Gìiz} i~ Tbzz}, T~bwblz`b wbmj `f

`bj li iz`f~ lbefw, Z`f iccmgf~ z`fl ziaj `me z`bz `f xblzfj zi ~fgi~j b wzbzfeflz c~ie `me blj

ziik `me zi z`f G~mefw N~blg` ml z`f wzbzmil,

T~bwblz`b xbw ebjf zi wmz il b g`bm~ blj z`f iccmgf~ ml gmsmambl gaiz`mlh bwkfj `me x`} `f `bj gief

zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, T~bwblz`b wbmj z`bz `f `bj gief ~fhb~jmlh z`f gf~zmcmgbzf! wìxmlh `me z`f

jigveflz ml `mw `blj, Z`f~f xf~f bnivz : iz`f~ iccmgf~w bawi j~fwwfj ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw, Ilf ic z`ficcmgf~w z`fl bwkfj mc `f xbw bawi klixl bw z`f ‖nvz`b}b–! i~ hìwz9 @f bawi bwkfj T~bwblz`b mc `f

`bj b }ivlhf~ n~iz`f~ blj x`bz `f aiikfj amkf, T~bwblz`b z`fl jfwg~mnfj `mw }ivlhf~ n~iz`f~,

Bliz`f~ iccmgf~ z`fl bwkfj T~bwblz`b mc `f `bj wziafl bl} nmg}gafw blj z`bz mc `f wìxfj z`fe x`f~f

z`f} xf~f! z`f} xivaj liz `b~e `me, T~bwblz`b jflmfj `bsmlh wziafl bl} nmg}gafw, @f wbmj `f

xi~kfj bw bl fafgz~mgmbl, Z`f iccmgf~ z`fl wbmj z`bz mc `f xbw liz z`f ilf xì `bj wziafl z`f

nmg}gafw! z`fl mz evwz nf `mw n~iz`f~, @f bwkfj `me mc `mw n~iz`f~ xbw bz ìef, T~bwblz`b wbmj z`bz `f



747

jmj liz klix z`f x`f~fbnivzw ic `mw n~iz`f~, Z`f iccmgf~w z`fl gbaafj b tf~wil xì ~fti~zfj `mw

nmg}gaf wziafl, Z`f} t~fwflzfj T~bwblz`b zi `me blj bwkfj mc `f givaj mjflzmc} `me bw z`f z`mfc, Z`f

tf~wil wbmj z`bz z`f z`mfc aiikfj amkf T~bwblz`b nvz xbw jfcmlmzfa} liz `me,

Z`f iccmgf~w z`fl ziik T~bwblzb` zi `mw ìef, Z`f jii~ xbw gaiwfj blj z`f~f xbw li ilf ml z`f

ìvwf, Bczf~ fpbemlmlh z`f wv~~ivljmlh b~fb! z`f} xflz nbgk zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil zbkmlh T~bwblz`b xmz` z`fe,

T~bwblz`b xbw bhbml zbkfl zi z`f G~mefw N~blg` blj bwkfj mc `f klfx x`f~f `mw n~iz`f~ xbw,

T~bwblz`b bhbml wbmj z`bz `f xbw liz bxb~f ic z`f x`f~fbnivzw ic `mw n~iz`f~, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~w

wb}mlh ‖xf klix ìx zi fpz~bgz mlci~ebzmil c~ie }iv– ziik `me mlzi b `baa bjoimlmlh z`f G~mefw

N~blg`,

T~bwblz`b ~fgihlmfj z`mw bw bl iccmgf~w‐ ji~emzi~}! wmlgf z`f~f xf~f nvlk nfjw! eiwrvmzi lfzw!

gaiz`fw ~bgkw blj zxi zbnafw smwmnaf,

Z`f iccmgf~w z`fl wz~mttfj `me ic `mw w`m~z! z}mlh `mw `bljw ml c~ilz xmz` b navf gaiz`, Z`f} ebjf `mewmz il z`f caii~ xmz` `mw klffw `vlg`fj vt bhbmlwz `mw g`fwz blj tabgfj `mw `blj wzmaa zmfj b~ivlj

z`fe Z`fl z`f} tbwwfj bl m~il tiaf z`~ivh` `mw `bljw blj vljf~ `mw klffw, Ml z`mw ebllf~! z`f}

`vlh `me c~ie z`f m~il tiaf ~bmwmlh blj xfjhmlh mz nfzxffl zxi zbnafw z`f ‖J`b~eb g`bk~b– i~

‖X`ffa ic Abx–-, T~bwblz`b xbw z`vw `vlh vtwmjf jixl, Z`f iccmgf~ xì `bj zbkfl `me mlzi

gvwzij} z`fl nfbz `me xmz` b xiijfl tiaf, Fbg` zmef `f xbw `mz! z`f metbgz wxvlh T~bwblz`b‐w

nij} b~ivlj vlzma mz wzittfj xmz` `mw `fbj vtwmjf jixl, Ml z`mw tiwmzmil z`f iccmgf~w nfbz z`f wiafw

ic `mw cffz xmz` b tiaf, T~bwblz`b xbw zi~zv~fj ml z`mw ebllf~ ci~ bnivz ilf ìv~,

Z`fl z`f zi~zv~f xbw wzittfj, Z`f} tvaafj `mw `bljw zi `mw wmjfw! wvtti~zmlh `mw wtmlf blj ebkmlh

`me wzblj vt, Niz` `mw `bljw blj afhw xf~f lven nvz z`f iccmgf~w ebjf `me xbak nfci~f `f xbw tvzmlzi z`f gfaa, T~bwblz`b xbw hmsfl avlg` blj jmllf~ z`bz jb},

Il Bvhvwz >>! z`f iccmgf~ xì `bj zbkfl T~bwblz`b mlzi gvwzij} xbw xfb~mlh `mw vlmci~e nfb~mlh

Li, 2:>:2, Il z`mw jb} T~bwblz`b‐w eiz`f~ gbef nvz w`f xbw liz baaixfj zi wff `me, Z`f xìaf

jb} T~bwblz`b xbw kftz ml b gfaa blj hmsfl ~fhvab~ efbaw,

Bz liil il Bvhvwz >7! z`f iccmgf~ nfb~mlh mjflzmcmgbzmil Li, 2:>:2 ziik `me ivz ic z`f gfaa, @f

nfhbl bwwbvazmlh blj kmgkmlh `me bnivz z`f cbgf blj nij} nfci~f zbkmlh `me zi z`f G~mefw N~blg`,

Bhbml T~bwblz`b xbw bwkfj x`f~f `mw n~iz`f~ xbw, @f bhbml wbmj `f jmj liz klix z`f x`f~fbnivzw

ic `mw n~iz`f~, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~ wb}mlh ‖xf xmaa cmlj ivz– ziik `me zi z`f wbef `baa x`f~f `f `bjnffl zi~zv~fj t~fsmivwa}, Z`fl! `f xbw zi~zv~fj! nfbzfl isf~ z`f nij} blj wiafw n} z`f wbef iccmgf~,

Z`f iccmgf~ vwfj bliz`f~ efblw ic zi~zv~f, T~bwblz`b xbw wìxl wief ‘kig`g`m‐ g`maam- blj xbw ziaj

z`bz z`f ovmgf xbw himlh zi nf tvz mlzi `mw f}fw, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~ ebjf b xbj! x~bttmlh z`f g`maam ml b

gaiz`, @f z`fl wrvfffj z`f ovmgf mlzi T~bwblz`b‐w f}fw blj liwf, Z`mw xbw jilf x`maf T~bwblz`b wzmaa

`vlh vtwmjf jixl c~ie z`f m~il tiaf blj ml nfzxffl z`f zmef z`bz `f xbw bwwbvazfj xmz` z`f



74:

xiijfl tiaf, T~bwblz`b wg~fbefj ml tbml bwkmlh ci~ xbzf~, Z`mw abwzfj ci~ bnivz ilf ìv~ vlzma `f

aiwz gilwgmivwlfww,

T~bwblz`b xbw z`fl aixf~fj zi z`f caii~ blj amkf il z`f t~fsmivw jb} ebjf zi wzblj blj xbak,

T~bwblz`b givaj liz itfl `mw f}fw, Z`f tbml `f cfaz ml `mw nij} blj f}fw xbw wi wfsf~f! z`bz

T~bwblz`b xbw liz bxb~f ic x`bz `bttflfj bczf~ z`bz,

Nvz T~bwblz`b xbw bxb~f x`fl `f xbw zbkfl zi b xbw` ~iie x`f~f b zbt xbw itflfj blj `f xbw

ebjf zi wmz vljf~ mz blj ziaj zi nbz`f, T~bwblz`b wb}w `f wbz vljf~ z`f zbt ci~ bnivz 26 emlvzfw,

T~bwblz`b xbw z`fl ~fzv~lfj zi z`f G~mefw n~blg`! ebjf zi wmz il b g`bm~ `bljgvccfj zi z`f afh ic b

zbnaf, T~bwlz`b cfaz cbmlz blj `f xbw liz bxb~f ic x`bz `bttflfj bczf~ z`bz, @f sbhvfa} ~fefenf~w

`bsmlh fbzfl,

X`fl T~bwblz`b cvaa} ~fgisf~fj `mw wflwfw! mz xbw Bvhvwz >: blj `f xbw ml z`f tiamgf gfaa, @f xbw

z`fl t~fwflzfj nfci~f z`f Tblbjv~b Ebhmwz~bzf bz `mw iccmgmba nvlhbaix, Z`f ebhmwz~bzf jmj liz bwk

bl} rvfwzmilw blj T~bwblz`b xbw ~febljfj ml z`f Kbavzb~b T~mwil,

Il Bvhvwz >6! T~bwblz`b xbw b~~bmhlfj nfci~f z`f Tblbjv~b Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z, B g`b~hf `bj nffl

ebjf bhbmlwz `me ic wzfbamlh b nmg}gaf, Bl bzzi~lf}%bz%abx Bnf}wmlhf bttfb~fj ci~ T~bwblz`b, @f

mlci~efj z`f ebhmwz~bzf z`bz T~bwblz`b `bj nffl bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf blj z`bz `f lffjfj efjmgba

z~fbzeflz, Z`f ebhmwz~bzf h~blzfj nbma, @ixfsf~! wmlgf z`f~f xbw li ilf zi cv~lmw` nbma! T~bwlbz`b

xbw bhbml wflz nbgk zi t~mwil,

Il Bvhvwz >8! T~bwblz`b xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma, Z`f jbzf ic z`f lfpz b~~bmhleflz xbw wg`fjvafj ci~

Jfgfenf~ 26,

T~bwblz`b‐w eiz`f~ wflz b cbp! jbzfj Bvhvwz >>! zi z`f @^G! LTG! MHT blj WWT ic Tblbjv~b

gilgf~lmlh `mw tamh`z, T~bwblz`b wflz b x~mzzfl gietabmlz! jbzfj Bvhvwz >8! wfzzmlh ivz z`f jfzbmaw ic

`mw mlgmjflz zi z`f wbef tf~wilw,

>6:, Nvjj`mkb Eb`fw`? Kv~vxmzb tiamgf bwwbvaz il ~ibj

Il 72 Bvhvwz >440! x`maf 28%}fb~%iaj Nvjj`mkb Eb`fw` xbw bz ìef! `f xbw mlci~efj n} `mw

lfmh`niv~! Bemz`b! z`bz `mw fajf~ n~iz`f~! G`bemab Offsblz`b! xbw mlsiasfj ml b n~bxa bz z`f

Kv~vxmzb nvw wzit, G`bemab xbw ~fzv~lmlh ìef bczf~ b tb~z}, Vtil `fb~mlh z`mw! Nvjj`mkb xflz zi

z`f wtiz xmz` `mw }ivlhf~ n~iz`f~ Mwv~v blj eblbhfj zi hfz `mw n~iz`f~ ivz ic z`f cmh`z, Il z`fm~

xb} ìef! z`f} efz z`fm~ eiz`f~! Jil Z`fsf~fttf~veb Affabxbz`M

Bz 6?74te x`maf z`f} xf~f xbakmlh ìef! b offt c~ie z`f Kv~vxmzb Tiamgfwzbzmil gbef blj wzittfj

z`fe lfb~ Kv~vxmzb Ai~~} Tb~k, Ilf iccmgf~ lbefj Wvlma hiz ivz ic z`f offt blj zxi z~bccmg

eizi~g}gaf tiamgf jmweivlzfj, Xmzìvz xb~lmlh z`f z~bccmg iccmgf~ n~ikf b tiaf icc b cflgf blj

wzb~zfj zi bwwbvaz Nvjj`mkb! ebkmlh `me wmz il z`f h~ivlj x`maf gilzmlvmlh zi nfbz `me, Z`f eiz`f~

nfhhfj z`f iccmgf~ zi wzit z`f nfbzmlh, W`f wbmj `f~ wil `bj jilf liz`mlh x~ilh nvz wmeta} `bj



746

hilf zi n~mlh `mw n~iz`f~ ìef c~ie z`f nvw wzit, Nvjj`mkb bawi z~mfj zi fptabml `mw mlligflgf zi

z`f iccmgf~w, @ixfsf~! z`f tiamgf xivaj liz amwzfl, Z`f} gilzmlvfj z`f bwwbvaz, B g~ixj hbz`f~fj

blj xbw baaixfj zi xbzg` z`f wgflf,

Z`fl! iccmgf~ Wvlma tvw`fj Nvjj`mkb mlzi z`f offt, X`maf z`f eiz`f~ tafbjfj xmz` z`fe liz zi zbkf

`f~ wil! z`f iccmgf~ ci~gmna} tvw`fj `f~ bxb} wi z`bz w`f cfaa jixl mlzi b tiia ic evj il z`f ~ibj,@f z`fl j~bhhfj G`bemab blj tvz `me ml z`f offt zii, Z`f~f xf~f bnivz civ~ iccmgf~w ml z`f offt

x`mg` `bj mzw ixl j~msf~, Z`f} afcz xmzìvz hmsmlh bl} ~fbwil ci~ z`f b~~fwz,

Z`f eiz`f~ ciaaixfj z`f offt zi z`f Kv~vxmzb Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f w`f xbw ziaj n} iccmgf~ Wvlma z`bz

z`f ni}w `bj zi nf zfwzfj zi wff mc z`f} xf~f j~vlk, G`bemab blj Nvjj`mkb xf~f z`fl zbkfl zi z`f

^bzlbtv~b Hflf~ba @iwtmzba! x`f~f iccmgf~ Wvlma bwkfj b ìwtmzba bmj x`f~f b gf~zbml jigzi~ xbw bz

z`mw zmef, @f xbw ziaj z`bz z`f jigzi~ xbw bz b t~msbzf gamlmg ml Tfaebjvaab, Iccmgf~ Wvlma z`fl gbaafj

z`f jigzi~ il `mw einmaf tìlf blj ziaj z`f iz`f~ iccmgf~ z`bz z`f jigzi~ xivaj nf ml Tbaebjvaab

vlzma 24te,

Bz z`mw timlz! z`f ni}w xf~f zbkfl zi Tbaebjvaab zi b t~msbzf jmwtflwb~} gbaafj ‘Mlwzblz Efjmgb~f‐!

aigbzfj bz 7:! Ebml Wz~ffz, Z`f} efz J~, Kbeba Tbzzm}bxbzzfhf! z`f OEI ic z`f ^bzlbtv~b Hflf~ba

@iwtmzba, Iccmgf~ Wvlma efz xmz` z`f jigzi~ cm~wz blj abzf~ wflz z`f ni}w ml mljmsmjvbaa} zi nf

fpbemlfj n} `me,

J~, Kbeba Tbzzm}bxbzzfhf bwkfj Nvjj`mkb ìx evg` `f `bj j~vlk blj Nvjj`mkb ~ftamfj z`bz `f

`bj liz j~vlk bl}z`mlh nvz z`bz `f `bj nffl bwwbvazfj blj zbkfl mlzi gvwzij} x`fl `f xbw n~mlhmlh

`mw n~iz`f~ nbgk c~ie z`f nvw wzit, Z`fl! z`f jigzi~ x~izf vt `mw lizfw, Z`f ni}w xf~f zbkfl nbgk

zi z`f offt blj iccmgf~ Wvlma bhbml efz z`f jigzi~! Wvlma giemlh ivz ic z`f ~iie gb~~}mlh b tmfgf ic

tbtf~, Z`fl! z`f ni}w xf~f zbkfl nbgk zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj tvz ml b gfaa bz bnivz 24te,

Z`f eiz`f~ xbw ziaj zi n~mlh b c~fw` wfz ic gaiz`fw, X`maf z`f eiz`f~ xbw bnwflz! z`f ni}w xf~f

zbkfl ivz ic z`f gfaa blj ci~gfj n} iccmgf~ Wvlma zi wmhl vljf~ wiefz`mlh x~mzzfl ml b niik,

Nvjj`mkb bwkfj z`bz `f nf baaixfj zi ~fbj x`bz xbw x~mzzfl nvz xbw ~fcvwfj, Bz 22?:6te! z`f ni}w

xf~f ~fafbwfj il nbma blj ziaj zi bttfb~ ml z`f ^bzlbtv~b Ebhmwz~bzf ‐w Giv~z il Wftzfenf~ :,

Z`f} bttfb~fj ml giv~z blj xf~f g`b~hfj wftb~bzfa} xmz` nfmlh j~vlk blj jmwi~jf~a} nf`bsmiv~,

Fsfl zìvh` z`f eiz`f~ tbmj ^w, 644 zi z`f abx}f~ Kmz`wm~m B~bnbhfz`b~b zi bttfb~ ml giv~z il

nf`bac ic `f~ zxi wilw! z`f abx}f~ jmj liz bttfb~, Z`f giv~z bwkfj Nvjj`mkb mc `f tafbjfj hvmaz} i~

liz, @f xbw liz hmsfl b g`blgf zi blwxf~ nfgbvwf z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w j~bhhfj `me ivz ic z`f xmzlfww

nip ml z`f t~fwflgf ic z`f ovjhf, @ixfsf~! mz xbw ~fgi~jfj z`bz Nvjj`mkb tafbjfj hvmaz}, Niz` ni}w

xf~f fbg` cmlfj ^w, >644,

Il Wftzfenf~ 22! Nvjj`mkb wflz b x~mzzfl gietabmlz zi z`f @^G! LTG! MHT! WWT ic ^bzlbtv~b

blj Wfg~fzb~mfw ic z`f Nb~ Bwwigmbzmil blj Efjmgba Givlgma,

>66, Ebjvw`blm Wvnbwmlh`f? Ci~gfj zi wmhl jigveflz blj tvz cmlhf~t~mlzw zi nizzaf



743

Il 2 Wftzfenf~ >440! Ebjvw`blm Wvnbwmlh`f bhfj 23- xbw ~fzv~lmlh ìef c~ie `f~ bvlz‐w ìvwf

bz bnivz 8?74te, Ittiwmzf `f~ ìvwf! w`f wbx bl b~efj h~ivt ic iccmgf~w ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw, Ilf

iccmgf~ bwkfj `f~ x`f~f `f~ tb~flzw xf~f, Ebjvw`blm ziaj z`fe z`bz w`f xbw liz bxb~f! wmlgf w`f

`bj nffl bz wgìia z`f xìaf jb},

Ml ~fwtilwf! zxi iccmgf~w wvjjfla} bwwbvazfj Ebjvw`blm il `f~ z`mh`w blj `bljw blj kftz ilz`~fbzflmlh blj bwkmlh `f~ tb~flz‐w x`f~fbnivzw, X`fl Ebjvw`blm z~mfj zi bsimj z`f nfbzmlh n}

gisf~mlh `f~wfac xmz` z`f `bljw w`f hiz b wfsf~f naix zi `f~ `blj blj w`f cbmlzfj,

Abzf~ il w`f gbef zi klix z`bz ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w xì `bj bwwbvazfj `f~ xbw lbefj Nblbjb~b, Z`f

iccmgf~w z`fl ci~gfj `f~ mlzi z`f tiamgf offt bailh xmz` `f~ wmwzf~ Wvnbj~mkb G`blj~bwblm Wvnbwmlh`f

blj `f~ zxi g`maj~fl,

Bw b ~fwvaz ic z`f bwwbvaz Ebjvw`blm‐w niz` `bljw nfgbef lven blj w`f gietabmlfj ic b wfsf~f

tbml ml `f~ g`fwz, Ebjvw`blm xbw cffamlh wi maa z`bz w`f `bj zi amf jixl il `f~ wmwzf~‐w abt, Z`f

iccmgf~w xì `fb~j `f~ gietabmlzw jmj liz bcci~j `f~ bl} gieci~z i~ efjmgba fpbemlbzmil i~

z~fbzeflz! z`f} ziaj `f~ z`bz w`f xbw ebkmlh mz baa vt, Ebjvw`blm! `f~ wmwzf~ blj z`f zxi g`maj~fl

xf~f z`fl nffl zbkfl zi b ~iie nf`mlj Benbablzìzb Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Bz bnivz 0?74te! zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w zmfj zxi tmfgfw ic xiijfl ~ijw%%b kmlj ic lbzmsf z~fbzeflz il

zi Ebjvw`blm‐w `bljw xmz` b tmfgf ic iaj gaiz`! z`mlkmlh z`bz z`f} xf~f n~ikfl, Bz bnivz 0?:4 te bl

iccmgf~ n~ivh`z b xiebl zi wzb} xmz` z`fe ml z`f ~iie, Z`bz lmh`z Ebjvw`blm! `f~ wmwzf~ blj z`f

zxi g`maj~fl xf~f ziaj zi wzb} ml z`f ~iie zmaa ei~lmlh, Z`f} xf~f liz hmsfl bl}z`mlh zi fbz z`bz

lmh`z blj xf~f ziaj liz zi afbsf z`f ~iie,

Bz bnivz 3be il Wftzfenf~ >! Ebjvw`blm‐w wmwzf~ ~feisfj z`f xiijfl ~ijw c~ie `f~ `bljw bw

Ebjvw`blm‐w `bljw xf~f wi~f blj w`f xbw ml tbml, Bczf~ z`bz iccmgf~ Nbljb~b `bj gief blj bwkfjz`fe x`} z`f} ~feisfj z`f xiijfl ~ijw, Z`fl! z`f} xf~f zbkfl ivz c~ie z`f ~iie blj ebjf zi wmz

il b nflg` zmaa :te,

Efblzmef! bz 2te! z`f} xf~f ci~gfj zi wmhl wief tbtf~w xìwf gilzflzw xf~f liz klixl zi z`fe,

Z`fl! Nbljb~b blj ilf wvn mlwtfgzi~ ci~gfj zi btta} z`fm~ cmlhf~ t~mlzw il b nizzaf blj b nb~~fa ic

maamgmz amrvi~, Z`f} z`~fbzflfj z`fe zi inamhf blj ivz ic cfb~ z`f} jmj wi, Ebjvw`blm‐w bvlz blj z`f

iz`f~ wmwzf~ efz z`f IMG ic z`f wzbzmil, Ebjvw`blm blj `f~ wmwzf~ xf~f ~fafbwfj il nbma, Z`f} xf~f

bwkfj zi ~fti~z zi giv~z il Wftzfenf~ :, Z`f tiamgf bawi hiz Ebjvw`blm‐w bvlz zi wmhl b jigveflz

wb}mlh z`bz Ebjvw`blm xbw ml hiij `fbaz`, Z`f} bawi z`~fbzflfj Ebjvw`blm‐w ~fabzmsfw liz zi wtfbk

zi bl}ilf xmz` ~fhb~j zi z`mw mlgmjflz,

Bz 0te! Ebjvw`blm xbw bjemzzfj zi @benblzìzb Hflf~ba @iwtmzba blj ~fgfmsfj z~fbzeflz blj

jmwg`b~hfj il Wftzfenf~ 7, @ixfsf~! jvf zi `f~ `fbaz` giljmzmil! w`f xbw bjemzzfj zi Zblhbaaf

@iwtmzba bhbml il Wftzfenf~ : x`f~f w`f ~fgfmsfj z~fbzeflz ci~ bliz`f~ z`~ff jb}w blj jmwg`b~hfj

il Wftzfenf~ 3, Jv~mlh `f~ ìwtmzbambzmil! z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf ziik b wzbzfeflz c~ie `f~ blj OEI

fpbemlfj `f~,



748

Ebjvw`blm blj `f~ ~fabzmsfw abzf~ hiz zi klix z`bz z`f tiamgf cmafj b cbawf gbwf bhbmlwz `f~ bz z`f

@benblzìzb Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z wzbzmlh z`bz w`f xbw ml tiwwfwwmil ic maamgmz amrvi~,

>63, F~bljbkb Nvabz`wmlh`fab? Wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj ci~ jfcfljmlh ni} c~ie tiamgf bwwbvaz

F~bljbkb Nvabz`wmlh`fab bzzfljfj b gfafn~bzmil ci~ G`maj~fl‐w Jb} `faj bz W,J,W, Ob}bwmlh`f h~ivljw

il 2 Igzinf~ >440, Bczf~ z`f gfafn~bzmil! `f nib~jfj b nvw hfzzmlh icc bz Xfamhbetmzm}b ovlgzmil

x`f~f `f z~blwcf~~fj zi bliz`f~ nvw zi `mw ìef ml Hblfevaab, Bz z`f ovlgzmil! `f wzittfj n} b

~fwzbv~blz zi nv} wief ciij bz >be il Igzinf~ >,

X`maf `f xbw xbmzmlh! `f lizmgfj z`~ff efl ml b x`mzf gb~ wzit lfb~ z`f ~fwzbv~blz, Ilf ebl hiz ivz

blj bwkfj b ni} xì xbw ml z`f ~fwzbv~blz zi gief ivz zi `me, X`fl z`f ni} btt~ibg`fj! z`f ebl

wzb~zfj `mzzmlh `me xmzìvz vzzf~mlh b xi~j,

Bw z`f ni} xbw nfmlh nfbzfl! F~bljbkb xflz zi `me blj ziaj `me liz zi `mz z`f ni}, Z`fl! z`f eblbwkfj! ‖X`bz bvzì~mz} ji }iv `bsf zi zfaa ef liz zi `mz z`f ni}9 Ji }iv klix xì M be9–

F~bljbkb ~ftamfj! ‖M jil‐z gb~f xì }iv b~f nvz tafbwf jil‐z bwwbvaz z`f ni}–, Z`fl! z`f ebl

mjflzmcmfj `mewfac bw MT Lbaml c~ie Kbljblb Tiamgf wzbzmil, @f bwkfj xì F~bljbkb xbw, F~bljbkb

wbmj z`bz `f xbw b tìzi oiv~lbamwz, Z`fl MT Lbaml wbmj! ‖I``"! tfitaf amkf }iv b~f xblzfj,– @f z`fl

~fafbwfj z`f ni} blj wzb~zfj bwwbvazmlh F~bljbkb, Z`f MT Lbaml i~jf~fj zxi iz`f~ tabml gaiz`fw

tiamgfefl zi zbkf `me zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil n} zbpm, F~bljbkb xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj

`faj ml b gfaa,

Bczf~ wief zmef! MT Lbaml gbef zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, @f bwkfj bl iccmgf~ ci~ z`f kf} zi z`f gfaa

x`f~f F~bljbkb xbw nfmlh jfzbmlfj, X`fl z`f iccmgf~ ~fcvwfj zi hmsf vt z`f kf}! z`f MT wgiajfj `me

blj hiz z`f kf} bl}xb}, Z`f MT itflfj z`f gfaa blj wzb~zfj nfbzmlh F~bljbkb bhbml, @f tvlg`fj

`me ml z`f wziebg`, F~bljbkb cfaa zi `mw klffw! xmz` z`f MT wz~mkmlh `me bnivz z`f cbgf ci~ bnivz 74

emlvzfw, Jvf zi z`mw bwwbvaz! `mw eivz`! f}fw blj fb~w wvwzbmlfj evazmtaf mlov~mfw blj wzb~zfj

naffjmlh, F~bljbkb xbw i~jf~fj zi ~feisf `mw w`m~z blj eit vt `mw ixl naiij! x`mg` `f jmj,

Z`f MT ila} wzittfj z`f t`}wmgba smiaflgf bhbmlwz F~bljbkb x`fl zxi iz`f~ iccmgf~w! mlwmjf z`f gb~

xmz` `me! gbef blj ~fwz~bmlfj `me, Z`fl! `f x~izf wiefz`mlh ml b niik ml z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

F~bljbkb xbw vlbxb~f ic x`bz `f x~izf, F~bljbkb‐w einmaf tìlf! xbzg` blj wvl habwwfw xf~f

gilcmwgbzfj n} zxi iz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~w,

F~bljbkb wvccf~fj wfsf~f tbml, @mw amtw xf~f g~bgkfj blj ilf ic `mw f}fw xbw wxiaafl, Jvf zi z`fvlnfb~bnaf tbml! `f nfhhfj b tiamgf iccmgf~ lfb~ `mw gfaa zi zbkf `me zi b ìwtmzba, Nvz z`f iccmgf~

~fcvwfj wb}mlh! ‖z`mw mw bl i~jf~ c~ie `mh`f~ iccmgf~w, M gbl ji liz`mlh–,

Bz :?74be! b tiamgf iccmgf~! b c~mflj ic F~bljbkb! xi~kmlh ml z`f wbef Tiamgf wzbzmil gbef blj ziik

`me ivz ic z`f gfaa, Bz z`f wbef zmef! z`f zxi tabml gaiz`fw iccmgf~w g`blhfj mlzi vlmci~e blj ziik

F~bljbkb zi ^bhbeb @iwtmzba, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~! F~bljbkb‐w c~mflj! bggietblmfj z`fe, F~bljbkb

xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f ìwtmzba bz 6?74be blj wv~hf~} xbw tf~ci~efj il `mw g~bgkfj amtw, B jigzi~



740

fpbemlfj F~bljbkb tiwz%it blj xblzfj zi jmwg`b~hf `me, @ixfsf~! b wfgilj jigzi~ xì cv~z`f~

fpbemlfj `me jfgmjfj zi bjemz `me, Bz z`f ìwtmzba! `f xbw bnaf zi mlci~e `mw xmcf ic `mw wmzvbzmil,

@f xbw jmwg`b~hfj il Igzinf~ 7 blj baaixfj zi hi ìef,

Bczf~ nfmlh jmwg`b~hfj! `f xflz zi b t~msbzf efjmgba gflz~f x`f~f b jigzi~ jmbhliwfj nvahmlh nfaix

`mw fb~ blj b g~bgkfj obx,

Il nfmlh mlci~efj! F~bljbkb‐w ~fabzmsfw! il Igzinf~ >! rvfwzmilfj z`f ~fbwil ci~ `mw b~~fwz blj

bwwbvaz zi z`f IMG ic z`f Kbljblb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f IMG ~ftamfj z`bz z`f~f xbw li gietabmlz cmafj

bhbmlwz `me bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! nvz cbmafj zi eflzmil `mw maafhba b~~fwz blj bwwbvaz, F~bljbkb‐w

~fabzmsfw aijhfj b gietabmlz bz z`f Tiamgf @fbjrvb~zf~w ml Giaieni il Igzinf~ 7, F~bljbkb xbw

mlci~efj il Igzinf~ >: z`bz `fbjrvb~zf~w xbw mlsfwzmhbzmlh z`f gietabmlz! bazìvh` z`f~f xbw li

fsmjflgf ic z`mw, F~bljbkb gilzmlvfj zi wvccf~ tbml bw b ~fwvaz ic z`f bwwbvaz,

>68, Blma G`bljblb Kveb~b? Tiamgf baafhfja} zi~zv~f b }ivlh ebl Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zwGieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz z`f Xfllbttvxb tiamgf zi~zv~fj b }ivlh ebl

il Igzinf~ 0! >440, Ciaaixmlh `mw b~~fwz z`f tiamgf cbmafj zi mlci~e `mw cbema} blj baafhfja} zi~zv~fj

`me x`mawz `f xbw ml z`fm~ gvwzij}, Z`f ebl `bj zi vljf~hi wv~hf~} zi `mw afh bczf~ nfmlh wvnofgzfj

zi zi~zv~f x`fl `f xbw ml t~mwil, @f xbw abzf~ ~fafbwfj il nbma nvz z`f tiamgf `bsf liz ~fzv~lfj `mw

tf~wilba t~itf~z},

Nbwfj il z`f x~mzzfl gietabmlz ic Tbjeblbljb Kveb~b 64- z`f cbz`f~ ic z`f smgzme zi z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic

Tiamgf-

Bz 22?74te il Igzinf~ 0! >440! E~, Tbjeblbljb Kveb~b xbw mlci~efj n} z`f XfllbttvxbTiamgf ic z`f b~~fwz ic `mw wil! Blma G`bljblb Kveb~b! 2=, Blma G`bljblb xi~kw bw b wbafw

tf~willfa blj mw ml g`b~hf ic giaafgzmlh eilf},

Il z`f lfpz jb} bz =be! Tbjeblbljb blj `mw xmcf J, G`bljblm Kvwve Abz`b xflz zi effz z`f

Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- ic z`f Xfllbttvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil! xì mlci~efj z`fe z`bz z`fm~ wil blj

bliz`f~ tf~wil `bj nffl gbvh`z n} wief tfitaf ml bl bzzfetz zi wzfba b g`bml, Z`f} `bj bwwbvazfj

`me blj `bljfj `me isf~ z`f tiamgf, Z`f} xf~f cv~z`f~ mlci~efj z`bz z`fm~ wil `bj nffl wflz zi z`f

Lfhieni t~mwil,

Z`f} xflz zi z`f Lfhieni t~mwil x`f~f z`f} wbx Blma G`bljblb ml wfsf~f tbml! xmz` ilf b~ewvwtfljfj ml b gaiz` wamlh, Blma G`bljblb z`fl ziaj `mw cbz`f~ z`bz x`maf `f xbw ~mjmlh `mw eizi~

g}gaf xmz` ilf ic `mw c~mfljw il z`f tmaamil! b tbwwmlh gb~ `bj inwz~vgzfj `mw xb}, Bw `f wzittfj `mw

eizi~g}gaf! wief tfitaf gbvh`z z`fe blj `bljfj z`fe isf~ zi z`f Xflblttvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Blma G`bljblb cv~z`f~ wbmj z`bz `f xbw bwwbvazfj n} civ~ iccmgf~w ml z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil xmz` xiijfl

tiafw! b aflhz` ic ìwf blj xm~f, @f jifw liz klix z`f lbefw ic z`f iccmgf~w xì bwwbvazfj `me nvz



74=

`f wbmj z`bz `f givaj mjflzmc} z`fe mc wffl,

Il Igzinf~ 24! Blma G`bljblb xbw zbkfl zi z`f Eb~bxmab @iwtmzba zi nf z~fbzfj ci~ z`f xivljw

wvwzbmlfj ml z`f tiamgf bwwbvaz, Z`f~fbczf~ `f xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Lfhieni Ebhmwz~bzfw blj

xbw met~mwilfj, X`maf `f xbw ml t~mwil Blma G`bljblb vljf~xflz wv~hf~} bz z`f Lfhieni @iwtmzba

il `mw mlov~fj afh, Il Igzinf~ >4! `f xbw t~ijvgfj ml z`f Ebhmwz~bg} x`f~f nbma xbw ~fcvwfj nvzabzf~ h~blzfj il Igzinf~ >=, @f xbw g`b~hfj xmz` bzzfetzmlh zi wzfba b g`bml,

Il Lisfenf~ 2=! E~, Tbjeblbljb Kveb~b blj Blma G`bljblb xflz zi z`f Xfllbttvxb Tiamgf

wzbzmil! zi giaafgz `mw eizi~ g}gaf! `mw einmaf tìlf! mjflzmz} gb~j blj eilf} beivlzmlh zi

^w,0!444)5 VWJ 84- x`mg` Blma G`bljblb xbw gb~~}mlh ml `mw tv~wf bz z`f zmef ic z`f maafhba b~~fwz,

Z`f IMG G~mefw Wfgzmil sf~nbaa} bnvwfj z`fe blj g`bwfj z`fe bxb},

Il Lisfenf~ >0! E~, Tbjeblbljb wflz gitmfw ic z`f gietabmlz ebjf bnivz z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f

~fafsblz bvzì~mzmfw mlgavjmlh Bwwmwzblgf Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf,

>60, Vjb}b~bz`lf? ‑Xf xmaa kmaa }iv―

Vjb}b~bz`lf xbw bggvwfj ic z`fcz blj jfzbmlfj ml Kfhbaaf t~mwil il >4 Igzinf~ >440, @f xbw

t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Kv~vlfhbaf giv~z x`mg` i~jf~fj `me ~fafbwfj il nbma il Igzinf~ >>, @f xbw

z`fl zbkfl zi z`f cmwgba jftb~zeflz bz z`f giv~z bggietblmfj n} `mw xmcf Wffz`b, @f~f z`f obmai~w

bwkfj `me zi wmhl b wzbzfeflz nfci~f ~fzv~lmlh ìef,

B obmai~! xmz` b jigveflz ic nbma! bwkfj ci~ ^w, 2!444,44 VWJ =- ci~ `mw ~fafbwf, X`fl Vjb}b~bz`lf

wbmj z`bz `f jmj liz `bsf z`f flzm~f beivlz! z`f obmai~ bwkfj `me zi tb} `bac blj Vjb}b~bz`lf tbmj`bac, Z`fl z`f obmai~ ziik Vjb}b~bz`lf zi wff ^bz`lb}bkf! Cvaa%ml%G`b~hf CMG- ic z`f jftb~zeflz

blj bwkfj `me x`fz`f~ mz xbw baa ~mh`z zi ~fafbwf `me, Z`f CMG z`fl bwkfj Vjb}b~bz`lf! ‖Jmj }iv

t~iemwf wiefz`mlh zi z`f obmai~9– X`fl Vjb}b~bz`lf ~ftamfj lfhbzmsfa}! z`f CMG i~jf~fj z`f obmai~

zi ~fzv~l Vjb}b~bz`lf zi z`f gfaa ml z`f cmwgba jftb~zeflz, Efblx`maf! z`f eilf} z`bz Vjb}b~bz`lf

tbmj xbw hmsfl nbgk zi `mw xmcf,

Vjb}b~bz`lf xbw kftz ml z`f gfaa vlzma 8?74te x`fl `f xbw bhbml zbkfl zi Kfhbaaf T~mwil, X`fl `mw

xmcf rvfwzmilfj z`f obmai~w bnivz z`mw! z`f} wbmj z`bz `f xivaj nf n~ivh`z nbgk zi Kv~vlfhbab il z`f

ciaaixmlh ei~lmlh, Vjb}b~bz`lf wtflz z`f lmh`z ic >> ic Igzinf~ ml z`f Kfhbaaf T~mwil,

Bz 6?74be il Igzinf~ >7! obmai~w wzb~zfj hfzzmlh ~fbj} zi z~blwcf~ zìwf ~febljfj zi Kv~vlfhbab

t~mwil nvz z`f} jmj liz mlgavjf Vjb}b~bz`lf, Vjb}b~bz`lf bttfbafj zi z`f CMG Ob}bz`mabkb Nbljb zi

zbkf `me zii, @ixfsf~! Ob}bz`mabkb bwkfj! ‖Ji }iv `bsf eilf}9– X`fl ~fgfmsmlh b lfhbzmsf

~fwtilwf! `f wbmj! ‖Mc }iv jil‐z `bsf eilf}! zfaa }iv~ cbema} zi n~mlh ^w, 24!444, @f bwkfj ‖@ix

evg` jmj }iv tb} }iv~ abx}f~w9– Vjb}b~bz`lf ~ftamfj ‖bnivz ^w, >44!444–, @f wgiajfj Vjb}b~bz`lf

wb}mlh! ‖]iv `bsf eilf} zi hmsf zi z`f abx}f~w nvz }iv jil‐z amkf zi hmsf eilf} zi vw,– Z`fl!

Ob}bz`mabkb ~fcvwfj `mw z~blwcf~ zi Kv~vlfhbab T~mwil,



724

Bczf~ z`bz! Vjb}b~bz`lf nfhbl g~}mlh nfgbvwf ic z`f mlovwzmgf blj smiaflgf jilf zi `me, X`maf `f

xbw g~}mlh! iz`f~w ~febljfj xmz` `me bjsmwfj z`bz `f hi zi z`f xfacb~f iccmgf bz z`f t~mwil, @f xflz

blj ziaj baa bnivz z`f mlgmjflz zi b xfacb~f iccmgf~, Z`f xfacb~f iccmgf~ jmwtbzg`fj b t~mwilf~ bw

efwwflhf~ zi z`f obmai~w bwkmlh z`f ~fbwil x`} z`f} xivaj liz baaix Vjb}b~bz`lf zi hi ìef, B

amzzaf x`maf abzf~! z`f efwwflhf~ ~fzv~lfj blj wbmj z`bz z`f obmai~w bwkfj Vjb}b~bz`lf zi gief zi z`f

iccmgf, @f xflz zi z`f t~mwil iccmgf x`f~f z`f obmai~w wgiajfj `me wb}mlh! ‖X`} jmj }iv hi zi wff z`f xfacb~f iccmgf~w blj zfaa z`fe bnivz z`f mlgmjflz9– Z`f obmai~w bhbml tvz Vjb}b~bz`lf nbgk mlzi b gfaa,

Bz 3be x`fl gfaaw xf~f itflfj ci~ n~fbkcbwz! Vjb}b~bz`lf jmj liz hi zi fbz nvz bttfbafj zi b obmai~

zi afz `me hi, @f wbmj! ‖Xf xmaa afz }iv hi ila} x`fl xf xblz zi afz }iv hi, Mc }iv b~f himlh zi

b~hvf xmz` vw! M xmaa wabt }iv,–

Bz 2?74te x`maf ml b gfaa! Vjb}b~bz`lf xbw ziaj zi gief zi z`f iccmgf x`f~f `f xbw ziaj `me zi hfz

~fbj} zi hi zi Lfhieni T~mwil, @f ziaj z`fe z`bz `f xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma blj jmj liz lffj zi hi zi

Lfhieni T~mwil, @f bawi ~fmzf~bzfj z`bz z`f~f xbw li gbwf bhbmlwz `me, @ixfsf~! z`f obmai~w mhli~fj

`me blj wflz `me zi Lfhieni xmz` zxi t~mwil hvb~jw ~fbg`mlh z`f t~mwil bz 6te, Z`f obmai~w bzLfhieni T~mwil ~fcvwfj zi bjemz V~b}b~bz`lf! wb}mlh z`bz z`f~f xbw li ~fbwil zi bjemz `me,

Bz 0?74te Vjb}b~bz`lf xbw bhbml n~ivh`z nbgk zi Kfhbaaf T~mwil, @f wbx z`f CMG Ob}bz`mabkb

Nbljb bz z`f flz~blgf ic z`f t~mwil, Bw Vjb}b~bz`lf flzf~fj z`f t~mwil! z`~ff obmai~w nfhbl wgiajmlh

blj ~mjmgvamlh `me vwmlh civa ablhvbhf, @f nfhhfj! ‖Tafbwf jil‐z wgiaj ef, M be wi zm~fj, Tafbwf bwk

x`bz `bttflfj c~ie z`f iz`f~ zxi xì xflz xmz` ef zi z`f Lfhieni t~mwil,–

Wvjjfla} Ob}bz`mabkb gbef vt zi Vjb}b~bz`lf blj wabttfj `me, Bliz`f~ obmai~ oimlfj ml z`f wabttmlh,

]fz bliz`f~ i~jf~fj `me zi ~feisf `mw wamttf~w, X`fl Vjb}b~bz`lf nflz jixl zi ~feisf `mw

wamttf~w! z`f obmai~ kmgkfj `me blj `f cfaa zi z`f caii~, Z`fl! Ob}bz`mabkb kmgkfj `me ml z`f wziebg`!

wb}mlh! ‖Xf xmaa kmaa }iv,– Ml amkf ebllf~! baa civ~ obmai~w nfbz Vjb}b~bz`lf vwmlh niz` `bljw bljcffz, @f xbw z`fl j~bhhfj blj tvz `me nbgk mlzi z`f gfaa, Z`f} jmj liz t~ismjf bl} ciij ci~ `mw

jmllf~,

Bw b ~fwvaz ic z`mw bwwbvaz! Vjb}b~bz`lf wzb~zfj siemzmlh naiij blj naffjmlh c~ie `mw eivz`, @mw afcz

fb~ xbw jbebhfj, Wziebg` tbml gbvwfj `me zi aiiwf gilz~ia ic `mw nixfaw,

Il Igzinf~ >:! `f xbw wi wmgk z`bz `f jmj liz xbkf vt blj gilzmlvfj wafftmlh, Bz 24?74be! b obmai~

gbef blj wbmj! ‖Lix xf b~f himlh zi ~fafbwf }iv, Nvz! kfft ml emlj z`bz xf b~f z`f tfitaf xì

jfgmjf zi ~fafbwf }iv i~ liz, ]iv gbl ji liz`mlh vlzma xf jfgmjf,– Fsfl zìvh` `f xbw ~fafbwfj! `f

xbw vlbnaf zi hi ìef bailf blj xbw wmzzmlh ml b smwmzi~‐w ~iie ic z`f t~mwil nvmajmlh, @f ni~~ixfj

b einmaf tìlf c~ie b smwmzi~ blj gbaafj ìef, X`fl `mw wil blj b ~fabzmsf gbef zi Kfhbaaf T~mwil

zi n~mlh `me ìef! `f jfgmjfj zi mlci~e z`f g`mfc obmai~ ic z`f t~mwil ic z`f mlgmjflz, @f xbw

baaixfj zi effz z`f g`mfc obmai~ zfaamlh `me z`f xìaf wzi~}, Z`fl! z`f g`mfc obmai~ wbmj! ‖I`" Z`f}

`bj li ~mh`z zi bwwbvaz }iv, Tafbwf nf wfbzfj ivzwmjf blj M xmaa zbkf bgzmil il z`mw,–

B x`maf abzf~! b obmai~ gbef blj ziik Vjb}b~bz`lf zi b ~iie x`f~f `f `bj fb~amf~ nffl bwwbvazfj,

Z`f obmai~ wzb~zfj zi zbkf jixl b wzbzfeflz c~ie `me, @f ~fabzfj z`f wzi~} ml cvaa nvz z`f obmai~ jmj



722

liz x~mzf mz jixl, Vjb}b~bz`lf wbmj z`bz z`f obmai~w xì bwwbvazfj `me xf~f vljf~ z`f mlcavflgf ic

amrvi~ bz z`f zmef, Z`f obmai~ ziaj `me! ‖}iv gblliz wb} z`bz xmzìvz wffmlh z`fe j~mlkmlh,– @f bawi

wbmj `f siemzfj naiij bw b ~fwvaz ic z`f bwwbvaz, Nvz z`f obmai~ ~fcvwfj zi x~mzf mz jixl wb}mlh! ‖Xf

jmj liz wff }iv siemzmlh naiij! wi xf gblliz x~mzf mz jixl,– Jvf zi `mw ~ftfbzfj bttfbaw! z`f obmai~

cmlbaa} x~izf mz jixl,

X`maf z`f wzbzfeflz xbw nfmlh zbkfl! bliz`f~ obmai~ gbef mlzi z`f ~iie, Vjb}b~bz`lf mjflzmcmfj `me

bw ilf ic obmai~w xì bwwbvazfj `me, @f wbmj! ‖Wm~! z`bz obmai~ bawi bwwbvazfj ef,– Z`f obmai~ zbkmlh `mw

wzbzfeflz wbmj! ‖M gbl x~mzf `mw lbef jixl ila} mc }iv gbl zfaa ef `mw lbef,– Vjb}b~bz`lf ~ftamfj ‖M

ji liz klix `mw lbef nvz }iv klix mz wm~,– @ixfsf~! z`f obmai~ jmj liz x~mzf jixl z`f lbef, Bczf~

gietafzmlh z`f wzbzfeflz! z`f obmai~ bwkfj Vjb}b~bz`lf zi x~mzf ‘M ~fbj z`f wzbzfeflz blj M bh~ff

xmz` z`mw‐ blj wmhl mz, Fsfl zìvh` `f jfgamlfj zi x~mzf jixl blj wmhl z`f wzbzfeflz! nfgbvwf mz xbw

mlgi~~fgza} x~mzzfl! `f xbw ci~gfj zi wmhl mz,

Bczf~ `mw ~fafbwf c~ie t~mwil! `f xflz zi Jbenvaab @iwtmzba x`f~f `f xbw ìwtmzbamfj ci~ 3 jb}w,

@f xbw abzf~ z~blwcf~~fj zi Ebzbaf @iwtmzba blj wzb}fj ci~ z`~ff jb}w, @f xbw z`fl z~blwcf~~fj ziKblj} @iwtmzba ci~ b zfwz il `mw jbebhfj fb~ blj gbef nbgk zi Ebzbaf @iwtmzba x`f~f `f xbw

jmwg`b~hfj il Lisfenf~ 2, @f givaj liz `fb~ ivz ic `mw afcz fb~ jvf zi z`f bwwbvaz blj mw lix cbgmlh

cmlblgmba t~inafew nfgbvwf ic `mw ìwtmzba nmaaw,

>6=, Xmofwfkb~bhf Jil Wflb~bz` Bttv`be}? Tiamgf bwwbvazfj blj abmj cbawf g`b~hfw il bl

iccmgf~ xi~kmlh bhbmlwz maafhba aihhmlh

Nbwfj il z`f zfwzmeil} ic z`f smgzme-

Il = Lisfenf~ >440 bz 22te! wief iccmgf~w c~ie z`f Kb~vxbabhbwxfxb Tiamgf Jmsmwmil gbef zi

z`f ìvwf ic z`f smgzme! Xmofwfkb~bhf Jil Wflb~bz` Bttv`be}! x`f~f z`f} giljvgzfj wfb~g`fw

gabmemlh z`f~f xbw b wvwtmgmivw tf~wil t~fwflz z`f~f,Bttv`be} mw bzzbg`fj zi z`f Gmsma Jfcflgf

Ci~gf blj mw t~fwflza} wzbzmilfj bz z`f Tb`b~m}b Wfgv~mz} G`fgk Timlz ic z`f Kb~vxbabhbwxfxb

Tiamgf Jmsmwmil ic Tvzabe, @f nfb~w wf~smgf lvenf~ Z 32883,

Zìwf xì giljvgzfj wfb~g`fw mlgavjf b gilwzbnaf c~ie z`f Kb~vxbabhbwxfxb Tiamgf wzbzmil! b

gilwzbnaf bzzbg`fj zi z`f Tb`b~m}b Wfgv~mz} G`fgk Timlz blj wmp iz`f~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Gmsma Jfcflgf

Ci~gf vljf~ z`f Tb`b~m}b Tiamgf Jmsmwmil,X`maf wfb~g`mlh Bttv`be}(w ìvwf! bl iccmgf~ lbefMljmkb ic z`f Gmsma Jfcflgf Ci~gf nfhbl wgiajmlh blj z`~fbzflmlh Bttv`be},

Bczf~ gietafzmlh z`f wfb~g`! b Gilwzbnaf bzzbg`fj zi z`f Tb`b~m}b Wfgv~mz} G`fgk Timlz ziaj z`f

smgzme `f wìvaj ~fti~z ci~ xi~k il z`f ciaaixmlh jb},

Bggi~jmlha} z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! 24 Lisfenf~ >440! bw Bttv`be} xbw il `mw xb} zi xi~k `f efz

bliz`f~ iccmgf~ bzzbg`fj zi z`f Gmsma Jfcflgf Ci~gf! Ob}blz`b! lfb~ z`f 2:z` emaf tiwz ic z`f



72>

Tb`b~m}b ovlgzmil, Ob}blz`b xbw xmz` `mw xmcf blj xbw ml tabml gaiz`fw, Ob}blz`b xbw bawi ilf ic

zìwf xì xflz zi `mw ìvwf z`f lmh`z nfci~f,

Bttv`be} bwkfj Ob}blz`b mc Mljmkb! z`f iccmgf~ xì `bj wgiajfj blj z`~fbzflfj `me jv~mlh z`f

wfb~g`fw bz `mw ìvwf! xbw klixl zi `me, Nvz mlwzfbj ic blwxf~mlh `mw rvfwzmilw! Ob}blz`b bwwbvazfj

Bttv`be},Bttv`be} z`fl xflz zi ebkf b gietabmlz bnivz z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f B~fb Gbtzbml mlg`b~hf ic z`f Gmsma Jfcflgf Ci~gf, Wmlgf `f xbw liz z`f~f bz z`bz zmef Bttv`be} mlci~efj bnivz

z`f mlgmjflz isf~ z`f tìlf,

Z`f B~fb Gbtzbml ziaj `me zi mlci~e z`f tiamgf blj hi ìef, Mz xbw bnivz 0te,Bczf~ z`f mlgmjflz!

Bttv`be} xflz zi z`f Kb~vxbabhbwxfxb Tiamgf wzbzmil zi ebkf b gietabmlz x`f~f `f efz

G`blj~bz`mabkb! b tiamgf Gilwzbnaf xì nfb~w b wf~smgf li, 7732=, Ilgf bhbml! `f xbw mlwzfbj

bwwbvazfj blj ziaj? (}iv b~f z`f ilf xf xblz(, G`blj~bz`mabkb bwwbvazfj `me xmz` b tiaf! `mz `mw `blj

blj kmgkfj `me n} `mw niizw vlzma `f cfaa vlgilwgmivw, G`blj~bz`mabkb `bj `mw vlmci~e ~mttfj%icc

blj zi~lfj nfci~f tvzzmlh `me mlwmjf z`fm~ jfzflzmil gfaa, X`maf Bttv`be} xbw jfzbmlfj mlwmjf z`f

jfzflzmil gfaa! Ob}blz`b! z`f iccmgf~ xìe `f efz blj bwwbvazfj `me! `bj gief zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f `f xbw `faj,

@ixfsf~! z`f tiamgf z`f~f `bj Ob}blz`b(w wzbzfeflz ~fgi~jfj blj `mw sf~wmil ic wzi~} mhli~mlh z`f

gietabmlz Bttv`be} `bj z~mfj zi ebkf fb~amf~,Bttv`be} `bj zi wtflj z`f xìaf lmh`z ml tiamgf

jfzflzmil, Bz z`bz lmh`z! `f cfaz wmgk blj xbw wìvzmlh jvf zi fpg~vgmbzmlh tbml `f xbw wvccf~mlh,

Vtil `fb~mlh z`mw! Hvlb~bzlf Nbljb! z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! kmgkfj `me

bczf~ zbkmlh `me ivz c~ie z`f jfzflzmil gfaa blj ziaj `me zi wzit nfgbvwf `f xbw ila} cbkmlh `mw maa%

`fbaz`,

Mz xbw ila} bz 2>?74be ic Lisfenf~ 22 z`bz Bttv`be} xbw zbkfl zi b ìwtmzba ml Z`bnnixb, Vtil

b~~msmlh bz z`f ìwtmzba! `f ziaj z`f ìwtmzba bvzì~mzmfw z`bz `f `bj nffl bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf, @f xbw bjemzzfj ci~ z~fbzeflz z`f~f,

Bz 0?74be z`bz jb}! IMG Hvlb~bzlf Nbljb! z`f Tiamgf Gilwzbnafw Kb~vlbz`mabkf blj G`blj~bz`mabkb

~fwtfgzmsfa} gbef zi z`f ìwtmzba x`f~f `f xbw bjemzzfj, Z`f} `bj `me zbkfl ivzwmjf z`f ìwtmzba

zfaamlh `me z`bz `f xivaj nf zbkfl zi z`f Tvzabe @iwtmzba, X`fl `f xbw zbkfl c~ie z`f ̀ iwtmzba

x`f~f `f xbw cm~wz bjemzzfj! Bttv`be} wbmj `f `bw liz nffl bnaf zi wmhl bl} ìwtmzba jigveflz

nfci~f `bsmlh nffl z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Tvzabe @iwtmzba,

Bttv`be} xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Tvzabe Ebhmwz~bzf nfci~f `bsmlh nffl ~febljfj zi obma ci~ g`b~hfw

ic inwz~vgzmlh tiamgf jvzmfw ‚ b g`b~hfj x`mg` `f gbef bxb~f ic abzf~, Bttv`be} wbmj z`bz nfci~f

z`f g`b~hfw xbw abmj il `me; `f xbw lfsf~ hmsfl bl} itti~zvlmz} ic hfzzmlh afhba bwwmwzblgf c~ie b

abx}f~ li~ xbw `f `bj `mw wmjf ic wzi~mfw `fb~j ci~ `mw jfcflwf ml giv~z,Mz xbw ila} il Lisfenf~ 2=

z`bz Bttv`be} xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma,

Il Lisfenf~ >2! `f xbw bjemzzfj blj hmsfl efjmgba z~fbzeflz bz z`f Blv~bj`btv~b Hflf~ba

@iwtmzba ci~ z`~ff jb}w, X`maf nfmlh bjemzzfj! z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- `bj `mw giljmzmil



727

fpbemlfj blj `mw wzbzfeflz zbkfl n} z`f @iwtmzba Tiamgf,Il Lisfenf~ >6! Bttv`be} `bj nffl

gbaafj ci~ b `fb~mlh ic z`f gbwf z`f tiamgf abmj il `me bz z`f Tvzabe Giv~z,

Ila} z`fl z`bz `f afb~lfj z`bz `f `bj nffl g`b~hfj ci~ inwz~vgzmlh tiamgf jvzmfw,Bttv`be} nfamfsfw

z`bz z`f bwwbvaz blj wvnwfrvflz cmamlh ic cbawf g`b~hfw il `me givaj `bsf `bj gillfgzmil zi `mw xi~k

bhbmlwz maafhba aihhmlh! `vlzmlh ic xmaj blmebaw! n~fxmlh maamgmz amrvi~! n~mnf~} blj iz`f~ maafhbabgzmsmzmfw ml z`f b~fb, Z`f b~fb mw x`f~f z`f tiamgf xì bwwbvazfj `me b~f bawi bwwmhlfj, @f `bj nffl

wf~smlh z`f Gmsma Jfcflgf Ci~gf ci~ lmlf }fb~w blj `bw ml cbgz nffl ~fxb~jfj ci~ `mw bggietamwèflz

z`bz afj zi `bsmlh maafhba aihhf~w `faj ml `mw b~fb,

>34, Kv~vhbebhf Jil T~fjfft? Vlbnaf zi xbak i~ wzblj vt wz~bmh`z

Bczf~ xi~k! Kv~vhbebhf Jil T~fjfft xflz zi b ~fwzbv~blz zi `bsf jmllf~ xmz` `mw c~mflj Abkwm~m! b

j~msf~ bz z`f Kbavnixmab Ovlgzmil bz 0?74te il Lisfenf~ 24 >440, X`maf z`f} xf~f i~jf~mlh

jmllf~! T~bjfft bwkfj Abkwm~m zi tvz b ‘^faibj‐ ml `mw gfaavab~ tìlf, ‘^faibj‐ mw ilf ic z`f gb~jgillfgzmil w}wzfew vwfj ml W~m Ablkb liz ~frvm~mlh b eilzà} cff, Tfitaf ~faibj eilf} zi z`f

tìlf n} vwmlh b ~faibj gb~j,-

Bl iccmgf~ lbefj Eblio ic z`f z~bccmg n~blg` ic z`f Ki`vxbab Tiamgf wzbzmil! xmzìvz wb}mlh b

xi~j! wvjjfla} nfhbl zi nfbz niz` T~bjfft blj Abkwm~m, Xmz`ml b wì~z zmef! b tiamgf einmaf vlmz

blj b zfbe ic fef~hflg} wfb~g` blj mlsfwzmhbzmil tiamgf gbef zi z`f ovlgzmil, Cmsf tiamgf iccmgf~w

mlgavjmlh z`f j~msf~ ic z`f tiamgf offt bawi wzb~zfj nfbzmlh z`fe, Z`f} nfbz z`fe vwmlh tiamgf nbzilw!

z`fm~ `bljw blj afhw,

Abzf~ z`f} xf~f bjemzzfj zi Kbavnixmab @iwtmzba, Mz mw ~fti~zfj z`bz Eblio `bj z`f lmgklbef

‘^faibj‐ nfgbvwf `f ziik n~mnfw c~ie j~msf~w, @f vwfj zi zfaa z`f j~msf~w z`bz mc z`f} xblzfj zi nf

~fafbwfj! z`f} evwz hmsf `me b ~faibj,

@f zìvh`z z`bz T~bjfft blj Abkwm~m mlwvazfj `me n} vwmlh z`f xi~j ‘^faibj‐,

>32, Lbef xmz``faj? B ~btf smgzme xbw mlzmemjbzfj blj `b~bwwfj n} z`f tiamgf zi eb~~} `f~

bnjvgzi~ blj ~btmwz

Nbwfj il z`f zfwzmeil} ic z`f smgzme-

Il Lisfenf~ 23! >440 bz bnivz 6?:6te! Ew, P i~mhmlba lbef mw xmz``faj ci~ wfgv~mz} ~fbwilw-! bl

20%}fb~%iaj ~fwmjflz ic Z`venb Kb~b smab }b}b smaabhf vljf~ ov~mwjmgzmil ic z`f Jbenvaab Tiamgf

wzbzmil ml Gflz~ba T~ismlgf ic W~m Ablkb! xbw ~fzv~lmlh ìef c~ie `f~ bvlz(w ìvwf, Il `f~ xb}

ìef w`f inwf~sfj b z`~ff%x`ffafj wgiizf~ ciaaixmlh `f~, Lfb~ `f~ ìef! z`f z`~ff%x`ffaf~

wzittfj nf`mlj `f~ ìvwf! x`f~f w`f `fb~j b tf~wil bwkmlh `f~ zi hfz mlwmjf z`f sf`mgaf, X`fl w`f

aiikfj nbgk w`f wbx b ebl ic wì~z `fmh`z blj jb~k gietafpmil! nvz xbw vlbnaf zi ~fgihlmf `me,



72:

Ew, P mhli~fj z`f ebl blj kftz xbakmlh x`maf z`f tf~wil ciaaixfj `f~, Z`fl bw w`f `bj aiikfj

nbgk z`f tf~wil gabetfj b `bljkf~g`mfc! x`mg` wefaz ic b wz~ilh wvnwzblgf! zi `f~ cbgf,

Z`f~fbczf~! Ew, P aiwz gilwgmivwlfww blj x`fl w`f ~fhbmlfj gilwgmivwlfww! civlj `f~wfac ml bl

vlklixl nfj~iie, Z`f~f Ew, P ~fgihlmwfj E~, Wblomz`! b tf~wil c~ie z`f lfmh`niv~mlh

Lbsbhbwabljb smaabhf, Wblomz` mw bwwigmbzfj xmz` Gmsma Jfcflgf; blj xblzfj zi eb~~} Ew, P! nvz w`f~fcvwfj z`f t~itiwba,Ew, P bwkfj Wblomz` x`f~f w`f xbw! blj ~frvfwzfj `me zi afz `f~ hi ìef,

Wblomz` ziaj `f~ liz zi xi~~}! blj bwwv~fj z`bz `f xivaj liz `b~e `f~, @f fptabmlfj z`bz `f n~ivh`z

`f~ z`f~f nfgbvwf `f aisfj `f~, Jvf zi z`f wvnwzblgf `faj zi `f~ cbgf Ew, P cfaz xfbk blj givaj

`b~ja} `fb~ `f~ wfac wtfbk, W`f ~fefenf~fj sbhvfa} aiikmlh bz z`f zmef! blj lizfj z`bz mz xbw 22?74

t,e, Wblomz` z`fl afcz z`f ~iie blj Ew, P `fb~j Wblomz` zfaamlh wiefilf zi b~~blhf ci~ b Eb~~mbhf

^fhmwz~b~ zi gb~~} ivz b eb~~mbhf,

Wiil bczf~! Wblomz` gbef mlzi z`f ~iie blj bwkfj ci~ Ew, P‐w mjflzmz} gb~j! x`mg` w`f gabmefj xbw

aiwz, Wblomz` wgiajfj `f~ ci~ aiwmlh `f~ mjflzmz} gb~j blj xflz ivz ic z`f ~iie,X`maf Ew, P xbw

bailf ml z`f ~iie w`f wbx b einmaf tìlf g`b~hmlh il z`f xmljixwmaa, Wzmaa xfbk! w`f j~bhhfj`f~wfac zi mz blj bzzfetzfj zi gbaa ìef blj `f~ ni}c~mflj, @ixfsf~ z`f gbaaw xf~f liz blwxf~fj,B

wì~z x`maf abzf~! Wblomz` gbef nbgk zi z`f ~iie blj bwkfj Ew, P zi hfz ~fbj} zi hi zi Kv~vlfhbab!

bliz`f~ zixl ml z`f Gflz~ba t~ismlgf, B xiebl n~ivh`z wief ciij ci~ `f~ zi fbz! nvz Ew, P

~fcvwfj, Vtil `f~ ~fcvwba zi fbz Wblomz` wìvzfj! blj ci~gfcvaa} `faj `f~ n} `f~ lfgk, @f z`fl ci~gfj

`f~ il zi z`f nfj! blj ~btfj `f~, Ew, P z~mfj zi wg~fbe ci~ `fat! nvz `f~ g~mfw xflz vlblwxf~fj,

Bczf~ z`bz Wblomz` afcz z`f ~iie,Ew, P z~mfj bhbml zi ebkf b gbaa! blj z`mw zmef wvggffjfj ml hfzzmlh

z`~ivh` zi `f~ ni}c~mflj, @ixfsf~! w`f xbw liz bnaf zi zfaa `me z`f fpbgz bjj~fww x`f~f w`f xbw

nfmlh kftz, Ew, P givaj ila} g~} zmaa ei~lmlh,

Z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! Wblomz` bwkfj Ew, P zi hfz ~fbj} zi hi zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, @f mlzmemjbzfj `f~

zi wb} z`bz w`f gbef ivz ic `f~ ixl siamzmil, Vtil b~~msmlh bz z`f Jbenvaab Tiamgf wzbzmil! Ew, P

wbx `f~ eiz`f~ blj n~iz`f~ z`f~f, W`f g~mfj x`fl w`f wbx z`fe,B cfebaf tiamgf iccmgf~ lbefj Ew,

Mlj~blm mlmzmbaa} ~fcvwfj zi lizf jixl Ew, P (w gietabmlz! nvz abzf~ x~izf mz, Z`~ivhìvz z`f tf~mij

Ew, Mlj~blm wgiajfj Ew, P ci~ bggvwmlh b tii~ ni}! blj ziaj `f~ z`bz w`f xivaj liz nf bnaf zi t~isf

bl}z`mlh, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ hiz Ew, P zi wmhl z`f wzbzfeflz! nvz jmj liz ~fbj mz,Bliz`f~ cfebaf

tiamgf iccmgf~ bzzbg`fj zi z`f Xiefl blj G`maj~fl‐w nv~fbv lbefj Ew, Ob}blz`b! bawi wgiajfj z`f

smgzme, Z`~ff tiamgf iccmgf~w Mlj~blm! Ob}blz`b blj bliz`f~ vlmjflzmcmfj ilf baa zihfz`f~ wgiajfj Ew,

P! blj z`~fbzflfj n} wb}mlh z`bz z`f} xivaj wìiz `f~ zi jfbz` vlafww w`f xmz`j~bxw `f~ gietabmlz

ic ~btf bhbmlwz E~, Wblomz` blj eb~~} `me, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bawi z`~fbzflfj Ew, P(w eiz`f~ blj

n~iz`f~ zi wflj Ew, P zi t~mwil ci~ >4 }fb~w,

Z`f~fbczf~! Mlj~blm blj Ob}blz`b ziik Ew, P blj Wblomz` ml b tiamgf offt zi z`f ìvwf x`f~f w`f `bj

nffl kftz, X`maf il z`f xb} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w gilzmlvfj wgiajmlh `f~, X`fl z`f} ~fbg`fj bz z`f

ìvwf! z`f tfitaf xì xf~f t~fwflz ziaj z`f tiamgf z`bz Ew, P `bj nffl `btt} bz z`bz ìvwf, Z`f}

bawi mlci~efj z`f tiamgf z`bz Ew, P `bj zbkfl `f~ efbaw blj b nbz`! cbawmc}mlh Ew, P‐w wzbzfeflz,

Z`f iccmgf~w lizfj zìwf jfzbmaw, Bw z`f} ~fzv~lfj zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f iccmgf~w bhbml mlzmemjbzfj

Ew, P zi xmz`j~bx `f~ gietabmlz, X`maf tbwwmlh z`~ivh` b xfxb xbzf~ zblk- il ~ivzf! z`f}



726

z`~fbzflfj zi kmaa `f~ blj z`~ix `f~ mlzi z`f xfxb,Bczf~ giemlh nbgk zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil!

ciaaixmlh t~fwwv~f c~ie z`f ~fabzmsfw! z`f tiamgf wflz Ew, P zi b Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- ci~

ci~flwmg fpbemlbzmil ~fhb~jmlh z`f gietabmlz ic ~btf, Z`f OEI gf~zmcmfj z`bz w`f xbw ~btfj,Bczf~

z`bz `f~ eiz`f~ ziik Ew, P zi z`f Jbenvaab ìwtmzba, W`f ~fgfmsfj z~fbzeflz ml xb~j li, 0 ci~ lmlf

jb}w! blj xbw jmwg`b~hfj il Lisfenf~ >8,

Wmlgf z`f mlgmjflz! z`f tiamgf `bsf nffl mlwmwzmlh Ew, P zi eb~~} Wblomz` blj xmz`j~bx `f~ ~btf gbwf

bhbmlwz Wblomz`,Efblx`maf il Lisfenf~ 23! Ew, P‐w eiz`f~ ~fhmwzf~fj b gietabmlz bz z`f Jbenmaab

Tiamgf wzbzmil lizmc}mlh z`bz Ew, P xbw emwwmlh z`bz lmh`z, @ixfsf~! z`f tiamgf jmj liz zbkf bl}

bgzmil zi ~fwgvf z`f smgzme wmlgf z`f gietabmlz xbw aijhfj,^fhb~jmlh z`f mlgmjflz ic bnjvgzmil blj

~btf n} Wblomz`! blj wvnwfrvflz mlbgzmil blj z`~fbzw c~ie z`f tiamgf; Ew, P wflz x~mzzfl tfzmzmilw zi

z`f G`bm~ebl ic z`f Lbzmilba @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil! G`bm~ebl ic z`f Lbzmilba Tiamgf

Gieemwwmil! Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf! Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic z`f aigba Tiamgf blj z`f Iccmgf~%

ml%G`b~hf ic z`f Xiefl # G`maj~fl‐w Nv~fbv, Ml `f~ tfzmzmil w`f jfwg~mnfj z`f flzm~f mlgmjflz blj

~frvfwzfj z`fm~ v~hflz mlzf~sflzmil ci~ ovwzmgf blj wfgv~mz}, Lilf ic z`f bvzì~mzmfw `bw zbkfl bl}

bgzmil bhbmlwz z`f baafhfj tf~tfz~bzi~w ~fwtiljmlh zi Ew, P(w tfzmzmil,

Ew, P ~frvfwzw z`bz `f~ bnjvgzi~ blj ~btmwz nf n~ivh`z zi ovwzmgf, Z`f ~fwtilwmnaf iccmgf~w ic z`f

Jbenvaab tiamgf wìvaj bawi nf ~ft~mebljfj ci~ mlzmemjbzmlh blj `b~bwwmlh `f~ blj mlwmwzmlh `f~ zi

eb~~} z`f baafhfj bnjvgzi~ blj ~btmwz,

>3>, Bjmkb~m B~bg`g`mabhf ̂ vxbl Wbetbz` Xmgk~bebwmlh`f? Wvwtmgmivw jfbz` bczf~ nfmlh

bwwbvazfj ml t~mwil

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh z`f bwwbvaz blj

wvnwfrvflz jfbz` ic b ebl ml Xb~m}btiab t~mwil il Jfgfenf~ >>! >440, @f xbw wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfjn} t~mwil hvb~jw blj afcz xmzìvz efjmgba bzzflzmil fsfl zìvh` `f `bj wvwzbmlfj wf~mivw mlov~mfw,

@f xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi bliz`f~ t~mwil x`f~f `f xbw bjemzzfj zi ìwtmzba nvz jmfj wì~za} z`f~fbczf~,

Nbwfj il z`f zfwzmeil} ic z`f smgzme(w cbz`f~ Bjmkb~m B~bg`g`mabhf Xmgk~bebjbwb! :=-

E~, Bjmkb~m B~bg`g`mabhf ^vxbl Wbetbz` Xmgk~bebwmlh`f! >7! bl b~e} iccmgf~! `bj nffl jfzbmlfj

ml Xb~m}btiab t~mwil ci~ jfwf~zmil blj xbw wg`fjvafj ci~ z~blwcf~ zi z`f Nihbenb~b T~mwil il

Jfgfenf~ >>! >440,

B~ivlj Jfgfenf~ 20! t~mwil iccmgf~w ml z`f Xb~m}btiab T~mwil bwwbvazfj ^vxbl, Z`f} afcz `me

bailf! t~ismjmlh li efjmgba z~fbzeflz ci~ z`~ff jb}w jfwtmzf wvwzbmlmlh wf~mivw mlov~mfw c~ie z`f

bwwbvaz, @f xbw z`fl z~blwcf~~fj zi Nihbenb~b t~mwil x`f~f `f xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f Kblj}

Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba, @f jmfj z`m~z} emlvzfw bczf~ bjemwwmil, Mlci~efj ic z`fm~ wil(w jfbz`! ^vxbl(w

tb~flzw ~vw`fj zi z`f ìwtmzba nvz xf~f liz baaixfj zi smfx z`fm~ wil(w nij}, Z`f} gabmefj z`bz fsfl

zìvh` z`f gbvwf ic z`fm~ wil(w jfbz`! ~fgi~jfj n} z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~! xbw liz gafb~! li

iccmgmba i~ jigzi~ fptabmlfj bl}z`mlh zi z`fe, ^vxbl(w cbz`f~ gabmew z`bz z`f iccmgf~w ml z`f t~mwil



723

evwz zbkf ~fwtilwmnmamz} ci~ `mw wil(w jfbz` blj nf tvlmw`fj bggi~jmlha}, @f ebjf b gietabmlz zi

z`f Lbzmilba @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil il Oblvb~} 8! >44=,

Bjjmzmilba mlci~ebzmil

E~, Bjmkb~m B~bg`g`mabhf ^vxbl Wbetbz` Xmgk~bebwmlh`f! >7! afcz ìef zi oiml z`f b~efj ci~gfwml >440, @f `bj nffl wzbzmilfj ml z`f c~ilz amlfw ic jfcflwf, X`maf wf~smlh bw b Ablgf Gi~ti~ba Li,

:263:=- bzzbg`fj zi z`f 8z` Hbevlv ^fhmeflz ic z`f W~m Ablkb Bm~ Ci~gf! `f xbw wìz blj wf~mivwa}

xivljfj ml b nbzzaf il Ovlf >0! >440, Bczf~ nfmlh wìz! `f j~bhhfj `mewfac il `mw wziebg` ci~ emafw

nbgk zi z`f wbcfz} ic `mw gbet,

@f xbw z`fl wflz zi ìwtmzba x`f~f jigzi~w xf~f vlbnaf zi meefjmbzfa} ~feisf z`f nvaafzw c~ie `mw

nij}, ^vxbl wtflz >2 jb}w ml ìwtmzba ~fgisf~mlh t`}wmgbaa} blj eflzbaa} c~ie z`mw i~jfba, @f xbw

cmlbaa} jmwg`b~hfj c~ie ìwtmzba blj ziaj z`bz z`f nvaafzw xivaj nf ~feisfj bz b abzf~ jbzf, @f xbw

hmsfl b cfx jb}w ic efjmgba afbsf zi smwmz `mw ìef,

X`fl `f ~fzv~lfj zi jvz} il Ova} >8! >440! `f civlj z`bz `f xbw ilgf bhbml wzbzmilfj ml z`f c~ilz

amlfw ic jfcflwf, @f mlci~efj `mw wvtf~mi~w z`bz `f civlj mz jmccmgvaz zi cvlgzmil ml z`f wbef ebllf~

bw nfci~f nfgbvwf ic z`f nvaafzw aijhfj ml `mw nij}, @ixfsf~! `f xbw liz bcci~jfj bl} gilgfwwmilw,

Xmz`ml b eilz`! ^vxbl bhbml ziik afbsf zi hi ìef nfmlh mlwz~vgzfj zi ~fti~z nbgk ci~ jvz} il

Wftzfenf~ >0! >440,

Jv~mlh `mw zmef il afbsf! ^vxbl efz xmz` `mw wvtf~mi~w bz b~e} `fbjrvb~zf~w ml Tblbhijb

~frvfwzmlh b z~blwcf~ jvf zi `mw t`}wmgba jmwbnmamz}, @ixfsf~! `f ~fgfmsfj li tiwmzmsf ~fwtilwf,

^vxbl ziaj `mw tb~flzw z`bz wmlgf mz xbw baeiwz metiwwmnaf ci~ `me zi cvlgzmil ml z`f c~ilz amlfw ml

`mw t~fsbmamlh t`}wmgba giljmzmil! `f xivaj liz ~fti~z nbgk ci~ jvz},

Il Igzinf~ >6! `f xbw b~~fwzfj bz `mw ìef! zbkfl mlzi gvwzij} blj g`b~hfj bw b jfwf~zf~, @f xbw

wflzflgfj zi z`~ff eilz`w met~mwileflz il Lisfenf~ 2= blj gilcmlfj ml Xb~m}btiab t~mwil,

>44=

>37, Hismljb~bo? Tiamgf baafhfja} zi~zv~f efl jv~mlh mlzf~~ihbzmil

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz tiamgf baafhfja}

zi~zv~fj b ebl! bggvwfj ic ev~jf~! zi ci~gf `me zi t~ismjf cmsf lbefw jv~mlh mlzf~~ihbzmil ml z`f

Lbxbabtmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil il Oblvb~} =, Baa cmsf efl lbefj xf~f bggi~jmlha} b~~fwzfj, Ilf ebl

xbw baafhfja} zi~zv~fj, Z`f iz`f~ civ~ xf~f tvz ml ~feblj t~mwil jfwtmzf z`f cbgz z`bz z`fwf civ~

xf~f liz bz z`f g~mef wgflf ml z`f fwzbzf x`fl z`f ev~jf~ iggv~~fj,



728

E~, Hismljb~bo xbw b~~fwzfj ci~ z`f ev~jf~ ic E~, Nbljvab B~m}btbab! b nvwmlfwwebl il Oblvb~} =!

>44=, Bczf~ z`f b~~fwz! Lbxbabtmzm}b tiamgf baafhfja} `vlh `me c~ie z`f gfmamlh blj zi~zv~fj `me zi

~fsfba cmsf lbefw, Jvf zi z`f wfsf~mz} ic z`f zi~zv~f! `f cmlbaa} lbefj c~mfljw xì `bj li

klixafjhf bnivz z`mw ev~jf~ gbwf,

Il z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! E~, ]ihbw`xb~bl xbw b~~fwzfj bz b cvlf~ba ìef, Z`f iz`f~ civ~! lbefj

Oi`lwmlh`f Beb~blb}bkf! Emg`fba Kb~fl! Hfi~hf! Zb~obl! bggietblmfj n} z`fm~ abx}f~! wv~~fljf~fj

z`fewfasfw bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, ]ihbw`xb~bl xbw baafhfja} zi~zv~fj ci~ z`~ff jb}w bczf~ `mw b~~fwz

vlzma `f xbw n~ivh`z nfci~f z`f Lbxbabtmzm}b giv~z il Oblvb~} 27,

Mz mw ~fti~zfj z`bz z`f civ~ bggvwfj efl! xmz` z`f fpgftzmil ic ]ihbw`xb~bl! xf~f liz ml z`f fwzbzf

x`fl z`f ev~jf~ ic z`f nvwmlfwwebl ziik tabgf, Smiaflgf! ìxfsf~! `bj iggv~~fj ml z`mw b~fb,

Wfsf~ba ìvwfw x`f~f Zbema zfb tablzbzmil xi~kf~w amsfj xf~f nv~lfj jixl blj jfwz~i}fj, Tiamgf

baafhfja} bzzfetzfj zi bggvwf z`f cmsf efl ml i~jf~ zi wbzmwc} z`f emlmwzf~ E~, Eb`mljb Bljbljb

Bavz`hbebhf xì xbw wvtti~zfj n} z`f abzf Nbljvab B~m}btbab,

>3:, Bnfwml`bhf Jil Oblbkb? Tiamgf baafhfja} zi~zv~f b ebl zi hfz mlci~ebzmil

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh z`f zi~zv~f ic b

}ivz` n} iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi Ei~bhb`b`flb tiamgf ci~ z`f tv~tiwf ic inzbmlmlh mlci~ebzmil il

Cfn~vb~} >! >44= ml W~m Ablkb, Z`f }ivz` wvwzbmlfj mlov~mfw bw b ~fwvaz ic x`mg` `f `bj zi vljf~hi

z~fbzeflz bz t~mwil ìwtmzba,

Nbwfj il z`f zfwzmeil} ic z`f smgzmew n~iz`f~ Bnfwml`bhf Jil Wbetbz` blj z`f smgzme Bnfwml`bhf Jil Oblbkb-

B~ivlj =?74te il Cfn~vb~} >! >44=! x`fl Oblbkb xbw zbakmlh xmz` zxi iz`f~ tf~wilw lfb~ z`fTiaxbzzf Efjmzbzmil Gflz~f! zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w! Blv~b >8432- blj B~vlb :>:- ic z`f

Ei~bhb`b`flb Tiamgf wzbzmil gbef il b eizi~ g}gaf, Z`f} Oblbkb blj `mw zxi c~mfljw x`bz z`f}

xf~f jimlh blj wfb~g`fj z`fe,

Jv~mlh z`f wfb~g`! z`f} civlj b nvaafz ml z`f tv~wf Oblbkb xbw gb~~}mlh blj xblzfj zi klix c~ie

x`f~f `f `bj hiz mz, Oblbkb ~ftamfj z`bz `f `bj tmgkfj mz vt c~ie z`f ~ibj, Z`f iccmgf~w jmj liz

nfamfsf `me blj mlwmwzfj z`bz mc `f `bj b nvaafz `f wìvaj bawi nf `bsmlh b hvl, Xmzìvz g~fjmnaf

fsmjflgf z`bz `f tiwwfwwfj bl} cm~fb~ew! z`f} ziik Oblbkb zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! tiamgf iccmgf~w Blv~b >8432-! B~vlb :>:- blj Ob}babz` :24==-

mljmwg~memlbzfa} bwwbvazfj `me, X`maf zi~zv~mlh `me! z`fwf iccmgf~w kftz bwkmlh c~ie x`f~f blj c~ie xìe `f `bj inzbmlfj z`f nvaafz, Oblbkb gabmew z`bz z`f z`~ff tiamgf iccmgf~w ebkf `me afbl bhbmlwz

z`f xbaa blj tvlg`fj blj kmgkfj `me, Abzf~! z`f} ebjf `me amf jixl ml b wafftmlh tiwmzmil il z`f

caii~ blj gilzmlvfj zi bwwbvaz `me, Cmlbaa} `f xbw tvz ml b gfaa,

Iccmgf~w Blv~b blj B~vlb z`fl ziik `me nfci~f z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf xì ziaj z`fe zi t~ijvgf

Oblbkb ml giv~z, Z`fl z`f} ziik `me zi z`f wbef ~iie x`f~f z`f} mlmzmbaa} bwwbvazfj `me blj

bwwbvazfj `me bhbml, Bczf~ x`mg` z`f} tvz `me nbgk mlzi z`f gfaa,



720

Z`bz lmh`z! iccmgf~ Blv~b ziik Oblbkb ivz ic z`f gfaa zi z`f wbef ~iie blj zi~zv~fj `me bhbml, @f

ziaj Oblbkb zi wmz il z`f caii~ lfb~ b zbnaf blj `f x~izf jixl jfzbmaw xmz` ~fhb~j zi `mw lbef blj

bjj~fww, Z`fl! zfaamlh `me zi wzblj vt! z`f iccmgf~ bwwbvazfj `me il `mw `bljw blj `fbj vwmlh b

aflhz` ic ìwf, @f bawi bwwbvazfj Oblbkb xmz` `mw cmwzw, Z`f~fbczf~! z`f iccmgf~ ziaj `me zi amf il z`f

caii~ blj z~betafj `me nfci~f tvzzmlh nbgk ml z`f gfaa,

X`maf nfmlh zi~zv~fj! Iccmgf~ Blv~b z`~fbzflfj Oblbkb! zfaamlh `me z`bz `f wìvaj wb} `f ~fgfmsfj `mw

mlov~mfw x`maf fsbjmlh z`f tiamgf, Z`f~fbczf~! `f xbw ci~gfj zi wmhl b jigveflz x`mg` `f xbw liz

baaixfj zi ~fbj, Z`f iccmgf~w jmj liz fptabml mzw gilzflzw, Z`f tiamgf bawi ziik `mw cmlhf~ t~mlzw,

Bggi~jmlh zi Oblbkb! `f xbw ml h~fbz t`}wmgba tbml, @mw fb~w xf~f naigkfj blj `mw lfgk xbw wxiaafl

blj `f givaj liz zv~l `mw `fbj,

Il Cfn~vb~} 7! Oblbkb xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Gm~gvmz Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z Nbljb~bhbeb! x`mg`

i~jf~fj `me zi nf ~febljfj zmaa Cfn~vb~} 22, @f xbw z`fl ~febljfj bz z`f Kbavzb~b T~mwil x`f~f

`f ziaj z`f iccmgmbaw z`bz `f `bj nffl bwwbvazfj n} z`f Ei~bhb`b`flb Tiamgf, @mw cbgf blj lfgk xf~f

wxiaafl blj `f `bj mlov~mfw mlwmjf `mw eivz`, Oblbkb xbw z`fl bjemzzfj zi z`f T~mwil @iwtmzba x`f~f

`f ~fgfmsfj efjmgba z~fbzeflz zmaa Cfn~vb~} =,

Il Cfn~vb~} =! Oblbkb xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f @i~blb Ebhmwz~bzfw Giv~z x`f~f `f bjemzzfj z`bz

`f xbw ml tiwwfwwmil ic z`f wmlhaf nvaafz blj xbw cmlfj xmz` ^w, 6!444)5 VWJ :7-, X`maf Oblbkb

xbw wzmaa ml ~feblj gvwzij} il Cfn~vb~} 6! Oblbkb(w n~iz`f~! Bnf}wmlh`f Jil Wbetbz` mlci~efj z`mw

mlgmjflz zi z`f ~fafsblz hisf~leflz bvzì~mzmfw mlgavjmlh Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil blj Mlwtfgzi~

Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf,

Il Eb~g` >! bczf~ Oblbkb xbw ~fafbwfj c~ie t~mwil! Oblbkb tf~wilbaa} mlci~efj z`mw mlgmjflz zi z`f

wbef bvzì~mzmfw ~frvfwzmlh z`fe zi zbkf jvf jmwgmtamlb~} blj afhba bgzmil bhbmlwz z`f f~~mlh iccmgf~w

ic z`f Ei~bhb`b`flb tiamgf,

Il Eb~g` >! Oblbkb(w n~iz`f~ xbw gbaafj n} z`f Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf WWT- Kbavzb~b ci~

bl mlrvm~} xmz` ~fhb~j zi z`f gietabmlz `f ebjf il nf`bac ic `mw n~iz`f~ il Cfn~vb~} 6, Wmlgf

Oblbkb xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma! Oblbkb t~fwflzfj `mewfac bz z`f hmsfl zmef blj tabgf ci~ z`f mlrvm~} bz

z`f WWT(w iccmgf, @ixfsf~! li mlrvm~} ziik tabgf blj Oblbkb xbw ziaj z`bz z`f WWT `bj liz ~fti~zfj

zi xi~k, Oblbkb bawi lizmcmfj z`mw wmzvbzmil zi bliz`f~ WWT E~, @, E, J`b~ebwflb il 6 Eb~g`,

>36, Blv~bj`b Nvjjmkb? Tiamgf b~nmz~b~ma} jfzbml tb~flzw blj zi~zv~f cbz`f~ zmaa wil mw `bljfj

isf~

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz z`f Emlvxblhijb

tiamgf b~nmz~b~ma} b~~fwzfj wief tb~flzw il z`f 28 Cfn~vb~} blj `faj z`fe bw ìwzbhfw vlzma z`fm~ wil

wv~~fljf~fj `mewfac zi z`f tiamgf, Ml z`f tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f cbz`f~ xbw baafhfja} zi~zv~fj ml z`f aigk

vt x`maf z`f eiz`f~ xbw t~fsflzfj c~ie afbsmlh z`f wzbzmil, X`fl z`f wil xbw `bljfj isf~ zi z`f

tiamgf wief jb}w abzf~! `f xbw bawi baafhfja} zi~zv~fj blj z`f emwz~fbzeflz ~fwvazfj ml b n~ikfl afh,



72=

Z`f tiamgf abzf~ z`~fbzflfj z`f wil! zfaamlh `me liz zi ~fsfba z`mw bz z`f giv~z,

Nbwfj il z`f zfwzmeil} ic Wbeb~bxmgk~beb Hvlf~wfkb~b B~bg`g`mhf Jb}blbljb! 63-

Wbeb~bxmgk~beb Hvlf~wfkb~b B~bg`g`mhf Jb}blbljb mw z`f cbz`f~ ic Blv~bj`b Nvjjmkb, Blv~bj`b

xbw amsmlh zihfz`f~ xmz` `mw hm~a c~mflj ml `f~ ìvwf xmz` z`f gilwflz ic `f~ tb~flzw,

Il 24 Cfn~vb~} >44=! bz bnivz 8?74te Blv~bj`b zfaftìlfj `mw cbz`f~ blj ziaj `me z`bz z`mfsfw

`bsf flzf~fj `mw hm~ac~mflj(w ìvwf blj `bj wziafl wief ofxfa~}, @f bwkfj `mw cbz`f~ mc `f givaj

bggietbl} z`fe wmlgf z`f} xf~f baa himlh zi z`f Emlvxblhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Z`f ~fabzmilw ic Blv~bj`b(w hm~ac~mflj xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj bczf~ ebkmlh z`f gietabmlz

xmz` z`f tiamgf xflz nbgk zi z`f ìvwf, Bz z`f ìvwf z`f cbz`f~ ic Blv~bj`b(w hm~ac~mflj ziaj tiamgf

z`bz ^w, 64!444 VWJ :70- xi~z` ic ofxfa~} `bj nffl aiwz, Bczf~ z`bz Blv~bj`b(w cbz`f~ ~fzv~lfj

ìef,

Il 27 Cfn~vb~} Blv~bj`b xflz zi `mw tb~flz(w ìef blj ziaj z`fe z`bz `f `bj b~hvfj xmz` `mw hm~a

c~mflj‐w cbz`f~ xì `bj ziaj `me zi afbsf blj liz ~fzv~l, Blv~bj`b cv~z`f~ ziaj `mw cbz`f~ z`bz `mw

hm~ac~mflj(w tb~flzw wvwtfgzfj `me ic z`f z`fcz, Abzf~ z`bz jb} Blv~bj`b(w tb~flzw civlj `me a}mlh

vlgilwgmivw ml `mw ~iie bczf~ zbkmlh :0 tblbjia zbnafzw tbml kmaaf~w- ml bl bzzfetz zi gieemz

wvmgmjf, Z`f} meefjmbzfa} ziik `me zi z`f Hbetb`b Nbwf @iwtmzba, Bw `mw giljmzmil xbw liz hiij

`f xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi Lbzmilba @iwtmzba Giaieni, X`maf `f xbw ~fgisf~mlh waixa}! `f afcz z`f

ìwtmzba il 26 Cfn~vb~} blj `mw tb~flzw `bj li mjfb ic x`f~f `f `bj hilf,

Il 28 Cfn~vb~} bz bnivz 22te z`f Emlvxblhijb tiamgf xflz zi Blv~bj`b(w tb~flzw‐ ìvwf blj

mlrvm~fj bnivz `mw x`f~fbnivzw, Blv~bj`b(w cbz`f~ ziaj z`f tiamgf z`bz Blv~bj`b `bj nffl bjemzzfj

zi z`f ìwtmzba c~ie x`f~f `f `bj afcz blj z`f~fbczf~ `f `bj li mjfb ic x`f~f `f emh`z nf, Z`f

iccmgf~w ziik Blv~bj`b(w cbz`f~ zi z`f Emlvxblhijb tiamgf wzbzmil wb}mlh z`bz z`f} xivaj cmlj

Blv~bj`b blj vlzma z`fl z`f} lffjfj b wzbzfeflz c~ie `mw cbz`f~, Bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil z`f} jmj liz

zbkf bl} wzbzfeflz c~ie z`f cbz`f~ nvz mlwzfbj aigkfj `me ml b gfaa,

Il z`f ei~lmlh ic 20 Cfn~vb~}! Blv~bj`b‐w cbz`f~ xbw rvfwzmilfj n} b tiamgf iccmgf~ Wiebomz`

bnivz z`f aiwz ofxfa~}, Z`f cbz`f~ blwxf~fj z`bz `f jmj liz klix bl}z`mlh bnivz mz, @ixfsf~! `f xbw

`bljfj isf~ zi bliz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~ bz =be xì ziik z`f cbz`f~ mlzi b ~iie ml z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil

xmz` wief nfjw! zi ilf ic x`mg` z`f cbz`f~ xbw `bljgvccfj, Bz b~ivlj 2> liil b tiamgf iccmgf~ `mzz`f cbz`f~ il `mw lfgk! fb~w blj `fbj bwkmlh bnivz z`f x`f~fbnivzw ic `mw wil Blv~bj`b, Bliz`f~

iccmgf~ kmgkfj z`f cbz`f~ il `mw g`ml, Z`f cbz`f~ xbw kftz ml `bljgvccw zmaa 3te,

Bczf~ z`bz z`f tiamgf ziik Blv~bj`b‐w cbz`f~ zi z`f tiamgf gfaaw zi aigk `me vt, X`maf xbakmlh zi z`f

gfaa z`f cbz`f~ wbx `mw xmcf wfbzfj il b nflg` ml z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, W`f ziaj z`f cbz`f~ z`bz w`f gbef

zi wff `me bz bnivz 8?26be blj tiamgf ci~gfj `f~ zi wzb} bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil wb}mlh z`bz w`f zii xmaa



7>4

liz nf baaixfj zi hi ìef vlzma z`f} `blj isf~ z`fm~ wil, Z`f eiz`f~ xbw liz baaixfj zi hi ivz zi

`bsf ciij i~ xbzf~ blj w`f xbw liz fsfl baaixfj zi hi zi z`f zimafz, W`f fsflzvbaa} afbkfj v~mlf

x`f~f w`f wbz, @f~ afhw xf~f wxiaafl blj x`flfsf~ w`f z~mfj zi wzblj vt w`f xbw wìvzfj bz n} z`f

tiamgf,

Bw z`f tb~flzw jmj liz ~fzv~l ìef z`fm~ fajf~ wil gbef zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil mlrvm~mlh bnivz z`fe,@f xbw g`bwfj ivz wb}mlh z`bz mc `f zv~lfj vt bhbml `f xivaj bawi nf aigkfj vt! wi `f afcz z`f Tiamgf

wzbzmil xmzìvz wtfbkmlh zi `mw tb~flzw, X`fl Blv~bj`b‐w eiz`f~ z~mfj zi wtfbk zi `f~ wil w`f xbw

bawi wìvzfj bz blj i~jf~fj zi ~febml x`f~f w`f xbw, Jv~mlh z`f lmh`z z`f cbz`f~ xbw aigkfj ml blj

z`f eiz`f~ xbw kftz il z`f nflg` ivzwmjf, Z`f} xf~f liz hmsfl ciij i~ xbzf~ ci~ z`f xìaf jb} blj

fsfl jv~mlh z`f lmh`z,

Il 2= Cfn~vb~}! z`f iccmgf~w xì gbef ci~ jvz} t~ismjfj z`fe xmz` ciij blj xbzf~, Nvz z`f} xf~f

kftz amkf z`bz bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil jv~mlh z`bz jb} zii, Z`f cbz`f~ xbw zbkfl ivz blj t~ijvgfj ml

c~ilz ic z`f Iccmgf~%Ml%G`b~hf IMG- n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ Wiebomz` il Cfn~vb~} >4, Z`f IMG

mlrvm~fj c~ie z`f cbz`f~ bnivz z`f x`f~fbnivzw ic Blv~bj`b, X`fl z`f cbz`f~ ziaj z`bz `f jmj liz

klix bl}z`mlh! `f xbw `mz il `mw fb~ blj wìvzfj bz, @f xbw ziaj z`bz z`f} xivaj liz nf baaixfj zi

hi vlafww z`fm~ wil xbw t~ijvgfj, Z`bz jb} zii z`f} xf~f kftz ml z`f wbef ebllf~ ml z`f Tiamgf

wzbzmil,

Il >2 Cfn~vb~}! z`f fajf~ wil civlj x`f~f Blv~bj`b xbw wzb}mlh blj `bljfj `me isf~ zi z`f

tiamgf z`~ivh` b abx}f~, Bczf~ z`bz `mw tb~flzw xf~f ~fafbwfj,

C~ie >2 zi >3 Cfn~vb~}! Blv~bj`b xbw maafhbaa} jfzbmlfj bz Emlvxblhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil blj

zi~zv~fj bwkmlh bnivz z`f aiwz ofxfa~}, Il >6 Cfn~vb~} bl bmj ml z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil zfaftìlfj z`f

tb~flzw blj mlci~efj z`fe z`bz Blv~bj`b `bj n~ikfl `mw afh bczf~ cbaamlh mlzi b absbzi~} tmz, Z`f

cbz`f~ ~vw`fj zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj mlrvm~fj bnivz z`f mlgmjflz, Blv~bj`b xì givaj liz xbak

ziaj `me z`bz `f xivaj fptabml bnivz mz abzf~! nvz vlzma z`fl zi hfz `me wief z~fbzeflz,

Bczf~ z`bz z`f cbz`f~ mlci~efj z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil ic W~m Ablkb, X`fl z`f @^G gbaafj

z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! z`f tiamgf mlci~efj z`bz z`f} xivaj t~ijvgf Blv~bj`b ml giv~z z`bz jb},

@ixfsf~! z`f tiamgf t~ijvgfj Blv~bj`b nfci~f z`f Emlvxblhijb Ebhmwz~bzf Giv~z bz :?74te il

Cfn~vb~} >3, Blv~bj`b xbw ~febljfj vlzma Eb~g` :, Z`fl bhbml x`fl `f xbw t~ijvgfj `f xbw

~febljfj vlzma Eb~g` 20,

Blv~bj`b(w afh xbw n~ikfl jvf zi z`f tiamgf zi~zv~f, @f lfsf~ ziaj z`f giv~zw nfgbvwf `f xbw

z`~fbzflfj z`bz mc `f gietabmlfj z`f xìaf cbema} xivaj hfz mlzi z~ivnaf,

Z`f tb~flzw `bj ebjf gietabmlzw zi z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf! z`f @vebl ^mh`zw

Gieemwwmil blj Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil! jfebljmlh bl mlrvm~} mlzi z`f maafhba jfzflzmil ic z`f

tb~flzw blj z`f wil bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! Maa z~fbzeflz zi z`f tb~flzw blj z`f zi~zv~f ic z`f wil,



7>2

>33, Wvlma W`blz`b? Tiamgf baafhfja} zi~zv~f b ebl; `mw abx}f~ ~fgfmsfw z`~fbzw c~ie tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz z`f Effhb`bzfllb

tiamgf baafhfja} zi~zv~fj b ebl il Eb~g` 2! >44= ml W~m Ablkb, Bczf~ z`f zi~zv~f! tiamgf eblbgafj

`me ci~ zxi jb}w xmzìvz t~ismjmlh xbzf~! ciij i~ nbz`~iie cbgmamzmfw, Z`f} cmlbaa} ci~gfj `me ziwmhl b wzbzfeflz xmz` li fptablbzmil, @mw afhba ~ft~fwflzbzmsf cbmafj zi bttfb~ nfci~f z`f giv~z jvf

zi tiamgf z`~fbzw,

Nbwfj il z`f zfwzmeil} ic Wvlma W`blz`b z`f smgzme-

X`fl z`~ff tiamgf iccmgf~w ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw gbef blj bwkfj ci~ Wvlma W`blz`b bz >?74te il Eb~g`

2! >44=! W`blz`b! j~fwwfj gbwvbaa} ila} ml `mw wb~ilh! gbef ci~xb~j mjflzmc}mlh `mewfac, Ilf iccmgf~

wvjjfla} h~bnnfj `me n} `mw wziebg`! wrvffmlh zmh`za}! x`maf z`f iz`f~ zxi iccmgf~w h~bnnfj `me

n} `mw wb~ilh c~ie z`f nbgk blj ci~gfj `mw `bljw zi z`f nbgk, Z`f tf~wil xì bwkfj ci~ WvlmaW`blz`b! abzf~ mjflzmcmfj bw Wvn%Mlwtfgzi~ WM- Wflbsm~bzlf! z`fl bwwbvazfj `me il z`f cbgf! nbgk blj

wziebg`, @ixfsf~ bz z`mw zmef! z`f iccmgf~w jmj liz mjflzmc} z`fewfasfw bw tiamgf iccmgf~w li~ jmj

z`f} zfaa `me x`} `f xbw nfmlh bwwbvazfj,

Z`f~fbczf~! z`f} j~bhhfj `me bailh z`f ~ibj zi x`f~f b tiamgf offt xbw tb~kfj, Z`f} gilzmlvfj

bwwbvazmlh `me baa z`f xb}, X`fl z`f} ebjf `me hfz mlzi z`f offt! Wvlma W`blz`b bwkfj z`fe xì

z`f} xf~f, @f xbw ziaj n} z`f WM Wflbsm~bzlf z`bz z`f} xf~f c~ie z`f tiamgf, Ml z`f offt! z`f} ebjf

`me wmz il z`f caii~ blj eblbgafj `mw cffz,

X`fl z`f} b~~msfj bz z`f nbgk ic z`f Effhb`bzfllb Tiamgf wzbzmil bz 7?26te! z`f} bwkfj WvlmaW`blz`b zi hfz ivz ic z`f offt, X`fl W`blz`b tafbjfj z`bz `f xbw vlbnaf zi hfz jixl jvf zi z`f

eblbgafw il `mw afhw! z`f WM Wflbsm~bzlf bwwbvazfj `me xmz` b tiaf, W`blz`b wiefìx eblbhfj zi

j~bh `mewfac ivz ml i~jf~ zi bsimj nfmlh bwwbvazfj, Z`fl! z`f WM gieebljfj `me zi xbak mlzi z`f

Tiamgf wzbzmil, X`maf W`blz`b bhbml tafbjfj zi zbkf icc z`f eblbgafw c~ie `mw cffz wi z`bz `f givaj

xbak! z`f WM ef~fa} bwwbvazfj `me bhbml, W`blz`b `bj li efblw zi kfft `mw `bljw icc z`f caii~, @f

xbakfj amkf bl blmeba! il baa civ~w! mlzi z`f ~iie ic z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- xì i~jf~fj `me

zi nf zbkfl zi z`f G~mef N~blg`, Z`f IMG bwkfj z`f WM zi ~feisf z`f eblbgafw c~ie `mw afhw, Bz

z`mw zmef! W`blz`b hiz zi klix z`f lbef ic z`f wbmj WM-

Z`f IMG bwkfj ci~ b ~itf blj b tbwzaf b z`mgk tiaf ebjf ic Kmz`va xiij vwfj zi tivlj h~bml-, Z`fIMG z`fl i~jf~fj W`blz`b(w `bljw zmfj xmz` z`f ~itf, Z`f tiaf xbw tvz z`~ivh` `mw b~ew blj afhw

blj z`fl aijhfj nfzxffl zxi zbnafw, @f `vlh il mz gv~afj vt amkf b gb~z x`ffa xmz` `mw `fbj jixl

blj `mw cffz vt, Z`mw efzìj ic `blhmlh mw aigbaa} blj m~ilmgbaa} ~fcf~~fj zi bw z`f J`b~eb G`bk~b i~

z`f X`ffa ic Abx,



7>>

Z`f IMG mljmwg~memlbzfa} bwwbvazfj W`blz`b il `mw nbgk blj vtzv~lfj cffz blj zv~lfj `me bnivz

z`~ff ~ivljw x`maf ìajmlh `mw afhw, Z`f IMG bwwbvazfj `me il `mw lfgk x`mg` `bj ~fgflza}

vljf~hilf b wv~hmgba t~igfjv~f, W`blz`b wg~fbefj ml h~fbz tbml nvz mz xbw ic li vwf, W`blz`b xbw

gilzmlvivwa} bwkfj zi ~fzv~l wziafl hiijw, @f jflmfj z`f baafhbzmil, Z`f zmef xbw 6?74te,

Z`f IMG afcz z`f ~iie blj zxi iz`f~ iccmgf~w xì `bj nffl z`f~f mlmzmbaa} bz `mw b~~fwz vlzmfj `meblj ebjf `me wmz il z`f caii~, Z`f} eblbgafj `mw afcz afh zi ilf ic z`f zbnaf afhw blj `mw ~mh`z `blj

zi bliz`f~ ic z`f zbnaf afhw blj afcz `me ml z`bz tiwmzmil ci~ zxi jb}w zmaa :te il Eb~g` 7, Jv~mlh

z`mw zmef `f xbw hmsfl lfmz`f~ ciij li~ xbzf~ blj liz baaixfj zi hi zi z`f nbz`~iie, X`maf ml z`mw

tiwmzmil z`f WM ziik jixl b wzbzfeflz c~ie `me! ci~gmlh `me zi wmhl mz! xmzìvz fptabmlmlh i~

wìxmlh `me x`bz xbw x~mzzfl,

Wvnwfrvflza} W`blz`b xbw zbkfl zi z`f Effhb`bzfllb @iwtmzba n} z`f WM blj bliz`f~ iccmgf~, X`fl

`f xbw fpbemlfj! W`blz`b ziaj z`f jigzi~ z`bz `f xbw ml h~fbz tbml blj z`bz `f xbw bwwbvazfj n} z`f

tiamgf, Z`f jigzi~ hbsf `me wief zbnafzw zi nf zbkfl meefjmbzfa}! blj hbsf b g`mz zi z`f iccmgf~ zi

nf hmsfl zi z`f ìwtmzba xb~j il bjemwwmil,

@ixfsf~! W`blz`b xbw liz bjemzzfj zi z`f xb~j nvz mlwzfbj zbkfl nbgk zi z`f Effhb`bzfllb Tiamgf

wzbzmil blj ebjf zi wmz il b g`bm~, Bz bnivz 6?74te z`f WM blj bliz`f~ zxi iccmgf~w t~ijvgfj

W`blz`b nfci~f z`f Ebz`vhbeb Ebhmwz~bzf, Z`f WM z`fl z`~fbzflfj W`blz`b ic z`f gilwfrvflgfw mc

`f jb~fj zi zfaa z`f Ebhmwz~bzf z`bz `f xbw bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf, Bz z`f Ebhmwz~bzfw! W`blz`b civlj

ivz z`bz zxi gbwfw ic z`fcz blj ilf gbwf ic bwwbvaz `bj nffl cbn~mgbzfj bhbmlwz `me, @f xbw

~febljfj vlzma Eb~g` 22! >44=,

Bzzi~lf}%bz%abx Ew, Ob}bxb~jflb ~ft~fwflzfj W`blz`b, W`f mlci~efj z`f Ebhmwz~bzf z`bz W`blz`b

`bj nffl wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf blj z`bz `f lffjfj efjmgba gb~f, Z`f Ebhmwz~bzf i~jf~fj

z`bz W`blz`b nf ~fcf~~fj zi z`f T~mwil @iwtmzba ml Kbavzb~b! x`f~f `f ~fgfmsfj efjmgba z~fbzeflz

vlzma Eb~g` 22, X`fl z`f gbwf xbw gbaafj vt bhbml ml giv~z! `mw afhba ~ft~fwflzbzmsf jmj liz bttfb~

ci~ W`blz`b, W`f abzf~ mlci~efj `mw cbema} z`bz w`f xbw vlbnaf zi ji wi jvf zi z`~fbzw ebjf n} z`f

tiamgf, Zxi iz`f~ abx}f~w bttfb~fj ci~ `me z`bz jb}, Z`~ff wv~fz} nbmaw xf~f i~jf~fj beivlzmlh zi

^w, 244!444)5 VWJ 080- fbg` blj gbw` nbma ic ^w, 26!444)5 VWJ 272-, Wmlgf mz xbw rvmzf abzf z`bz

jb} blj nbma givaj liz nf cv~lmw`fj `f xbw bhbml wflz zi t~mwil vlzma Eb~g` 27, Il Eb~g` 2>! nbma

xbw cv~lmw`fj blj il 27 Eb~g` >44= Wvlma W`blz`b xbw wflz ìef,

Cbaamlh wmgk c~ie zmef zi zmef bw z`f ~fwvaz ic `mw zi~zv~f! W`blz`b `bw bhbml nffl bjemzzfj zi

ìwtmzba,Il Eb~g` 23! b x~mzzfl gietabmlz ~fhb~jmlh z`mw gbwf xbw wflz zi z`f g`bm~tf~wil ic Lbzmilba

@vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil blj Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil! Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf! Bzzi~lf}

Hflf~ba blj Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf Kbavzb~b,




7>7

Ml >44: Wvlma W`blz`b `bj `fatfj z`f tiamgf il b ~bmj ic wfsf~ba maafhba hbenamlh jflw, Bw b ~fwvaz ic

z`mw ml Eb} >44:! `f xbw bzzbgkfj n} z`f ixlf~w ic z`f hbenamlh jflw, Z`f afcz wmjf ic `mw lfgk xbw

gvz xmz` b klmcf blj `f `bj zi nf bjemzzfj zi z`f ìwtmzba, Wv~hf~} `bj zi nf tf~ci~efj blj `f xbw

vljf~ z~fbzeflz ci~ bnivz z`~ff xffkw,

Abzf~! Wvlma W`blz`b nfgbef bxb~f z`bz z`f tiamgf z`fewfasfw xf~f ~fwtilwmnaf ci~ afbkmlh mlci~ebzmil z`bz `f `bj hmsfl z`fe bnivz z`f hbenamlh jflw,

Wvlma W`blz`b z`fl jfgmjfj zi wfzzaf z`f ebzzf~ xmz` z`f tiamgf blj hbsf z`fe ^w, 24!444)5 VWJ

08-, Z`f Tiamgf ìxfsf~ xf~f blh~} z`bz `f xblzfj zi wfzzaf z`f ebzzf~ ci~ b ef~f ^w, 24!444, Z`f}

cfaz b wve ic bz afbwz >44!444)5 VWJ 2!863- givaj `bsf nffl fpz~bgzfj c~ie `me, Wvlma W`blz`b

wb}w z`f mlzflzmil ic z`f tiamgf xbw z`bz z`f} baa w`b~f ml z`f eilf} ~fgfmsfj c~ie `me,

Bggi~jmlh zi Wvlma W`blz`b! gbwfw xf~f cbn~mgbzfj n} z`f tiamgf zi zbkf ~fsflhf il `me, Bw ic Eb~g`

23! `mw gbwf xmz` ~fhb~j zi z`f bggvwbzmil ic z`fcz `bj nffl tiwztilfj bz z`f Ebz`vhbeb Ebhmwz~bzfw

Giv~z bz afbwz : zmefw, Zìwf xì ebjf z`f gietabmlz `bsf liz gief ci~xb~j,

Cv~z`f~ei~f! Wvlma W`blz`b wb}w z`bz jvf zi z`f wfsf~f mlov~} il `mw lfgk! `f nfgbef jmwbnafj zi z`f

fpzflz z`bz `f gblliz zbkf gb~f ic `mewfac blj mw nfmlh aiikfj bczf~ n} `mw wmwzf~w,

>38, Aikv Lb~behijbhf W`blz`b? Tiamgf baafhfja} zi~zv~f blj maa%z~fbz b ebl

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh bl baafhfj maafhba

b~~fwz! zi~zv~f blj maa z~fbzeflz ic b ebl n} b Wvn Mlwtfgzi~ ic tiamgf bzzbg`fj zi Effhb`bzfllb

tiamgf il Eb~g` >! >44= ml W~m Ablkb, @f xbw eblbgafj zi b jii~ z`~ivhìvz z`f xìaf lmh`z ml b

wzbljmlh tiwmzmil, Bw b ~fwvaz ic z`f bwwbvaz blj maa z~fbzeflz! `f siemzfj naiij blj cbmlzfj,

Nbwfj il z`f zfwzmeil} ic Aikv Lb~behijbhf W`blz`b-

Il Eb~g` >! >44=! bz bnivz:?26te! x`fl W`blz`b gbef ìef c~ie xi~k! `mw lfmh`niv~

Blv~vjj`b gbef jfebljmlh zi klix mc `f klfx bl}z`mlh bnivz z`f z`fcz z`bz `bj zbkfl tabgf ml `mw

ìvwf, Blv~vjj`b mlwmwzfj z`bz W`blz`b klfx bnivz z`f z`fcz, @f ziik ìaj ic W`blz`b n} z`f giaab~

blj bwwbvazfj `me il z`f eivz`! cbgf blj g`fwz blj wìvzfj .Wvn Mlwtfgzi~" M `bsf gbvh`z z`f

z`mfc,. X`fl `f wìvzfj z`mw! b tf~wil j~fwwfj ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw `mjmlh gaiwf zi b n~mjhf lfb~n}!

gbef ivz, Z`mw tf~wil z`fl z`~fbzflfj W`blz`b liz zi z~} blj ~vl blj `bljgvccfj `me wb}mlh z`bz`f mw c~ie z`f tiamgf, Zbkfl bnbgk! W`blz`b bwkfj x`bz baa z`mw xbw bnivz, @f xbw bggvwfj ic zbkmlh

wziafl hiijw c~ie Blv~vjj`b(w ìvwf blj xbw ziaj zi ~fzv~l z`fe,

Z`fl wb}mlh z`bz z`f} xmaa aiik ci~ z`f wziafl hiijw! z`f Wvn Mlwtfgzi~ WM- blj Blv~vjj`b ziik

W`blz`b zi b ìvwf ml z`f smgmlmz}! nfailhmlh zi `mw n~iz`f~ ml abx! x`mg` xbw aigkfj, Z`f} wfb~g`fj

z`f fetz} ìvwf baa z`f x`maf z`~fbzflmlh W`blz`b zi ~fzv~l z`f wziafl hiijw,



7>:

W`blz`b tafbjfj z`bz `f jmj liz wzfba bl} hiijw blj z`bz `f amsfj n} tmgkmlh gigilvzw, Z`f WM!

zbkmlh b tiaf x`mg` `f `bj tmgkfj vt c~ie W`blz`b(w ìvwf! ziaj W`blz`b zi ~bmwf `mw eblbgafj

`bljw isf~ `mw `fbj blj kfft z`fe il z`f xbaa, @f z`fl nfbz `me il z`f wtmlf blj il z`f g`fwz,

Z`f~fbczf~ W`blz`b xbw zbkfl zi wief lfmh`niv~mlh ablj zi b aigkfj ìvwf nfailhmlh zi LmebaTmzmhbab, Z`mw ìvwf zii xbw fpbemlfj, Z`fl `f xbw zbkfl lfb~ z`f ìvwf ic Blv~vjj`b x`f~f b

tiamgf z`~ff x`ffaf~ tvaafj vt, Z`f WM `mz W`blz`b xmz` z`f tiaf bhbml blj ziaj `me zi hfz mlzi z`f

z`~ff x`ffaf~, Z`f} j~isf zixb~jw bl b~fb klixl bw Niz`babxb! wb}mlh z`bz z`f~f xbw ilf ei~f

tf~wil zi nf gbvh`z,

Kfftmlh W`blz`b xmz` b H~beb B~bkw`bkb iccmgf~ b tb~b emamzb~} iccmgf~- xì j~isf z`f z`~ff

x`ffaf~! z`f WM blj Blv~vjj`b xflz zixb~jw bliz`f~ ìvwf, Wiefzmef abzf~ z`f} ~fzv~lfj wzbzmlh

z`bz z`f cfaaix `bj ~vl icc il wffmlh z`fe giemlh,

Z`fl z`f} j~isf zi z`f Effhb`bzfllb Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f W`blz`b xbw eblbgafj zi z`f h~maa ic z`f

jii~ ic bl b~ew blj beevlmzmil wzi~f, Blv~vjj`b `bj gief bailh xmz` z`fe zii, Mz xbw bnivz

8te, W`blz`b xbw kftz amkf z`bz vlzma z`f lfpz jb}, @f xblzfj zi hi zi z`f nbz`~iie nvz xbw liz

baaixfj zi ji wi, W`blz`b hiz zi klix z`bz z`f WM xì bwwbvazfj `me xbw lbefj Wflbsm~bzlf,

Z`f lfpz jb} il Eb~g` 7 bz bnivz 3?74be! W`blz`b tafbjfj xmz` z`f ^fwf~sf Iccmgf~ zi afz `me hi

zi z`f nbz`~iie! blj xbw baaixfj zi hi xmz` b H~beb B~bkw`bkb iccmgf~, @ixfsf~ il z`f xb}

W`blz`b siemzfj naiij blj cbmlzfj, Z`f abwz z`mlh `f ~fefenf~fj xbw z`bz z`f H~beb B~bkwb`bkb

iccmgf~ xbw wìvzmlh z`bz `f `bj cbmlzfj,

X`fl W`blz`b ~fhbmlfj gilwgmivwlfww il Eb~g` :! `f xbw bz z`f Lbhijb @iwtmzba, @f hiz zi klix

z`bz `f `bj nffl zbkfl zi z`f Effhb`bzfllb @iwtmzba x`f~f z`f} `bj ~fcvwfj zi bjemz `me blj

~fcf~~fj `me zi z`f Lbhijb @iwtmzba, W`blz`b ~fgfmsfj z~fbzeflz ml xb~j 8 vlzma Eb~g` =,

Bz 0?24be il Eb~g` :! z`f Ebhmwz~bzf smwmzfj W`blz`b bz z`f @iwtmzba, Z`f WM Wflbsm~bzlf bawi gbef,

W`blz`b ~fabzfj z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f Ebhmwz~bzf, W`blz`b wzbzfj z`bz WM Wflbsm~bzlf `bj bwwbvazfj `me,

Z`f Ebhmwz~bzf z`fl ebjf mlrvm~mfw bnivz z`f bwwbvaz c~ie z`f jigzi~ xì timlzfj zi wfsf~ba tabgfw

il W`blz`b(w nij}, Z`f Ebhmwz~bzf ebjf lizf ic z`mw,

WM Wflbsm~bzlf z`fl ziik b wzbzfeflz c~ie W`blz`b, @f ziaj `me liz zi nf bc~bmj blj `f xivaj liz

wflj `me zi ~feblj, @f xivaj wiil nf bnaf zi hi ìef blj z`bz `f xmaa gief blj wff `me bz `mw

ìef, WM Wflblsm~bzlf simgfj ~fh~fz z`bz `f `bj x~ilhfj W`blz`b blj afcz,

B amzzaf abzf~ b H~beb B~bkw`bkb iccmgf~ gbef blj bwkfj W`blz`b x`bz `f lffjfj, W`blz`b ~ftamfj

z`bz `f jmj liz lffj bl}z`mlh, Z`fl b jigzi~ wbmj z`bz wmlgf W`blz`b wefaafj ic z~ffw `f wìvaj

gafbl vt blj zi n~mlh wief gafbl gaiz`fw ci~ `me, Z`f H~beb B~bkw`bkb iccmgf~ z`fl wzbzfj z`bz z`f

WM `bj hmsfl `me eilf} zi nv} bl}z`mlh W`blz`b lffjfj! wi `f xflz blj nivh`z b lfx wb~ilh ci~

`me, Abzf~! bhbml wb}mlh z`bz z`f WM `bj hmsfl `me eilf} `f nivh`z `me b z%w`m~z, X`maf W`blz`b xbw



7>6

bz z`f Lbhijb @iwtmzba b H~beb B~bkw`bkb iccmgf~ blj b tiamgf iccmgf~ xf~f wzbzmilfj bz `mw nfj

wmjf,

Il z`f bczf~liil ic Eb~g` 3! z`f t~mwil iccmgmbaw ziik g`b~hf ic W`blz`b blj `f gilzmlvfj zi

~fgfmsf z~fbzeflz bz z`f T~mwil @iwtmzba ml Kbavzb~b zmaa Eb~g` =,

Il Eb~g` 22! W`blz`b xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebz`vhbeb Giv~z, W`blz`b wbmj z`bz `f xbw liz

bxb~f ic z`f g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me, B wv~fz} nbma ic ^w, 244!444)5 VWJ 080- blj b gbw` nbma ic ^w,

6!444)5 VWJ :7- xbw i~jf~fj, Wmlgf mz xbw rvmzf abzf z`bz jb}! mz xbw liz tiwwmnaf zi cv~lmw` z`fwf

~frvm~feflzw! wi W`blz`b xbw bhbml ~febljfj zi t~mwil, Nbma xbw cv~lmw`fj blj `f xbw ~fafbwfj il

Eb~g` 27, Z`f gbwf Lvenf~ ml rvfwzmil mw N^ 77:)4=,

W`blz`b wb}w z`bz `f `bw zi hi zi z`f Lbhijb @iwtmzba bhbml zi gilzmlvf efjmgba z~fbzeflz il Bt~ma

2, @f bawi wb}w `f lffjw zi ~fgfmsf p%~b} z~fbzeflz blj bl mlofgzmil, @f cv~z`f~ wb}w z`bz `f mw

jmwbnafj blj gblliz xi~k lix nfgbvwf ic z`f jm~fgz bwwbvaz ic WM Wflbsm~bzlf ic Effhb`bzfllb

Tiamgf,

W`blz`b ~frvfwzw z`bz jvf jmwgmtamlb~} blj afhba bgzmil nf zbkfl bhbmlwz WM Wflbsm~bzlf ci~ maafhbaa}

b~~fwzmlh `me il z`f mlwzmhbzmil ic z`f tf~wil lbefj Blv~vjj`b! bwwbvazmlh `me! blj z`f~fn}

jmwbnamlh `me,

Il Eb~g` 23 b x~mzzfl gietabmlz bnivz z`f wbmj mlgmjflz xbw wflz zi z`f G`bm~tf~wil ic Lbzmilba

@vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil blj Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil! Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf! Bzzi~lf}

Hflf~ba blj Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf Kbavzb~b,

>30, ^beblb}bkbhf Lmw`blz`b Tf~f~b? B ebl blj `mw cbema} b~f zi~zv~fj n} tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil bnivz bl baafhfj mlgmjflz

ic zi~zv~f mlsiasmlh z`f Kbenv~vtmzm}b Tiamgf il 6 Eb~g` >44=, ^beblb}bkbhf Lmw`blz`b Tf~f~b

xbw nbja} nfbzfl! cbawfa} g`b~hfj blj wflz zi t~mwil bczf~ aijhmlh b gietabmlz bhbmlwz `mw lfmh`niv~w

jv~mlh b ablj jmwtvzf, @f xbw liz hmsfl efjmgba z~fbzeflz jfwtmzf mz nfmlh ~fgieefljfj n} zxi

jigzi~w! blj `mw tbml ml obma xbw t~iailhfj xmz` z`f jflmba ic nbma! blj cv~z`f~ zi~zv~f, Tf~f~b‐w cbema}

`bsf nffl `b~bwwfj blj z`~fbzflfj n} z`f wbef iccmgf~w, Z`f gbwf fpfetamcmfw b nvaa}mlh ci~e ic

n~vzbamz} gv~~flza} caiv~mw`mlh ml blj b~ivlj Tiamgf wzbzmilw ml W~m Ablkb,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzmew-

Z`f cm~wz smgzme? Il Eb~g` 6! >44= ^beblb}bkbhf Lmw`blz`b Tf~f~b xbw gbaafj zi z`f

Kbenv~vtmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil ~fhb~jmlh b gbaa `f‐j ebjf z`f jb} nfci~f zi 22=! z`f fef~hflg} tiamgf

wf~smgf ml Giaieni, Tf~f~b `bj ~fti~zfj z`bz x`fl `f xflz zi aijhf b gietabmlz bnivz b ablj

jmwtvzf xmz` `mw lfmh`niv~! iccmgf~w bz Kbenv~vtmzm}b wzbzmil xf~f nmbwfj blj amzf~baa} g`bwfj `me



7>3

bxb},

Tf~f~b xflz zi z`f wzbzmil bz =be xmz` `mw eiz`f~! Wffz`b Xmoflb}bkf Tbz`m~blb blj `mw h~bljcbz`f~!

Xmoflb}bkf Tbz`mlbhf Kb~iamw, Z`f ittiwmlh tb~z}! ]bkkbabhf Z`vw`b~b! blj `mw eiz`f~ xf~f bawi

z`f~f blj z`f} xf~f baa gbaafj ml zi z`f ~iie ic Iccmgf~ Ml G`b~hf IMG- Kbajf~b! x`f~f Z`vw`b~b

blj `mw eiz`f~ xf~f iccf~fj g`bm~w, Tf~f~b blj `mw tb~z} xf~f afcz wzbljmlh,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme! Kbajf~b z`fl fpbemlfj z`f jffj ic ixlf~w`mt t~fwflzfj n} Tf~f~b blj

wzb~zfj zi sf~nbaa} bnvwf z`f gietabmlblzw! wìvzmlh z`bz `f gbl‐z wiasf wvg` ebzzf~w! z`bz z`f} givaj

‘gietabml zi Giaieni i~ bl} tabgf‐ nvz evwz hmsf z`f ablj zi z`fm~ lfmh`niv~w i~ `f xivaj nfbz

z`fe vlzma ‘z`f emak }iv j~blk c~ie }iv~ eiz`f~ giefw ivz ic }iv~ eivz`‐, @f z`fl n~ivh`z b

tiaf%%z`mgkf~ z`bl z`f `bljaf ic b n~iie blj bnivz 7e ailh%%c~ie z`f lfpz ~iie blj tf~wilbaa}

wzb~zfj zi nfbz Tf~f~b xmz` mz! il `mw `fbj blj `mw nij}, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme! Wvn Mlwtfgzi~ WM-

T~febjbwb blj b wf~hfblz! abzf~ mjflzmcmfj bw b giv~z wf~hfblz! kmgkfj `me c~ie nf`mlj; `f ziik b

tb~zmgvab~a} `fbs} naix zi `mw `fbj x`fl `f cfaa bhbmlwz b xbaa, Z`f IMG g`baaflhfj z`f eiz`f~ bljh~bljcbz`f~ zi ‘z~} blj ji wiefz`mlh‐ mc z`f} givaj,

Bczf~ z`mw bwwbvaz z`f IMG ci~gfj Tf~f~b zi wmhl b tmfgf ic tbtf~ ‚ bawi wmhlfj n} z`f iz`f~ tb~z} ‚

z`fl klffa il z`f h~ivlj cbgmlh `mw lfmh`niv~w xmz` `mw `bljw gabwtfj ml b nfwffg`mlh ebllf~, @f

z`fl ziaj WM T~febjbwb blj z`f giv~z wf~hfblz zi zbkf Tf~f~b zi ìwtmzba, Mz xbw bnivz 22be blj

Tf~f~b xbw zbkfl n} cmsf tiamgf iccmgf~w ml b offt zi z`f Bbjbtblb Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba!

Kbenv~vtmzm}b! ml `bljgvccw,

Il b~~msba WM T~febjbwb ~fti~zfja} wtikf zi b jigzi~ ml t~msbzf blj x`fl Tf~f~b xbw gbaafj z`f

jigzi~ jmj liz fpbemlf `me! nvz bwkfj mc `f xbw ml tbml, Z`f smgzme wbmj z`bz `f xbw ml wfsf~f tbml;`mw nij} blj `fbj xf~f wxiaafl blj z`bz `f `bj siemzfj zxmgf, Z`f jigzi~ ziaj WM T~febjbwb z`bz

Tf~f~b wìvaj nf xb~jfj! nvz bczf~ wtfbkmlh xmz` z`f IMG n} tìlf! WM T~febjbwb ziik Tf~f~b nbgk

zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Bz b~ivlj 7?74te bz z`f wzbzmil Tf~f~b xbw ziaj zi hmsf b wzbzfeflz ~fhb~jmlh z`f ablj jmwtvzf! blj

`f xbw g`b~hfj n} Kbajf~b xmz` inwz~vgzmlh tiamgf jvzmfw, Bz bnivz 6te Tf~f~b xbw zbkfl n} offt

xmz` z`~ff iz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~w blj t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f ebhmwz~bzf ic Ebzb~b, Bzzi~lf}%bz%abx Wmwm~b

Kveb~b ~ft~fwflzfj Tf~f~b! blj mlci~efj z`f ebhmwz~bzf z`bz `f `bj nffl bwwbvazfj n} tiamgf blj

lffjfj efjmgba z~fbzeflz, Z`f ebhmwz~bzf i~jf~fj z`bz Tf~f~b nf hmsfl efjmgba z~fbzeflz blj z`bz b

ovjmgmba efjmgba ~fti~z nf inzbmlfj, @ixfsf~ mlwzfbj Tf~f~b xbw zbkfl zi Ebzb~b T~mwil, X`maf`bljmlh `me zi z`f t~mwil iccmgf~w! z`f giv~z wf~hfblz ~fti~zfja} ziaj z`fe z`bz z`f tiamgf `bj

bwwbvazfj Tf~f~b nfgbvwf `f xbw z~}mlh zi gabme ixlf~w`mt zi ablj nfailhmlh zi b ~fabzmsf ic z`f

tiamgf! blj z`bz z`f t~mwil iccmgf~w wìvaj bawi hmsf `me b nfbzmlh, Bczf~ nfmlh bjemzzfj bz z`f hbzf

Tf~f~b xbw mljffj nfbzfl n} z`f t~mwil hvb~jw nfci~f nfmlh ziaj z`bz `f‐j `bj flivh` tvlmwèflz

z`bz jb},



7>8

Z`bz lmh`z `f xbw tvz zi bl isf~g~ixjfj xb~j klixl bw z`f ‘jba xbzzvxb‐ efw` xb~j-! blj xbw

hmsfl li ciij, Tf~f~b xbw ml wvg` tbml `f givajl‐z wafft, Z`f lfpz ei~lmlh `f xbw zbkfl zi bliz`f~

~iie blj wz~mttfj! x`f~f `f nfamfsfw `f xbw jfamnf~bzfa} `vemambzfj il z`f t~fzfpz ic t~mwil

t~igfjv~f? zbkmlh efbwv~feflzw blj ~fgi~jmlh nm~zèb~kw, Z`f iccmgf~w vwfj bnvwmsf ablhvbhf blj

hbsf Tf~f~b b lvenf~ % 642, Tf~f~b xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f t~mwil ìwtmzba x`f~f `f `bj zi wafft ilz`f caii~ nfgbvwf z`f~f xf~f li bsbmabnaf nfjw,

Il Eb~g` =! bczf~ z`~ff jb}w ml t~mwil Tf~f~b xbw fpbemlfj n} z`f t~mwil jigzi~, Zìvh` z`f

wxfaamlh bg~iww `mw nij} `bj hilf jixl z`f jigzi~ bwkfj `me zi nf zbkfl meefjmbzfa} zi Ebzb~b

@iwtmzba ci~ mlzflwmsf z~fbzeflz, @f xbw zbkfl n} zxi t~mwil hvb~jw n} nvw blj wìxl zi bl

ivztbzmflz jigzi~ xì i~jf~fj z`bz Tf~f~b nf xb~jfj meefjmbzfa}, Z`f hvb~jw ziaj Tf~f~b z`bz z`f}

xivaj bjemz `me zi z`f xb~j! nvz z`bz `f wìvaj ‘wvtti~z‐ z`fe xmz` wief gbw`, Tf~f~b z`fl vwfj

ilf ic z`f hvb~j‐w einmaf tìlfw zi zbak zi `mw ìef blj zfaa z`fe zi n~mlh z`f ~frvfwzfj ^w 2!444

ml n~mnfw, Tf~f~b‐w xmcf n~ivh`z ^w, 844! x`mg` xbw hmsfl zi z`f hvb~jw,

Tf~f~b ~fgfmsfj z~fbzeflz ci~ cmsf jb}w ml xb~j zxi ic z`f Ebzb~b @iwtmzba, Il 2: Eb~g` `f xbw

jmwg`b~hfj blj zbkfl nbgk zi Ebzb~b T~mwil! x`f~f `f xbw tvz ml z`f Eb`b xbzzvxb‐ nmh xb~j-! blj

jflmfj z`f efjmgmlf t~fwg~mnfj zi `me n} z`f ìwtmzba,

Il 28 Eb~g` `f xbw t~ijvgfj bz z`f Ebzb~b Ebhmwz~bzfw‐ Giv~z! ~ft~fwflzfj n} Bzzi~lf} %bz%abx

K,B, Ob}blz`b! ìxfsf~ tiamgf ittiwfj nbma blj `f xbw zbkfl nbgk zi z`f t~mwil, Z`mw `bttflfj

bhbml il 72 Eb~g`, Il : Bt~ma Tf~f~b xbw ~fafbwfj il b wv~fz} nbma ic ^w, 64!444 blj tf~wilba nbma

ic ^w, 64!444, Z`f wfgilj smgzme? Tf~f~b‐w xmcf Kbsvatblb Tiahbwz`flm}bhf Bwìkb Tvw`tbabz`b zi

nf ~fcf~~fj zi bw Bwìkb- ~fti~zw z`bz x`fl Tf~f~b xbw bwwbvazfj blj met~mwilfj il Eb} 6 w`f xflz

zi z`f Kbenv~vtmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil xmz` `f~ eiz`f~%ml%abx blj z`f givtaf‐w jbvh`zf~, Wmlgf z`f}

xf~f liz baaixfj zi wff Tf~f~b! z`f} tìlfj z`f Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil Ebzb~b n~blg` zi

gietabml! smwmzfj z`fm~ iccmgf blj z`fl ebjf ci~eba wzbzfeflzw bz z`f Ebzb~b Wflmi~

Wvtf~mlzfljflz‐w iccmgf, Z`f} xf~f z`fl bnaf zi wff Tf~f~b bz z`f Kbenv~vtmzm}b wzbzmil abzf~ z`bz

jb}! blj ~fti~z wffmlh `me wmzzmlh il z`f caii~ ic b t~mwil gfaa ml wfsf~f tbml, Tf~f~b ziaj z`fe z`bz

`f `bj nffl ml`vebla} bwwbvazfj n} IMG Kbajf~b,

Bwìkb xbw bz ìef il 20 Eb~g` bz bnivz 3te x`fl z`~ff iccmgf~w c~ie z`f Kbenv~vtmzm}b Tiamgf

wzbzmil Kbajf~b! bl iccmgf~ gbaafj Blovab blj bliz`f~- b~~msfj ml b z`~ff x`ffaf~! wìvzmlh ci~ z`f

jii~ zi nf itflfj blj ci~ Bwìkb zi gief ci~xb~j, X`fl w`f jmj! z`f iccmgf~w ci~gfj z`fewfasfw

mlwmjf z`f ìvwf, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme IMG Kbajf~b wìvzfj z`bz `f `bj ‘z`f tixf~ zi flzf~ bl}

ìvwf‐ blj h~mttfj `f~ n} z`f lfgk ml c~ilz ic `f~ 23%}fb~%iaj wil, @f z`fl nf~bzfj `f~ ci~ ebkmlh

`f~ gietabml zi z`f LTG! ebkmlh zbvlzmlh gieeflzw! x`maf z`~fbzflmlh z`bz mc z`f} xflz zi `mw

wvtf~mi~w bhbml! z`f cbema} xivaj nf aigkfj mlwmjf z`f ìvwf blj kmaafj, @f jfgab~fj z`bz z`f} jmj



7>0

liz klix ‘x`bz kmlj ic b ebl `f xbw‐, X`fl Bwìkb‐w wil wìvzfj jv~mlh z`f bwwbvaz! `f xbw bawi

zbvlzfj xmz` z`f mlwz~vgzmil zi hfz `mw ì~iwgitf! ci~ mz xivaj ~fbj z`bz `f xivaj wiil nf himlh zi

t~mwil amkf `mw cbz`f~! blj xivaj nf t~fsflzfj c~ie cmlmw`mlh wgìia,

Z`f z`m~j smgzme? Bwìkb‐w n~iz`f~ O,J, Wbeblz`b! `mw xmcf blj z`fm~ g`maj gbef zi wzb} xmz` bljwvtti~z Bwìkb blj `f~ g`maj~fl! xì xf~f lix zii bc~bmj zi amsf bailf, @ixfsf~ IMG Kbajf~b

~fzv~lfj zi z`f ìvwf! gbaamlh ci~ ‘z`f wz~blhf~‐ xì xbw amsmlh z`f~f zi wìx `mewfac, Kbajf~b

jfebljfj zi wff Wbeblz`b‐w Lbzmilba Mjflzmz} Gb~j! blj z`fl ziik `me zi z`f wzbzmil ml b z`~ff

x`ffaf~! xmzìvz ebkmlh bl} g`b~hfw, Il z`f xb} Wbeblz`b ~fti~zw z`bz z`f IMG nibwzfj ic sb~mivw

kmljw ic bnvwfw `f `bj mlcamgzfj il W~m Ablkbl gmzmflw! mlgavjmlh xiefl blj g`maj~fl,

Bz Kbenv~vtmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil Wbeblz`b `bj zi xbmz ci~ zxi ìv~w! blj `bj bnvwf wìvzfj bz `me

x`flfsf~ `f z~mfj zi eisf i~ mlrvm~f, X`fl `f wbx `mw wmwzf~ blj lmfgf flzf~ z`f IMG‐w iccmgf `f

mlwmwzfj il oimlmlh z`fe! blj xbw bhbml mlwvazfj n} Kbajf~b! xì ziaj `me z`bz Tf~f~b xivaj liz nf

baaixfj nbma, Wbeblz`b xbw ziaj zi afbsf `mw wmwzf~‐w ìvwf meefjmbzfa}! iz`f~xmwf `f xivaj nfb~~fwzfj! blj Bwìkb xivaj nf cmlfj ^w 6!444, X`fl z`f} afcz z`f wzbzmil Wbeblz`b xbw ziaj zi

~fzv~l! x`mg` `f `bw liz jilf ci~ cfb~ ic maafhba b~~fwz blj zi~zv~f,

Il 0 Bt~ma >44=! z`~ff wftb~bzf x~mzzfl gietabmlzw wmhlfj n} z`f z`~ff smgzmew wfzzmlh ivz z`f jfzbmaw

ic z`f mlgmjflz xbw wflz zi z`f G`bm~ebl ic z`f Lbzmilba @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil! G`bm~ebl ic

z`f Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil! z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf! blj z`f Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic

Tiamgf ic Ebzb~b,


Z`mw ailh amwz ic ~mh`zw smiabzfj blj g~mefw gieemzzfj n} tiamgf iccmgf~w bhbmlwz ovwz ilf cbema}

timlzw zi b w}wzfe z`bz `bw wzittfj xi~kmlh, Ml z`mw ilf gbwf xf wff tiamgf bnvwmlh z`fm~ tixf~!

niz` ~bljiea} blj ci~ z`f ebzf~mba hbml ic iz`f~ gmsmamblw; giaavwmil nfzxffl wzbzmil iccmgf~w blj

t~mwil iccmgf~w ml gb~~}mlh ivz fpz~bovjmgmba tvlmwèflzw; blj z`f jflmba ic b ebl‐w ~mh`z zi `fbaz`

vwfj bw b ci~e ic zi~zv~f, Xf wff tiamgf bnaf zi cmaf b cbawf g`b~hf blj gilzmlvbaa} jfl} nbma, Z`f

IMG‐w gietafzf jmwemwwba ic b giv~z i~jf~ wìxw z`f n~fbkjixl ic bvzì~mz} blj `mw jmwemwwba ic

jigzi~w‐ ~fgieefljbzmilw wìxw b n~fbkjixl ic bggivlzbnmamz} blj ovjheflz, Z`f wzbakmlh blj

bnvwf ic gietabmlblzw ‚ ml z`mw gbwf xiefl blj emli~w%%bz ìef mw b tb~zmgvab~ aix timlz, Z`mw gbwf

mw b hiij fpbetaf ic x`bz `bttflw x`fl g`fgkw blj nbablgfw b~f bnbljilfj! blj vl~fwz~mgzfjtixf~ mw baaixfj zi gi~~vtz cmhv~fw ic bvzì~mz},

Mz wìvaj nf lizfj z`bz W~m Ablkbl gmzmflw b~f t~izfgzfj bhbmlwz zi~zv~f blj b~nmz~b~} b~~fwz ml

wfgzmilw 22! 2> blj 27 ic z`f Jfeig~bzmg Gilwzmzvzmil ic W~m Ablkb, W~m Ablkb nfgbef tb~z} zi z`f

Vlmzfj Lbzmilw Gilsflzmil bhbmlwz Zi~zv~f blj G~vfa blj Ml`vebl Z~fbzeflz ml 2==:! bz x`mg`

timlz mz nfgbef inamhfj zi wf~mivwa} tvlmw` bl} tf~tfz~bzi~ ic wvg` g~mefw xmz` bz afbwz wfsfl }fb~w



774

xiijfl tiaf blj z`~fbzflfj zi c~bef `me n} tablzmlh fptaiwmsfw ml `mw z`~ff%x`ffaf~ sf`mgaf;

Z`b~mjv blj Lvxbl niz` wmhlfj z`f niik,

Bz =,74be z`f efl xf~f cmlbaa} zbkfl zi Ei~bxbkb Ebhmwz~bzfw Giv~zw Gbwf Li,8=6:-, Z`f tiamgf

`bsf baafhfj z`bz Z`b~mjv wlbzg`fj b lfgkabgf sbavfj bz ^w,>>!444- c~ie `mw ci~ef~ hm~ac~mflj! blj

z`bz b tmfgf ic z`f g`bml xbw civlj ml z`f tiwwfwwmil ic Lvxbl, Z`f }ivlh efl(w abx}f~w mlci~efjz`f Ebhmwz~bzf ic z`fm~ bwwbvaz! xì bwkfj zi wff z`f xivljw blj gi~~fgza} i~jf~fj z`fm~ fpbemlbzmil

n} b Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ ml Ebzb~b Hflf~ba @iwtmzba nfci~f z`f} xf~f wflz zi ~feblj t~mwil

vlzma 2= Eb}; tiamgf inwz~vgzfj z`fm~ g`blgfw ic tiwzmlh nbma,

Bczf~ z`fm~ ~fafbwf z`f zxi xf~f i~jf~fj zi ~fti~z zi Bkv~fwwb Tiamgf wzbzmil fbg` Wvljb}, @ixfsf~

wmp eilz`w abzf~ il ilf wvg` Wvljb} xf b~f ziaj z`bz Z`b~mjv xbw cbgfj xmz` cv~z`f~ g`b~hfw? z`f

wfpvba bwwbvaz ic b xiebl `f `bj ilgf gb~~mfj ml `mw z`~ff%x`ffaf~, Xf `bsf nffl ziaj z`bz z`f

cfebaf smgzme `f~wfac `bw jflmfj Z`b~mjv(w mlsiasfeflz! ìxfsf~ `f xbw tabgfj ml b gfaa! t~ijvgfj

bz Ebzb~b Ebhmwz~bzf Giv~zw blj ~febljfj Gbwf Li, N,^,>6:8-, @f xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma il 0

Jfgfenf~! bczf~ b eilz`, Bz z`f zmef ic `mw wfgilj b~~fwz xf b~f bawi ziaj z`bz TG Blv~b ebjfeizmilw zi nfbz Z`b~mjv nvz xbw `bazfj n} b ~femljf~ c~ie WM Eb`mljb! z`bz Z`b~mjv `bj cmafj b

gbwf xmz` z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil,

Z`b~mjv evwz gv~~flza} smwmz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil fbg` Wvljb}! blj ~fti~zw z`bz fbg` xffk `f mw wvnofgz

zi `b~bwweflz n} iccmgf~w z`f~f, Tafbwf oiml z`f B@^G ml gbaamlh ci~ z`f iccmgf~w baafhfja} mlsiasfj ml

zi~zv~f zi nf zì~ivhà} mlsfwzmhbzfj, Zìwf xì b~f t~isfl zi `bsf bnvwfj z`fm~ tiwmzmilw ic

bvzì~mz} n} flhbhmlh ml zi~zv~f! tf~sf~zmlh z`f giv~wf ic ovwzmgf blj cbn~mgbzmlh g`b~hfw! evwz cbgf

afhba tflbazmfw blj meefjmbzf jmwemwwba c~ie z`f ci~gf, Zi~zv~f mw maafhba ml W~m Ablkb blj evwz nf

mlsfwzmhbzfj vljf~ z`f GBZ Bgz Li, >> ic 2==:,

>84, Z`babhbab Tb`babhf Wiaieil? Cbmav~f ic efjmgba fpbemlbzmil ml b gbwf ic tiamgf zi~zv~f

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz tiamgf bzzbg`fj zi z`f

Nvabz`wml`bab Tiamgf wzbzmil baafhfja} bwwbvazfj b ebl blj gvz `mw `blj xmz` b klmcf x`maf

rvfwzmilmlh `me fsfl zìvh` z`f tiamgf `bj cvaa gilz~ia ic `me il 2> Bt~ma >44=, X`fl z`f ebl

xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f Nvabz`wml`bab @iwtmzba! b Jmwz~mgz Efjmgba Iccmgf~ mhli~fj `mw giljmzmil blj

cbmafj zi fpbemlf `me,

Nbwfj il z`f zfwzmeil} ic Z`babhbab Tb`babhf Wiaieil blj `mw wil Z`babhbab Tb`babhf ^blomz` Kff~z`m Kveb~b-

Il 2> Bt~ma >44= E~, Wiaieil! b abniv~f~! xflz zi z`f ~fhvab~ Wvljb} smaabhf cbm~ ml Nvabz`wml`bab,

Bz >?7=te `f xbw bnivz zi ~fzv~l zi z`f tabgf x`f~f `mw nmg}gaf xbw tb~kfj bczf~ `f `bj b

jmwbh~ffeflz xmz` `mw xmcf, X`fl `f xbw gaiwf zi z`f zfetaf lfb~ z`f cbm~! zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w il

jvz} bz z`f cbm~ gbef c~ie nf`mlj blj wìvzfj bz `me zi `baz, Z`f} bwkfj `me x`} `f `bj `mz b

xiebl x`maf ilf iccmgf~ `faj `me n} `mw giaab~, Wiaieil wbmj z`bz z`f xiebl xbw `mw xmcf xmz`

xìe `f `bj b rvb~~fa, Nvz z`f iccmgf~w wzb~zfj zi bwwbvaz `me ef~gmafwwa}, Wiaieil cfaa jvf zi z`f



772

bwwbvaz blj x`flfsf~ `f z~mfj zi hfz vt z`f tiamgf bwwbvazfj `me xmz` z`fm~ cmwzw blj niizw, Z`f

tiamgf bwwbvazfj `me il `mw nij}! `fbj! fb~w! blj nbgk, X`fl Wiaieil hbsf vt z~}mlh zi hfz vt! z`f

iccmgf~w nfhbl zi tvaa `me vt blj gilzmlvfj zi bwwbvaz `me, Wiaieil mjflzmcmfj z`f zxi iccmgf~w

nfb~mlh Tiamgf Mjflzmz} Lvenf~w 8838> blj 0>48=,

Bliz`f~ iccmgf~ lbefj Ob}blz`b j~fwwfj ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw gbef il b eizi~ g}gaf nfb~mlh lvenf~EM =6:8, Z`mw iccmgf~ oimlfj ml z`f bwwbvaz blj z`fl mlwz~vgzfj z`f zxi iccmgf~w zi zbkf Wiaieil zi

z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Ob}blz`b tmgkfj vt Wiaieil(w nbh z`bz `bj nffl afcz il z`f h~ivlj blj wbx b

klmcf mlwmjf z`f nbh z`bz Wiaieil vwfj zi gvz h~bww blj z~ffw ci~ `mw amsmlh, Giemlh nbgk! Ob}blz`b

wzb~zfj zi bzzbgk Wiaieil xmz` z`f klmcf, @f wabw`fj Wiaieil(w `blj ebl} zmefw jfebljmlh zi

klix mc Wiaieil `bj vwfj z`mw klmcf zi bzzbgk z`f xiebl, Z`f~fbczf~! Ob}blz`b bwkfj z`f zxi

iccmgf~w zi zbkf Wiaieil zi z`f Nvabz`wml`bab @iwtmzba,

Wiaieil xbw hmsfl fef~hflg} z~fbzeflz n} z`f Jmwz~mgz Efjmgba Iccmgf~ JEI- bz z`f

Nvabz`wml`bab @iwtmzba, @mw `blj xbw wzmzg`fj blj z`fl `f xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi b xb~j, Z`f zxiiccmgf~w wzb}fj n} `mw nfj wmjf x`maf Ob}blz`b gbef c~ie zmef zi zmef, Ml z`f fsflmlh z`f JEI

bwkfj Wiaieil xì `bj bwwbvazfj `me, Wiaieil ziaj z`bz `f xbw bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf, Z`f JEI

jmj liz nfamfsf `me blj wbmj z`bz z`f tiamgf ji liz bwwbvaz tfitaf ml wvg` b n~vzba ebllf~, Wiaieil

gilzmlvfj zi fptabml ìx `f xbw bwwbvazfj blj wìxfj z`f jigzi~ z`f tabgfw ic `mw nij} z`bz `bj

wvwzbmlfj mlov~mfw jvf zi z`f bwwbvaz, Nvz z`f jigzi~ jmj liz zbkf lizmgf ic `mw wzbzfeflz blj jmj liz

fpbemlf `me cv~z`f~, @f ila} z~fbzfj z`f mlov~} il Wiaieil(w b~e x`mg` `bj zi nf wvzv~fj,

Z`f ciaaixmlh jb}! z`f JEI bhbml bwkfj Wiaieil xì `bj bwwbvazfj `me, X`fl Wiaieil

~fmzf~bzfj z`bz z`f tiamgf `bj bwwbvazfj `me z`f jigzi~ `bj bwkfj `me zi hfz ~fbj} zi nf z~blwcf~~fj

zi z`f @i~blb @iwtmzba, Abzf~ Wiaieil xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f @i~blb @iwtmzba n} benvablgf, Z`f

ìwtmzba bvzì~mzmfw bz @i~blb jmj liz bwk `me bl} rvfwzmilw! z`f} z~fbzfj `mw `blj blj jmwg`b~hfj

`me il Bt~ma 2:,

Bggi~jmlh zi ^blomz`! Wiaieil(w wil! x`fl `f xflz zi z`f @iwtmzba `f wbx `mw cbz`f~ il b @iwtmzba

z~iaaf} blj zxi iccmgf~w j~fwwfj ml tiamgf vlmci~e blj bliz`f~ ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw lfb~ `mw cbz`f~, @f

lizmgfj z`bz z`f iccmgf~ gbaafj Ob}blz`b `bj naiij il `mw z~ivwf~ afh, Ob}blz`b z`fl ziaj ^blomz` z`bz

`mw cbz`f~ `bw nffl gvz n} b klmcf blj bwkfj mc `f givaj nf zbkfl n} b z`~ff%x`ffaf~ zi z`f @i~blb

@iwtmzba, Ob}blz`b `bj cv~z`f~ wbmj z`bz Wiaieil `bj `mz `mw xmcf xmz` z`f klmcf blj xbw ~vllmlh

bxb} x`fl z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w btt~f`fljfj `me blj wmlgf `f `bj ba~fbj} nffl bzzbgkfj n} wiefilf

blj xbw naffjmlh z`f} `bj n~ivh`z Wiaieil zi z`f ìwtmzba,

Bz z`bz timlz ìxfsf~ Wiaieil `bj mlzf~~vtzfj z`fe wb}mlh z`bz mz xbw Ob}blz`b z`bz `bj gvz `me

xmz` z`f klmcf, Z`fl! Ob}blz`b `bj wgiccfj z`bz z`f~f xbw li lffj ci~ `me zi gvz vt Wiaieil xmz` b

klmcf blj `mz, ^blomz` wb}w z`bz `f lizmgfj z`bz bz z`bz zmef Ob}blz`b xbw sf~} j~vlk, Ob}blz`b z`fl



77>

bwkfj ^blomz` zi n~mlh Wiaieil(w xmcf zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil zi ebkf b wzbzfeflz, @f bwkfj

Wiaieil(w xmcf(w blj wil(w lbefw blj bwkfj bl bzzfljblz z`f~f zi lizf z`fe jixl,

^blomz` z`fl xflz zi z`f Nvabz`wml`bab Tiamgf wzbzmil xmz` `mw eiz`f~, Ob}boz`b xbw z`f~f blj

tf~wilbaa} ziik jixl `f~ wzbzfeflz, Z`mw wzbzfeflz xbw xmz` ~fhb~j zi z`f rvb~~fa z`bz `f~ `vwnblj

`bj xmz` `f~ bz z`f cbm~, @f bwkfj `f~ mc w`f `bj wffl `f~ `vwnblj nfmlh bzzbgkfj xmz` b klmcf, W`fblwxf~fj ml z`f lfhbzmsf, @f z`fl z`~fbzflfj `f~ wb}mlh z`bz Wiaieil xbw wb}mlh z`bz mz xbw z`f

tiamgf xì bwwbvazfj `me blj z`bz mc `f gilzmlvfj zi wb} wi! ‖xf klix x`bz zi ji–, Ob}blz`b z`fl

ci~gfj `f~ zi wmhl z`f wzbzfeflz xmzìvz ~fbjmlh mz zi `f~ i~ fptabmlmlh mzw gilzflzw,

^blomz` cv~z`f~ wb}w z`bz il Bt~ma 27 x`fl `f xflz zi smwmz `mw cbz`f~ ml z`f ìwtmzba! b tbzmflz ml z`f

lfpz nfj ziaj `me z`bz z`f JEI xì `bj fpbemlfj Wiaieil z`bz jb} `bj liz nfamfsfj `me x`fl

Wiaieil `bj wzbzfj z`bz `f `bj nffl bwwbvazfj n} z`f tiamgf blj z`bz ^blomz` wìvaj hi blj zbak zi

z`f JEI bnivz mz,

X`fl ^blomz efz z`f JEI! z`f JEI z`fl mlwz~vgzfj `me zi aijhf b gietabmlz bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil

~fhb~jmlh z`f tiamgf bwwbvaz blj n~mlh z`bz ci~e zi `me, Bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil z`mw gietabmlz xbw

flzf~fj vljf~ z`f wbef lvenf~ ic z`f ci~ef~ wzbzfeflz ebjf n} `mw eiz`f~, @ixfsf~! x`fl `f

n~ivh`z z`f ci~e zi z`f JEI! Wiaieil `bj nffl ba~fbj} z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f @i~blb @iwtmzba zi

x`mg` `f xbw mlwz~vgzfj zi `blj isf~ z`f ci~e, Bggi~jmlha} ^blomz` `bljfj isf~ z`f ci~e zi xb~j

Li 8 ic z`f @i~blb @iwtmzba x`f~f Wiaieil xbw nfmlh z~fbzfj, Wiaieil xbw jmwg`b~hfj il Bt~ma

2: nvz xbw mlci~efj z`bz z`f ìwtmzba iccmgmbaw xf~f liz bnaf zi zfaa `me x`fl z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba

Iccmgf~ OEI- xivaj nf bnaf zi fpbemlf `me,

Bz 22be il Bt~ma 23 z`f zxi iccmgf~w xì `bj bwwbvazfj Wiaieil mlmzmbaa} gbef zi `me bz `mw ìvwf,

^blomz` xbw bawi z`f~f, Z`f} xf~f niz` j~fwwfj ml vlmci~e, Z`f} xblzfj zi klix x`bz wzftwWiaieil mlzfljfj zi zbkf xmz` ~fhb~j zi z`f mlgmjflz, Z`f} ~frvfwzfj mc z`f ebzzf~ gbl nf wfzzafj

z`f} xivaj bggftz z`bz z`f} xf~f bz cbvaz, Il Bt~ma 28! Wiaieil mlci~efj ic z`f mlgmjflz ml jfzbma

n} b x~mzzfl gietabmlz zi z`f G`bm~tf~wil ic @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil! G`bm~ebl Lbzmilba Tiamgf

Gieemwwmil! Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf blj Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf Kbavzb~b, Il Bt~ma

2=! Wiaieil blj `mw wil ^blomz` xflz zi z`f Nvabz`wml`bab Tiamgf wzbzmil bz 7?74te bw z`f} `bj nffl

~frvfwzfj zi gief n} z`f Nvabz`wml`bab Tiamgf blj ebjf b cvaa gietabmlz bnivz z`f mlgmjflz,

Z`f} xf~f bhbml gbaafj zi effz z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- bz 0?74be il Bt~ma >4, Z`f IMG z`fl

bggftzfj z`bz Ob}blz`b `bj gvz Wiaiebl xmz` z`f klmcf blj z`bz Ob}blz`b xbw ml cbvaz, Z`f IMG~frvfwzfj zi klix ìx evg` eilf} bw jbebhfw z`f} xblzfj, X`fl Wiaieil wbmj z`bz `f xbw

vlbnaf zi zfaa wvg` b wve! z`f IMG mlwz~vgzfj `me zi zbak mz isf~ xmz` `mw xmcf blj jfgmjf,

Il Bt~ma >2! Wiaieil xflz zi z`f @i~blb @iwtmzba bhbml ci~ z~fbzeflz, Z`f nbljbhf il `mw `blj

xbw ~feisfj, X`fl `f bwkfj x`fl `f xivaj nf fpbemlfj n} z`f OEI `f xbw ziaj z`bz ìwtmzba

bvzì~mzmfw xf~f vlbnaf zi zfaa x`fl z`f OEI xivaj gief, Wi cb~! Wiaieil `bw liz nffl fpbemlfj



777

n} z`f OEI,

Il Bt~ma >: b x~mzzfl gietabmlz xbw bhbml wflz zi z`f G`bm~tf~wil ic @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil!

Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil! Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf blj Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf

Kbavzb~b,

B gietabmlz zi z`f Efjmgba Givlgma ic z`f W~m Ablkb Efjmgba Giaafhf xbw bawi ebjf bnivz z`f

t~icfwwmilba lfhamhflgf ic z`f Jigzi~ xì fpbemlfj Wiaieil,

>82, Afgzg`g`bebl Tvl}beii~z`m? Tiamgf iccmgf~w zi~zv~f blj c~bef b }ivlh ebl xì `bw

nffl ml ~feblj t~mwil ci~ b }fb~ Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw afb~lfj z`bz

b }ivlh ebl xbw zbkfl mlzi b Tiamgf wzbzmil blj zi~zv~fj bczf~ `f jmwtafbwfj aigba g~memlbaw, @f xbw

~fti~zfja} c~befj x`maf ml gvwzij}! cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw xf~f zbkfl bhbmlwz `me blj `f `bw nffl ml

~feblj t~mwil wmlgf Bt~ma >440, Z`f gbwf wvhhfwzw giitf~bzmil nfzxffl bl maafhba lfzxi~k ic bagiìa sflji~w blj z`f tiamgf,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme blj `mw eiz`f~ -

Bggi~jmlh zi mlci~ebzmil xf `bsf ~fgfmsfj! Afgzg`g`bebl Tvl}beii~z`m >2- blhf~fj b ~mlh ic

maafhba bagiìa sflji~w fb~a} abwz }fb~ x`fl `f bwkfj z`fe zi wzit wfaamlh zi `mw cbz`f~! xì `f wb}w

xbw b `fbs} j~mlkf~ blj t~ilf zi jiefwzmg smiaflgf,

Il Bt~ma 6! >440 z`f h~ivt bnjvgzfj Tvlm}beii~z`} blj ziik `me c~ie `mw ìef zi bl bnbljilfj

ìvwf! x`f~f `f xbw zmfj xmz` vt b ~itf blj ci~gfj zi j~mlk z`fm~ bagiìa, Z`f h~ivt gbaafj z`ftiamgf blj bggvwfj Tvlm}beii~z`} ic wfaamlh mz `mewfac,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme `f xbw zi~zv~fj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil wì~za} bczf~ `mw b~~fwz? `f xbw ci~gfj zi

~feisf `mw gaiz`fw blj `mw afhw xf~f nfbzfl; `f xbw tvw`fj cbgf jixl il b nflg` blj `bj `mw nbgk

nfbzfl xmz` b tiaf; `mw `fbj xbw wvnef~hfj ~ftfbzfja} ml giaj xbzf~,

Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bawi ~fti~zfja} ci~gfj z`f smgzme zi `bljaf bl fetz} nip! mlzi x`mg` z`f} tvz b

`blj h~flbjf, Z`f lfpz jb} Tvlm}beii~z`} xbw zbkfl zi z`f Ebzbaf ebhmwz~bzf giv~z blj bggvwfj ic

gb~~}mlh fptaiwmsfw! xmz` `mw cmlhf~t~mlzw il z`f nip vwfj bw fsmjflgf, Wmlgf z`mw mw b wf~mivw iccflgf

vljf~ z`f fptaiwmsfw i~jmlblgf Tvlm}beii~z`} xbw wflz mlzi ~feblj xmzìvz nbma, Z`f tiamgf `bsf

cmafj zxi gbwfw! N 73>)40 blj N 734)40 bhbmlwz `me blj z`f smgzme `bw nffl ml z`f ^bobsffjm}bKblj} ~feblj t~mwil wmlgf Bt~ma 22! >440,

Bjjmzmilba gieeflzw

Z`mw mw liz z`f cm~wz zmef z`f iccmgf~w bz ^bzzizb Tiamgf wzbzmil `bsf nffl bggvwfj ic emwgiljvgz, Z`f



77:

Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil mw wzmaa bxbmzmlh bl fptablbzmil mlzi iccmgf~w( mlftz mlsfwzmhbzmil

mlzi ilf g`maj ~btf baafhbzmil `zzt?))xxx,`vebl~mh`zw,bwmb)vb)ebmlcmaf,t`t)>448)>304) VBG%

774%>448-! ml x`mg` z`f} bttfb~fj zi cbsiv~ z`f bggvwfj! blj mlzi bliz`f~

`zzt?))xxx,`vebl~mh`zw,bwmb)vb)ebmlcmaf,t`t)>44=)7266 VBG%4:0%>44=-! ml x`mg` z`f bggvwfj

~btmwz xbw nb~fa} mlsfwzmhbzfj blj ~febmlw bz ab~hf,

W~m Ablkbl gmzmflw b~f t~izfgzfj c~ie zi~zv~f ml wfgzmilw 22! 2> blj 27 ic z`f Jfeig~bzmg

Gilwzmzvzmil ic W~m Ablkb! blj vljf~ GBZ! z`f VL gilsflzmil bhbmlwz zi~zv~f! z`f hisf~leflz mw

inamhfj zi tvlmw` bl} tf~tfz~bzi~ ic wvg` g~mefw xmz` bz afbwz wfsfl }fb~w met~mwileflz i~ b

emlmeve tflbaz} ic ^w24!444, Z`f gilsflzmil xbw bjitzfj n} W~m Ablkb ml 2==: nvz ~febmlw

vljf~%metafeflzfj,

>8>, Vtva Tbamz`b Ebxbabh? Tiamgf zi~zv~f b zbpm j~msf~ ci~ z`f j~vh g~mefw ic `mw tbwwflhf~w

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw afb~lfj z`bz tiamgf iccmgf~w `bsf b~~fwzfj z`f

j~msf~ ic b z`~ff%x`ffa zbpm ml Xbzzbab blj zi~zv~fj `me wfsf~fa} zi ci~gf b gilcfwwmil, Jv~mlh b~ivzmlf g`fgk `mw tbwwflhf~w xf~f civlj zi nf gb~~}mlh j~vhw! nvz xf~f ~fti~zfja} ~fafbwfj bczf~ z`f}

tbmj n~mnf eilf}, Z`f j~msf~ mw gv~~flza} ml ~feblj t~mwil g`b~hfj xmz` z`f g~mef blj `bw zxmgf

bzzfetzfj wvmgmjf,

Vtva Tbamz`b Ebxbabh mw b z`~ff%x`ffaf~ zbpm j~msf~ x`i tamfw `mw z~bjf lfb~ z`f Lb}bkbkbljb

g`v~g`! Xbzzbab, Z`f sf`mgaf xbw wzittfj ci~ b ~ivzmlf wfb~g` il 8 Eb} >44= blj! bggi~jmlh zi z`f

smgzme! `mw zxi tbwwflhf~w xf~f civlj zi nf gb~~}mlh j~vhw, Z`f z`~ff xf~f zbkfl zi Navfeflj`ba

Tiamgf wzbzmil nvz z`f tbwwflhf~w xf~f ~fafbwfj! baafhfja} bczf~ tb}mlh b n~mnf,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme Ebxbabh `bw wmlgf nffl g`b~hfj xmz` z~blwti~zmlh j~vhw, Z`ivh` z`f

iccmgf~w cm~wz gabmefj z`bz `f gb~~mfj j~vhw ml z`f nbgk ic `mw sf`mgaf! gbwf N3:>6 cmafj ml z`fEbamhbkbljb Ebhmwz~bzf(w giv~z! wzbzfw z`bz z`f j~msf~ gb~~mfj j~vhw ml `mw tigkfz,

Ebxbabh ~fti~zw `bsmlh nffl wz~mttfj lbkfj! zmfj zi b g`bm~ blj nfbzfl wfsf~fa} xmz` b wzmgk n}

iccmgf~w ml b nmj zi ci~gf b gilcfwwmil,

@f mw gv~~flza} ml ~feblj bz Xfamkbjb t~mwil x`f~f `f `bw baafhfja} z~mfj zi gieemz wvmgmjf zxmgf,

>87, G`bemljb Wbetbz` Kveb~b Xmgk~bebtbz`m~blb? B ebl mw ~bljiea} jfzbmlfj blj

fpzflwmsfa} zi~zv~fj bz Nbljb~bhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b ebl xbw kftz ml

maafhba gvwzij} ci~ wfsfl jb}w blj zi~zv~fj fpzflwmsfa} blj wfsf~fa} n} z`f Nbljb~bhbeb tiamgf zi

ebkf `me gilcfww zi b z`fcz z`bz `f jmj liz gieemz, @f xbw nbja} nfbzfl! `vlh vt blj kmgkfj! blj

`bj g`mam ovmgf wrvfffj mlzi `mw f}fw blj liwz~maw b lvenf~ ic zmefw, Z`f iccmgf~w `bsf wmlgf g`b~hfj

`me ci~ tiwwfwwmlh zxi tbxl zmgkfzw z`bz jil‐z nfailh zi `me! }fz `bsf liz nffl mlsfwzmhbzfj ci~

zi~zv~f,

http://www.humanrights.asia/ua/mainfile.php/2007/2680/






776

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f zfwzmeil} ic z`f smgzme-

Il >4 Eb} bz bnivz 22be G`bemljb Wbetbz` Kveb~b Xmgk~bebtbz`m~blb xbw ~fzv~lmlh ìef

c~ie z`f h~igf~} wzi~f x`fl `f lizmgfj b tiamgf offt xmz` bnivz cmsf efl mlwmjf mz! ilf ic xìe ‗

Wvn%Mlwtfgzi~ WM- Wbaxbz`v~b ‚ xbw ml vlmci~e, Bw `f tbwwfj z`f offt b gilwzbnaf Kmz`wm~m bwkfjbnivz z`f gilzflzw ic `mw nbh, @f xbw ziaj z`bz mz xbw tivaz~} efbz, Zxi iz`f~ iccmgf~w! Eblio blj

Wbaxbz`v~b! bwkfj G`bemljb z`f wbef rvfwzmil nvz x`fl `f ~ftamfj z`f} ziaj `me z`bz `f xbw z`f

ebl z`f} xf~f aiikmlh ci~, Zbkmlh `me n} z`f wg~vcc ic `mw lfgk z`f} flzf~fj `mw ìef,Ilgf mlwmjf

z`f efl wfb~g`fj `mw ~iie blj civlj b tbxl ~fgfmtz ci~ wief ofxfa~}, Il ~frvfwz! G`bemljb hbsf

z`fe bliz`f~ tbxl wamt z`bz `f `bj! fptabmlmlh z`bz z`f} `bj nffl hmsfl zi `me ci~ wbcf%kfftmlh n}

b lfmh`niv~, Z`f lfmh`niv~ K, Vjb}blhb Kveb~b `bj bwkfj G`bemljb zi ìaj z`fe nfgbvwf z`f

hiaj ofxfaf~} z`bz `bj nffl tbxlfj nfailhfj zi `mw hm~ac~mflj blj z`f tbm~ jmj liz xmw` z`fm~ tb~flzw

zi klix bnivz mz, G`bemljb xbw zbkfl zi Nbljb~bhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil ci~ rvfwzmilmlh; `mw eiz`f~

xbw ziaj wb~gbwzmgbaa} z`bz (`f `bj liz jilf bl} x~ilh nvz `bj wv~fa} `fatfj `mw c~mfljw(,

Bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil `f xbw ziaj z`bz `f xbw a}mlh blj b gilwzbnaf Eblio ziik `me zi z`f tiamgf

nb~~bgkw nf`mlj z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f z`f~f xf~f ei~f iccmgf~w blj ~ixw ic nfjw, Z`f iccmgf~w

g~ixjfj b~ivlj `me blj G`bemljb xbw ebjf zi wz~mt! klffa jixl blj ìaj `mw `bljw vt wz~bmh`z,

Z`fl ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w tvz bnivz 24 kig`g`m g`mamfw x`mg` b~f tb~zmgvab~a} tizflz- mlzi `mw eivz`

blj `f xbw ci~gfj zi fbz z`fe, @f xbw z`fl ziaj zi wmz il z`f caii~ blj `mw `bljw xf~f zmfj nf`mlj

`me xmz` b wz~mt ic gaiz`! `mw blkafw xf~f nivlj blj `mw `fbj ci~gfj nbgk n} gilwzbnaf Eblio! xì

`bj wbz nf`mlj `me xmz` `fbj nfzxffl `mw klffw, Kig`g`m ovmgf xbw wrvfffj mlzi G`bemljb‐w

vtzv~lfj f}fw blj liwz~maw,

Z`f zi~zv~f gilzmlvfj, Eblio jfebljfj z`bz G`bemljb amf il `mw nbgk il z`f caii~, Bl iccmgf~ `faj

`mw `fbj jixl `b~j! x`maf bliz`f~ wzbetfj b niizfj ciiz il `mw g`fwz blj bliz`f~ wziij il `mw

klffw, G`bemljb ~fefenf~w z`bz z`f abzzf~ xbw liz xfb~mlh wìfw, Eblio bhbml wrvfffj kig`g`m

ovmgf mlzi G`bemljb‐w f}fw blj liwf! jfebljmlh zi klix mc G`bemljb `bj bl} ei~f ~fgfmtzw,

G`bemljb wbmj z`bz `f `bj hmsfl vt baa z`f ~fgfmtzw `f `bj xmz` `me,

X`flfsf~ G`bemljb wg~fbefj! `f wb}w! `f xbw wabttfj `b~j, WM Wbaxbz`v~b z`~fbzflfj z`bz mc `f jmj

liz zfaa z`f z~vz` `f xivaj nf c~befj ci~ z`f tiwwfwwmil ic cm~f b~ew! bl iccflgf z`bz jifw liz baaix

nbma, Wf~hfblz Eblio `mz `me b~ivlj z`f `fbj xmz` b ~vnnf~ xbzf~ ìwf nflz mlzi zxi, G`bemljb

kftz ~ftfbzmlh z`bz `f jmj liz klix x`bz fawf zi zfaa z`fe, Z`f iccmgf~w cmlbaa} ziaj `me zi j~fww blj

ziik `me zi b gfaa,

Bz bnivz 3te G`bemljb‐w n~iz`f~ gbef zi wff `me! blj z`f smgzme xbw bnaf zi zfaa `me bnivz z`f

zi~zv~f, Z`f lfpz ei~lmlh bz bnivz 24be G`bemljb ~fgihlmwfj bliz`f~ bgrvbmlzblgf ic Vjb}blhb

Kveb~b gbaafj Jblvw`kb Lvxbl! ml z`f lfpz gfaa, Wì~za} bczf~ z`bz z`f zxi efl tavw bliz`f~! b

ebl gbaafj Blma c~ie Ebkbabljb! xf~f zbkfl ml b tiamgf offt zi wfsf~ba tbxl wìtw ml z`f Tmam}bljbab

b~fb, Z`f} xf~f xmz` cmsf tiamgf iccmgf~w! beilh z`fe WM Wbaxbz`v~b blj Wf~hfblz Eblio, Z`f

iccmgf~w wìxfj G`bemljb‐w! Jblvw`kb‐w blj Blma(w Lbzmilba Mjflzmz} Gb~jw LMG- zi z`f tbxl wìt



773

ixlf~w blj bwkfj mc z`f~f xf~f bl} hiijw tbxlfj vljf~ wvg` mjflzmzmfw, Ci~ z`f abzzf~ zxi z`f} xf~f

wvggfwwcva! nvz ci~ G`bemljb z`f} civlj liz`mlh, Nbgk bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil G`bemljb xbw bhbml tvz

mlzi z`f gfaa,

Il >: Eb} bz bnivz 24,26be Eblio bhbml ziik G`bemljb zi z`f tiamgf! mlci~emlh `me z`bz `f

xivaj ebkf `me (siemz z`f z~vz`(, @f nibwzfj z`bz `f `bj jilf wi nfci~f zi efl nmhhf~ z`bl `me, Bggi~jmlh zi G`bemljb! WM Wbaxbz`v~b oimlfj z`f z`~fbzw,

Mlwmjf z`f nb~~bgkw G`bemljb xbw ebjf zi wz~mt blj wmz il z`f caii~ xmz` `mw klffw nflz blj `mw

`bljw b~ivlj `mw klffw wi z`bz `f givaj nf `vlh vtwmjf jixl xmz` b z`mgk tiaf b tbwzaf vwfj aigbaa}

zi h~mlj h~bml- ~bmwfj blj nbablgfj il zxi m~il nipfw, Z`mw efzìj ic zi~zv~f mw z`f (j`b~eb g`bk~b(

ml tiamgf ob~hil ‚ (z`f X`ffa ic Abx(, Eblio wxvlh G`bemljb b~ivlj z`f tiaf wìvzmlh bz `me zi

zfaa z`f z~vz`! z`fl t~igffjfj zi h~mlj g`mamfw xmz` b n~iie `bljaf x`maf simgmlh z`~fbzw, Z`f ovmgf

xbw bhbml wrvfffj mlzi G`bemljb‐w f}fw blj liwf! blj x`fl z`mw cbmafj zi hfz b gilcfwwmil mz xbw

~ftfbzfj, C~fw` kig`g`m g`maamfw xf~f h~ivlj bz afbwz cmsf zmefw bw cb~ bw G`bemljb ~fefenf~w! blj

x`flfsf~ `f wg~fbefj ml tbml `f xbw wabttfj ml z`f cbgf blj `mz xmz` z`f nflz! tabzzfj ~vnnf~ xbzf~

ìwf, Eblio xivaj bawi `mz z`f wiafw ic `mw cffz xmz` z`f `bljaf ic z`f n~iie blj bliz`f~ iccmgf~

kmgkfj `mw lfgk, @f wzb~zfj wz~vhhamlh ci~ n~fbz` blj Eblio wìvzfj z`bz `f xbw himlh zi jmf,

G`bemljb xbw abzf~ vlzmfj nvz zi~eflzfj cv~z`f~ n} nfmlh hmsfl ~bzmilw ic xbzf~ z`bz xf~f zii webaa

zi fccfgzmsfa} gafbl ivz `mw f}fw, @f wb}w z`bz `f xbw baeiwz namlj bz z`mw timlz blj givaj ila} ebkf

ivz w`bjixw, Z`fl `f xbw hmsfl `mw gaiz`fw blj ziaj zi ~fzv~l zi `mw gfaa! blj ziaj z`f iccmgf~w `f

givajl(z wff z`f xb}; `f cfaa isf~ blj z`f tiamgf hvmjfj `me nbgk, @mw ~fabzmsfw xf~f jflmfj bggfww zi

`me abzf~ z`bz jb},

G`bemljb abzf~ hiz zi klix z`bz `mw n~iz`f~%ml%abx `bj gief zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj eblbhfj zi

xmzlfww tb~z ic z`f bnvwf, X`fl `f bwkfj iccmgf~ Kmz`wm~m zi mlzf~sflf! z`f tiamgfebl wxi~f blj

g`bwfj `me bxb}, Z`f smgzme bawi hiz zi klix z`bz z`f hiaj ofxfa~} x`mg` `f xbw nfmlh bggvwfj ic

wzfbamlh `bj nffl jfamsf~fj zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil n} b tf~wil lbefj G`bema,

G`bemljb xbw kftz ml z`f gfaa vlzma z`f >8 Eb}! x`fl WM Wbaxbz`v~b ziaj `me zi wmhl b webaa tmfgf ic

tbtf~! blj `f xbw zbkfl zi giv~z, Li wzbzfeflz xbw zbkfl, @f xbw g`b~hfj ci~ z`f tiwwfwwmil ic

zxi tbxl ~fgfmtzw liz nfailhmlh zi `me blj hmsfl nbma, @mw lfpz bttfb~blgf ml giv~z mw wfz ci~ 0

Wftzfenf~ >44=,

Bjjmzmilba gieeflzw?

Jvf zi z`f fpzflz ic z`f mlov~mfw wvwzbmlfj jv~mlh z`f zi~zv~f wfwwmilw G`bemljb bjemzzfj `mewfac zi

Tblbjv~b ìwtmzba il >8 Eb}, @f ziaj z`f jigzi~w bnivz z`f zi~zv~f blj xbw z~fbzfj ci~ zxi jb}w,

Zìvh` `f wb}w z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf smwmzfj `me zi zbkf jixl b wzbzfeflz! x`fl z`f} jmwgisf~fj xì

z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w xf~f z`f} ~fcvwfj zi gilzmlvf nfgbvwf mz xbw z`f} wbmj z`bz mz xbw b gbwf bhbmlwz z`f

tiamgf, Il >= Eb} b Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ fpbemlfj G`bemljb,

G`bemljb wb}w z`bz `f mw wzmaa ~fgfmsmlh z~fbzeflz blj z`bz `f wzmaa cmljw mz jmccmgvaz zi xbak, Z`f~f mw



778

bawi wvnwzblzmba tw}gìaihmgba z~bveb,

Ml b afzzf~ jbzfj 6 Ovlf >44= G`bemljb mlci~efj z`f g`bm~ebl ic z`f Lbzmilba @vebl ^mh`zw

Gieemwwmil! z`f g`bm~ebl ic z`f Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil! z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf! blj

z`f Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic z`f tiamgf ml Tblbjv~b bnivz z`f mlgmjflz ml jfzbma,

>8:, ^blkiz` Tfjmhf Xmk~beb Lmebawm~m? Z`f Lmkbxf~bzm}b Tiamgf vwf wfsf~f zi~zv~f zi

fpz~bgz b gilcfwwmil c~ie bl mlligflz ebl! z`fl iccf~ `me b gvt ic zfb; ìwtmzba wzbcc

t~fwg~mnf tb~bgfzbeia

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b cbz`f~ ic z`~ff xbw

b~nmz~b~ma} tmgkfj vt blj zi~zv~fj n} tiamgf! cm~wz ml b xiij z`fl bz b Tiamgf wzbzmil! zi ci~gf b

gilcfwwmil ic z`fcz, Z`f} jmj liz mlci~e z`f cbema} ic `mw b~~fwz blj jflmfj z`bz `f xbw nfmlh `faj bz

z`f wzbzmil, Bczf~ civ~ jb}w z`f} t~ilivlgfj `me mlligflz! bczf~ x`mg` tiamgf blj ìwtmzba wzbcc

`bsf jfab}fj blj emw`bljafj `mw z~fbzeflz ml b wz~bzfhmg ebllf~, Z`f gbwf gafb~a} wìxw z`fjmccmgvazmfw zi~zv~f smgzmew cbgf x`fl z~}mlh zi hfz efjmgba z~fbzeflz blj ~fj~fww,

Bggi~jmlh zi mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj n} Oblbwblwbjb}b! b aigba LHI! E~, ^blkiz` Tfjmhf Xmk~beb

Lmebawm~m xbw b~~fwzfj il `mw xb} zi xi~k il 2: Ova} >44=, Wvn%Mlwtfgzi~ WM- Bwìkb blj bliz`f~

iccmgf~ ic z`f Lmkbxf~bzm}b tiamgf bggvwfj `me ic nv}mlh wziafl t~itf~z}! blj jfebljfj b

gilcfwwmil,

Bggi~jmlh zi iv~ ~fti~zw! z`f zxi tiamgfefl gvccfj Xmgk~beb(w `bljw nf`mlj `me! nfbz `me blj

z`~fx `me mlzi z`f tiamgf offt! x`f~f z`f} jmttfj gaiz` nvljafw cmaafj xmz` h~ivlj ki`g`m g`maam mlzi

xbzf~ blj wrvfffj z`f g`maam ovmgf mlzi `mw f}fw! liwf blj fb~w! nv~lmlh blj namljmlh `me, Bczf~xb~jw

`f xbw zbkfl c~ie z`f sbl mlzi b ci~fwz blj wz~vlh vt n} `mw z`venw zi b z~ff n~blg`, @f xbw nfbzfln} z`f efl ci~ evg` ic z`f jb}! vlzma fb~a} fsflmlh, Bggi~jmlh zi Xmk~beb! `f givaj `fb~ wiefilf

fawf nfmlh zi~zv~fj lfb~n} ml z`f wbef ebllf~,

Bz b~ivlj 8?74te `f xbw zbkfl zi b nvmajmlh nf`mlj z`f Lmkbxf~bzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f z`f

bnvwf gilzmlvfj vlzma z`f lfpz fsflmlh n} wfsfl iccmgf~w? z`fwf mlgavjfj Wvn%Mlwtfgzi~w

Bwìkb! Ob}blz`b blj Ob}bz`mabkf, Ilf ic Xmk~beb‐w wìvajf~w jmwaigbzfj blj z`f tiamgf ziik `me

n~mfca} zi Lmkbxf~bzm}b @iwtmzba x`f~f mz xbw ~fwfz n} b jigzi~! nfci~f `f xbw n~ivh`z nbgk zi z`f

wzbzmil,Efblx`maf Xmk~beb(w cbema} `bj nffl wfb~g`mlh ci~ `me blj `bj ebjf gietabmlzw zi z`f

Tvzabe! Xblbz`bsmaavxb blj z`f Lmkbxf~bzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmilw! x`f~f iccmgf~w jflmfj z`bz Xmk~beb

`bsmlh `me ml z`fm~ gvwzij}, X`fl G`blj~mkb! `mw jbvh`zf~! z~bgfj `me z`f~f blj efz xmz` z`fIccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- bz Lmkbxf~bzm}b! z`f IMG gabmefj z`bz `f xbw vlbnaf zi kfft z~bgk ic xì

xbw nfmlh kftz x`f~f! nvz mlwz~vgzfj bl iccmgf~ zi zbkf z`fe zi z`f smgzme,G`blj~mkb civlj `f~

cbz`f~ ml b g~mzmgba giljmzmil ml b nvmajmlh nf`mlj z`f ebml wzbzmil iccmgf, W`f ~fti~zw z`bz `f xbw ml

wfsf~f tbml! `mw nij} wxiaafl blj n~vmwfj! blj z`bz `f xbw vlbnaf zi eisf ilf b~e, @f xbw ametmlh

nbja} blj `mw z`venw xf~f tb~zmgvab~a} mlov~fj, W`f wbx z`~ff iz`f~ efl ml b wmemab~ giljmzmil,



770

Bz z`mw timlz z`f IMG bjemzzfj z`bz z`f tiamgf `bj nffl emwzbkfl bnivz Xmk~beb(w hvmaz; nvz gabmefj

z`bz z`f}? (`bj zi bwwbvaz `me zi cmlj ivz z`f z~vz`, Z`f~f mw li iz`f~ xb}, Nvz }iv~ cbz`f~ jflmfj mz

gilzmlvivwa} blj xf lix klix z`bz `f mw liz gillfgzfj xmz` z`mw g~mef(,Z`f iccmgf~ bwwv~fj z`f

cbema} z`bz z`f mlov~fj ebl xivajl(z nf t~ijvgfj ml giv~z! wbmj z`bz `f givajl(z }fz nf ~fafbwfj, @f

gabmefj z`bz b wzbzfeflz xbw lffjfj blj z`bz `f givajl(z ebkf wvg` jfgmwmilw `mewfac! wmlgf `f

`bjl(z nffl mlsiasfj jv~mlh z`f ebl(w b~~fwz blj zi~zv~f,

@f fsflzvbaa} bh~ffj z`bz Xmk~beb givaj nf ~fafbwfj il z`f ciaaixmlh jb}, ^fti~zfja} Iccmgf~

Bwìkb! z`f ebml tf~tfz~bzi~ ic z`f zi~zv~f! z`fl bjsmwfj z`bz Xmk~beb nf zbkfl ci~ B}v~sfjmg

ìefitbz`mg z~fbzeflz blj iccf~fj z`f smgzme b gvt ic zfb,Bl B}v~sfjmg t`}wmgmbl fpbemlfj

Xmk~beb! jmbhliwmlh `me xmz` wfsf~f lf~sf jbebhf blj t~fjmgzmlh aflhz`} z~fbzeflz, Z`f lfpz jb}

2= Ova}- Xmk~beb cfaa sf~} maa nvz z`f tiamgf wzmaa jflmfj z`f lffj zi b~~blhf efjmgba z~fbzeflz, Il

>4 Ova} >44= Xmk~beb(w cbema} bjemzzfj `me zi Tvzabe @iwtmzba! zfaamlh jigzi~w bnivz `mw zi~zv~f, P%

~b}w xf~f zbkfl nvz `f xbw hmsfl ila} tb~bgfzbeia vlzma >7 Ova}, Z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf jmj liz smwmz z`f

smgzme bw mw gvwzieb~}! nvz wflz xi~j z`bz `f wìvaj smwmz z`fe! zìvh` `f civlj mz jmccmgvaz zi xbak,

Bczf~ z`mw hiz gisf~fj n} b aigba ZS wzbzmil! Wm~bwb! z`f @iwtmzba Tiamgf jfgmjfj zi zbkf b wzbzfeflzblj Xmk~beb xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ic Giaieni il >6 Ova}! x`f~f `f mw lix

nfmlh z~fbzfj ml b lfv~iaih} xb~j,

Bjjmzmilba mlci~ebzmil?

Ml 2==: W~m Ablkb bggfjfj z`f Gilsflzmil Bhbmlwz Zi~zv~f GBZ- blj zi~zv~f mw bawi nbllfj vljf~

W~m Ablkbl abx! }fz `f~f bhbml xf wff ìx flz~flg`fj blj ìx gieeil z`f vwf ic zi~zv~f mw beilh

tiamgf ml W~m Ablkb, Z`f zi~zv~f ziik tabgf ml z`f klixafjhf ic bz afbwz wfsfl iz`f~w! mz xbw n~vzba

blj g~fbzmsf, Jfzbmaw! wvg` bw mzw aigbzmil ml b ci~fwz blj z`f vwf ic g`maam ovmgf! ebkf mz gafb~ z`bz z`f

~iaf ic tiamgf iccmgf~w ml Lmkbxf~bzm}b `bw jfhflf~bzfj c~ie z`bz ic abx flci~gf~ zi nbwmg z`vh, Z`bz

li g`fgkw blj nbablgfw b~f ml tabgf c~ie wvtf~mi~w ‗ xì xf~f itfla} ~favgzblz zi hfz mlsiasfj ‗

blj z`bz efjmgba wzbcc blj tiamgf bttfb~ zi t~izfgz zìwf xì gieemz zi~zv~f! ab}w ivz ovwz ìx ab~hf

b t~inafe mz mw ml gmzmfw bg~iww z`f givlz~}, Bw jifw z`f gieeflz c~ie z`f Lmkbxf~bzm}b IMG? (Xf

`bj zi bwwbvaz `me zi cmlj ivz z`f z~vz`, Z`f~f mw li iz`f~ xb},(

>86, Zbeebhf Wbetbz` Tf~f~b? Bl mlov~fj ebl mw nfbzfl n} tiamgf! maafhbaa} jfzbmlfj blj

jflmfj efjmgba z~fbzeflz

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw afb~lfj z`bz bl mlov~fj ebl xbw wfsf~fa} blj

~bljiea} nfbzfl n} b tiamgf iccmgf~ bz Lfhieni Tiamgf wzbzmil blj z`fl jflmfj efjmgba z~fbzeflz

ci~ ei~f z`bl >: ìv~w! gbvwmlh tiwwmnaf tf~eblflz lf~sf jbebhf, @f lix cbgfw cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfwci~ b ~innf~}, Li afhba i~ jmwgmtamlb~} bgzmil `bw nffl zbkfl bhbmlwz z`f iccmgf~w mlsiasfj! ilf ic

xìe mw ~fwtiljflz ml b cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw g`b~hf nfci~f z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z ci~ z`f baafhfj zi~zv~f

ic Wvhbz` Cf~lblji! xì xbw bwwbwwmlbzfj abwz }fb~,

Zbeebhf Wbetbz` Tf~f~b! >0! xbw afbsmlh g`v~g` il >= Ova}! >44= x`fl `f xbw wzittfj blj nbja}

nfbzfl xmz` bl m~il nb~ n} b h~ivt ic g`v~g`hif~w, Z`f} bggvwfj `me ic wzfbamlh ^w 70 VW *4,77-



77=

c~ie z`f g`v~g` blj gbaafj z`f tiamgf, X`maf xbmzmlh ci~ z`f tiamgf z`f ~fwmjflzw jfgmjfj z`bz

bliz`f~ }ivlh ebl! 26! xbw z`f gvat~mz mlwzfbj! nvz x`fl z`f tiamgf b~~msfj niz` xf~f zbkfl zi

Lfhieni Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Bz z`f wzbzmil Wbetbz`(w naffjmlh afh xbw ~ivhà} nbljbhfj! blj `f xbw afcz wmzzmlh il b nflg` xmz`

b lvenf~ ic z`f iz`f~w, Bczf~ bnivz bl ìv~ xf b~f ziaj z`bz bl iccmgf~ xì Wbetbz` abzf~ afb~lfj xbw @fbjrvb~zf~w Mlwtfgzi~ Wiebwm~m Am}blbhf - flzf~fj z`f ~iie blj wzb~zfj zi kmgk `me blj

wzbet il `mw xivljfj afh, Z`f mlwtfgzi~ baafhfja} ziaj `me zi ~feisf `mw z~ivwf~w! z`fl tvz b tmwzia

ml `mw eivz` blj i~jf~fj `me zi gilcfww zi z`f g~mef, Wief ic z`f xmzlfwwfw t~fwflz t~izfwzfj blj

ziaj `me z`bz z`f }ivlhf~ ni}! bawi ml z`f ~iie! `bj zbkfl z`f eilf}, Zxi iccmgf~w xf~f `fb~j zi

wìvz bz z`fe blj z`~fbzfl z`fe xmz` z`f wbef z~fbzeflz, Mz wìvaj nf lizfj z`bz Mlwtfgzi~

Am}blbhf mw gv~~flza} b ~fwtiljflz ml b cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw tfzmzmil ~fabzmlh zi zi~zv~f tafbwf wff

ei~f nfaix-,

Zìvh` li gietabmlz `bj nffl cmafj bhbmlwz Wbetbz` blj li fsmjflgf t~ijvgfj! tiamgf g`b~hfj

`me xmz` z`f ~innf~} blj jfzbmlfj `me maafhbaa} ml b tiamgf gfaa xmzìvz efjmgba z~fbzeflz, @mw cbema}

civlj ivz bnivz `mw b~~fwz z`f} xf~f liz iccmgmbaa} ziaj- blj b~~msfj abzf~ z`bz fsflmlh! bwkmlh z`bz `f

nf baaixfj zi hi zi ìwtmzba, X`fl Wbetbz` xbw bjemzzfj zi Lfhieni ìwtmzba abzf z`f lfpz

ei~lmlh x`maf vljf~ gvwzij}! b jigzi~ ziaj iccmgf~w z`bz tf~eblflz lf~sf jbebhf xbw amkfa}! jvf zi

z`f jfab}, Wbetbz` xbw itf~bzfj il blj wzb}fj ml ìwtmzba vlzma 8 Bvhvwz! x`f~f `f wtflz evg` ic

z`f zmef gvccfj zi `mw ìwtmzba nfj! nfci~f nfmlh hmsfl nbma, Il >0 Igzinf~ `f bttfb~fj ml z`f

Lfhieni Ebhmwz~bzf(w Giv~z gbwf lvenf~ N)2787)>44=- g`b~hfj xmz` ~innf~},


Bw }iv gbl ~fbj ml iv~ tbwz bttfba `zzt?))xxx,`vebl~mh`zw,bwmb)vb)ebmlcmaf,t`t)>440)7427)

VBV%468%>440! Wiebwm~m Am}blbhf mw b ~fwtiljflz ml b cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw gbwf nfci~f z`f Wvt~fef

Giv~z! cmafj n} Wvhbz` Cf~lblji! ci~ baafhfj zi~zv~f, Cf~lblji(w xmjix mw b xmzlfww ml z`f gbwf blj

wvwtfgzw z`fwf ~fwtiljflzw ci~ `f~ `vwnblj(w ev~jf~! }fz mlsfwzmhbzmilw mlzi mz `bsf wzbaafj, Z`f gbwf

blj blba}wmw ic mz gbl nf ~fbj ml jftz` ml iv~ `vebl ~mh`zw tf~mijmgba!

`zzt?))xxx,b~zmgaf>,i~h)tjc)s40l42,tjc B~zmgaf >! sia,0 li,2 TJC-,

Li afhba! bjemlmwz~bzmsf i~ jmwgmtamlb~} bgzmil `bw }fz nffl zbkfl bhbmlwz z`f iccmgf~w mlsiasfj ml

Wbetbz`(w b~~fwz blj zi~zv~f fsfl zìvh` lvef~ivw abxw blj t~igfjv~ba gijfw xf~f n~ikfl! blj

ilf ic z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w `bw z`mw baafhfj `mwzi~} ic bnvwf, Bw }iv gbl ~fbj ml iv~`zzt?))lizi~zv~f,b`~g`k,lfz)t~icmaf)w~mablkb) wveeb~} ic W~m Ablkb(w afhba tiwmzmil il zi~zv~f! z`f

`zzt?))`~am,ba~g,lfz)ebmlcmaf,t`t)w~mablkbYgilwzmzvzmil) Gilwzmzvzmil ~fgihlmwfw c~ffjie bhbmlwz

zi~zv~f bw b cvljbeflzba ~mh`z B~zmgaf 2>3- blj W~m Ablkb `bw ~bzmcmfj z`f Gilsflzmil bhbmlwz

Zi~zv~f blj Iz`f~ G~vfa! Ml`vebl i~ Jfh~bjmlh Z~fbzeflz i~ Tvlmwèflz ml 2==7! zìvh` lfmz`f~

b~f vwfj evg` gilwmjf~mlh z`f `mh` ~bzf ic zi~zv~f nfmlh ~fti~zfj c~ie W~m Ablkbl tabgfw ic

jfzbmleflz, Eiwz tiamgf iccmgf~w bttfb~ zi floi} cvaa metvlmz},




http://notorture.ahrchk.net/profile/srilanka/


http://hrli.alrc.net/mainfile.php/srilanka_constitution/







7:4

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil jifw liz gilwmjf~ b oin z~blwcf~ ‗ b gieeil ~fwtilwf zi

zi~zv~f baafhbzmilw ‗ bl fccfgzmsf jfzf~~flz zi z`f g~mef, Tafbwf cmlj ivz ei~f il iv~ ilamlf

.`zzt?))lizi~zv~f,b`~g`k,lfz)mljfp,t`t.gbetbmhl zi cvaa} g~memlbamf zi~zv~f! ml W~m Ablkb blj

z`~ivhìvz Bwmb! bggi~jmlh zi mlzf~lbzmilba afhba wzbljb~jw,

Wbetbz` `bw x~mzzfl gietabmlzw bhbmlwz z`f Lfhieni tiamgf! lbemlh @RM Wiebwm~m Am}blbhf! zi z`f

Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf! z`f Jftvz} Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf! z`f Wtfgmba Mlsfwzmhbzmilw

Vlmz! z`f Wtfgmba Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf ml Lfhieni! z`f Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil blj z`f

Lbzmilba @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil, Bl flrvm~} `bw nffl wzb~zfj n} z`f aigba WWT! blj `mw ~fti~z mw

tfljmlh,

>83, Wv~fw` Kveb~ Jmbw? ZMJ iccmgf~w jfzbml b ebl ci~ ei~f z`bl zxi }fb~w xmzìvz b z~mba

blj il gafb~a} cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw afb~lfj z`bz b ebl `bw nffl maafhbaa} met~mwilfj

ci~ isf~ zxi blj b `bac }fb~w bczf~ `mw maafhba b~~fwz! nfbzmlh blj eigk fpfgvzmil n} tiamgf iccmgf~w,

Bazìvh` li afhmzmebzf fsmjflgf `bw nffl t~ijvgfj blj `f xbw gafb~fj ic z`f g`b~hf bczf~ zxi

}fb~w! b wfgilj zf~~i~mwe g`b~hf `bw nffl cbn~mgbzfj bhbmlwz `me n} tiamgf iccmgf~w, @f `bw nffl

hmsfl li g`blgf zi b~~blhf afhba ~ft~fwflzbzmil i~ zi hi zi z~mba blj mw ilf ic `vlj~fjw gv~~flza}

ablhvmw`mlh ml obmaw blj ~feblj t~mwilw bg~iww z`f givlz~} jvf zi z`f emwvwf ic j~bgilmbl Blzm

Zf~~i~mwe abxw, Z`f B@^G cm~ea} nfamfsfw z`bz z`fwf abxw lffj zi nf ~fsmfxfj blj ~ftfbafj ci~ z`f

~vaf ic abx zi nf ~fwzi~fj ml W~m Ablkb,

Bggi~jmlh zi Wv~fw` Kveb~ Jmbw! `f xbw ml `mw zbmai~mlh wìt il 8 Eb~g` >448 x`fl bnivz wfsflefl xfb~mlh gmsmambl gaiz`mlh b~~msfj blj wzb~zfj zi rvfwzmil `me bnivz b nvwmlfww gilzbgz! xì `bj

nffl bggvwfj ic nfmlh amlkfj zi z`f AZZF, Z`f} zmfj `mw `bljw blj cffz zihfz`f~ blj wfb~g`fj `mw

wìt! nfbzmlh `me xmz` b wzmgk ci~ `bac bl ìv~ blj c~bgzv~mlh `mw afcz vttf~ b~e, Nvwmlfww

jigveflzw xf~f zbkfl blj Wv~fw` xbw j~msfl zi sb~mivw wtizw b~ivlj zixl! jv~mlh x`mg` `f xbw

nfbzfl bhbml blj ebjf zi vljf~hi b eigk fpfgvzmil, Mz xbw ila} abzf~ z`bz `f civlj ivz z`bz z`f}

xf~f tiamgf iccmgf~w, Z`f efl fsflzvbaa} ziik `me zi Lfhieni ìwtmzba! blj z`fl zi z`f Zf~~i~mwe

Mlsfwzmhbzmil Jmsmwmil ZMJ- ml Giaieni z`f lfpz jb}! x`f~f `f xbw jfzbmlfj xmzìvz g`b~hf ci~

isf~ b eilz`, Il 2> Bt~ma >448 `f xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi Niiwb Jfzflzmil Gflz~f x`f~f `f xbw

maafhbaa} jfzbmlfj bhbml vlzma >3 Ovlf,

@f xbw z`fl z~blwcf~~fj zi Giaieni(w Lfx Ebhbmlf T~mwil, @f xbw ila} bnaf zi cmlj ivz z`bz b N

~fti~z N =302)>448- `bj nffl cmafj! bggvwmlh `me ic vlwtfgmcmfj zf~~i~mwe g`b~hfw, Jmbw xbw

gafb~fj c~ie zìwf g`b~hfw il Cfn~vb~} 27! >44= bczf~ baeiwz zxi }fb~w ml ~feblj t~mwil! il z`f

mlwz~vgzmilw ic z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba BH-, Nvz `f xbw liz ~fafbwfj; jv~mlh `mw zmef ml t~mwil

bliz`f~ gbwf N 62=)>443- `bj nffl cmafj bhbmlwz `me bz z`f Tvhijb Ebhmwz~bzf‐w Giv~z! bggvwmlh



7:2

`me ic nienmlh b Jmbaihvf Zfafgie TAW z~blwemwwmil zixf~ ml ^bj`bxbl, @f `bw nffl ~fcvwfj

nbma blj z`f gbwf mw tfljmlh,

Z`f BH `bw liz ebjf bl} ~ft~fwflzbzmil ml z`mw gbwf, Li fsmjflgf ic bl} wi~z `bw nffl t~ijvgfj

bhbmlwz `me blj z`f gbwf `bw liz hilf zi z~mba! x`mg` efblw z`bz `f `bw nffl vlbnaf zi t~ftb~f bl}

kmlj ic jfcflwf, @ixfsf~ Wv~fw` mw b Zbema! banfmz ilf xì gbl(z wtfbk i~ x~mzf Zbema; `mw cbema} emh~bzfj zi Giaieni b ailh zmef bhi, Nfgbvwf ic `mw nm~z` lbef `f wb}w `f cbgfj gilzmlvba

t~inafew bz z~bccmg g`fgktimlzw ‚ iccmgf~w xivaj nf wvwtmgmivw x`fl `f givajl(z blwxf~ z`fe ml

Zbema i~ hmsf z`fe bl} mlci~ebzmil ~fabzmlh zi Zbema bccbm~w ‚ wi `f jfgmjfj zi afhbaa} bjitz b

Wml`bab lbef, Z`mw eb} xfaa `bsf nffl z`f z~mhhf~ ci~ `mw b~~fwz, Xf v~hf z`bz `f nf ~fafbwfj

meefjmbzfa} c~ie maafhba jfzflzmil blj wxmcza} gietflwbzfj ci~ z`f h~iww smiabzmilw ic `mw

gilwzmzvzmilba ~mh`zw, ^ft~fwflzbzmil `bw nffl ebjf zi z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba il z`mw ebzzf~,

>88, G`~mwzit`f~ Tbkmbe? B g~memlba mlsfwzmhbzmil mw lffjfj mlzi z`f tb~ba}wmw ic b ebl ml

gvwzij}

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw nffl mlci~efj z`bz b ebl `bw nfgief g~mzmgbaa} maa blj tb~zmbaa} tb~ba}wfj bczf~ zmef ml z`f gvwzij} ic Hbetiab Kv~vjvxbzzf tiamgf, @f mw ~fti~zfja}

zmfj zi `mw nfj blj vljf~ gilwzblz hvb~j ml ìwtmzba! nvz xbw ml b `fbaz`} giljmzmil nfci~f `mw b~~fwz,

@mw ~fabzmsfw `bsf nffl vlbnaf zi hfz b g~fjmnaf fptablbzmil ci~ `mw tb~ba}wmw blj b~f fpz~fefa}

gilgf~lfj ci~ `mw cvzv~f wbcfz},

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil xf `bsf ~fgfmsfj! G`~mwzit`f~ Tbkmbe! b z`~ff%x`ffaf~ j~msf~! xbw

bjemzzfj zi z`f Nihbenb~b Kblj} ^feblj T~mwil mlcm~eb~} il 23 Wftzfenf~ x`maf xbmzmlh ci~ z`f

giv~z `fb~mlh ic `mw gbwf N >=06)>44=-, @f xbw bjemzzfj zi Kblj} @iwtmzba! xb~j li, >0! zxi jb}w

abzf~, Zìwf gilgf~lfj bnivz `mw xfacb~f! mlgavjmlh `mw cbema}! `bsf liz nffl bnaf zi wtfbk xmz` `me

t~msbzfa} zi cmlj ivz ìx `mw giljmzmil jfzf~mi~bzfj; `f xbw vlgilwgmivw ci~ ailh tf~mijw ic zmefblj mw nfmlh kftz zmfj zi `mw nfj vljf~ gilwzblz hvb~j,

Zìvh` `f xbw xfaa x`fl `f xbw b~~fwzfj n} z`f Hbetiab Kv~vjvxbzzf tiamgf! `f mw lix

~fti~zfja} tb~ba}wfj nfaix z`f xbmwz! blj `bw nffl z~blwcf~~fj zi Jmhblb @iwtmzba, @mw cbema} b~f

gilgf~lfj z`bz `mw giljmzmil mw jvf zi zi~zv~f i~ ebaz~fbzeflz! nvz tiamgf blj t~mwil xb~jflw `bsf

liz iccf~fj z`fe bl fptablbzmil, Nbma `bw bawi nffl ~fcvwfj n} z`f Kblj} @mh` Giv~z,

Vljf~ jiefwzmg abx! mc b tf~wil mw b~~fwzfj ml hiij `fbaz` blj ~fafbwfj xmz` b wfsf~f giljmzmil! z`f

~fwtilwmnmamz} ci~ fptabmlmlh mz cbaaw zi zìwf ml g`b~hf ic `mw i~ `f~ jfzflzmil, Z`f Iccmgf ml G`b~hf

ic z`f Hbetiab Kv~vjvxbzzf Tiamgf wzbzmil blj z`f Kblj} t~mwil bvzì~mzmfw evwz nf `fajbggivlzbnaf, Ml z`f bnwflgf ic b g~fjmnaf fptablbzmil! mz mw z`fm~ jvz} zi abvlg` bl mlsfwzmhbzmil blj

zi kfft z`f cbema} ic z`f smgzme mlci~efj ic z`fm~ cmljmlhw! bailh xmz` z`f lfgfwwb~} afhba wzftw,

Wìvaj z`mw nf b gbwf ic zi~zv~f! bw z`f cbema} ic E~, Tbkmbe cfb~w! bl} jfab} ml z`mw mlsfwzmhbzmil

jbebhfw z`f t`}wmgba fsmjflgf, Z`f tbzmflz(w wzbzfeflz evwz meefjmbzfa} nf zbkfl,

Mz mw meti~zblz ci~ E~, Tbkmbe zi nf h~blzfj nbma wi z`bz `mw cbema} gbl `bsf gilz~ia isf~ `mw efjmgba



7:>

z~fbzeflz! blj z`f ìwtmzba bvzì~mzmfw evwz ml z`f efblzmef! b~~blhf ci~ z`f nfwz bsbmabnaf

z~fbzeflz, Bw b xmzlfww ml b g~memlba mlsfwzmhbzmil! `f blj `mw cbema} evwz nf t~ismjfj xmz`

t~izfgzmil,

Tbkmbe xbw b z`~ff%x`ffaf~ j~msf~ blj xbw b~~fwzfj bczf~ `f j~isf z`~ff gvwzief~w c~ie Jmgki}b zi

Hbetiab Jiaiwnbhf xì hiz mlsiasfj ml b cmh`z! ml x`mg` b ebl jmfj,

>80, Evjvhbevxb Eblbhf Tm}ba? Tiamgf wz~mt blj wfpvbaa} zi~zv~f ebl ml gvwzij} zi ci~gf

gilcfwwmil

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil bnivz z`f b~~fwz blj

zi~zv~f ic b }ivlh ebl n} tiamgf ml Ebzb~b zi ci~gf b gilcfwwmil ic ~innf~}, Z`f smgzme xbw `faj

maafhbaa} ci~ isf~ :0 ìv~w blj baafhfja} wz~mttfj! nfbzfl ~ftfbzfja} blj wfpvbaa} eiafwzfj, Li

wzbzfeflz xbw zbkfl blj jvf t~igfww bttfb~w zi `bsf nffl vzzf~a} jmwgb~jfj, X`fl ~fafbwfj il nbma

ilf tiamgf iccmgf~ z`fl wfg~fza} mlzmemjbzfj z`f smgzme mlzi hmsmlh `me `mw nmg}gaf,

Bggi~jmlh zi mlci~ebzmil c~ie >4%}fb~%iaj abniv~f~! Evjvhbevxb Eblbhf Tm}ba! `f xbw b~~fwzfj

il > Bvhvwz bz >te n} tiamgf blj zbkfl cm~wz zi Jflm}b}b blj z`fl Ei~bxbkb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f~f

`bj nffl bl bzzfetz n} tiamgf zi b~~fwz Tm}ba‐w n~iz`f~ blj ilf ic `mw vlgafw fb~amf~ ml z`f jb}

~fhb~jmlh b z`fcz bz b wìt ml Ti~vtmzm}b! nvz z`f} `bj fwgbtfj,

C~ie z`mw timlz z`f smgzme baafhfw z`bz b wf~mfw ic nfbzmlhw ziik tabgf isf~ wfsf~ba jb}w ml b ~iie bz

Ei~bxbkb wzbzmil, Z`f cm~wz mlgmjflz mlsiasfj iccmgf~w kmgkmlh z`f smgzme vlzma `f wg~fbefj! blj xbw

`fb~j n} `mw eiz`f~ xì xbmzfj lfb~n}, Tm}ba xbw abzf~ `bljgvccfj zi b nfj blj z`fl x`mttfj xmz`

`mw ixl nfaz bz b~ivlj 8?74te n} b j~vlk tiamgf iccmgf~, Jv~mlh bl mlzf~~ihbzmil wfz vt! z`f smgzme

gabmew z`bz `f xbw wz~mttfj blj nfbzfl bhbml n} bl iccmgf~! xì bawi h~mttfj blj zxmwzfj `mw tflmw, Z`f nfbzmlhw gilzmlvfj isf~ z`f :0 ìv~w vlzma `f xbw ~fafbwfj xmzìvz nbma il : Bvhvwz; `f xbw

ziaj zi ~fti~z zi z`f wzbzmil fsf~} Wvljb},

Cmlbaa} Tm}ba xbw gilc~ilzfj n} iccmgf~ Wvlma W`blz`b bw `f afcz z`f wzbzmil! xì ziik `mw nmg}gaf, Z`f

tiamgfebl wvhhfwzfj z`bz Tm}ba(w n~iz`f~ `bj wziafl b eivlzbml nmkf blj z`bz `f wìvaj hmsf vt `mw

ixl zi bsimj z`f gbwf nfmlh tv~wvfj, @f xbw ziaj liz zi eflzmil mz zi bl}ilf,

Tm}ba `bw nffl z~fbzfj bz @bajiab Hisf~leflz B}v~sfjmg @iwtmzba ci~ z`f nfbzmlh `f ~fgfmsfj ml

gvwzij}, @ixfsf~ zi jbzf li gbwf `bw nffl cmafj ml ~fwtilwf zi `mw baafhbzmilw ic zi~zv~f! jfwtmzf b

x~mzzfl gietabmlz nfmlh wflz zi z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf! z`f Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic TiamgfEbzb~b! z`f Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil! Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba blj z`f W~m Ablkb @vebl ^mh`zw

Gieemwwmil, @f gilzmlvfw zi smwmz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil fbg` xffk! bw mlwz~vgzfj n} z`f iccmgf~w xì

zi~zv~fj `me,



7:7

>8=, Zfllbkiil Evjm}blwfabhf Xmof~bzlf? Eb`m}blhblf tiamgf b~nmz~b~ma} b~~fwz bl

mljmhflivw ebl bczf~ baaixmlh `me zi nf nfbzfl n} b t~mfwz

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw afb~lfj z`bz Eb`m}blhblf tiamgf iccmgf~w

xmzlfwwfj z`f wfsf~f nfbzmlh ic b ebl n} b t~mfwz blj ~fcvwfj zi mlzf~sflf, Z`f bgz gilwzmzvzfw

zi~zv~f vljf~ mlzf~lbzmilba abx, Z`f smgzme xbw z`fl b~~fwzfj xmz` wgblz fsmjflgf ic `mw g~mef blj`mw baafhbzmilw ic zi~zv~f xf~f liz bjj~fwwfj n} z`f aigba ebhmwz~bzf, ^bz`f~ z`bl b~~fwz z`f

tf~tfz~bzi~! iccmgf~w b~f flzf~zbmlmlh `mw gietabmlz bhbmlwz z`f smgzme blj z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil mlzi z`f

smgzme(w gietabmlz `bw nffl j~ittfj, Z`f cbgz z`bz wmetaf tiamgf t~igfjv~fw b~f nfmlh wi wivlja}

smiabzfj wvhhfwzw b n~fbg` ml z`f g`bml ic gieeblj ml Eb`m}blhblf x`mg` evwz nf meefjmbzfa}

bjj~fwwfj,

Zfllbkiil Evjm}blwfabhf Xmof~bzlf! :7! nfailhw zi z`f Sfjj`b bni~mhmlba gieevlmz}! blj z`mw

wveef~ `f wfz vt b webaa mgf g~fbe wzbaa ci~ b cfwzmsba bz z`f Eb`m}blhblf Wbebl Jfsbab! x`mg` mw

tb~z ic Eb`m}blhblf Zfetaf, X`maf nbz`mlh ml z`f bjobgflz Eb`bsfam ^msf~ il >0 Bvhvwz bz bnivz

emj%jb}! Xmof~bzlf ~fti~zw z`bz `f civlj b tmfgf ic xm~f nv~mfj ml z`f wblj blj z`mlkmlh mz vwfcva `fziik mz xmz` `me,

@ixfsf~ wì~za} bczf~xb~jw b h~beb smaabhf- iccmgf~ t`}wmgbaa} wzittfj `me ml z`f g~ixj! tvaafj `me

n} `mw w`m~z giaab~ blj wzb~zfj zi rvfwzmil `me bnivz z`f xm~f, @f xbw zbkfl zi b tiamgf tiwz lfb~ z`f

zfetaf x`f~f z`f iccmgf~ ziaj zxi iz`f~ iccmgf~w z`bz `f `bj gbvh`z (z`f xm~f z`mfc(, Ilf ic z`f tiamgf

iccmgf~w cfzg`fj z`f `fbj t~mfwz! xì baafhfja} i~jf~fj Xmof~bzlf zi wmz il z`f caii~! ziik z`f xm~f

c~ie `me blj nfbz `me xmz` mz ci~ b~ivlj cmsf emlvzfw, B g~ixj hbz`f~fj,

Z`f t~mfwz ~fti~zfja} wìvzfj bz Xmof~bzlf z`~ivhìvz z`f nfbzmlh! bggvwmlh `me ic ~fhvab~a} gvzzmlh

xm~f c~ie z`f zfetaf t~femwfw! blj z`f }ivlhf~ t~mfwz z`fl ~fti~zfja} kmgkfj z`f smgzme zi z`f

h~ivlj, Zìvh` g~ixj efenf~w `bj bwkfj z`f t~mfwzw zi wzit! z`f zxi iccmgf~w wziij nbgk blj xbzg`fj z`f nfbzmlh! x`maf inwf~smlh z`bz z`mw xbw z`f gilwfrvflgf ic wzfbamlh xm~f, Xmof~bzlf xbw

zbkfl zi z`f Eb`m}blhblf Tiamgf wzbzmil n} z`~ff%x`ffaf~ zbpm! x`f~f `f xbw kftz ml b gfaa, @f ziaj

z`f Iccmgf~ ml G`b~hf IMG- z`bz `f `bj nffl bwwbvazfj blj wìxfj z`f eb~kw il `mw nij} nvz `mw

gietabmlz xbw liz lizfj,

Z`bz lmh`z Xmof~bzlf ~fti~zw z`bz `f xbw liz hmsfl bl}z`mlh zi fbz, Z`f lfpz ei~lmlh `f xbw hmsfl b

webaa wf~smlh ic ~mgf blj gigilvz wbenia! blj `mw cbema} xbw gbaafj zi mlci~e z`fe ic `mw jfzflzmil,

Il >= Bvhvwz bz bnivz liil `f xbw t~ijvgfj bz z`f ~fwmjflgf ic b aigba ebhmwz~bzf! x`f~f `mw

abx}f~ n~ivh`z vt `mw bnvwf n} z`f t~mfwz, Xf b~f ziaj z`bz ebhmwz~bzf jmj liz zbkf lizf ic z`f bnvwf

nfci~f `f h~blzfj Xmof~bzlf nbma, Wmlgf mz xbw b Wbzv~jb} blj b ìamjb} z`f nbma eilf} givaj liz nfcv~lmw`fj blj Xmof~bzlf xbw ~febljfj ml Nbjvaab t~mwil, Ml z`f t~mwil Xmof~bzlf ziaj z`f t~mwil

hvb~jw z`bz tiamgf `bj ~fcvwfj zi zbkf lizf ic `mw bnvwf blj `f xbw hmsfl wief efjmgbzfj g~fbe zi

~vn il `mw gilzvwmilw,

Il 72 Bvhvwz z`f nbma eilf} xbw cv~lmw`fj! Xmof~bzlf xbw t~ijvgfj ml Eb`m}blhblf Ebhmwz~bzfw

Giv~z gbwf N^ 067)4=- blj ~fafbwfj! bczf~ nfmlh ziaj zi ~fzv~l zi giv~z il 0 Wftzfenf~! blj z`fl

abzf~ il 7 Lisfenf~, Il 24 Wftzfenf~ xf b~f ziaj z`bz `f civlj mz jmccmgvaz zi v~mlbzf blj `f



7::

tbwwfj naiij! bczf~ x`mg` bl B}v~sfjmg jigzi~ bjsmwfj `me zi cmlj z~fbzeflz ml ìwtmzba, Il 2>

Wftzfenf~! bczf~ cmamlh b gietabmlz bnivz `mw bwwbvaz bz Eb`m}blhblf Tiamgf wzbzmil GMN 2 :3)2>4-

`f g`fgkfj `mewfac mlzi Eb`m}blhblf @iwtmzba, @f mlci~efj z`f jigzi~w ic z`f bnvwf n} z`f t~mfwz;

P%~b}w wìxfj mlzf~lba gilzvwmilw nvz li n~ikfl nilfw,

@f xbw jmwg`b~hfj il 2: Wftzfenf~, Il 26 Wftzfenf~ Xmof~bzlf xbw gbaafj zi z`f Eb`m}blhblfTiamgf wzbzmil zi ebkf b wzbzfeflz bnivz `mw gietabmlz! blj `f ziik zxi xmzlfwwfw xmz` `me, B

tiamgf iccmgf~ ~fgi~jfj z`fm~ fsmjflgf blj bwkfj z`f zxi zi afbsf! bz x`mg` timlz Xmof~bzlf xbw ziaj

z`bz `f xivaj `bsf zi tf~wilbaa} mjflzmc} z`f wgflf ic z`f g~mef blj xbw zbkfl nbgk zi zbkfl zi z`f

tiamgf tiwz bz z`f zfetaf, @f xbw ebjf zi xbmz z`f~f ci~ z`~ff ìv~w! blj x`fl z`f iccmgf~w ~fzv~lfj

z`f} wmeta} ziaj `me z`bz z`f `fbj t~mfwz `bj jflmfj z`f g`b~hfw, @f xbw bwkfj zi hi ìef; li

wzbzfeflz xbw ~fgi~jfj c~ie `me li~ bl} iz`f~ ~fgi~jw ebjf,

Z`f Eb`m}blhblf tiamgf bttfb~ zi `bsf bnbljilfj i~jmlb~} g~memlba t~igfjv~f! blj `bsf mlwzfbj

zbmai~fj mz zi xi~k bhbmlwz z`f smgzme; ml z`mw gbwf bl vljf~t~msmafhfj emli~mz} efenf~, Z`f smgzme

xbw jflmfj `mw ~mh`z zi t~izfgzmil ‗ x`mg` gilwzmzvzfw zi~zv~f vljf~ mlzf~lbzmilba gilsflzmilw~bzmcmfj n} W~m Ablkb ‗ blj iccmgf~w flji~wfj maafhba smhmablzf ovwzmgf mlwzfbj, @f xbw z~bvebzmwfj n}

z`f mlgmjflz blj `mw fpzfljfj zmef ml jfzflzmil aiwz `me smzba mlgief c~ie z`f cfwzmsba! x`f~f `f `bj

~flzfj b wzbaa, Fsfl z`f abgk ic ciij hmsfl zi z`f smgzme ml tiamgf gvwzij} hifw bhbmlwz tiamgf

jftb~zeflzba i~jf~w B >4, 8b-,

Ml W~m Ablkb z`f iccmgf~ il ~fwf~sf jvz} mw ~fwtilwmnaf ci~ flwv~mlh z`bz zìwf vljf~ b~~fwz b~f

t~itf~a} cfj! blj evwz ~fgi~j fbg` efba ml z`f Mlci~ebzmil Niik, Z`f cbgz z`bz baa wvg` wmetaf

t~igfjv~fw b~f nfmlh fbwma} smiabzfj wvhhfwzw b n~fbg` ml z`f g`bml ic gieeblj ml Eb`m}blhblf! blj

z`mw evwz nf meefjmbzfa} bjj~fwwfj xmz` jmwgmtamlb~} bgzmil, Z`f `mh` t~mfwz(w bgzmilw evwz nf cvaa}

mlsfwzmhbzfj blj jfbaz xmz` bggi~jmlh zi z`f abx blj z`f ebhmwz~bzf blj z`f efjmgba wzbcc mlsiasfj

evwz bawi nf ~femljfj ic z`fm~ jvz} zi bgz x`fl gbwfw ic zi~zv~f b~f t~fwflzfj nfci~f z`fe! zi

t~fsflz z`f flz~flg`fj metvlmz} z`bz wzmaa tabhvfw z`f W~m Ablkbl w}wzfe ic ovwzmgf,

>04, Xbllm Bz`btbz`z`v Evjm}blwfabhf Lmablz`b Wbebl Kveb~b? Tiamgf! jigzi~w blj

ebhmwz~bzfw b~f gietamgmz ml b ebl(w zi~zv~f

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- n~mlhw }iv gbwf jfzbmaw ic b cb~ef~ xì! x`maf il

`mw xb} zi tmgk vt `mw g`maj c~ie wgìia! xbw b~nmz~b~ma} b~~fwzfj! cbgfj xmz` cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw blj

fpzflwmsfa} zi~zv~fj ci~ zxi jb}w n} Hbahbevxb tiamgf iccmgf~w! wief ic xìe xf~f baafhfja}

j~vlk, @f xbw wvwtfljfj n} `mw b~ew ci~ wi ailh `f `bw lf~sf jbebhf! blj `bj b nizzaf ic tfz~ia

tiv~fj mlzi `mw mlzfwzmlf smb `mw blvw, Z`f mlgmjflz fptiwfw b giaabtwfj w}wzfe! ml x`mg` zi~zv~f hifw

vltvlmw`fj nfgbvwf ic jfamnf~bzf lfhamhflgf n} mzw t~icfwwmilbaw, Ml z`mw gbwf b ebhmwz~bzf! zxi

jigzi~w blj b sb~mfz} ic tiamgf iccmgf~w blj t~mwil xb~jflw b~f ~fwtilwmnaf! eiwz ic xìe evwz

lix cbgf afhba bgzmil, Z`f smgzme(w zi~zv~f baafhbzmilw `bsf liz nffl bjj~fwwfj! blj `f wzbljw

bggvwfj ic wzfbamlh b xbzf~ tvet, @mw lfpz `fb~mlh mw 22 Jfgfenf~ >44=,



7:6

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme -

Xbllm Bz`btbz`z`v Evjm}blwfabhf Lmablz`b Wbebl Kveb~b! 72! mw b cb~ef~ xmz` zxi g`maj~fl, @f

xbw ilgf ml z`f b~e} blj `f blj `mw xmcf b~f ~fti~zfja} xmzlfwwfw ml b gbwf ml Hbahbevxb,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil z`bz xf `bsf ~fgfmsfj! Lmablz`b xbw zbkmlh `mw fmh`z%}fb~ iaj g`maj ziwgìia il `mw nmg}gaf il >3 Igzinf~ >44= bz b~ivlj 8be! x`fl `f wzittfj zi oiml b g~ixj ivzwmjf b

wìt n} z`f Lb`fzzmhkvabeb obe z~ff, @f xbw ziaj z`bz z`f wìt `bj nffl ~innfj z`f t~fsmivw

lmh`z! blj il `mw ~fzv~l `f tbvwfj bhbml bw bl ilaiikf~, Abzf~ z`bz jb} cfaaix smaabhf~w bwkfj `me zi

oiml z`fe bz z`f wìt! x`f~f tiamgf blj z`f H~beb Iccmgf~ smaabhf g`mfc- bwkfj b 64%wz~ilh g~ixj zi

`fat wfb~g` z`f ovlhaf ci~ z`f wziafl hiijw, Lmablz`b `fatfj! nfci~f himlh ìef ci~ avlg` blj nbgk

mlzi z`f cmfajw,

Z`f maafhba b~~fwz? X`maf il `mw xb} zi tmgk vt `mw g`maj c~ie wgìia! Lmablz`b xbw wzittfj bz z`f

wìt n} b Gilwzbnaf Xmof~bzlf blj b cfx iz`f~ iccmgf~w! xì bwkfj `me zi g}gaf xmz` z`fe zi

Hbahbevxb Tiamgf wzbzmil zi ebkf b wzbzfeflz, Nvz ilgf z`f~f! `f xbw maafhbaa} obmafj, Mz xbw

btt~ipmebzfa} 2,74te! blj li g`b~hfw xf~f ~fbj zi `me! li fsmjflgf gmzfj blj li iccmgmba b~~fwz

ebjf, Z`mw mw gilz~b~} zi z`f ~mh`z zi nf c~ff c~ie b~nmz~b~} b~~fwz! bw flw`~mlfj ml z`f W~m Ablkbl

Gilwzmzvzmil ei~f afhba blba}wmw gbl nf civlj ml Bjjmzmilba Mlci~ebzmil! nfaix-, Z`~ff iz`f~

iccmgf~w xf~f ~fti~zfja} xmz` Xmof~bzlf,

Bczf~ zxi ìv~w xf b~f ziaj z`bz z`f ~fwf~sf iccmgf~ ziik Lmablz`b mlzi b ~iie nf`mlj z`f G~mefw

Jmsmwmil; mz wffefj zi nf b t~msbzf xmlh ic z`f tiamgf ~fwmjflzmba nb~~bgkw! gilzbmlmlh cmsf wzffa nfjw

blj wfsf~ba nmh xiijfl z~vlkw, @f~f! Mlwtfgzi~ MT- Bzbtvzzv! Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf Xmof~bzlf blj zxi

iz`f~ tiamgf gilwzbnafw! baa j~fwwfj ml gmsma gaiz`mlh! wzb~zfj zi maafhbaa} mlzf~~ihbzf Lmablz`b xmzìvz

~fhb~j ci~ tiamgf t~igfjv~fw, Z`f} ziaj `me z`bz `f xbw z`f~f ml ~fabzmil zi z`f z`fcz ml z`f wìt blj

z`f z`fcz ic b xbzf~ tvet! blj Lmablz`b jflmfj niz`,

Z`f cm~wz jb} ic zi~zv~f? Lmablz`b xbw z`fl ~fti~zfja} zi~zv~fj vljf~ z`f jm~fgzmil ic MT Bzbtbzzv ml

b ebllf~ klixl bw b Tbafwzmlmbl @blhmlh, Zi~zv~f mw bhbmlwz z`f abx ml W~m Ablkb, Lmablz`b(w w`m~z

xbw ~feisfj blj `mw aixf~ b~ew xf~f x~bttfj xmz` gaiz`! `mw `bljw xf~f ci~gfj nf`mlj `mw nbgk

blj zmfj xmz` b gaiz` ~itf x`mg` xbw bzzbg`fj zi b l}ail ~itf z`bz `vlh c~ie b gfmamlh nfbe; mzw

iz`f~ flj xbw wfgv~fj zi b wzffa nfj, Zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w `faj z`f nfj ml tabgf, Lmablz`b xbw z`fl

ziaj zi wzblj il ilf ic z`f nipfw! z`f ~itf xbw tvaafj zmh`z blj z`f xiijfl nip xbw kmgkfj c~ie

vljf~ `mw cffz afbsmlh `me wvwtfljfj c~ie `mw `bljw ml z`f bm~,

MT Bzbtbzzv ziaj Lmablz`b z`bz `f `bj nfzzf~ gilcfww! blj afcz z`f ~iie! zfaamlh z`f iccmgf~w zi kfft

`me `blhmlh vlzma `mw ~fzv~l; ìxfsf~ z`f ebl gilzmlvfj zi jfl} z`f g`b~hfw, @f wb}w `f xbw zbkfl

jixl bnivz zxi ìv~w abzf~ blj tvz nbgk ml z`f tiamgf gfaa, Z`f `blhmlh xbw ~ftfbzfj bz b~ivlj

=te il z`f wbef jb}! jm~fgzfj n} Xmof~bzlf blj giljvgzfj n} Bzbtvzzv blj z`f wbef cfx

gilwzbnafw; Lmablz`b nfamfsfw z`bz z`f} xf~f j~vlk, Z`f} sf~nbaa} bnvwfj `me blj afcz z`fe `blhmlh



7:3

ci~ b~ivlj `bac bl ìv~! z`fl ziik `me jixl blj t`}wmgbaa} fpf~gmwfj `mw b~ew vt blj jixl bhbmlwz

`mw xmaa! nfci~f nfbzmlh blj kmgkmlh `me mlzf~emzzflza} ci~ b~ivlj z`~ff ìv~w, Bz emjlmh`z `f xbw

tvz nbgk mlzi z`f gfaa blj hmsfl zxi nvlw zi fbz, Bzbtvzzv z`fl ziaj `me z`bz bazìvh` z`f tiamgf `bj

~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil gafb~mlh `me ic z`f wìt z`fcz! `f xivaj `bsf zi bjemz z`bz `f wziaf z`f xbzf~

tvet,

Z`f wfgilj jb} ic zi~zv~f? Il z`f ei~lmlh ic >8 Igzinf~ Lmablz`b xbw hmsfl bliz`f~ nvl zi fbz

blj bz emjjb}! b tbgkfz ic ~mgf x`mg` `bj nffl n~ivh`z ci~ `me n} `mw cbema}! zìvh` `f xbw liz

baaixfj zi wff bl}ilf, @f xbw baeiwz tb~ba}wfj c~ie z`f `blhmlhw! blj `f ~fefenf~w z`bz `f `bj

zi fbz `mw ciij c~ie z`f tbgkfz il `mw gfeflz nfj xmzìvz vwmlh `mw b~ew, Zìvh` `f gafb~a} lffjfj

efjmgba z~fbzeflz! lilf xbw iccf~fj,

Bz b~ivlj :te! bczf~ z`f afhba >: ìv~ zmef amemz ci~ jfzbmleflz! Xmof~bzlf ziik Lmablz`b zi z`f

wbef ~iie xmz` z`f wbef iccmgf~w blj `vlh `me bhbml ci~ zxi ìv~w! wìvzmlh bz `me zi gilcfww zi

wzfbamlh z`f xbzf~ tvet, Jv~mlh z`mw zmef `f wb}w z`bz bliz`f~ ebl gbaafj ^vxbl ^blomz`! c~ie z`f

wbef smaabhf! xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f ~iie, Lmablz`b xbw zbkfl jixl blj mlzi bliz`f~ ~iie! x`f~f `f

givaj `fb~ z`f iz`f~ smaabhf~ wg~fbemlh blj tafbjmlh! blj wìvzmlh bnivz wief hiijw z`bz `bj nffl

nv~mfj, Bczf~ wief zmef Lmablz`b xbw zbkfl nbgk zi `mw gfaa,

B~ivlj =te MT Bzbtbzzv ziaj Lmablz`b z`bz mc `f hbsf nbgk z`f wziafl hiijw `f xivaj liz `bsf zi

hi zi giv~z z`f lfpz jb} bw `f `bj nffl ziaj bz ilf timlz- blj givaj hi ìef mlwzfbj, Lmablz`b

jflmfj wzfbamlh blj ~fgbaaw z`bz Bzbtvzzv h~bnnfj `me n} z`f `bm~ blj j~bhhfj `me mlzi z`f wbef

~iie! x`mg` `faj z`f wbef iccmgf~w, @f xbw nfbzfl! wz~mttfj lbkfj! blj zmfj xmz` `mw `bljw ml c~ilz

ic `me, Z`fl `f xbw wvnofgz zi b zi~zv~f t~igfjv~f klixl aigbaa} bw z`f J`b~eb G`bk~b! i~ z`f

X`ffa ic Abx, @f xbw ci~gfj zi wrvbz jixl blj x~bt `mw `bljw isf~ `mw klffw! b efzba tmtf xbw

tvz z`~ivh` z`f g~iikw ic `mw klffw blj fanixw! blj z`f nb~ xbw wvwtfljfj blj nbablgfj il zxi

zbnafw, Z`fl xmz` `mw `fbj `blhmlh gaiwf zi z`f caii~! Lmablz`b xbw wvnofgzfj zi b nizzaf ic tfz~ia

nfmlh tiv~fj mlzi `mw blvw, Xbzf~ xbw bawi mlzf~emzzflza} vwfj zi ~fabp z`f evwgafw, @f wb}w z`bz `f

xbw ml fpz~fef tbml c~ie z`f mlzflwf nv~lmlh niz` mlwmjf blj ivzwmjf ic `mw nij}, @f nfhbl zi

wg~fbe ci~ z`fe liz zi kmaa `me,

Z`f jflmba ic efjmgba z~fbzeflz? Ilgf z`f nizzaf xbw fetz}! Lmablz`b xbw zbkfl ivzwmjf z`f ~iie

blj ebjf zi wìxf~! z`fl j~fwwfj blj aigkfj ml z`f gfaa bhbml, ^vxbl ^blomz` xbw tvz mlzi z`f wbef

gfaa blj xbw ziaj n} Bzbtbzzv zi wmeta} btta} zxi nizzafw ic wmjbaftb b efjmgmlba nbae- il

Lmablz`b(w xivljw! jfwtmzf z`f wfsf~mz} ic `mw giljmzmil, Bz bnivz emjlmh`z MT Bzbtbzzv n~ivh`z b

~mgf tbgkfz blj i~jf~fj ^vxbl ^blomz` zi cffj Lmablz`b, Bzzbtvzv bawi hbsf ^vxbl ^blomz` x`bz

aiikfj amkf afczisf~w c~ie b tiamgf efba ic Kizzv b kmlj ic Mljmbl ciij-! jfwtmzf jftb~zeflzba

i~jf~w x`mg` ìaj jvz} iccmgf~w ~fwtilwmnaf ci~ ebkmlh wv~f z`bz jfzbmlffw b~f t~itf~a} cfj,

Ml z`f ei~lmlh ic >0 Igzinf~ ^vxbl ^blomz` xbw i~jf~fj zi nbz`f blj j~fww Lmablz`b! xì `bj

aiwz z`f vwf ic `mw b~ew, Niz` xf~f zbkfl zi z`f g~memlba jmsmwmil! x`f~f b wzbzfeflz xbw baafhfja}



7:8

ila} zbkfl c~ie ^vxbl ^blomz`, Xmof~bzlf blj bliz`f~ iccmgf~ ziik z`f zxi efl zi z`f Ivz%Tbzmflz

Jftb~zeflz ITJ- ic Hbahbevxb @iwtmzba! x`f~f z`f} xf~f ziaj zi xbmz ivzwmjf x`maf z`f iccmgf~w

flwv~fj z`bz b cfebaf jigzi~! J~, îob! gietafzfj b Efjmgi%Afhba Fpbemlbzmil Ci~e x`mg` jfzbmaw

z`f efjmgba `fbaz` giljmzmil ic z`f tbzmflz- ml `f~ iccmgf! xmzìvz wffmlh z`f tbzmflzw,

Lmablz`b blj ^vxbl ^blomz` xf~f z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Ebhmwz~bzf(w Giv~z ml Hbahbevxb xmzìvz nfmlh hmsfl z`f itti~zvlmz} zi gilzbgz z`f lfpz ic kml i~ b~~blhf ci~ afhba ~ft~fwflzbzmil, Lmablz`b `fb~j

z`f ebhmwz~bzf wb} z`bz `f xbw zi nf ~febljfj zmaa z`f 3 Lisfenf~! nvz `f xbw jflmfj `mw afhba ~mh`z

zi wtfbk xmz` z`f ebhmwz~bzf; `f xbw lfmz`f~ bjj~fwwfj li~ rvfwzmilfj, Lmablz`b xbw z`fl zbkfl zi

Xb~m}btiab T~mwil x`f~f `f ziaj xb~jflw bnivz z`f zi~zv~f blj xbw bnaf zi wmhl b wzbzfeflz wzbzmlh

bw wvg`,

Il >= Igzinf~ `f xbw zbkfl zi Xb~m}btiab @iwtmzba! x`f~f ilf iccmgf~ ziaj z`f jigzi~ ic z`f

zi~zv~f, Lmablz`b xbw wzmaa vlbnaf zi vwf `mw b~ew, Z`f jigzi~ ~fti~zfja} bggvwfj `me ic a}mlh blj

~fcvwfj zi fpbemlf `me! gabmemlh z`bz mc `mw wzi~} xf~f z~vf `mw `bljw xivaj `bsf jmwaigbzfj, Mlwzfbj

w`f t~fwg~mnfj wief zbnafzw! x`mg` xf~f baafhfja} z`f ila} ci~e ic efjmgba `f ~fgfmsfj ci~ z`f lfpz

zfl jb}w ml t~mwil,

Z`f jflmba ic afhba ~fefj}? Il 3 Lisfenf~ Lmablz`b xbw bhbml t~ijvgfj bz z`f Hbahbevxb

Ebhwmz~bzf(w Giv~z! x`f~f `mw cbz`f~ `bj eblbhfj zi b~~blhf b abx}f~, @ixfsf~ z`f abx}f~ `bj liz

nffl bnaf zi effz xmz` `me zi cmlj ivz bnivz z`f zi~zv~f! blj mz xbw liz eflzmilfj ml giv~z,

Lmablz`b xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma! vljf~ wvwtmgmil ic wzfbamlh z`f xbzf~ tvet, @mw lfpz giv~z jbzf mw 22

Jfgfenf~ >44=,

Bczf~ `mw ~fafbwf Lmablz`b xflz ìef blj z~mfj zi `fba `mewfac xmz` efjmgbzfj g~fbe! nvz wffmlh li

met~isfeflz! `f jfgmjfj zi ~fzv~l zi z`f ìwtmzba il = Lisfenf~ xmz` `mw cbz`f~, J~, îob xbw wzmaa

xi~kmlh ml z`f Ivz Tbzmflz Jftb~zeflz blj zìvh` Lmablz`b ~femljfj `f~ ic `mw t~fsmivw smwmz! blj

x`bz `bttflfj! w`f gìwf liz zi fpbemlf `me bhbml blj ziaj `me zi hi zi z`f Blv~bj`btv~b

Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba ci~ z~fbzeflz, Z`f lfpz jb} `f jmj wi! xbw fpbemlfj! blj xbw xb~jfj ci~ wmp

jb}w, @f xbw bawi fpbemlfj t~itf~a} n} b Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~! blj xbw ziaj zi gilwvaz z`f

Wtfgmbamwz Lfv~iaihmwz bz Kv~vlfhba @iwtmzba! jvf zi lf~sf jbebhf, @mw afcz b~e mw tb~ba}wfj blj `f

mw wzmaa ml b wzbzf ic wìgk,

Il 28 Lisfenf~ xf b~f ziaj z`bz ilf ic z`f baafhfj zi~zv~f~w! Gilwzbnaf Xmof~bzlf! smwmzfj z`f

smgzme(w ìef zi cmlj ivz x`bz wzftw `f xbw tabllmlh zi zbkf, Il 2= Lisfenf~ Lmablz`b wvnemzzfjb x~mzzfl gietabmlz zi z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil ic W~m Ablkb! z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf!

Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil blj z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba, @ixfsf~ `f ~febmlw wgb~fj ic `b~bwweflz

i~ cv~z`f~ `b~e c~ie z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w,



7:0

>02, Oiwft` Cilmcfamvw? Lbxbabtmzm}b tiamgf maafhbaa} b~~fwz b ebl blj cbn~mgbzf fsmjflgf

bhbmlwz `me

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw nffl mlci~efj z`bz tiamgf ml Lbxbabtmzm}b `bsf

b~nmz~b~ma} b~~fwzfj b ebl! nfbzfl `me blj g~fbzfj fsmjflgf zi vwf ml z`f c~bemlh ic g`b~hfw bhbmlwz

`me, @f xmaa bttfb~ nfci~f b ebhmwz~bzf il >6 Lisfenf~ >44=,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil xf `bsf ~fgfmsfj! il z`f 2= Lisfenf~ >44= Oiwft` Cilmcfamvw! ::!

smwmzfj b wìt gaiwf zi `mw ìef bz b~ivlj =be zi nv} gmhb~fzzfw ci~ `mw cbz`f~, @f b~~msfj zi cmlj

tiamgf ~bmjmlh z`f wìt ci~ maafhba bagiìa, Zìvh` z`f~f xbw li fsmjflgf zi wvhhfwz `mw mlsiasfeflz!

tiamgf rvmgka} b~~fwzfj `me il g`b~hfw ic (wt}mlh( x`maf wzmaa ivzwmjf ic z`f wìt, Z`f} ~fti~zfja}

z`~fbzflfj blj wabttfj `me blj ci~gfj `me mlzi b offt! bailh xmz` z`f wìt ixlf~ blj `mw n~iz`f~!

Bai}wmvw blj Cfamp, Tiamgf iccmgf~w gilzmlvfj zi n~fbg` t~igfjv~f blj n~fbk z`f abx bz Lbxbabtmzm}b

Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`f~f Oiwft` xbw ziaj zi wmhl jigveflzw `f `bj liz ~fbj, @f ~fwmwzfj! blj wb}w z`bz

`f xbw z`~fbzflfj xmz` b cbkf cm~fb~ew g`b~hf! x`mg` mw lil%nbmabnaf, @f mlci~ew vw z`bz `mw

cmlhf~t~mlzw xf~f z`fl bccmpfj zi b nizzaf ic maamgmz amrvi~! bczf~ x`mg` `f xbw jfzbmlfj ml b tiamgf gfaa,@f `bw wzmaa liz nffl ziaj ic z`f g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me! bw ~frvm~fj n} z`f W~m Ablkbl gilwzmzvzmil blj

tiamgf gijf, @f xbw ~fafbwfj il tiamgf nbma bz btt~ipmebzfa} 7te blj ziaj zi bttfb~ nfci~f z`f

Lbxbabtmzm}b ebhmwz~bzf il z`f >6 Lisfenf~ >44=,

N} bnbljilmlh tiamgf t~igfjv~f! iccmgf~w `bsf smiabzfj Oiwft`(w ~mh`z zi nf t~izfgzfj c~ie vlabxcva

b~~fwz blj jfzbmleflz! blj zi b cbm~ z~mba! bw hvb~blzffj vljf~ b~zmgaf 27! tb~bh~bt`w 2 zi 3 ic z`f W~m

Ablkb(w `zzt?))`~am,ba~g,lfz)tjc)2=80YGilwzmzvzmilYXmzìvzYBefljeflzw,tjc gilwzmzvzmil

TJC- bw xfaa bw b~zmgaf = ic z`f Mlzf~lbzmilba Gisflblz il Gmsma blj Tiamzmgba ^mh`zw MGGT^-,

Bw iczfl jigveflzfj n} z`f B@^G! tiamgf bgzmilw ml W~m Ablkb gilzmlvf zi wìx b jmw~fhb~j ci~

afhba t~igfjv~f! x`mg` mw ml tabgf zi t~izfgz gmsmamblw blj t~fsflz iccmgf~w c~ie ciaaixmlh tf~wilbabhfljbw, B~nmz~b~} b~~fwzw vljf~emlf gmsmambl ~fwtfgz ci~ z`f abx blj abx flci~gfeflz bhflgmfw, Z`f

gv~~flz n~blj ic tiamgf giljvgz blj mlsfwzmhbzmil mw gieeila} vlt~icfwwmilba! b~nmz~b~} blj smiaflz!

blj mz afbsfw ~iie ci~ gi~~vtzmil blj fptaimzbzmil, Ml z`mw gbwf z`f smgzme mw xi~~mfj bnivz `mw

~ftvzbzmil blj bnivz cv~z`f~ tiamgf `b~bwweflz; `f wvtti~zw z`~ff g`maj~fl! b eiz`f~ xmz` gblgf~

blj bl maa cbz`f~,

Mz wìvaj bawi nf lizfj z`bz z`f Lbxbatmz}b tiamgf `bsf cfbzv~fj ml b lvenf~ ic B@^G v~hflz

bttfbaw il zi~zv~f blj cbawf g`b~hfw! mlgavjmlh

`zzt?))xxx,`vebl~mh`zw,bwmb)vb)ebmlcmaf,t`t)>44=)7278) VBG%47:%>44=

`zzt?))xxx,`vebl~mh`zw,bwmb)vb)ebmlcmaf,t`t)>440)>0=3) VBG%274%>440

`zzt?))xxx,`vebl~mh`zw,bwmb)vb)ebmlcmaf,t`t)>448)>600) VB%>0:%>448! x`mg` wvhhfwzw z`bz z`f

xfbklfww mw mlwzmzvzmilba! blj z`bz z`f btt~it~mbzf g`fgkw blj nbablgfw b~f liz ml tabgf, ^fsmfx blj

~fci~e mw v~hflza} lffjfj, Z`f B@^G v~hfw z`f Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil zi aiik mlzi z`f

itf~bzmil ic tiamgf bz Lbxbatmz}b Tiamgf wzbzmil! blj z`f hisf~leflz zi bttimlz b zfbe ic Wvt~fef

http://hrli.alrc.net/pdf/1978_Constitution_Without_Amendments.pdf












764

nffl wflz zi z`f Lbzmilba @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil blj xbw ciaaixfj xmz` x~mzzfl gietabmlzw zi

z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf! z`f Jftvz} Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Li~z` Xfwzf~l T~ismlgf! z`f

Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf ml Tvzbabe blj z`f @fbjrvb~zf~w Mlwtfgzi~ ic G`mabx il >:

Cfn~vb~}, Jfwtmzf z`mw z`f smgzme `bw liz nffl mlci~efj ic bl} cv~z`f~ bgzmil i~ z`f abvlg` ic bl

mlsfwzmhbzmil, Bw wffl ml iv~ tbwz bttfbaw z`mw mw ilf ic ebl} mlgmjflzw ic tiamgf metvlmz} nfmlh

~fti~zfj c~ie bg~iww W~m Ablkb, Wvg` smiabzmilw xmaa gilzmlvf vljmemlmw`fj x`maf z`f hisf~leflzabgkw z`f tiamzmgba xmaa zi zbgkaf z`f mwwvf blj gilzmlvfw zi j~bh mzw cffz il evg` lffjfj! g~fjmnaf

tiamgf ~fci~ew,

>07, VTJBZF? Zfflbhf zi~zv~f smgzme xmlw cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw gbwf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- mw tafbwfj zi ~fti~z z`bz b }ivlh zi~zv~f smgzme `bw

xil b cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw gbwf ml W~m Ablkb, @f `bw nffl bxb~jfj gietflwbzmil blj z`f gbwf `bw

nffl jva} `bljfj zi z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba ci~ bgzmil, Bazìvh` z`f givlz~} `bw b bl blzm%zi~zv~f bgz

wvg` ~vamlhw ~febmlw ~b~f,

Vtjbzfj mlci~ebzmil

Ml >440 xf ~fti~zfj z`bz bl iccmgf~ ic z`f Jflm}b}b tiamgf zi~zv~fj b 2:%}fb~%iaj ni} vljf~

mlzf~~ihbzmil blj ci~gfj `mw tb~flzw zi tb} b t~izfgzmil n~mnf,

`zzt?))xxx,`vebl~mh`zw,bwmb)vb)ebmlcmaf,t`t)>440)>08: VBG%227%>440, Z`f ni} abzf~ z~mfj zi

gieemz wvmgmjf,

Bl mlsfwzmhbzmil n} z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil ic W~m Ablkb gilgavjfj z`mw }fb~ z`bz z`f

cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw ic z`f ni} `bj nffl smiabzfj vljf~ b~zmgaf 22 ic z`f W~m Ablkbl gilwzmzvzmil! blj

z`f cm~wz ~fwtiljflz! Wvn Mlwtfgzi~ Xmebabkff~z`m xbw i~jf~fj zi tb} `me ^w26!444 bw

gietflwbzmil, Z`mw beivlz mw ~fabzmsfa} aix gilwmjf~mlh z`f bhf ic z`f smgzme blj z`f B@^G v~hfwz`bz z`f wve nf ~fgilwmjf~fj blj ~bmwfj! nvz mz bawi xfagiefw z`f gilgavwmil blj wz~ilha} wvtti~zw

z`f bgzmilw lix nfmlh zbkfl n} z`f bjemlmwz~bzmil,

Xf aiik ci~xb~j zi z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba cmamlh bl mljmgzeflz bhbmlwz z`f iccmgf~ ml z`f @mh` Giv~z

vljf~ z`f GBZ Bgz ic Li, >> ic 2==:! blj z~vwz z`bz z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf! bw z`f `fbj ic

z`f jftb~zeflz! xmaa mlmzmbzf z`f lfgfwwb~} jmwgmtamlb~} bgzmil ml bggi~jblgf xmz` z`f fwzbnamwèflz

gijf,

Mz mw wzmaa vlgieeil ci~ smgzmew ic zi~zv~f zi cmaf gietabmlzw bhbmlwz z`fm~ tiamgf bwwbmablzw ml W~m

Ablkb, Z`mw mw ab~hfa} jvf zi z`f jfab}w blj inwz~vgzmilw z`f} cbgf ml z`f afhba w}wzfe! blj z`f abgk ic

t~izfgzmil z`f} b~f hmsfl bhbmlwz tiamgf mlzmemjbzmil, Wmlgf z`f GBZ Bgz gbef mlzi ci~gf ml 2==:cfxf~ z`bl 244 gbwfw `bsf nffl mlmzmbzfj; civ~ `bsf ~fwvazfj ml t~iwfgvzmilw, Z`mw xml mw b webaa wzft

ml z`f ~mh`z jm~fgzmil,

@ixfsf~ z`f B@^G lizfw z`bz ebl} zi~zv~f smgzmew! mlgavjmlh zìwf wvg` bw

`zzt?))xxx,`vebl~mh`zw,bwmb)vb)ebmlcmaf,t`t)>446)2422) G`bemab Nbljb~b blj

`zzt?))xxx,`vebl~mh`zw,bwmb)vb)ebmlcmaf,t`t)>440)>00:) Abamz` ^bobtbkwf xì xf~f ml z`fm~






762

zfflw bz z`f zmef! b~f wzmaa xbmzmlh ci~ z`f w}wzfe zi cvlgzmil ml b xb} z`bz gbl xmaa baaix z`fe ovwz

blj zmefa} sf~jmgzw,

>0:, Hb}bl Z`vwmz`b Kveb~? B ebl mw zi~zv~fj n} tiamgf blj `faj xmzìvz nbma ci~ zxi }fb~w

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw afb~lfj z`bz b ebl xbw b~nmz~b~ma} b~~fwzfj!

zi~zv~fj blj `faj ml ~feblj ci~ ei~f z`bl zxi }fb~w nfci~f `f xbw cmlbaa} h~blzfj nbma, Jf`mxfab

tiamgf `faj `me maafhbaa} ci~ ilf eilz` blj zfl jb}w nfci~f `mw z~blwcf~ zi b ~feblj t~mwil blj `f

~fti~zw z`bz iccmgf~w z`f~f zi~zv~fj `me wfsf~fa}, Z`f smgzme mw wzmaa il z~mba blj wvccf~w c~ie t`}wmgba

blj eflzba z~bveb x`maf ~bmwmlh civ~ g`maj~fl bw b wmlhaf tb~flz, Z`f vleilmzi~fj blj maafhba

jfzflzmil ic tf~wilw ml Tiamgf wzbzmil gfaaw mw b h~bsf blj xmjfa} ziaf~bzfj g~mef bg~iww W~m Ablkb blj

afbsfw ebl} svalf~bnaf zi zi~zv~f blj bnvwf n} tiamgf! xmz` amzzaf g`blgf ic cmljmlh ~fj~fww,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj! Hb}bl Z`vwmz`b Kveb~! 74! xbw tmgkfj vt n} Jf`mxfab

tiamgf iccmgf~w il z`f 28 Wftzfenf~ >448 blj zbkfl zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, @f xbw ziaj n} tiamgf z`bz

`f lffjfj zi hmsf b wzbzfeflz bnivz b z`fcz nvz xbw z`fl maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj blj bggvwfj ic wzfbamlh einmaf tìlfw,

Il >4 Wftzfenf~! `mw eiz`f~ smwmzfj `me blj civlj `me naffjmlh, Hb}bl ziaj `f~ z`bz tiamgf

iccmgf~w `bj zi~zv~fj `me! n} wz~mlhmlh `me vt zi b z~ff nfbzmlh `me! blj tabgmlh niikw il `mw `fbj

z`bz z`f} z`fl wz~vgk z`mw mw b gieeil ci~e ic w}wzfebzmg bwwbvaz z`bz afbsfw amzzaf z~bgf i~ n~vmwmlh-,

Hb}bl xbw ci~gfj zi gilcfww zi wzfbamlh einmaf tìlfw blj zi gieemzzmlh iz`f~ ~innf~mfw ml z`f

b~fb,

Ciaaixmlh b gietabmlz c~ie Hb}bl(w eiz`f~ z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil ic W~m Ablkb gbaafj z`f

Tiamgf wzbzmil jm~fgza}, Z`mw jmj liz wfgv~f `mw ~fafbwf i~ z~fbzeflz bggi~jmlh zi t~igfjv~f; mlwzfbj!

xf b~f ziaj z`bz il z`bz wbef lmh`z tiamgf inzbmlfj b jfzflzmil i~jf~ ci~ b~ew tiwwfwwmil, Xf b~fziaj z`bz z`f} `bj tablzfj z`f smgzme(w cmlhf~t~mlzw il b webaa fptaiwmsf! x`mg` mw b gieeil zbgzmg zi

kfft jfzbmlffw ml tiamgf gvwzij},

Hb}bl xbw jfzbmlfj ci~ ilf eilz` blj zfl jb}w bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Li cv~z`f~ mlzf~sflzmil c~ie

z`f @^G bttfb~w zi `bsf zbkfl tabgf, Il 74 Igzinf~ >448 `f xbw t~ijvgfj bz z`f Eivlz%Afsmlmb

ebhmwz~bzf giv~z blj xbw wflz zi Xfamkbjb t~mwil, @f xbw z`f~f ci~ ei~f z`bl zxi }fb~w xbmzmlh ci~

`mw z~mba blj xbw hmsfl nbma il z`f 24 Lisfenf~ >44=,

Hb}bl ~fti~zw z`bz z`f zi~zv~f blj `mw zmef ml t~mwil `bw ~fwvazfj ml b lvenf~ ic jfnmamzbzmlh

bmaeflzw blj tbmlw x`mg` ebkfw mz jmccmgvaz ci~ `me zi xi~k, @mw xmcf afcz `me x`maf `f xbw ml~feblj blj mw ~bmwmlh `mw civ~ g`maj~fl xmz` z`f `fat ic `mw eiz`f~, Z`f gbwf maavwz~bzfw z`f jbebhf

nfmlh jilf il b tf~wilba afsfa n} z`f gilzmlvfj jmwmlzfh~bzmil ic W~m Ablkb(w bjemlmwz~bzmil ic

ovwzmgf,

B ~vaf ic abx gblliz nf g~fjmnaf x`maf bl} tiamgf iccmgf~ gbl maafhbaa} b~~fwz blj zi~zv~f b gmsmambl

xmzìvz gilwfrvflgf! blj x`maf giv~z gbwfw blj t~f%z~mba jfzflzmilw gbl abwz ci~ }fb~w,



76>

>06, Nbabtv Xbjvhf Abkwèbl Efljmw? Hblfevaab tiamgf maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj! jfzbmlfj!

zi~zv~fj blj cmafj cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz b gmsmambl

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz tiamgf iccmgf~w

bzzbg`fj zi z`f Hblfevaab Tiamgf wzbzmil `bsf maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj! jfzbmlfj blj zi~zv~fj b gmsmambl,

Abzf~ z`f tiamgf cmafj cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me, Bczf~ z`f smgzme wivh`z ovwzmgf n} cmaamlh b

cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw bttamgbzmil `f xbw cv~z`f~ z`~fbzfl,

Nbabtv Xbjvhf Abkwèbl Efljmw 7=- ic Li? 726)@! @i~bhbaaf! Hblfevaab mw eb~~mfj blj b cbz`f~

ic zxi g`maj~fl, @f xi~kw bw b j~msf~ bz z`f Bnblw I~hblmwbzmil Azj! b t~msbzf gietbl} ml z`f b~fb,

Il >6 Bt~ma >424 `mw xmcf blj g`maj~fl bzzfljfj b Lfx ]fb~ gfafn~bzmil `faj ml z`f (Tf~f~b Tv~b(!

z`f smaabhf ml x`mg` z`f} amsf, Abzf~ Abkwèbl bawi xflz zi z`f tabgf x`f~f z`f gfafn~bzmil xbw `faj

n} b z`~ff%x`ffaf~ x`mg` `f j~msfw, Z`f z`~ff%x`ffaf~ nfailhw zi z`f efenf~ ic z`f AigbaHisf~lblgf Mlwzmzvzmil ic z`f b~fb, @f tb~kfj `mw z`~ff%x`ffaf~ il z`f wmjf ic z`f ~ibj blj xflz

mlzi z`f mlwmjf x`f~f z`f fsflzw xf~f zbkmlh tabgf,

B wì~z x`maf abzf~ `f ~fzv~lfj zi z`f z`~ff%x`ffaf~ zi hi nbgk zi `mw ìef, @f inwf~sfj civ~

tfitaf wmzzmlh mlwmjf ml b gbwvba ebllf~! weikmlh gmhb~fzzfw blj ab}mlh il z`f wfbz xmz` z`fm~ afhw vt,

@f ~frvfwzfj z`fe zi hfz jixl bw `f xblzfj zi afbsf, Z`fl ilf ic z`f civ~ }ivz`w ziaj `me z`bz `f

xbw z`f wil ic b `mh` ~blkmlh tiamgf iccmgf~, Z`f} bwkfj `me! ji }iv klix xì }iv b~f wtfbkmlh zi9

Z`mw mw z`f wil ic z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG-,

Abzf~ z`f} hiz jixl blj afcz, Abkwèbl ziik z`f z`~ff%x`ffaf~ blj eisfj il, @f wzittfj lfb~ bìvwf ic `mw c~mfljw, X`fl `f xbw z`f~f z`~ff ic z`f }ivz`w b~~msfj il b eizi~g}gaf, Z`f}

z`~fbzflfj Abkwèbl xmz` civa ablhvbhf blj x`fl z`f} cmlbaa} afcz `f zìvh`z z`bz z`f ebzzf~ xbw

cmlmw`fj,

Bz b~ivlj 8,74 ml z`f fsflmlh! Abkwèbl ~fzv~lfj zi z`f wbef tabgf zi wff b evwmgba wìx

i~hblmfj ci~ z`f Lfx ]fb~ gfafn~bzmilw,

B wì~z x`maf abzf~ b tiamgf Offt ic z`f Hblfevaab Tiamgf wzbzmil b~~msfj, Z`f IMG xì xbw ml b

nabgk obgkfz blj b nabgk `bz xbw ml z`f Offt blj ~ftfbzfja} jfebljfj! xì mw Abkwèbl9

Z`fl Abkwèbl xflz zi z`f IMG! `f zìvh`z z`bz `f `bj gief zi mlrvm~f mlzi z`f fb~amf~ mlgmjflz,

Xmzìvz xb~lmlh z`f IMG `mz `me il z`f g`fwz bwkmlh .B~f }iv z`f ebl9. Abkwèbl cfaa zi z`f

h~ivlj blj x`fl `f xbw z~}mlh zi hfz vt! z`f IMG bwwbvazfj `me xmz` b zi~g` `f xbw ìajmlh, @f

bawi kmgkfj Abkwèbl xì cfaa jixl bhbml,



767

X`maf Abkwèbl xbw nfmlh bwwbvazmlh ml z`mw xb} z`f smaabhf~w wzb~zfj gbef zi z`f tabgf, Abkwèbl

hiz vt waixa} blj xbw bnaf zi flzf~ z`f bjoimlmlh ablj! x`mg` nfailhw zi E~, G`bemljb, @ixfsf~!

z`f IMG xbw liz wbzmwcmfj blj ciaaixfj `me! bwkmlh ~ftfbzfja} .X`f~f mw z`f nvhhf~9. Z`fl `f

bwwbvazfj wief iz`f~ tfitaf xì xf~f z`f~f `bsmlh wicz j~mlkw blj xì xmzlfwwfj Abkwèbl nfmlh

bwwbvazmlh,

Z`fl z`f wil ic z`f IMG xì xbw ml z`f Offt gbef zi z`f wgflf blj timlzfj ivz Abkwèbl zi `mw

cbz`f~ z`f IMG-, Z`f IMG gbvh`z Abkwèbl blj vwfj b `faefz ml `mw `blj zi wz~mkf `me bnivz z`f

`fbj, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w xì `bj nffl wmzzmlh ml z`f Offt z`fl gbef zi z`f wgflf blj wv~~ivljfj

Abkwèbl, Z`f} bwwbvazfj `me n} kmgkmlh `me blj tvlg`mlh `me, Z`f} bawi wzvgk `me xmz` z`fm~

cm~fb~ew, Bw b ~fwvaz ic z`f bwwbvaz Abkwèbl cfaa zi z`f h~ivlj bhbml, Z`f} z`fl j~bhhfj Abkwèbl

zi z`f offt, Bw z`f} jmj wi z`f wil ic z`f IMG z~betafj blj gilzmlvfj zi bwwbvaz `me bw `f ab} il

z`f caii~ ic z`f Offt,

Z`f} n~ivh`z Abkwèbl zi z`f Hblfevaab Tiamgf wzbzmil blj il `mw b~~msba Wvn Mlwtfgzi~ WM-

Ob}bwmlh`f tvlg`fj `me wfsf~ba zmefw,

Abkwèbl wvccf~fj wfsf~f tbml baa isf~ `mw nij} blj z`f eb~kw ic mlov~mfw xf~f gafb~a} fsmjflz, Z`f

iccmgf~w ziik `me zi z`f Nbwf @iwtmzba ic Hbetb`b x`f~f z`f jigzi~w bjemzzfj `me ci~ cv~z`f~

z~fbzeflz gilwmjf~mlh z`f wfsf~mz} ic `mw giljmzmil,

Abzf~ Abkwèbl gbef zi afb~l z`bz z`f IMG ic z`f Hblfevaab Tiamgf cmafj b cbn~mgbzfj gbwf bhbmlwz

`me il ci~ inwz~vgzmlh z`f iccmgmba jvzmfw ic tiamgf iccmgf~; h~mfsivw `v~z zi b `mh`f~ ~blkmlh tiamgficcmgf~; smiaflz nf`bsmi~ ml tvnamg x`maf j~vlk vljf~ gbwf Li, N)2>80)>424! ml z`f Ebhmwz~bzf giv~z

ic Hbetb`b, Abzf~ `f xbw jmwg`b~hfj il >= Bt~ma >424 blj z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f t~mwil ìwtmzba bz z`f

^feblj T~mwil ic Eb`b~b, Z`f jigzi~w xì fpbemlfj `me bz z`f Nbwf @iwtmzba ic Hbetb`b

~fti~zfj `mw efjmgba giljmzmil nvz z`f~f xbw li fsmjflgf ml z`fm~ ~fti~z z`bz z`f smgzme xbw

mlfn~mbzfj,

Il : Eb} >424! Abkwèbl xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf giv~z ic Hbetb`b, @f xbw

~ft~fwflzfj n} bl Bzzi~lf}%bz%Abx ml z`f giv~z xmz` z`f bwwmwzblgf ic b gmsma ~mh`zw i~hblmbzmil

x`f~f `f xbw bnaf zi wvnemz z`f bccmjbsmz ic `mw xmcf x`mg` zfwzmcmfj zi sf~bgmz} ic z`f cbgzw ~fhb~jmlh

z`f mlgmjflz, Ciaaixmlh z`f wvnemwwmilw z`f Ebhmwz~bzf flab~hfj `me il nbma, Cv~z`f~ei~f! z`f civ~tfitaf xì xmzlfwwfj z`f bwwbvaz hbsf bccmjbsmzw gilcm~emlh z`f mlgmjflz,

Abkwèbl z`fl ebjf wfsf~ba gietabmlzw zi z`f ~fafsblz wzbzf bvzì~mzmfw il 0 eb} >424 bwkmlh ci~

t~ietz! mljftfljflz! metb~zmba blj fccfgzmsf mlsfwzmhbzmil mlzi z`f smiabzmilw ic `mw ~mh`zw blj z`f

g~mefw gieemzzfj bhbmlwz `me n} z`f IMG blj z`f iz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil

ic Hblfevaab, Zi%jbzf! `f `bw liz ~fgfmsfj b wmlhaf ~fwtilwf zi bl} ic `mw gietabmlzw, @f z`fl ziik



76:

z`f giv~wf ic cmamlh bl bttamgbzmil bz z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z ic W~m Ablkb il z`f nbwmw z`bz `mw

cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw C^- hvb~blzffj n} z`f Gilwzmzvzmil ic W~m Ablkb `bsf nffl smiabzfj n} z`f

tiamgf iccmgf~w! mlgavjmlh z`f IMG ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil ic Hblfevaab, Z`f C^ xbw cmafj il > Ovlf

>424 vljf~ gbwf Li, WGC^) 7:2)>424,

Abkwèbl `bw ~fsfbafj z`bz bczf~ z`f cmamlh z`mw C^ `f blj `mw cbema} efenf~w `bsf nffl mlzmemjbzfjblj z`~fbzflfj n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w,

Il 8 Bvhvwz! z`f bttamgbzmil xbw wvtti~zfj ml z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z blj gilwmjf~mlh z`f g~fjmnmamz} ic

z`f gbwf z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z h~blzfj z`f afbsf zi t~igffj xmz` z`f bttamgbzmil blj i~jf~fj z`f

~fafsblz tiamgf iccmgf~! Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf blj z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba zi cmaf z`fm~ inofgzmilw

xmz`ml zxi xffkw, X`maf z`f gbwf xbw `fb~j z`f givlwfa bttfb~mlh ci~ Abkwèbl j~fx z`f bzzflzmil

ic z`f Ovjhf~w zi z`f z`~fbz ebjf zi z`f tfzmzmilf~ blj z`f Wzbzf Givlwfa xbw jm~fgzfj zi bjsmwf z`f

~fafsblz tiamgf iccmgf~w zi ~fc~bml c~ie z`~fbzflmlh z`f xmzlfww, Z`f lfpz `fb~mlh ml z`f Wvt~fef

Giv~z `bw nffl cmpfj ci~ 3 Jfgfenf~ >424,

Z`f ovjhfw cbmafj zi btt~f`flj z`bz evg` gbl `bttfl ml z`f xb} ic mlzmemjbzmil blj itfl z`~fbzw! mc

liz bgzvba smiaflgf zi z`f smgzme blj efenf~w ic `mw cbema} ml z`f zmef afbjmlh vt zi z`f lfpz

`fb~mlh,

>03, @flb}bkb B~bg`g`mabhf Tb~bgk~beb Kb~vlb~bzlf? B gietabmlblz xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj!

jfzbmlfj blj zi~zv~fj n} iccmgf~w ic z`f Eb I}b Tiamgf Tiwz

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b ebl xbw maafhbaa}

b~~fwzfj n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Eb I}b Tiamgf Tiwz ml z`f jmwz~mgz ic Tiaillb~vxb

x`fl `f xflz zi ebkf b gietabmlz, @f xbw wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj blj jflmfj efjmgba z~fbzeflz, @f ila} ~fgfmsfj efjmgba z~fbzeflz bz z`f Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ic Tiaillb~vxb x`fl `f xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f

@fbjrvb~zf~w Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f ebl xbw ~febljfj n} b giv~z bczf~ z`f tiamgf cmafj cbn~mgbzfj

g`b~hf~w bhbmlwz `me,

Bggi~jmlh zi mlci~ebzmil xf `bsf ~fgfmsfj! E~, @flb}bkb B~bg`g`mabhf Tb~bgk~beb Kb~vlb~bzlf

>0- ic Li, 7:! Nbjmxfxb! Eb I}b! Ob}blz`mtv~b! Tiaillb~vxb! mw eb~~mfj blj b abniv~f~ n}

t~icfwwmil, Il >3 Bt~ma >424 bz bnivz > te Tb~bgk~beb xflz zi z`f Tiamgf Tiwz ic Eb I}b!

Ob}blz`mtv~b! zi ebkf b gietabmlz bnivz z`f hbenamlh jfl x`mg` mw nfmlh ~vl gaiwf zi `mw ìvwf! z`f

gilwzbnaf xì xbw t~fwflz wbmj z`bz `f xivaj wflj wiefilf zi ~bmj z`f t~femwfw, Wmlgf li bgzmil

bttfb~fj zi `bsf nffl zbkfl! Tb~bgk~beb ~fzv~lfj zi z`f tiamgf tiwz bz bnivz 6 te z`f wbef jb},

X`fl `f flzf~fj z`f tiwz `f wbx z`bz z`f~f xf~f bnivz cmsf gilwzbnafw blj b wf~hfblz il

jvz}, X`fl Tb~bgk~beb ziaj z`f wf~hfblz xì `f klfx bw Wflb~bzlf bnivz z`f hbenamlh wtiz! z`f

wf~hfblz ziaj `me! .Ji liz zfaa ef ìx zi ji e} jvz}.,

Z`fl Tb~bgk~beb! `bj ziaj z`f wf~hfblz z`bz .M z`mlk }iv ji liz xblz zi zbkf bl} bgzmil! nfgbvwf!

Wbloffxb xì mw ~vllmlh z`f wtiz mw ~fabzfj zi }iv,. @fb~mlh z`mw! z`f wf~hfblz hiz blh~} blj wabttfj



766

Tb~bgk~beb, B Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf TG- Jbwwblb}bkf bawi oimlfj ml z`f bwwbvaz, Bz z`mw timlz

Tb~bgk~beb ~fbamwfj z`bz Wf~hfblz Wflb~bzlf xblzfj zi t~fsflz Tb~bgk~beb c~ie ebkmlh `mw

gietabmlz, Bczf~ z`bz Wf~hfblz Wflb~bzlf `bj n~ivh`z b xiijfl tiaf c~ie mlwmjf z`f Tiamgf Tiwz

blj wzb~zfj zi bwwbvazfj Tb~bgk~beb! bnivz `mw `fbj blj nbgk,

Bw b ~fwvaz Tb~bgk~beb cfaa il h~ivlj blj x`fl z`mw `bttflfj TG Jbwwblb}bkf kmgkfj `me wfsf~bazmefw, Tb~bgk~beb gilzmlvivwa} tafbjfj xmz` z`fe zi wzit z`f bwwbvaz, Z`fl Wf~hfblz Wflb~bzlf

n~ivh`z zxi wfzw ic `blj gvccw! blj xmz` ilf wfz gvccfj Tb~bk~eb zi b z~ff, Z`f wfgilj wfz xbw vwfj

zi gvcc `mw iz`f~ x~mwz zi `mw blkaf, X`fl z`mw xbw jilf z`f iccmgf~w gilzmlvfj zi bwwbvaz Tb~bgk~beb

bhbml blj bhbml, Tb~bgk~beb‐w xmcf Vebam Beb~bwv~m}b blj Tb~bgk~beb‐w cbz`f~ Kb~vlb~bzlf z`fl

gbef zi z`f tiamgf tiwz x`f~f z`f} xmzlfwwfj Tb~bgk~beb x~mz`mlh ml tbml, @f wìxfj z`fe z`f

wxiaafl blkaf blj `mw nbgk,

Z`fl z`f wf~hfblz bwkfj Tb~bgk~beb! x`fz`f~ `f xblzfj zi hi ìef blj `f ~ftamfj .]iv bwwbvazfj

ef xmzìvz bl} ~fbwil, M be ml tbml, Fmz`f~ zbkf ef zi b ìwtmzba i~ zi z`f @fbjrvb~zf~w Tiamgf

wzbzmil ic Kbjv~vxfab,. Bz bnivz 8,26te ml z`f lmh`z! Wf~hfblz Wflb~bzlf ziik Tb~bgk~beb ml bJivnaf Gbn zi Tiaillb~vxb Hflf~ba @iwtmzba, Cm~wz Wf~hfblz Wflb~bzlf xflz zi z`f ~iie ic z`f

jigzi~ kfftmlh Tb~bgk~beb mlwmjf z`f sf`mgaf, @f xbw ila} zbkfl ml bczf~ Wflb~bzlb wtikf xmz` z`f

jigzi~, Z`f jigzi~ fpbemlfj Tb~bgk~beb blj lizfj jixl wiefz`mlh ml b tbtf~, Tb~bgk~beb ziaj

z`f jigzi~ z`bz z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w `bj bwwbvazfj `me blj z`bz `f xbw ml ~fba tbml blj lffjfj wief

z~fbzeflz, @ixfsf~! z`f jigzi~ jmj liz tb} bl} bzzflzmil,

Tb~bgk~beb xbw n~ivh`z ivz ic z`f jigzi~(w ~iie blj z`f wf~hfblz xflz nbgk mlwmjf zi zbak zi z`f

jigzi~, Bczf~ z`mw `f ziik Tb~bgk~beb ivz ic z`f ìwtmzba,

Tb~bgk~beb ziaj z`f wf~hfblz z`bz `f lffjfj wief z~fbzeflz nvz z`f iccmgf~ ziaj `me z`bz .Cm~wz xf

xmaa hi zi Kbjv~vxfab @fbjrvb~zf~w Tiamgf wzbzmil blj bczf~ xf xmaa wff bnivz z`bz,. X`fl wtfbkmlh zi b `vebl ~mh`zw bgzmsmwz Tb~bgk~beb gafb~a} wzbzfj z`bz z`f jigzi~ jmj liz fpfgvzf `mw jvzmfw n}

t~ismjmlh lfgfwwb~} z~fbzeflz ci~ `me blj bjsmwmlh z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w zi bjemz `me ci~ cv~z`f~

z~fbzeflz bazìvh` `f xbw ml bl fef~hflg} wmzvbzmil zi `bsf efjmgba z~fbzeflz bw b mljii~

tbzmflz, Z`fl wf~hfblz n~ivh`z Tb~bgk~beb zi @fbjrvb~zf~w Tiamgf wzbzmil ic Kbjv~vxfab x`f~f `f

xbw tvz mlzi z`f tiamgf gfaa, Bhbml Tb~bgk~beb wzb~zfj wg~fbemlh blj bwkmlh ci~ z~fbzeflz bw `f xbw

liz bnaf zi nfb~ z`f wfsf~f tbml `f xbw wvccf~mlh bw b ~fwvaz ic z`f zi~zv~f, @f ~frvfwzfj z`f

@fbjrvb~zf~w Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf @RM- ic z`f wzbzmil bawi zi t~ismjf z~fbzeflz nvz mz xbw liz

gilwmjf~fj,

Z`fl Wf~hfblz Wflb~bzlf ziaj Tb~bk~beb z`bz `f xblzfj zi wflj `me ìef nvz wmlgf `mw eiz`f~ `bjebjf b gietabmlz zi z`f Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf WT-! `f `bj zi g`blhf `mw emlj, Bczf~ wief zmef

Tb~bgk~beb xbw n~ivh`z zi @RM ic z`f wzbzmil n} z`f iccmgf~w il jvz}, Z`fl `f xbw bnaf zi ~fsfba

x`bz `bj `bttflfj zi `me, Z`fl z`f @RM mlwtfgzfj z`f mlov~mfw blj wxfaamlhw il Tb~bgk~beb(w

nij} blj mlwz~vgzfj Wf~hfblz Wflb~bzlf zi zbkf Tb~bgk~beb zi Tiaillb~vxb Hflf~ba @iwtmzba, @f

bawi jfzbmafj b TG blj b ìef hvb~j zi nf bz Tb~bgk~beb(w nfj wmjf ml z`f ìwtmzba, Tb~bgk~beb xbw



763

n~ivh`z zi z`f ìwtmzba bz bnivz 0,24 te blj z`f jigzi~w bjemzzfj `me, @f xbw z~fbzfj ml xb~j

24, @f ~febmlfj ml z`f ìwtmzba vlzma z`f >0 Bt~ma,

Il z`f >8 fsflmlh z`f Ebhmwz~bzf ic Tiaillb~vxb gbef blj mlwtfgzfj Tb~bgk~beb(w

giljmzmil, Tb~bgk~beb xbw bnaf zi fptabml baa z̀ f z`mlhw z`bz `bttfl zi `me mlgavjmlh ìx `f xbw

zi~zv~fj n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w, Il z`f >0 Bt~ma! z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- bawi fpbemlfjTb~bgk~beb, @f fptabmlfj zi z`f OEI bawi z`f xb} ml x`mg` z`bz `f xbw zi~zv~fj, Z`fl il z`f

wbef jb} `f xbw jmwg`b~hfj blj n~ivh`z zi z`f Tiaillb~vxb ^feblj T~mwil,

Il 74 Bt~ma `f xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf(w Giv~z ic Tiaillb~vxb, Z`fl gilwmjf~mlh z`f

wvnemwwmil ebjf il `mw nf`bac z`f Ebhmwz~bzf flab~hfj `me il nbma vljf~ z`f giljmzmil ic tf~wilba

nbma ic ^w,26!444)5, Bz z`f giv~zw `f afb~lfj z`bz tiamgf iccmgf~w `bj cmafj cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz

`me z`bz `f inwz~vgzfj z`f iccmgmba jvz} ic z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bczf~ j~mlkmlh! nfmlh b eflbgf zi `mw

lfmh`niv~w! emwnf`bsmi~ blj fenb~~bwwmlh Tiamgf Iccmgf~w! vljf~ Wfgzmil 7:: ic Tflba Gijf blj

Iccflgfw Gieemzzfj vljf~ z`f Mlcavflgf ic Amrvi~ Wtfgmba T~ismwmilw- Bgz Li, :2 ic 2=8=, @f

cv~z`f~ afb~lfj z`bz z`f lvenf~ ic z`f gbwf x`mg` cmafj bhbmlwz `me bw N)::>)>424, Tb~bgk~bebgbzfhi~mgbaa} wzbzfw z`bz `f xbw liz mlzipmgbzfj bz z`f zmef `f xflz zi z`f tiamgf tiwz blj fsfl z`f

jigzi~w jmj liz fpbemlf `me ci~ mlzipmgbzmil bz bl} zmef, Abzf~! Tb~bgk~beb(w tb~flzw ebjf

gietabmlzw bwkmlh ci~ bl mlsfwzmhbzmil mlzi z`mw gbwf zi z`f Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf WT-

Tiaillb~vxb il >= ic Bt~ma >424,

Mz xbw ila} z`fl z`bz b wzbzfeflz xbw ~fgi~jfj n} z`f WT, Cv~z`f~ gietabmlzw xf~f bawi ebjf zi z`f

W~m Ablkb @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil @^G- blj mz xbw ~fgi~jfj vljf~ z`f Li,

@^G)BT)>>2)>242) F-, Z`fl Tb~bgk~beb xbw bwkfj zi gief zi z̀ f @^G ~fhmilba iccmgf bz

Blv~bj`btv~b, @ixfsf~! bw ml z`f sbwz eboi~mz} ic gbwfw ~fti~zfj zi z`f @^G liz`mlh `bw

`bttflfj zi jfamsf~ ovwzmgf, X~mzzfl gietabmlzw xf~f bawi ebjf zi z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf

MHT-! Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf BWT- ic z`f b~fb! Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf WWT-

Tiaillb~vxb! Iccmgf~ ml G`b~hf IMG- ic Tiaillb~vxb @fbjrvb~zf~w Tiamgf wzbzmil blj Lbzmilba

Tiamgf Gieemwwmil LTG-,

>08, Vljm}b ^bababhf T~feb~bzlf? B ebl mw nbja} nfbzfl n} Wbam}bxfxb tiamgf jv~mlh bl

maafhba b~~fwz blj mw jflmfj efjmgba z~fbzeflz

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw afb~lfj ic z`f maafhba b~~fwz! jfzflzmil blj

bwwbvaz ic b ebl n} tiamgf c~ie Wbam}bxfxb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f smgzme xbw nbja} nfbzfl n} tiamgf il

`mw b~~fwz! xbw z~blwti~zfj nfzxffl Tiamgf wzbzmilw n} nmg}gaf! blj xbw jflmfj wvccmgmflz efjmgba

z~fbzeflz, Z`f g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me bttfb~ zi `bsf cfx h~ivljw! blj `mw bwwbvaz xbw liz ~fti~zfj zi

ìwtmzba tiamgf i~ z`f ovjmgmba efjmgba iccmgf~ bz z`f aigba ìwtmzba,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil z`bz xf `bsf ~fgfmsfj! il 22 Eb} >424 b~ivlj 24?44be zxi iccmgf~w

c~ie Wbam}bxfxb Tiamgf wzbzmil xfb~mlh gmsmambl gaiz`fw b~~msfj bz E~, Vljm}b ^bababhf T~feb~bzlf(w

ìvwf aigbzfj bz 2487 Lfabnbeeb! Wbam}bxfxb Ovlgzmil, Z`f iccmgf~w b~~msfj il b nmg}gaf! x`mg` z`f



768

smgzme ~fgihlmfj bw nfailhmlh zi bliz`f~ gmsmambl ~fwmjflz ml Lffabnbeeb! gbaafj T~bjfft, Z`f

iccmgf~w bwkfj T~feb~bzlf ìx ebl} hiaj lfgkabgfw `f ixlfj! ziik z`f zxi z`bz `f `bj! blj

`bljgvccfj `me, Bczf~ z`mw bl iccmgf~ gbaafj Maablhbwmlh`f ~fti~zfja} kmgkfj `me zi z`f h~ivlj blj

kmgkfj blj nfbz `me zi z`f vttf~ nij} blj `fbj ci~ b~ivlj zfl emlvzfw x`maf z`f wfgilj tiamgfebl

wziij n},

T~feb~bzlf ~fti~zw `f xbw zbkfl zi Hm~mvaab Tiamgf wzbzmil nfzxffl z`f zxi efl il z`f nmg}gaf, X`fl z`f} b~~msfj bz z`f wzbzmil z`f smgzme baafhfw z`bz `f xbw tvz ml b gfaa blj gvccfj n} `mw blkaf zi

b zbnaf! x`f~f `f wbz il z`f caii~ ci~ zxi blj `bac ìv~w,

Mz mw ~fti~zfj z`bz b~ivlj >?74te E~, T~feb~bzlf xbw zbkfl zi Wbam}bxfxb Tiamgf wzbzmil! bhbml n}

nmg}gaf! blj tvz ml b gfaa, @ixfsf~ `f ~fti~zw z`bz `mw giljmzmil jfzf~mi~bzfj jvf zi z`f nfbzmlh `f

`bj ~fgfmsfj, Bz b~ivlj 24te z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ziaj `me z`bz z`f} xf~f zbkmlh `me zi Tvzzbabe

@iwtmzba! nvz mlwzfbj ziik `me ml b offt zi Tiamgf Tiwz = il Blv~bj`btv~b îbj! ml Zvzzbabe! blj

z`fl zi b Hisf~leflz Jmwtflwb~} il Tiwz 28 ml Bavz`hbeb, Z`f~f `f xbw bnaf zi zfaa b jigzi~ bnivz

`mw bwwbvaz blj wìx `mw mlov~mfw,

@ixfsf~ bczf~ b wì~z effzmlh xmz` tiamgf! z`f jigzi~ ~fzv~lfj blj tf~ci~efj b lvenf~ ic wmetaf

gii~jmlbzmil zfwzw zi xbak ml b amlf blj zi zivg` `mw liwf- x`mg` afj z`f smgzme zi nfamfsf z`bz `f

xbw nfmlh zfwzfj ci~ j~vlkfllfww, Z`f jigzi~ z`fl cmaafj ml b Efjmgi Afhba ci~e! x`mg` z`f smgzme

jmj liz wff nfci~f `f xbw ~fzv~lfj zi z`f gfaa bz z`f Wbam}bxfxb wzbzmil,

Bz b~ivlj >te il 2> Eb} xf b~f ziaj z`bz T~feb~bzlf xbw zbkfl nfci~f z`f ebhmwz~bzf ml Tvzzbabe

blj ~fafbwfj il gbw` nbma ^w, 2!644- blj wv~fz} nbma ^w, 64!444-, @f ziik `mewfac zi z`f Tvzzbabe

Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba blj xbw bjemzzfj ci~ z`~ff jb}w! zi nf z~fbzfj ci~ mlov~mfw ~fabzmlh zi z`f

bwwbvaz, Xf b~f ziaj z`bz bazìvh` T~feb~bzlf jmwgaiwfj z`f bwwbvaz zi z`f jigzi~w! z`f} xf~f~favgzblz zi ~fti~z z`f mwwvf cv~z`f~, Z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf xf~f liz wveeilfj blj `f xbw liz wffl n}

b Ovjmgmba Efjmba Iccmgf~; ìxfsf~ `f ~fti~zw z`bz `mw wmhlbzv~f xbw zbkfl nfci~f `f xbw jmwg`b~hfj,

Z`f smgzme baafhfw z`bz cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw `bsf nffl zbkfl bhbmlwz `me, Mz mw metf~mzmsf z`bz `mw

bwwbvaz blj z`f caivzmlh ic t~igfjv~f jv~mlh `mw b~~fwz nf zì~ivhà} mlsfwzmhbzfj! bailh xmz` z`f

g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me,

>00, Hblfhijb Wml`bhf @b~mz`b Abkeba? B ebl xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj! jfzbmlfj! zi~zv~fj

blj ~fcvwfj efjmgba z~fbzeflz n} z`f B`blhbeb Tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz tiamgf iccmgf~w

bzzbg`fj zi z`f B`blhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil `bsf maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj! jfzbmlfj blj zi~zv~fj b gmsmambl, Abzf~

z`f tiamgf ~fcvwfj zi t~ismjf lfgfwwb~} blj v~hflz efjmgba z~fbzeflz, Bczf~ z`f smgzme wivh`z ovwzmgf

n} cmaamlh b cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw bttamgbzmil bz z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil! `f blj z`f iz`f~



760

xmzlfww xf~f z`~fbzflfj, Z`f gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`f fpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic

abx ml z`f givlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil xf `bsf ~fgfmsfj! E~, Hblfhijb Wml`bhf @b~mz`b Abkeba 74- ic Li,

6=4)>B! Emjjaf Hbzf Vttf~ îbj! Bjjvlkfaaf Xbzzf ml B`blhbeb! xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj! b~nmz~b~ma}

jfzbmlfj blj wf~mivwa} zi~zv~fj n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil ic B`blhbeb il>3 Eb} >424,Abkeba mw b cmw`f~ebl n} t~icfwwmil,

Il z`f >3z` ic Eb}! `mw h~bljeiz`f~ B N Hvlbxbz`ff gbef zi `me blj gietabmlfj z`bz `f~

wfgilj jbvh`zf~ z`f }ivlhf~ wmwzf~ ic Abkeba(w eiz`f~- `bj ni~~ixfj b wve ic ^w, 74!444)5,

X`fl z`f h~bljeiz`f~ ~frvm~fj f}f wv~hf~} w`f bwkfj ci~ ^w, 6!444)5 ivz ic z`f zizba beivlz zi

tb} ci~ mz, @ixfsf~! z`f ni~~ixf~ ~fcvwfj zi tb} bl}z`mlh nbgk, Z`f h~bljeiz`f~ `bj nffl maa blj

wvccf~mlh c~ie smwmil bmaeflzw ci~ wief zmef, Z`f jigzi~w bjsmwfj `f~ zi vljf~hi wv~hf~} zi mlwf~z

aflwfw mlzi `f~ f}fw, Bw `f~ }ivlhf~ jbvh`zf~ ~fcvwfj zi tb} `f~ eilf} w`f bwkfj Abkeba zi

mlzf~sflf blj hfz `f~ eilf} nbgk,

Il z`f wbef jb}! bz b~ivlj 8,>4 t,e,! Abkeba xflz zi z`f ìef ic `mw eiz`f~(w }ivlhf~ wmwzf~ bz

Kblbz`z`bhf Xbzzf ml B`blhbeb blj ~frvfwzfj `f~ zi `blj isf~ ^w, 6!444)5 zi `f~ eiz`f~, W`f

ziaj Abkeba z`bz z`f~f xbw li lffj ci~ `me zi mlzf~sflf blj z`bz mw xbw b ebzzf~ nfzxffl `f~ blj

`f~ eiz`f~, Z`f~f xbw bl fpg`blhf ic xi~jw blj wvjjfla} `f~ `vwnblj E~, Wm~mwflb mlzf~sflfj blj

ziaj Abkeba z`bz `f xivaj bwwbvaz `me xmz` bgmj vlafww `f afcz z`f tabgf, Wm~mwflb afcz b amzzaf x`maf

abzf~,Xmz`ml b cfx emlvzfw! bz b~ivlj 8,:6 t,e,! b tiamgf sf`mgaf b~~msfj, Abkeba inwf~sfj z`bz Wvn

Mlwtfgzi~ WM- Lfavejflm}b blj z`~ff iccmgf~w ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw xf~f bawi z`f~f,

Ilf iccmgf~ ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw xbw Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf TG- B~vlb W`blz`b, Abkeba gbl mjflzmc} z`f

iz`f~ zxi iccmgf~w mc `f wffw z`fe bhbml,Zxi ic z`f iccmgf~w! mlgavjmlh TG B~vlb W`blz`b!

btt~ibg`fj Abkeba blj xmzìvz wb}mlh bl}z`mlh gfbwfj `mw `bljw blj b~ew, Z`fl WM Lfavejflm}bh~bnnfj `me n} z`f `bm~! jfebljmlh zi klix mc `f xbw b z`vh ml z`f b~fb, @f z`fl klffj Abkeba ml

z`f wziebg` ci~gfcvaa} b~ivlj 7 zi : zmefw ciaaixmlh x`mg` Abkeba cfaa zi z`f caii~ ml tbml, @f

tafbjfj xmz` z`f iccmgf~w liz zi bwwbvaz `me bl} cv~z`f~ nvz TG B~vlb W`blz`b blj z`f iz`f~ iccmgf~

wzb~zfj zi kmgk `mw cbgf! `fbj! blj nij},

Z`fl WM Lfavejflm}b bwkfj z`f iz`f~ iccmgf~w zi tmgk `me vt blj ebkf `me ji wief fpf~gmwfw!

x`mg` `f xbw liz bnaf zi ji,Abkeba(w eiz`f~(w wmwzf~ inwf~sfj z`mw blj z`fl tafbjfj xmz` z`f

iccmgf~w liz zi bwwbvaz `me bl} cv~z`f~, @ixfsf~! WM Lfavejflm}b nabefj bliz`f~ ci~ z`f mlgmjflz

blj wbmj z`bz z`f} xf~f jimlh z`fm~ oin ml z`fm~ ixl xb}, Z`fl `f i~jf~fj zxi iccmgf~w zi zbkf

Abkeba mlzi z`f sf`mgaf, Z`f} amczfj `me blj n~ivh`z `me zi z`f B`blhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Jv~mlh z`f oiv~lf} Abkeba gilzmlvivwa} wg~fbefj ml tbml nvz WM Lfavejflm}b wmeta} ziaj `me zi

nf wmaflz, Cv~z`f~ei~f! WM Lfavejflm}b ziaj Abkeba z`bz z`f tiamgf b~f amgflwfj z`vhw,Z`f}

ci~gfcvaa} z`~fx Abkeba mlzi z`f tiamgf gfaa x`f~f `f ~ftfbzfja} bwkfj ci~ efjmgba bwwmwzblgf, WM

Lfavejflm}b zihfz`f~ xmz` TG B~vlb W`blz`b blj ilf iz`f~ iccmgf~ gbef zi wff z`f Abkeba(w

giljmzmil ciaaixmlh x`mg` z`f WM i~jf~fj z`f iz`f~ iccmgf~w zi nbz`f `me, Z`fl z`f} ziik z`f zimafz

nvgkfz ic z`f gfaa blj tiv~fj civ~ nvgkfzw ic xbzf~ isf~ Abkeba(w `fbj,



76=

Abkeba gilzmlvfj zi g~} ivz ml tbml blj bwk ci~ efjmgba z~fbzeflz vlzma : be x`fl WM Lfavejflm}b

zihfz`f~ xmz` zxi iz`f~ iccmgf~w ziik `me zi z`f Hilbhbaab Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba n} b tiamgf gbn,

Jv~mlh z`mw oiv~lf} WM Lfavejmlm}b z`~fbzflfj Abkeba z`bz `f xivaj nf hmsfl ei~f `b~j zmefw mc `f

~fsfbafj zi z`f jigzi~w z`bz `f `bj nffl zi~zv~fj bz z`f `blj ic z`f tiamgf,@ixfsf~! x`fl z`f

jigzi~ bwkfj `me ìx `f ~fgfmsfj z`f mlov~mfw Abkeba fptabmlfj ìx `f xbw zi~zv~fj n} z`f tiamgf,

Z`f jigzi~ fpbemlfj `me blj ziaj z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w z`bz Abkeba wìvaj nf bjemzzfj zi z`fìwtmzba jvf zi z`f wf~mivwlfww ic z`f maalfww, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~w ziaj z`f jigzi~ z`bz bw Abkeba xbw b

`b~jgi~f g~memlba z`f} givaj liz bjemz `me ci~ z~fbzeflz,

Z`f jigzi~ z~fbzfj Abkeba xmz` bl mlofgzmil blj b cfx zbnafzw blj bwkfj `me zi wzb} ml `mw ~iie ci~

inwf~sbzmil, @ixfsf~! Abkeba xbw wzmaa ml gilwmjf~bnaf tbml blj wzb~zfj wg~fbemlh, Bczf~ 74 emlvzfw

z`f jigzi~ bhbml ziaj z`f iccmgf~w z`bz Abkeba(w giljmzmil xbw wf~mivw blj `f lffjfj zi nf bjemzzfj

zi z`f ìwtmzba blj z`fl z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba ic Kb~btmzm}b ci~ cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz,

Ilgf bhbml z`f iccmgf~w ~fcvwfj! wb}mlh z`bz Abkeba xbw b `b~jgi~f g~memlba, Z`f jigzi~ ziaj z`fe

z`bz mc z`f} xblzfj zi zbkf Abkeba nbgk zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil z`fl z`f} xivaj `bsf zi wmhl b ìwtmzbajigveflz wb}mlh z`bz z`f} b~f zbkmlh z`f tbzmflz bhbmlwz z`f bjsmgf ic z`f jigzi~w, Z`f iccmgf~w jmj

wi blj ziik Abkeba nbgk zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,Bczf~ Abkeba xbw zbkfl nbgk zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil WM

Lfavejflm}b ci~gfj `me zi tvz `mw wmhlbzv~f mlzi b nablk tbtf~ ml z`f tiamgf niik, Abkeba wmhlfj

z`f tbtf~ jvf zi cfb~,

Z`fl! b~ivlj 6,:6 be il z`f wbef jb}! ilf ic Abkeba(w ~fabzmsfw! E~, Mljvlma Lmw`blz`b! gbef zi

z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil zi smwmz `me, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ziaj Lmw`blz`b zi zbkf Abkeba bw wiil bw tiwwmnaf

zi Kb~btmzm}b Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba blj bjemz ci~ z`f z~fbzeflz, @f ziaj z`f iccmgf~w z`bz `f xbw ~fbj}

zi wmhl bl} jigveflz ml z`f wzbzmil ml i~jf~ zi hfz nbma zi zbkf Abkeba ivz c~ie z`f wzbzmil zi bjemz

`me zi z`f ìwtmzba, Z`f iccmgf~w ziaj `me z`bz z`f~f xbw li lffj zi wmhl bl}z`mlh nvz zi bjemz

Abkeba zi z`f ìwtmzba bw wiil bw tiwwmnaf,

Lmw`blz`b ziik Abkeba zi z`f ìwtmzba n} b z`~ff x`ffaf~,Ovwz bczf~ `f xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f ìwtmzba!

b~ivlj 8%8,24be! z`f jigzi~w wvnofgzfj `me ci~ wfsf~ba fpbemlbzmilw! mlgavjmlh bl bnjiemlba wgbl,

Z`fl meefjmbzfa} `f xbw zbkfl zi z`f wv~hmgba z`fbzf~ x`f~f `f vljf~xflz bl ìv~%ailh wv~hf~},

Wvnwfrvflza} `f xbw n~ivh`z zi xb~j lvenf~ 6 blj nfj lvenf~ 28 bz b~ivlj 2,74te,X`fl `f

~fhbmlfj gilwgmivwlfww z`f wflmi~ jigzi~ xì jmj z`f wv~hf~} gbef zi inwf~sf Abkeba blj ziaj `me

z`bz mc z`f~f `bj nffl b jfab} ic ovwz ilf ei~f ìv~ `f xivaj `bsf jmfj bw `f xbw ml wvg` g~mzmgba

giljmzmil bz z`f zmef ic bjemwwmil,

Abkeba afb~lfj z`bz il >= Eb}! `mw h~bljeiz`f~ blj `mw xmcf `bsf efz Jftvz} Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba

JMH- ic z`f Wivz`f~l T~ismlgf blj gietabmlfj zi `me bnivz x`bz `bj `bttflfj zi Abkeba, Z`f

JMH hbsf z`fe b wtfgmba afzzf~ zi nf hmsfl z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- ic z`f wzbzmil blj

fet`bwmwfj z`bz z`f afzzf~ wìvaj nf hmsfl ila} zi z`f IMG blj liz zi z`f aixf~ ~blkmlh iccmgf~w,Il

74 Eb}! z`f} jva} efz IMG Xmj}b~bz`lf blj `bljfj isf~ z`f afzzf~,



734

Z`fl `f ziaj z`fwf zxi xiefl liz zi xi~~} bnivz bl}z`mlh bw z`f} b~f tb}mlh baa z`f fptflwfw ci~

efjmgba z~fbzeflzw, Cv~z`f~ `f t~ismjfj b z`~ff x`ffaf~ ci~ z`fe zi hi zi z`f ìef bw xfaa,Il i~

b~ivlj z`f 72 Eb} z`f IMG gbef zi z`f ìwtmzba zi smwmz Abkeba blj mlci~efj `me z`bz b nmh

emwzbkf `bj nffl ebjf n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w, Z`fl `f xflz zi zbak zi z`f zxi ~fabzmsfw xì gbef zi

smwmz Abkeba blj ziaj z`fe z`bz `mw maalfww mw jvf zi bl bmaeflz `f `bj nffl wvccf~mlh ci~ b ailh

zmef,Abkeba xbw z~fbzfj ml z`f ìwtmzba ci~ b tf~mij ic 27 jb}w blj jmwg`b~hfj il 0 Ovlf,

Z`fl bhbml `f xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f ìwtmzba ci~ cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz il 20 Ovlf, @f xbw z~fbzfj ci~ zxi

jb}w bhbml blj jmwg`b~hfj il 2= Ovlf, X`fl `f xbw jmwg`b~hf `f xbw xb~lfj n} z`f jigzi~w `f

wìvaj liz amcz bl} `fbs} mzfew ci~ z`f tf~mij ic ilf }fb~, C~ie z`fl `f `bj zi hi zi z`f ìwtmzba

ci~ z~fbzeflz ilgf fsf~} zxi jb}w ci~ b cv~z`f~ z`~ff xffkw,Efblx`maf il z`f 2=z` ic Ovlf z`f IMG

ic z`f B`blhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil! E~, G`blj~bkveb~b ic z`f g~memlba n~blg` ic z`f wzbzmil blj

iccmgf~w Vtva W`blz`b gbef zi Abkeba(w ìef blj ziaj `me z`bz b nmh emwzbkf `bj nffl ebjf n} z`f

iccmgf~w ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj z`bz `f wìvaj liz zbkf bl} bgzmil bhbmlwz z`fe, Cv~z`f~ z`f} ziaj

z`bz z`f} givaj b~~msf bz b ~fbwilbnaf efjmbzmil xmz` `me, Ci~ z`bz `f xbw bwkfj zi gief zi z`f

Tiamgf wzbzmil il >4 Ovlf,

@ixfsf~! Abkeba xbw liz bnaf zi hi z`f wzbzmil il z`bz jb} bw `f xbw liz ml b tiwmzmil zi

eisf,Z`fl b~ivlj 22be ic >> Ovlf iccmgf~ G`blj~bkveb~b bhbml gbef zi Abkeba(w ìef blj

mlci~efj `me liz zi mjflzmc} TG B~vlb W`blz`b bz z`f mjflzmcmgbzmil tb~bjf blj t~iemwfj zi tb} ^w,

>44!444)5,

Il >6 Eb}! TG B~vlb W`blz`b blj iccmgf~ E~, Jb`blb}bkb gbef zi Abkeba(w ìef xmz` E~, Wvoff

ic Mljv~blxmab! b xfaa klixl maafhba j~vh jfbaf~ ic z`f b~fb! ml b z`~ff x`ffaf~ nfailhmlh zi `me blj

mlci~efj Abkeba z`bz z`mw ebzzf~ gbl nf wfzzafj blj tiamgf xf~f himlh zi tb} gietflwbzmil blj

bwkfj `me zi liz zi t~igffj xmz` bl} gbwf,

Jvf zi z`f gilzmlvfj `b~bwweflz ic z`f tiamgf Abkeba afcz `mw ìef il >3 Ovlf blj xflz zi wzb} bz

`mw bvlz(w ìvwf bz Ebzb~b, Z`fl il >8 Ovlf b zfaftìlf gbaa gbef zi `mw einmaf x`mg` mw 488

48=>087 c~ie 488 66>2>86, @f blwxf~fj z`f tìlf blj civlj z`bz mz xbw c~ie Wvoff ic

Mljv~blxmab! z`f maafhba j~vh jfbaf~ xì bwkfj x`f~f `f xbw wzb}mlh, Jvf zi cfb~ Abkeba ~fsfbafj `mw

x`f~fbnivzw,

Z`fl il >0 Ovlf tiamgf iccmgf~! G`blj~bkveb~b! TG B~vlb W`blz`b blj Wf~hfblz Vtva ic

B`blhbeb Tiamgf gbef ml b z`~ff x`ffaf~ nfailhmlh zi Wvoff bailh xmz` `me, Z`f} wìxfj z`f tb}

wamt ic TG B~vlb W`blz`b blj ziaj z`bz `f mw cbgmlh fli~eivw fgiliemg jmccmgvazmfw blj xbw b cbz`f~

ic zxi g`maj~fl wi liz zi t~igffj xmz` b gbwf, Cv~z`f~ z`f} ziaj z`bz z`f} gbl tb} ^w, >64!444)5 zi`me x`mg` z`f} wbmj xbw b ~fbwilbnaf wfzzafeflz ci~ `me,Jvf zi z`f efjmgba giljmzmil blj

fli~eivw fgiliemgba jmccmgvazmfw z`bz `f cbgfj bczf~ z`f wfsf~f zi~zv~f cmlbaa} `f bh~ff zi bggftz z`bz

nvz z`f iccmgf~w lfsf~ tbmj,

Efblx`maf Abkeba(w cbema} efenf~w ebjf bl bttamgbzmil zi z`f W~m Ablkb @vebl ^mh`zw

Gieemwwmil @^G- il smiabzmil ic `vebl ~mh`zw ic Abkeba, Z`f gbwf xbw ~fhmwzf~fj xmz` z`f

lvenf~ @^G)EZ)>43)24)43, Z`mw gbwf xbw zbkfl vt ci~ mlrvm~} il 0 Wftzfenf~ blj z`f tb~zmfw



732

xf~f wveeilfj zi gief zi z`f gieemwwmil, Il z`f tb~zmgvab~ jb} Abkeba(w n~iz`f~ Mljvlma

Lmw`blz`b! WM Lfavejflm}b! TG B~vlb W`blz`b blj b tiamgf iccmgf~ gbaafj E~, Kbave xf~f bawi

wveeilwfj blj bttfb~fj ci~ z`f gbwf,

Bz z`f mlrvm~} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w wìxfj z`fm~ mlzf~fwz ci~ bl ivz ic gieemwwmil wfzzafeflz, Z`fl

z`f mlrvm~mlh iccmgf~ bwkfj z`f tb~zmfw zi `bsf b 26 emlvzfw jmwgvwwmil blj gbaafj z`f gbwf bczf~ z`bz, Bz z`bz zmef z`f iccmgf~w ziaj z`bz bw z`f} xivaj tb} ^w, 264!444)5 zi Abkeba wi z`f gbwf gbl nf

wfzzafj, Jvf zi z`f fgiliemg jmccmgvazmfw Abkeba bh~ffj zi z`bz bawi, Z`fl z`f mlrvm~mlh iccmgf~w ziaj

z`bz iccmgf~w `bsf zi tb} z`bz beivlz xmz`ml 2: jb}w nvz ilgf bhbml z`f} `bsf liz tbmj bl}z`mlh,

Abkeba nfamfsfw z`bz z`f ila} ~fbwil z`f tiamgf kftz ebkmlh z`fwf iccf~w xbw zi t~fsflz `me c~ie

t~igffjmlh xmz` z`f gbwf, T~fwflza} Abkeba afb~lfj z`bz z`f z`~ff x`ffaf~ j~msf~ E~, T~bjfft

Nbljvab! xì n~ivh`z Abkeba c~ie z`f tiamgf wzbzmil ic B`blhbeb zi Kb~btmzm}b Zfbg`mlh

@iwtmzba! `bw nffl z`~fbzflfj n} tiamgf iccmgf~w! mlgavjmlh TG B~vlb W`blz`b! z`bz mc `f hmsfw

fsmjflgf bhbmlwz z`fe z`f} xivaj liz baaix `me zi t~igffj xmz` `mw oin,

Cv~z`f~! z`f ~fabzmsf xì hvmjfj Abkeba(w cbema} efenf~w zi ebkf bl bttamgbzmil zi z`f @^G xbw

bawi z`~fbzflfj n} TG B~vlb W`blz`b smb zfaftìlf, @f `bw xb~lfj zi nf gb~fcva ml cvzv~f,TG B~vlb

W`blz`b gbef zi z`f }ivlhf~ wmwzf~ ic Abkeba(w eiz`f~ blj ci~gfj `f~ zi hmsf ^w, 244!444)5 zi z`f

tiamgf wi z`bz z`f} givaj hmsf mz zi Abkeba, Z`fl z`f TG ziaj `f~ z`bz z`f tiamgf xf~f ml jmccmgvazmfw

nfgbvwf ic `f~, Cv~z`f~! `f xb~lfj z`bz x`maf z`f} b~f tb}mlh z`f eilf} zi Abkeba z`f} xivaj

jfcmlmzfa} wflj `me zi t~mwil xmz` b cbn~mgbzfj gbwf, Z`fl Abkeba ebjf x~mzzfl gietabmlz zi JMH

Wivz`f~l T~ismlgf! Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzflj ic Tiamgf WWT- Hbaaf! IMG B`blhbeb blj z`f Lbzmilba

Tiamgf Gieemwwmil il z`mw ~fhb~j,

>0=, Blzìlm B}m}b Jfsb~bo? Zxi efl b~f nfbzfl blj zi~zv~fj xmz` affg`fw n} Ebzvhbeb

tiamgf; ilf cbgfw cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil ~fhb~jmlh z`f vlabxcva

b~~fwz blj zi~zv~f ic b cb~ef~ n} Ebz`vhbeb tiamgf, Z`f ebl xbw cbawfa} bggvwfj ic wfaamlh maamgmz

amrvi~ blj xbw zi~zv~fj jv~mlh b~~fwz! bailh xmz` bliz`f~ ebl! ml b sfhfzbnaf tmz cmaafj xmz` affg`fw,

Z`f tiamgf `bsf ~fti~zfja} cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me blj xb~lfj z`bz! wìvaj `f liz tafbj

hvmaz}! z`f gbwf bhbmlwz `me xivaj nf cbn~mgbzfj cv~z`f~,

Bggi~jmlh zi mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj c~ie z`f smgzme! E~, Blzìlm B}m}b Jfsb~bo! ::! cbz`f~ ic z`~ff!

xbw xi~kmlh ml `mw tbjj} cmfaj x`fl `f xbw btt~ibg`fj n} zxi tiamgfefl ml tabml gaiz`fw, Il z`f

t~fzfpz ic bwkmlh `me ci~ jm~fgzmilw! z`f} nfgkilfj `me isf~! z`fl `bljgvccfj blj b~~fwzfj `me, Xf

b~f ziaj z`bz `f xbw zbkfl zi Wm~mkbjv~b Xbzzb x`f~f z`f tiamgf b~~fwzfj bliz`f~ ebl! E~,

Ebllmkkbe Wbljblb! bggvwmlh `me ic wfaamlh b~~bgk b aigba amrvi~- maafhbaa}, Z`f tiamgf eflzmilfj

z`bz z`f} xf~f aiikmlh ci~ z`~ff iz`f~ wvwtfgzw! nvz z`fl ziik z`f zxi b~~fwzfj efl zi Hbakbljb



73>

Xbzzb! zi b ~v~ba b~fb xmz` b sfhfzbnaf tmz, Il z`f xb} ilf tiamgfebl n~ikf b n~blg` c~ie b

Hmlmkv~v z~ff,

B~~msmlh bz z`f tmz! xf b~f ziaj z`bz z`f tiamgfefl mlzf~~ihbzfj E~, Jfsb~bo blj E~, Wbljblb bnivz b

tv~ti~zfj amrvi~ nvwmlfww, Jfsb~bo xbw bwwbvazfj xmz` z`f z~ff n~blg` n} ilf tiamgfebl; `f xbw

wz~vgk bg~iww `mw `bljw blj nvzzigkw! blj `mw cbgf xbw z`fl tvw`fj mlzi z`f affg`%mlcfwzfj tmz, Xfb~f ziaj z`bz n} z`f flj ic z`f mlzf~~ihbzmil niz` smgzmew `bj nffl nbja} nfbzfl blj xf~f gisf~fj ml

affg`fw; z`fm~ `bljw xf~f wzmaa gvccfj nf`mlj z`fm~ nbgkw, Z`f efl xf~f z`fl zbkfl zi Ebzvhbeb

Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Bz z`f wzbzmil xf b~f ziaj z`bz Jfsb~bo xbw smiaflza} wabttfj bg~iww `mw fb~! blj ziaj z`bz g`b~hfw

eb} nf cbn~mgbzfj bhbmlwz z`fe ci~ z`f tiwwfwwmil ic cmsf nb~~faw ic b~~bgk, Li ciij xbw t~ismjfj

ci~ z`fe z`bz bczf~liil,

Bczf~ `mw xmcf xbw bnaf zi smwmz xmz` ilf ic `mw wilw! Jfsb~bo xbw smwmzfj n} b c~mflj xì xi~kfj ml

z`f tiamgf, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ml g`b~hf ic z`f gbwf baafhfja} iccf~fj zi ~fjvgf z`f cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw

c~ie cmsf nb~~faw zi zxi nizzafw, Z`bz lmh`z z`f} ~fafbwfj Ebllmkbe Wbljblb xmzìvz g`b~hf,

Il 0 Ovlf Jfsb~bo xbw ziaj z`bz zi bsimj cv~z`f~ z~ivnaf blj ei~f wfsf~f g`b~hfw `f wìvaj tafbj

hvmaz} ml z`f ebhmwz~bzf(w giv~z, Bczf~ z`mw b cfebaf iccmgf~ ziik `mw wmhlbzv~f blj cmlhf~ t~mlzw il

jigveflzw z`bz `f xbw liz baaixfj zi ~fbj! blj `f xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma,

Jfsb~bo jifw liz klix z`f lbefw ic z`f iccmgf~w xì bwwbvazfj `me! nvz mw gilcmjflz z`bz `f gbl

mjflzmc} z`fe, Il = Ovlf `f ebjf b x~mzzfl gietabmlz zi z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil ic W~m

Ablkb! blj zi z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf MHT- blj z`f Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf WWT-

ic Kbavzb~b, @f xbw gbaafj nfci~f z`f giv~z il 24 Ovlf blj tafbjfj mlligflz! bczf~ x`mg` `f xbw

~fafbwfj il wv~fz} nbma ^w 244!444-, @f mw xbmzmlh ci~ `mw baafhbzmilw ic zi~zv~f zi nf bjj~fwwfj! blj

`bw ~fgfmsfj li bwwv~blgf wi cb~ z`bz z`f} xmaa nf,

>=4, Ob}bwv~m}bhf Wbem~b Jfwbt~m}b? B ebl wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj n} z`f V~vnikkb tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b ebl xbw maafhbaa}

b~~fwzfj! b~nmz~b~ma} jfzbmlfj blj wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj n} iccmgf~w ic z`f V~vnikkb Tiamgf wzbzmil, @f

xbw abzf~ ~fafbwfj xmzìvz bl} g`b~hf nvz z`f~f b~f li iccmgmba ~fgi~jw ic `mw b~~fwz blj jfzflzmil, @f

xbw abzf~ bjemzzfj zi z`f Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba ic Kb~btmzm}b ci~ z~fbzeflz jvf zi `mw wfsf~f giljmzmil,

T~fwflza} `f mw ml cfb~ ic `mw amcf zi z`f mlzmemjbzmil ic z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w xì b~~fwzfj `me,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil xf ~fgfmsfj! E~, Ob}bwv~m}bhf Wbem~b Jfwbt~m}b >:- ic Li,3=8!

Hbanikkb! Nf~babtblbz`b~b mw b nbg`fai~ blj b eizi~ efg`blmg n} iggvtbzmil,

Il z`f 2 Ovlf! >424 bz bnivz 2 te! Wbem~b blj `mw c~mflj Ab`m~v xf~f xi~kmlh ml z`f hb~bhf bz

Km~mvabtblb îbj! V~vnikkb, Bz z`bz zmef ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w ic z`f V~vnikkb Tiamgf wzbzmil!



737

Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf MT- G`blj~bwflb gbef zi z`f hb~bhf blj bwkfj xì xbw ml g`b~hf, Z`fl Wbem~b

blwxf~fj z`bz `f xbw z`f ilf ml g`b~hf, Z`fl MT G`blj~bwflb mlwz~vgzfj Wbem~b zi gaiwf z`f hb~bhf

blj bggietbl} `me zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Wbem~b bwkfj ci~ z`f ~fbwil blj xbw ziaj n} Tiamgf

Gilwzbnaf TG- Lmwwblkb! xì bggietblmfj MT G`blj~bwflb z`bz mz xivaj nf fptabmlfj x`fl z`f}

b~~msfj bz z`f wzbzmil, Wbem~b blj Ab`m~v z`fl hiz mlzi z`f tiamgf offt, Mlwmjf z`f Offt bl iccmgf~ ziik

Wbem~b blj Ab`m~v(w Einmaf tìlfw blj z`f xbaafzw gilzbmlmlh isf~ ^w,6444,44 VWJ :6-,

Mz xbw fsmjflz zi Wbem~b z`bz z`f offt xbw ~fzv~lmlh c~ie z`f giv~zw, Mlwmjf z`f sf`mgaf z`f~f xf~f

zxi nb~~faw cmaafj xmz` wiefz`mlh z`bz Wbem~b wvwtfgzfj xbw maamgmz amrvi~, Cv~z`f~ `f lizfj z`bz z`f~f

xf~f wief tabwzmg nbhw gilzbmlmlh wief cmafw blj niikw,

X`fl z`f} b~~msfj bz z`f wzbzmil Wbem~b blj Ab`m~v xf~f bwkfj zi ~feisf zìwf mzfew c~ie z`f offt

blj zbkf z`fe mlwmjf,

Ilf iccmgf~ ziik Wbem~b zixb~jw z`f G~memlba Mlsfwzmhbzmil N~blg` x`maf Ab`m~v xbw zbkfl zi z`f

Gietabmlz ^fgi~jmlh N~blg`, Bczf~ wief zmef MT G`blj~bwflb bwkfj Wbem~b zi ~fzv~l z`f mzfew `f

`bj wziafl, Wbem~b meefjmbzfa} ~ftamfj z`bz `f `bj liz wziafl bl}z`mlh, Bz z`bz eieflz zxi iccmgf~w

xì `bj nffl ml z`f offt! xì xf~f ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw btt~ibg`fj Wbem~b,

Z`fwf zxi iccmgf~w n~ivh`z Wbem~b zi bliz`f~ ~iie blj ebjf `me wmz, Z`fl ilf iccmgf~ bwkfj `me

z`f wbef rvfwzmil bw zi z`f aigbzmil ic z`f wziafl hiijw, Wbem~b ~ftfbzfj z`bz `f `bj liz wziafl

bl}z`mlh, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~ xbw ei~f wtfgmcmg blj bwkfj bnivz (z`f ofxfa~}! xfjjmlh ~mlh blj z`f

lfgkabgf,( Bhbml Wbem~b jflmfj bl} klixafjhf ic z`f wziafl hiijw, Bliz`f~ iccmgf~ rvmzf mlligflza}

i~jf~fj Wbem~b zi ~feisf z`f w`m~z blj wamttf~w, Z`fl TG Lmwwblkb gbvh`z ìaj ic Wbem~b(w lfgk

blj `fbj! tvw`fj `me zi z`f caii~ blj h~bwtfj `mw `fbj nfzxffl `mw afhw, Z`vw z~bttfj Lmwwblkb

z`~bw`fj Wbem~b(w nbgk ef~gmafwwa},

Ciaaixmlh z`mw bwwbvaz bliz`f~ iccmgf~ j~bhhfj Wbem~b zi b jfwf~zfj ìvwf! gaiwf zi tiamgf absbzi~mfw

x`f~f `f bwwbvazfj `me ~ftfbzfja}, Wbem~b xbw namljciajfj xmz` b gaiz`! `mw `bljw blj cffz xf~f

nivlj blj `f xbw `vlh c~ie b xiijfl tiaf tbwwfj nfzxffl `mw x~mwzw blj blkafw, @f xbw z`fl

gilzmlvivwa} bwwbvazfj xmz` b nbenii tiaf,

Z`f} gilzmlvfj z`f bwwbvaz x`maf tiv~mlh xbzf~ mlzi `mw liwf blj z`f eivz`, Wbem~b cfaz jmccmgvaz} ml

n~fbz`mlh! nvz z`f} gb~~mfj il ~fhb~jafww, Bliz`f~ iccmgf~ `bj n~ivh`z b tmfgf ic W(ail tmtf x`mg`

z`f} mlwf~zfj mlzi `mw ~fgzve, Bz z`bz eieflz Wbem~b g~mfj ivz z`bz `f xbw mlligflz blj tafbjfj ci~ef~g},

Bczf~ z`bz z`f iccmgf~w Wbem~b jixl blj i~jf~fj `me zi ovet vt blj jixl x`maf z`f z`~bw`mlh

gilzmlvfj,

Bliz`f~ iccmgf~ c~ie z`f z~bccmg n~blg` oimlfj ml z`f bwwbvaz kligkmlh `me zi z`f caii~, Wbem~b

gilzmlvivwa} tafbjfj xmz` z`fe liz zi nfbz `me bl}ei~f, Ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w ziaj `me z`bz mc `f



73:

jmfj z`f} xivaj tvz `me ml b fetz} gfeflz nbh blj z`~ivh` `me icc z`f tb~btfz xbaa, Cmlbaa} z`f}

n~ivh`z Wbem~b lfb~ z`f tiamgf gfaa x`f~f z`f~f xbw b ìef hvb~j iccmgf~ ic z`f b~fb, Z`mw ebl bawi

wìvzfj bz Wbem~b ml cmaz` blj wabttfj `me il niz` fb~w bw mc `f xbw gabttmlh `mw `bljw, Ci~ cfx

emlvzfw Wbem~b cfaz wzvllfj,

Abzf~! Wbem~ wbx `mw eiz`f~! E~w, Xmofwm~m Jfsblb~b}blbhf Kba}blm b~~msfj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! nvzWbem~b ~fc~bmlfj c~ie zfaamlh `f~ bl}z`mlh ci~ cfb~ z`bz `f xivaj nf nfbzfl bhbml,

Wbem~b lizmgfj z`bz z`f~f xf~f wief mlgiemlh gbaaw zi `mw einmaf tìlf blj z`f iccmgf~w ziaj `me zi

blwxf~ z`fe! nvz liz zi ~fsfba bl} ei~f jfzbmaw iz`f~ z`bl z`bz `f `bj gief zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil zi

~ftbm~ wief eizi~g}gafw,

Z`fl `f lizfj z`bz z`f~f xbw bl mlgiemlh gbaa c~ie z`f G`bm~ebl ic z`f Tbwbhijb T~bjfw`m}b Wbnb

~fhb~jmlh `mw b~~fwz, Z`f tiamgf `bj mlci~efj z`f G`bm~ebl z`bz mz xbw b gbwf ic tiwwfwwmil ic

gbllbnmw,

Ab`m~v zii `bj nffl lfb~ z`f gfaa blj z`f iccmgf~w xb~lfj niz` ic z`fe z`bz mc z`f} jmwgaiwfj z`f

mlgmjflz zi bl}ilf z`f} xivaj nf kmaafj, Z`f} xf~f ziaj zi wb} ila} z`bz z`f} gbef zi ~ftbm~ tiamgf

eizi~g}gafw,

Z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- b~~msfj blj mlrvm~fj c~ie z`f iz`f~ iccmgf~w! x`fz`f~ z`f} xf~f bnaf zi

cmlj bl} j~mlk amrvi~-, Bczf~ bnivz ilf ìv~ `f ~fzv~lfj blj bwwbvazfj Wbem~b,

Z`f ciaaixmlh ei~lmlh > Ovlf-! Wbem~b blj Ab`m~v xf~f ~fafbwfj, Z`f} xf~f xb~lfj zi ~fzv~l zi

z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil xmz` z`f wziafl ofxfa~} i~ fawf z`f tiamgf xivaj gief bczf~ z`fe, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~w

~fzv~lfj z`f einmaf tìlfw blj z`fm~ xbaafzw,

Vtil z`fm~ ~fafbwf z`f tiamgf xb~lfj z`fe bhbml z`bz mc z`f} jmwgaiwfj z`mw mlgmjflz zi bl}ilf i~ mc

z`f} ziik bl} bgzmil bhbmlwz z`f tiamgf! nienw i~ j~vhw xivaj nf tablzfj ml z`f hb~bhf blj z`f}

xivaj nf b~~fwzfj, Z`f} xf~f z`fl ziaj .Hfz ivz! }iv jihw.,

Wbem~b blj Ab`m~v afcz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil vljf~ z`f wvtf~smwmil ic b tiamgf iccmgf~ xì ~febmlfj xmz`

z`fe vlzma z`f} ziik b nvw, X`fl Wbem~b b~~msfj bz z`f hb~bhf! `mw cbema} xbw z`f~f blj z`f~f xbw

bawi b tiamgf iccmgf~ xì afcz bw Wbem~b btt~ibg`fj z`f hb~bhf, @f ~fbamwfj z`bz z`f iccmgf~ xbw z`f~f

zi gilcm~e z`f cbgz z`bz `f ~fzv~lfj zi z`f hb~bhf mlwzfbj ic himlh wiefx`f~f fawf zi ebkf bl} gietabmlz il zi~zv~f,

Wbem~b(w eiz`f~ ziik `me zi z`f Kiwlmahijb Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba x`f~f z`f bjemzzfj `me ci~

cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz, @f xbw jmwg`b~hfj z`f ciaaixmlh jb}, @ixfsf~! bw Wbem~b xbw ml wfsf~f tbml! `f

xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba ic Kb~btmzm}b, Z`f~f z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI-

fpbemlfj Wbem~b blj xb~jfj `me, @f xbw jmwg`b~hfj c~ie z`bz ìwtmzba il 6 Ovlf, X`fl `f



736

~fzv~lfj ìef b tiamgf iccmgf~ xbw z`f~f xbmzmlh ci~ `me, X`fl Wbem~b bwkfj `me ci~ z`f ~fbwil ic

`mw smwmz z`f iccmgf~ afcz,

Jv~mlh z`f xìaf t~igfww z`f tiamgf bz li zmef `bj zbkfl b wzbzfeflz c~ie Wbem~b blj Ab`m~v li~

wìxl bl} gietabmlz ebjf bhbmlwz z`fe n} bl}ilf, Z`f tiamgf jmj liz t~ijvgf z`fe nfci~f b giv~z

ic abx i~ g`b~hfj z`fe ci~ gieemzzmlh bl} g~mef,Abzf~ Wbem~b ebjf b ci~eba gietabmlz zi Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf MHT-! Jftvz} Mlwtfgzi~

Hflf~ba JMH-! Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil LTG-! Wflmi~ Tiamgf Wvtf~mlzfljflz WWT- Ebzb~b!

IMG V~vnikkb Tiamgf wzbzmil blj z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil @^G-,

T~fwflza} Wbem~b `bw gaiwfj jixl `mw hb~bhf blj afcz z`f b~fb cfb~mlh ci~ `mw amcf, @f wvwtfgzw z`bz bz

bl} eieflz tiamgf emh`z gief ci~ `me, @f wzbzfw z`bz bw jv~mlh abwz cfx }fb~w cfx `vlj~fjw ic

tfitaf `bsf jmfj ml jmccf~flz tabgfw ml z`f givlz~} x`maf z`f} xf~f ml tiamgf gvwzij} `f mw ml cfb~ z`bz

`f xivaj nf ~fb~~fwzfj blj kmaafj n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w, Cv~z`f~ `f wzbzfw z`bz `f `bw liz gieemzzfj

bl} g~mef blj mw bl mlligflz gmzmfl,

>=2, Ki~ilg`mabhf Blbljbaba B~vlb ̂ i`blb? Blbebjvxb Tiamgf maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj! jfzbmlfj

blj zi~zv~fj b wgìia%ni} blj cmafj cbn~mgbzfj g~memlba g`b~hfw

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b 28 }fb~ iaj wgìia

himlh g`maj xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Blbebjvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil!

b~nmz~b~ma} jfzbmlfj blj zi~zv~fj, Abzf~! z`f tiamgf t~ijvgfj z`f g`maj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf ic Tvzzbabe xmz` cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw blj ~febljfj, X`fl `f xbw ml Lfhieni ~feblj t~mwil b T~mwil

iccmgf~ bawi zi~zv~fj z`f g`maj,

Bggi~jmlh zi Ki~ilg`mabhf Blbljbaba B~vlb î`blb ic Li,:2! Wblhbzzmkvabeb! Blbebjvxb! z`f

cbz`f~ ic Ki~ilg`mabhf Wvomz` B~vlb W`blz`b! 28-! Wvomz` mw b wzvjflz ic Wblhbzzmkvabeb Ovlmi~

Wgìia, @bsmlh tbwwfj z`f I~jmlb~} Afsfa Fpbemlbzmil `f xbw t~ftb~mlh zi wmz ci~ z`f Bjsblgf

Afsfa Fpbemlbzmilw, Il : Ovlf >424! jv~mlh z`f wgìia mlzf~sba! Wvomz` `bj b gilc~ilzbzmil xmz` b

24z` h~bjf wzvjflz n} z`f lbef ic Z`b~mjv jv~mlh x`mg` naixw xf~f fpg`blhfj, Z`b~mjv wvccf~fj b

wg~bzg` il `mw cbgf blj Wvomz` ~fti~zfj z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f t~mlgmtba, Z`f t~mlgmtba `bj wflj Wvomz`

ìef x`mg` `f ~fbg`fj bz bnivz 2>,74 ml z`f bczf~liil, Z`b~mjv(w cbz`f~! Wzblaf} Oiwft` mw b xfaa

klixl nvwmlfwwebl ml z`f b~fb,

Il z`f wbef jb} bz bnivz 7te! wmp tf~wilw ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw b~~msfj bz Wvomz`(w ìvwf wb}mlh z`bz

z`f} xf~f c~ie z`f Blbebjvxb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Zxi ic z`fe xflz zi Wvomz`(w ~iie! zxi iz`f~w

hvb~jfj z`f c~ilz jii~ blj z`f ~febmlmlh zxi z`f ~fb~ jii~, Z`f zxi tf~wilw! xì xflz mlzi

Wvomz`(w ~iie! n~ivh`z `me ivz ic z`f ìvwf ìajmlh `me n} z`f lfgk blj tvz `me mlzi b n~ixl

giaiv~fj sf`mgaf z`bz `bj nffl tb~kfj lfb~ z`f ìvwf, Mlwmjf z`f sf`mgaf z`f~f xbw b vlmci~efj



738

Wvomz`! .M `fb~j }iv b~f b z`vh ml }iv~ smaabhf, T~bjfft ic }iv~ smaabhf ziaj ef z`bz }iv b~f b z`vh ml

}iv~ smaabhf blj ziaj ef zi z~fbz }iv xmz` wief tvlg`fw., T~bjfft mw b wvtti~zf~ ic Wzblaf}, T~mwil

Iccmgf~w `bj baaigbzfj >027 bw `mw lvenf~ blj wflz `me zi z`f ]I ]ivlh Iccfljf~- xb~j, Ml z`f

lmh`z Wvomz` `bj jmccmgvaz} ml n~fbz`mlh blj iz`f~ mlebzfw `bj bttamfj .Wmjjbaftb}b. `f~nba

imlzeflz- il `mw g`fwz, Il 8 Ovlf ml z`f ei~lmlh! Wvomz` `bj hilf zi z`f ei~lmlh tb~bjf xmz` `fat

ic z`f iz`f~ mlebzfw,

Blbebjvxb Tiamgf `bw cmaafj b cbn~mgbzfj cbawf g`b~hf bhbmlwz Wvomz` vljf~ gbwf Li? N,^ >46)24 blj

t~ijvgfj `me bz z`f Ebhmwz~bzf( Giv~z ic Blbebjvxb! x`f~f `f xbw ~fafbwfj il b tf~wilba nbma ic

^w,24! 444,44, Z`f gbwf xmaa nf zbkfl vt bhbml il 2: Igzinf~ >424,

Il ~fzv~lmlh ìef Wvomz` cfaz wmgk bhbml blj xbw zbkfl zi Blbebjvxb @iwtmzba bz bnivz 6,74 ml z`f

fsflmlh, Bczf~ fpbemlf Wvomz`! z`f Jigzi~w `bj z~blwcf~~fj `me zi Kv~vlbhbab Hflf~ba @iwtmzba bz

0te, ml bl benvablgf x`f~f `f xbw xb~jfj ml xb~j li >7! nfj li,2=, @f xbw jmwg`b~hfj bczf~ civ~

jb}w! il z`f 2: Ovlf,

Z`f smgzme `bw gietabmlfj zi z`f W~m Ablkb @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil @^GWA- blj `bw ebjf

x~mzzfl gietabmlzw zi Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf MHT-! z`f Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil LTG-!

z`f IMG Tiamgf wzbzmil ic Blbebjvxb! z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba BH-! blj Lbzmilba G`maj T~izfgzmil

Bvzì~mz} LGTB-,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f smgzme z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w! tiamgf iccmgf~ Li,7732=! Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf G`blj~bzmabkf

blj ^bzlb}bkf b~f bzzbg`fj zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil ic Blbebjvxb blj b~f wzmaa wf~smlh ml z`f wbef

Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f smgzme blj `mw cbema} cfb~ ci~ z`fm~ amsfw blj wffk t~izfgzmil bw z`f} wffk ovwzmgf

bhbmlwz z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w,

>=>, Ba`bo Cb~iik Eiìebj Mk~be? Nbabhiaab tiamgf iccmgf~w nfbz! `vemambzf blj b~nmz~b~ma}

b~~fwz bliz`f~ gmsmambl

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil bnivz z`f b~nmz~b~} b~~fwz

blj bwwbvaz ic b ebl n} Nbabhiaab tiamgf, Bazìvh` `f xbw ~fafbwfj il z`f wbef fsflmlh xmzìvz

nfmlh g`b~hfj! z`f ebl(w fb~ j~ve xbw jbebhfj ml z`f bwwbvaz blj `f xbw ìwtmzbamfj ci~ b lvenf~

ic jb}w, @f `bw ~fgfmsfj li ~ftamfw c~ie z`f bvzì~mzmfw ~fhb~jmlh `mw ~frvfwzw ci~ ~fj~fww blj

gietflwbzmil,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil z`bz xf `bsf ~fgfmsfj! il 28 Ovlf >424 bz b~ivlj 0te zxi iccmgf~w

c~ie Nbabhiaab Tiamgf wzbzmil! bailh xmz` zxi gmsmamblw! smiaflza} mlzf~gftzfj E~, Ba`bo Cb~iik

Eiìebj Mk~be gaiwf zi `mw ìef,



730

Xf b~f ziaj z`bz z`f smgzme xbw vwmlh `mw einmaf tìlf x`fl ilf ic z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w! abzf~ klixl

zi nf b E~, Kmz`wm~m! bhh~fwwmsfa} `bljgvccfj `me, Kmz`wm~m xbw ml tabml gaiz`fw! jmj liz mjflzmc}

`mewfac blj ~fti~zfja} wz~vgk Cb~iik(w afcz fb~ nfci~f tvw`mlh `me mlzi b z`~ff%x`ffafj sf`mgaf, Z`f

smgzme xbw liz ziaj z`f ~fbwil ci~ `mw b~~fwz blj x`fl `f bwkfj `f xbw ziaj zi nf wmaflz, Xf b~f

mlci~efj z`bz z`f iccmgf~w blj z`f gmsmamblw ‗ mjflzmcmfj bw ^bob! z`f wil ic b ebl gbaafj Bnjva

Kb~ffl! blj ^bob(w xmcf ‗ z`fl ziik b zfb n~fbk ivzwmjf b webaa ìzfa! afbsmlh Cb~iik `bljgvccfj ziz`f sf`mgaf ml tvnamg smfx,

Bz Nbabhiaab Tiamgf wzbzmil Cb~iik xbw ziaj z`bz `f cbgfj g`b~hfw ic flzf~mlh vlabxcvaa} mlzi E~,

^bob‐w wìt! blj `f ~fti~zw z`bz `f xbw wz~vgk ilgf ei~f zi z`f `fbj n} Iccmgf~ Kmz`wm~m! z`fl zbkfl

zi z`f Iccmgf~ ml G`b~hf IMG-, Bczf~ b wì~z mlzf~smfx `f xbw wz~mttfj ic `mw tiwwfwwmilw blj

jfzbmlfj ml b tiamgf gfaa, @mw zxi n~iz`f~w xf~f bnaf zi smwmz `me z`f~f blj zbkf `me ciij,

Z`f ciaaixmlh jb} xf b~f ziaj z`bz Cb~iik‐w cbz`f~ blj zxi iz`f~ ebaf ~fabzmsfw ebjf mlrvm~mfw bz z`f

Tiamgf wzbzmil! blj bttfbafj zi z`f IMG, Cb~iik xbw rvfwzmilfj ci~ b wfgilj zmef blj bz 22?74be

`f xbw ~fafbwfj xmzìvz nbma i~ g`b~hf, @ixfsf~ `f xi~~mfw z`bz nfgbvwf `mw jfzbmaw b~f lix

~fgi~jfj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! `f xmaa nf svalf~bnaf zi cv~z`f~ cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw,

Z`f smgzme `bw `bj z~ivnaf xmz` fb~ bg`f wmlgf z`f bwwbvaz! blj `bw smwmzfj sb~mivw jigzi~w, Ilf aigba

jigzi~ ~fcf~~fj z`f smgzme zi Eblmk`mllb @iwtmzba! x`f~f `f xbw bjemzzfj ci~ zxi jb}w, @f xbw

z`fl eisfj zi z`f Kblj} @iwtmzba x`f~f `f xbw bzzfljfj n} bl Fb~! Liwf! blj Z`~ibz Wtfgmbamwz

FLZ-! blj bwkfj zi wzb} ci~ z`~ff ei~f jb}w, Bczf~ fpbemlbzmil n} b Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~

OEI-! Cb~iik xbw ziaj z`bz `mw fb~ j~ve `bj nffl wfsf~fa} jbebhfj ml z`f bwwbvaz, Cb~iik x~izf zi

z`f Jftvz} Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf! z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf blj z`f @vebl ^mh`zw

Gieemwwmil ic W~m Ablkb il z`f >: Ovlf! ~frvfwzmlh z`f jmwgmtamlf blj t~iwfgvzmil ic Iccmgf~

Kmz`wm~m blj gietflwbzmil ci~ `mw mlov~mfw! nvz `bw liz ~fgfmsfj ~fwtilwfw c~ie z`fe bz z`f zmef ic

z`mw bttfba,

>=7, Wffabxblw`b @mzm`bemabhf Jil Wbeblz`b T~m}baba? Nbjv~bam}b tiamgf maafhbaa} b~~fwz

blj zi~zv~f b ebl

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw afb~lfj z`bz b ebl xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj ml

Kbavzb~b n} Nbjv~bam}b tiamgf! blj zi~zv~fj wfsf~fa} ml z`f tiamgf nb~~bgkw zi ci~gf b gilcfwwmil,

Tiamgf vwfj z`f (J`b~eb G`bk~b( zfg`lmrvf ic wvwtfljmlh z`f `bljgvccfj ebl il b tiaf z`bz xbw

mlwf~zfj mlzi z`f g~iikw ic `mw nivlj klffw blj fanixw, Bazìvh` g`b~hfw `bsf lix nffl cmafj

bhbmlwz `me! li mlsfwzmhbzmil mlzi `mw baafhbzmilw ic zi~zv~f `bw zbkfl tabgf! jfwtmzf `mw mlov~mfw blj`mw zmef ml ìwtmzba,

Bggi~jmlh zi mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj n} z`f smgzme! Wffabxblw`b @mzm`bemabhf Jil Wbeblz`b T~m}baba!

70! xbw b~~fwzfj gaiwf zi `mw ìef bz b~ivlj 24?:6be il >= Ovlf >424! x`maf ml z`f ìvwf ic bl

bgrvbmlzblgf ml Hlblbz`mwwb Vjbkbab Smaabhf! @bjmhbaaf! Hv~vavnbjjb,



73=

Xf b~f ziaj z`bz z`~ff iccmgf~w c~ie Nbjv~bam}b Tiamgf wzbzmil b~~msfj ml b z`~ff x`ffaf~ sf`mgaf

mlgavjmlh tiamgf gilwzbnaf TG- >=4>8 blj b Wf~hfblz Hvlb~bzlf! xì xbw ml tabml gaiz`fw, Z`f

iccmgf~w b~~fwzfj T~m}baba xmz` z`f ~fwmjflz ic z`f ìvwf! Wvwma Nbljvz`mabkb! blj bliz`f~ ebl gbaafj

T~m}blz`b! }fz ~fti~zfja} jmj liz hmsf z`f ~fbwil i~ h~ivljw ci~ z`fm~ b~~fwz bw afhbaa} ~frvm~fj,

Z`f efl xf~f zbkfl zi Nbjv~bam}b Tiamgf wzbzmil ml z`~ff x`ffafj sf`mgafw, TG >=4>8 blj bliz`f~iccmgf~ ziik T~m}baba zi b ~iie ml z`f nbgk ti~zmil ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! x`mg` mw vwfj n} z`f iccmgf~w

ci~ wafftmlh, Bggi~jmlh zi z`f T~m}baba `f xbw z`fl vlj~fwwfj! `mw `bljgvccfj `bljw xf~f tabgfj

nfzxffl `mw afhw blj b ab~hf tiaf b Eia Hb`b- xbw vwfj zi amcz `me icc z`f h~ivlj blj wvwtflj `me;

fbg` flj xbw wvtti~zfj n} b gvtnib~j, T~m}baba ~fti~zw z`bz `f xbw nfbzfl x`maf wvwtfljfj! lbkfj!

ci~ btt~ipmebzfa} 74 emlvzfw! xmz` z`f nfbzmlh afj n} TG>=4>8, @f xbw ziaj zi gilcfww zi n~fbkmlh

mlzi b ìvwf blj wzfbamlh hiaj ofxfa~},

Bczf~ `f xbw ~fafbwfj ilzi z`f h~ivlj ci~ b wì~z tf~mij iccmgf~w bawi nfbz z`f wiafw ic `mw cffz xmz`

wzmgkw, Z`f} z`fl baafhfja} afcz `me `bljgvccfj zi b nfj ci~ z`f ~fwz ic z`f lmh`z,

Xf b~f ziaj z`bz bz b~ivlj 8,74be z`f lfpz jb} T~m}baba xbw tabgf ml b tiamgf gfaa! x`f~f ~fabzmsfw

xf~f bnaf zi smwmz `me, Z`f} ziaj `me z`bz x`fl z`f} blj b abx}f~! G`bljblb Kv~vttvb~bg`g`m! `bj

z~mfj zi smwmz z`f t~fsmivw jb} nvz z`f tiamgf `bj jflmfj z`bz T~m}baba xbw ml gvwzij}, T~m}baba ziaj

z`fe z`bz `f `bj nffl zi~zv~fj n} tb~zmgvab~ iccmgf~w,

Bz b~ivlj 24,74be `mw fajf~ n~iz`f~! b Nvjj`mwz eilk gbaafj @bjmhbaaf Smebabwb~b! oimlfj `mw fajf~

wmwzf~ blj xmcf bz z`f wzbzmil, Z`f} givaj wff z`bz T~m}baba(w afhw `bj wxiaafl tbmlcvaa} blj z`bz `f

civlj mz `b~j zi eisf! wi bz z`f ~frvfwz ic Smebabwb~b! z`f Mlwtfgzi~ ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil! Jbemz`

Ob}bz`mabkb! baaixfj iccmgf~w zi zbkf z`f smgzme zi z`f Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba ic Nbjv~bam}b, Z`f

jigzi~ z`f~f wbx T~m}baba(w giljmzmil blj ~fcvwfj zi z~fbz `me! zfaamlh z`fe z`bz wvg` b gbwf wìvaj nf

zbkfl zi z`f ab~hf~ ìwtmzba ml Lbhijb, Z`f tiamgf tvz z`f smgzme nbgk ml b gfaa bz z`f wzbzmil!

vlz~fbzfj! blj bz liil z`f} hbsf `me b wzbzfeflz zi wmhl! nvz ~fcvwfj zi fptabml mzw gilzflz,

Xf b~f ziaj z`bz z`f smgzme xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f ovjmgmba efjmgba iccmgf ml z`f Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ic

Lbhijb! nvz z`bz tiamgf iccmgf~w ~frvfwzfj b t~msbzf effzmlh xmz` z`f OEI nfci~f`blj, T~m}baba z`fl

~fabzfj `mw fptf~mflgf ic zi~zv~f blj wìxfj z`f jigzi~ `mw wxiaafl afhw! nvz `f gabmew z`bz z`f OEI

‗ lbefj @feblz`b ‗ jmj liz fpbemlf `me,

Bz :te z`bz jb} T~m}baba xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f b ebhmwz~bzf ml `mw g`benf~w bz Ebz`vhbeb! blj b

gbwf lvenf~ N)3424:)24 xbw bwwmhlfj, Zìvh` T~m}baba tafbjfj liz hvmaz} zi z`fcz! `f wb}w z`bz `f xbw liz hmsfl z`f g`blgf zi zfaa z`f ovjhf bnivz `mw zi~zv~f, @f xbw h~blzfj tf~wilba wv~fz} nbma ^w,

244!444-, Il `mw xb} ìef b cfx tiamgf iccmgf~w ziaj `me zi oiml z`fe ml z`fm~ sf`mgaf, @f ~fcvwfj

blj ~fzv~lfj ìef n} nvw,

T~m}ba g`fgkfj ml zi z`f Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ic Lbhijb bhbml! blj xbw il b xb~j vlzma > Ova}! gbvwmlh

`me zi emww `mw giv~z bttfb~blgf, @f xbw ~ft~fwflzfj z`f~f n} `mw abx}f~, B wzbzfeflz xbw ~fgi~jfj



784

n} ìwtmzba tiamgf blj `f xbw t~itf~a} fpbemlfj n} b jmccf~flz ovjmgmba efjmgba iccmgf~,

Z`f smgzme xbw abzf~ ziaj z`bz tiamgf ila} bjemzzfj zi `bsmlh b~~fwzfj `me bczf~ `mw n~iz`f~

Smebabwb~b gilzbgzfj z`f emlmwzf~ ic z`f xfwzf~l t~ismlgmba givlgma! Vjb}b Hbeebltmab! xì

mlzf~sflfj, T~m}baba xbw bawi mlci~efj z`bz z`f gietabmlz bhbmlwz `me `bj nffl cmafj n} b Wbebl

Ob}bwmlh`f ic Hv~vavnbjjb ml @bjmhbaafhbeb! xì xf b~f ziaj mw b ~fabzmsf ic b tiamgfebl bz

Nbjv~bam}b wzbzmil,

>=:, VTJBZF Vtva Tbamz`b Ebxbabh? Z`f z~mba ic b z`~ff%x`ffaf~ j~msf~ abhw; `mw

baafhbzmilw ic zi~zv~f b~f liz mlsfwzmhbzfj

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil xivaj amkf zi ~fti~z z`bz z`f gbwf ic b z`~ff%x`ffaf~ zbpm

j~msf~ g`b~hfj xmz` gb~~}mlh j~vhw % x`mg` `f gabmew xf~f civlj ml z`f tiwwfwwmil ic `mw tbwwflhf~w

% mw nfmlh gilzmlvbaa} wzbaafj n} tiamgf ml z`f Ebamhbkbljb Ebhmwz~bzf(w giv~z, Z`f ebl ~febmlw ml

~feblj! vlbnaf zi bcci~j nbma! blj z~mfj zi gieemz wvmgmjf zxmgf abwz }fb~, @mw z~mba evwz nf fptfjmzfj

blj `mw baafhbzmilw ic zi~zv~f mlsfwzmhbzfj bw wiil bw tiwwmnaf,

Z`~ff%x`ffa zbpm j~msf~! Vtva Tbamz`b Ebxbabh! xbw b~~fwzfj bailh xmz` `mw zxi tbwwflhf~w ml Eb}

>44= jv~mlh b ~ivzmlf wfb~g` n} Navfeflj`ba tiamgf, Ebxbabh `bw wmlgf nffl g`b~hfj xmz` j~vh

tiwwfwwmil, Z`f smgzme ~fti~zw z`bz z`f tbwwflhf~w `bj nffl civlj xmz` z`f j~vhw! nvz xf~f

mlfptamgbna} ~fafbwfj, Xf b~f ziaj z`bz z`f iccmgf~w cm~wz gabmefj z`bz Ebxbabh gb~~mfj j~vhw ml z`f

nbgk ic `mw sf`mgaf! nvz z`f jfzbmaw ic gbwf N3:>6! cmafj ml z`f Ebamhbkbljb Ebhmwz~bzf(w giv~z! wzbzf

z`bz `f gb~~mfj j~vhw ml `mw tigkfz, Tafbwf ~fbj ei~f ml z`f i~mhmlba bttfba ml Bvhvwz >44=?

`zzt?))xxx,b`~g`k,lfz)vb)ebmlcmaf,t`t)>44=)7>>8) Tiamgf zi~zv~f b zbpm j~msf~ ci~ z`f j~vh

g~mefw ic `mw tbwwflhf~w,

Xf b~f mlci~efj z`bz `mw gbwf `bw nffl ~ivzmlfa} tiwztilfj n} z`f ~frvfwz ic z`f t~iwfgvzmil blj

z`bz nbma ziik vlzma Oblvb~} >424 zi nf bxb~jfj, Z`mw mw ab~hfa} nfgbvwf z`f nbma bttamgbzmil lffjfj zi

nf cmafj ml z`f Giv~z ic Bttfba ml Giaieni! xmz` z`f bwwmwzblgf ic b Giaieni abx}f~! x`mg` xbw

tbmj ci~ n} bl LHI, @ixfsf~ z`f jfzbmlff `bw wmlgf nffl vlbnaf zi tiwz z`f ^w,264!444 nbma, Xf

v~hf z`bz `mw z~mba mw g~fjmna} zbkfl vt blj fptfjmzfj,

Xf b~f bawi ziaj z`bz z`f~f `bw nffl li mlsfwzmhbzmil mlzi Ebxbabh‐w baafhbzmilw z`bz `f xbw wz~mttfj

lbkfj! zmfj zi b g`bm~ blj nfbzfl wfsf~fa} xmz` b wzmgk n} iccmgf~w ml b nmj zi ci~gf b gilcfwwmil! li~mlzi `mw bzzfetzfj wvmgmjfw, Z`mw mw wz~mgza} blj v~hflza} lfgfwwb~}! blj wìvaj zi~zv~f nf t~isfl zi

`bsf nffl mlsiasfj ml z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil! `f wìvaj nf meefjmbzfa} ~fafbwfj,



782

>=6, @fxbxbwbe Wb~vkkbamhf ^bz`lbwm~m Cf~lblji? B ebl xbw wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj! maafhbaa}

b~~fwzfj blj jfzbmlfj n} z`f Xfamtfllb tiamgf xì z`fl cmafj cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz

`me

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b ebl xbw wfsf~fa}

zi~zv~fj nfci~f nfmlh maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj blj jfzbmlfj n} iccmgf~w ic z`f Xfamttflb Tiamgf wzbzmil,Ciaaixmlh z`f zi~zv~f z`f iccmgf~w jmwtab}fj z`f ebl ml tvnamg nfci~f z`f smaabhf~w nfci~f zbkmlh `me

zi z`f wzbzmil x`f~f z`f} abzf~ cmafj cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me, @f `bw nffl flab~hfj il nbma blj

z~fbzfj ci~ `mw mlov~mfw bz z`f Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ic Lbhijb,

Bggi~jmlh zi E~, @fxbxbwbe Wb~vkkbamhf ^bz`lbwm~m Cf~lblji 64- ic Li? 48 J! Xb~btmzm}b! Jb~hb

Zixl `f mw eb~~mfj blj z`f cbz`f~ ic civ~ g`maj~fl, @f mw b zijj} zbttf~ n} t~icfwwmil,

Il = Bvhvwz >424 b~ivlj 7,74 te `f xbw ml `mw vwvba xi~kmlh tabgf bz Bbljbxbab! Tb~btbz`kizvxb,

Bz z`bz zmef `f xbw ìlmlh z`f klmcf z`bz `f vwfw ci~ `mw xi~k, @f lizmgfj zxi vlklixl tf~wilw ml

gmsmambl gaiz`fw flzf~mlh z`f b~fb, Z`f} mlrvm~fj ic `me z`f tiwwmnmamz} ic nv}mlh wief zijj} bw z`f} amkf mz, @f ziaj z`fe z`bz z`f~f xbw lilf bsbmabnaf blj `f givaj liz t~ismjf bl}, Z`f} ~ftfbzfj z`fm~

~frvfwzw x`mg` zv~lfj mlzi jfebljw, @ixfsf~! `f ~ftfbzfja} hbsf z`fe z`f wbef blwxf~, X`fl

z`f} wzb~zfj zi z`~fbzfl `me `f bwkfj z`fe xì z`f} xf~f, Z`fl z`f} ~fsfbafj z`bz z`f} xf~f c~ie

z`f tiamgf blj ilf ic z`fe z~mfj zi h~bn z`f klmcf z`bz xbw ml `mw `blj, Z`f tf~wil xì jmj

bggmjflza} ~fgfmsfj b webaa gvz mlov~} il `mw `blj, Z`f wbef iccmgf~ gfbwfj z`f klmcf blj ~bl mz jixl

^bz`lbwm~m(w nbgk gvzzmlh mz jffta}, Z`f xivlj wvnwfrvflza} ~frvm~fj lmlf wvzv~fw zi gaiwf,

X`maf z`f xivlj il `mw nbgk xbw naffjmlh t~icvwfa} z`f zxi iccmgf~w wzb~zfj zi bwwbvaz `me n}

kmgkmlh blj tvlg`mlh `me, Z`f} wz~vgk `me bnivz z`f nij}! cbgf! g`fwz blj wziebg`, Z`f} zi~f icc

`mw gaiz`fw blj vwf z`f ~bhw zi zmf `mw `bljw nf`mlj `mw nbgk, @f xbw z`fl ci~gfj zi xbak ci~ bnivz:44 efzf~w ml c~ilz ic b g~ixj ic tfitaf xì tafbjfj xmz` z`f iccmgf~w liz zi bwwbvaz `me cv~z`f~,

Z`f} ziaj z`fe `f xbw mlligflz blj wvccf~mlh c~ie maalfww,

^bz`lbwm~m afb~lfj abzf~ z`bz ilf ic z`f xmzlfwwfw ziik b smjfi ic z`f mlgmjflz xmz` `mw einmaf tìlf

x`mg` gafb~a} ~fsfbaw ìx z`f smgzme xbw zi~zv~fj, Z`f xiefl xì xmzlfwwfj z`mw bgz ic smiaflgf

xf~f bnaf zi ~fafbwf ^bz`lbwm~m(w `bljw blj j~fwwfj z`f xivlj il `mw nbgk xmz` wief cbn~mg, Ilf

tf~wil ml z`f g~ixj n~ivh`z wief gaiz`fw blj `fatfj zi j~fww ^bz`lbwm~m,

Z`f tfitaf wv~~ivljfj z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w blj bggvwfj z`fe ic nfmlh j~vlk blj jimlh bl ml`veblf

bgz x`mg` z`f iccmgf~w b~~ihblza} bggftzfj, Ml jimlh wi z`f} xf~f mljmgbzmlh z`bz z`f} `bj li cfb~ ic bl} ~ftf~gvwwmilw, Z`f tfitaf inofgzfj zi z`f iccmgf~w zi ci~gmlh ^bz`lbwm~m zi xbak bw z`f} cfaz `mw

giljmzmil xivaj xi~wfl, @ixfsf~! bz z`bz zmef z`~ff ei~f tiamgf iccmgf~w gbef zi z`f wgflf ml b

z`~ff%x`ffaf~ blj ziik `me zi Xfamttflb Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Ml z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil ^bz`lbwm~m xbw bwkfj zi wmz il b nflg`, Z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- ic z`f

wzbzmil gbaafj `me blj z`f zxi iccmgf~w mlsiasfj ml z`f zi~zv~f blj b~~fwz zi `mw iccmgf, Bczf~



78>

^bz`lbwm~m ~fsfbafj ìx z`fwf zxi iccmgf~w zi~zv~fj `me z`f IMG wìvzfj bz z`f iccmgf~w ml c~ilz ic

`me, Bczf~ ilf blj b `bac ìv~w z`f zxi iccmgf~w xì zi~zv~fj `me n~ivh`z ^bz`lbwm~m zi z`f ìvwf

ic b jigzi~ ic z`f Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba ic Xbzz`fxb n} b z~vgk, Il b~~msba z`f zxi iccmgf~w xflz

mlzi z`f jigzi~(w ~iie blj wtikf xmz` `me ci~ b gilwmjf~bnaf zmef, Z`f} z`fl t~ijvgfj ^bz`lbwm~m

nfci~f b abj} jigzi~ zi xìe `f fptabmlfj baa z`bz `bj `bttflfj zi `me bz z`f `bljw ic z`fwf

iccmgf~w, Bczf~ fpbemlmlh `mw mlov~mfw z`f jigzi~ jm~fgzfj z`fe zi zbkf ^bz`lbwm~m zi z`f Xbzz`fxbìwtmzba bw wvzv~fw xf~f lffjfj bw z`f giljmzmil ic z`f mlov~mfw xbw wf~mivw, @f xbw z`fl n~ivh`z zi

z`f ìwtmzba x`f~f z`f jigzi~w bjemzzfj `me ci~ cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bz z`f wgflf

bjsmwfj z`f iccmgf~ xì `bj b emli~ mlov~} il `mw `blj zi bawi hfz bjemzzfj zi z`f ìwtmzba,

Z`f ciaaixmlh ei~lmlh bw ^bz`lbwm~m lizmgfj vlvwvba tbml ml `mw fb~w x`mg` `f timlzfj ivz zi z`f

jigzi~, Bczf~ fpbemlmlh `me blj cmljmlh wief naffjmlh ml `mw fb~w z`f jigzi~ ~fcf~~fj `me zi z`f

Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ic Lbhijb ci~ cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz, X`fl z`f jigzi~ bwkfj z`f ~fbwil ci~ liz

wìxmlh z`f fb~ giljmzmil il bjemwwmil ^bz`lbwm~m fptabmlfj z`bz bz z`f zmef `mw fb~w xf~f lven,

Z`f wbef jigzi~ xì fpbemlfj ^bz`lbwm~m bawi fpbemlfj z`f tiamgfebl xmz` z`f emli~ gvz il `mw

`blj blj mlci~efj `me! ml ^bz`lbwm~m(w t~fwflgf z`bz `f givaj nf jmwg`b~hfj c~ie z`f ìwtmzba,

Abzf~ bliz`f~ jigzi~ gbef blj fpbemlfj `me x`maf cmsf ei~f tiamgfefl xmzlfwwfj z`f fpbemlbzmil

xmz` z`f gilwflz ic z`f jigzi~,

X`maf z`f jigzi~ xbw rvfwzmilmlh ^bz`lbwm~m `f ~fsfbafj z`bz `f xbw fptf~mflgmlh tbml bz wfsf~ba

tabgfw mlgavjmlh `mw cbgf! f}fw! fb~w blj g`fwz, Bczf~ z`f wfgilj jigzi~ afcz z`f tabgf zxi tiamgf

iccmgf~w gbef zi ^bz`lbwm~m blj mlci~efj `me z`bz z`f} xblzfj zi ~fgi~j b wzbzfeflz c~ie `me,

^bz`lbwm~m bwkfj z`f iccmgf~w x`mg` Tiamgf wzbzmil z`f} b~f nfailhfj zi,

X`fl z`f} ~ftamfj z`bz z`f} xf~f c~ie Xfamttflb tiamgf wzbzmil ^bz`blwm~m ziaj z`fe z`bz `f `bj

ba~fbj} hmsfl b wzbzfeflz, Z`f iccmgf~w ziaj `me z`bz b xfaa klixl nvwmlfwwebl ic z`f b~fb! E~,Wm~mtbab! `bj eflzmilfj z`bz z`f ebzzf~ gbl nf wfzzafj wi z`f} xblzfj zi ~fgi~j b wzbzfeflz, Z`f}

z`fl ci~gfj `me zi wmhl b jigveflz x`mg` z`f} `bj x~mzzfl x`mg` `f jmj ivz ic cfb~, ^bz`lbwm~m wb}w

z`f wzbzfeflz xbw liz ~fgi~jfj c~ie `me blj `f xbw liz baaixfj zi ~fbj mz, Cv~z`f~ei~f z`f

gilzflz ic z`f wzbzfeflz xbw liz ~fbj zi `me, @f cv~z`f~ wb}w z`bz `f jflmfj gilzflz ic z`f

wzbzfeflz,

B~ivlj 7,74%:te z`f ìwtmzba wzbcc nivh`z ^bz`lbwm~m zi z`f Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ic Lbhijb n} wzbzf

benvablgf blj z`f jigzi~w bjemzzfj `me zi xb~j lvenf~ 6N, @ixfsf~! jvf zi z`f isf~x`faemlh

lvenf~ ic tbzmflzw b jigzi~ ziaj z`f iccmgf~w z`bz ^bz`lbwm~m givaj nf jmwg`b~hfj, ^bz`lbwm~m `bj zi

wmz il b nflg` zmaa 24te, Z`fl zxi t~mwil iccmgf~w gbef blj n~ivh`z `me zi z`f ~feblj t~mwil ic Kbavz`b~b x`f~f `f xbw ~febmlfj zmaa 28 Bvhvwz, X`maf `f xbw ml t~mwil z`f bvzì~mzmfw ziik

efbwv~fw zi z~fbz `mw mlov~mfw bw xfaa,

Il 28 Bvhvwz `f xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf ic Ebzvhbeb x`f~f `f afb~lfj z`bz z`f tiamgf

`bj cmafj b cbn~mgbzfj gbwfj bhbmlwz `me bggvwmlh `me ci~ gbvwmlh h~mfsivw `v~z! gbvwmlh emli~ `v~z



787

blj inwz~vgzmlh z`f iccmgmba jvzmfw ic z`f tiamgf, ^bz`lbwm~m jflmfj z`f g`b~hfw blj wzbzfj z`bz z`fwf

b~f nbwfafww blj z`bz z`f tiamgf `bsf mlz~ijvgfj z`fwf cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw zi `mjf z`f z~vz` nf`mlj

g~vfaa} zi~zv~mlh `me, Cv~z`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~w cmafj ilf ei~f cbn~mgbzfj gbwf bhbmlwz `me il

tiwwfwwmil ic :4 h~bew ic maamgmz amrvi~,

^bz`lbwm~m zizbaa} jflmfj z`bz g`b~hf bw xfaa, @ixfsf~ bczf~ ^bz`lbwm~m wvggfwwcvaa} wvnemzzmlh z`fcbgz z`bz `f xbw wfsf~fa} wvnofgzfj zi zi~zv~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf jm~fgzfj z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~

OEI- ic Giaieni zi fpbemlf `me blj wflj z`f ~fti~z zi z`f giv~z, Gilwmjf~mlh z`f cbgzw ~fabzmlh

zi ^bz`lbwm~m(w gbwf z`f afb~lfj Ebhmwz~bzf flab~hfj `me il nbma,

@f xbw fpbemlfj n} OEI Giaieni il 2= Bvhvwz blj bawi fpbemlfj n} z`f Gilwvazblz Fb~ Liwf

Z`~ibz Gilwvazblz jigzi~ il FLZ- il >4 Bvhvwz, ^bz`lbwm~m ebjf wfsf~ba gietabmlzw zi z`f

Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf MHT-! Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf WT- Kbavzb~b! Lbzmilba Tiamgf

Gieemwwmil! W~m Ablkb @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil blj z`f Wfg~fzb~}! Ovjmgmba Wf~smgf Gieemwwmil!

bwkmlh ci~ b t~ietz! fccfgzmsf! metb~zmba blj mljftfljflz mlrvm~} bhbmlwz z`f g~mefw gieemzzfj n}

z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bhbmlwz `me, @ixfsf~! liz`mlh `bw `bttflfj, @f cffaw z`bz `mw ~mh`zw ci~ ovwzmgf`bsf nffl jflmfj n} z`f ~fafsblz bvzì~mzmfw ml z`f givlz~},

>=3, Eblmsfa Wbvlj~b~bwbv? Tvwwfaabxb Tiamgf maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj! jfzbmlfj! zi~zv~fj! blj cmafj

cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz bl fwzbzf abniv~f~

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz bl fwzbzf abniv~f~ xbw

maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj n} tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Tvwwfaabxb Tiamgf wzbzmil blj b~nmz~b~ma} jfzbmlfj

blj zi~zv~fj, Abzf~! z`f tiamgf t~ijvgfj `me nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf bz @faanijjf Gm~gvmz Giv~z il

cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw ic tiwwfwwmil ic ebzf~mbaw vwfj ci~ zi t~ijvgf maamgmz amrvi~, Bczf~ afb~lmlh z`bz z`f smgzme mw zbkmlh afhba bgzmil bhbmlwz z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w xì smiabzfj `mw ~mh`zw z`f iccmgf~w gilgf~lfj

~fb~~fwzfj `me blj z`~fbzflfj `me xmz` cvzv~f cbawf g`b~hfw,

Eblmsfa Wbvlj~b~bwbv :3- ic B}b~mf Jmsmwmil! C~izicz H~ivt! ^benijb! mw b abni~f~ ml z`f C~izicz

fwzbzf, @f mw eb~~mfj xmz` zxi g`maj~fl! b jbvh`zf~ blj b wil niz` ic xìe `bsf gietafzfj z`fm~

wzvjmfw, Il 24 Bvhvwz >424 z`~ff tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Tvwwfaabxb Tiamgf wzbzmil gbef zi

Eblmsfa(w ìvwf blj mlrvm~fj bnivz `me, Ilf iccmgf~ xbw ml vlmci~e nfb~mlh lvenf~ 87>6> blj z`f

iz`f~w xf~f ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw, Wmlgf Eblmsfa xbw liz bz ìef! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w `bsf hmsfl b

lizmgf zi `mw xmcf! Blhba Wfasm! bwkmlh `me zi t~fwflz `mewfac bz z`f Tvwwfaabxb tiamgf wzbzmil n} :te

il z`f wbef jb}, Eblmsfa ~fgfmsfj z`f efwwbhf x`fl `f xbw bz z`f Kisma @mljv zfetaf- blj

meefjmbzfa} xflz zi z`f Tvwwfaabxb tiamgf wzbzmil,

X`fl Eblmsfa xflz zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil `f wbx b nb~~fa blj b ìwf tmtf xmz`ml z`f tiamgf

gietivlj, Abzf~ z`f iccmgf~ ml z`f wzbzmil bggvwfj `me ic ebkmlh maamgmz amrvi~ blj `f xbw wabttfj

blj xbw tvw`fj mlzi b tiamgf gfaa, Eblmsfa gbzfhi~mgbaa} jflmfj z`bz z`f ebzf~mbaw nfailhfj zi `me bz

bl}zmef, Ml z`f fsflmlh `mw xmcf xflz zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil zi smwmz Eblmsfa, Abzf~ `f xbw ~fafbwfj il



78:

tiamgf nbma! x`mg` xbw wmhlfj n} `mw xmcf bw wv~fz}, @ixfsf~! Eblmsfa xbw bwkfj zi bttfb~ nfci~f z`f

@faanijjf Gm~gvmz Giv~z il 20 Bvhvwz! >424,

X`fl `f bttfb~fj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf `f civlj z`bz z`f tiamgf `bsf cmafj cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw ic

t~igfwwmlh .Hijb. x`mg` mw vwfj zi ebkf maamgmz amrvi~- blj tiwwfwwmlh b ìwf tmtf blj > nb~~faw ci~

z`f wbef tv~tiwf! bhbmlwz `me, Ml z`f g`b~hf w`ffz mz eflzmilfj z`bz z`f mzfew xf~f jfzfgzfj il 24 Bvhvwz >424! z`f jb} `f bttfb~fj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, @ixfsf~ Eblmsfa gbzfhi~mgbaa} wzbzfw z`bz `f

`bw lfsf~ nffl mlsiasfj ml ebkmlh maamgmz amrvi~ li~ `bj bl} t~fsmivw gilsmgzmilw,

X`fl z`f gbwf bhbmlwz Eblmsfa xbw zbkfl vt nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf! bl Bzzi~lf}%bz%Abx bttfb~fj il

`mw nf`bac blj tafbjfj liz hvmaz} ci~ z`f g`b~hf~w cmafj bhbmlwz `me, Ci~ bl fwzbzf abniv~f~ mz mw liz

vwvba zi ~fzbml b abx}f~ blj tafbjmlh liz hvmaz} bw z`f t~igffjmlhw xivaj zbkf lvef~ivw bttfb~blgfw

blj zmef jvf zi z`f t~iailhfj jfab}w ml z`f giv~zw,

Abzf~ il z`f tiamgf wvwtfgzfj z`bz Eblmsfa xbw nfmlh bwwmwzfj n} gmsma wigmfz} bgzmsmwzw i~ bl

i~hblmbzmil x`mg` xi~kw ml z`f cmfaj ic z`f t~ieizmil blj t~izfgzmil ic `vebl ~mh`zw il b t~i

nili nbwmw, Z`f} z`fl nfhbl zi ciaaix `me ml z`f ìtfw ic cmljmlh cv~z`f~ mlg~memlbzmlh fsmjflgf

bhbmlwz, Z`fl zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Tvwwfaabxb Tiamgf wzbzmil b~~msfj ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw

bz `mw ~fwmjflgf il 7 Wftzfenf~ bz b~ivlj 3,74be blj rvfwzmilfj `me bnivz wffkmlh z`f bwwmwzblgf

ic b `vebl ~mh`zw i~hblmbzmil,

X`fl `f xbw nfmlh rvfwzmilfj! ml c~ilz ic `mw ìvwf! tfitaf ic z`f lfmh`ni~ìij wzb~zfj zi hbz`f~!

mlgavjmlh z`f H~beb Wfsbkb wzbzf iccmgf~ nfailh zi z`f smaabhf-, Z`fl z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bwkfj

Eblmsfa zi hfz mlzi z`f offt x`mg` xbw tb~kfj il z`f ebml ~ibj,

@f xbw z`fl zbkfl zixb~jw Tvwwfaabxb zixl blj il z`f xb} `f xbw z`~fbzflfj n} z`fwf zxi tiamgf

iccmgf~w z`bz z`f} xivaj ~fb~~fwzfj `me il ebl} iz`f~ cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hf~w ci~ zbkmlh bgzmil bhbmlwzz`f tiamgf iccmgf~w il z`f nbwmw ic smiabzmlh `mw `vebl ~mh`zw, @f xbw cmlbaa} j~ittfj icc blj z`f

offt xflz zixb~jw Tvwwfaabxb zixl, T~fwflza} Eblmsfa mw ml cfb~ z`bz `f xivaj nf ~fb~~fwzfj blj abmj

xmz` cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw, Cv~z`f~ `f mw ml cfb~ z`bz tiamgf iccmgf~w xivaj gilzmlvf zi z`~fbzfl blj

`b~bww `me blj `mw cbema} efenf~w ml cvzv~f,

>=8, Beb~bwmlh`f B~bg`g`mhf Wmeil Beb~bwmlh`f? B ebl wvggvenw zi `mw mlov~mfw ic

zi~zv~f n} z`f Km~mljmxfab tiamgf Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj

mlci~ebzmil z`bz b ebl xì xbw wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj abzf~ wvggvenfj zi `mw mlov~mfw, @f xbw b~~fwzfj

n} tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Km~mljmxfab Tiamgf wzbzmil xì abzf~ cbn~mgbzfj z`f wzi~} z`bz z`fjfgfbwfj `bj cbaafl ivz ic b tiamgf sf`mgaf, @ixfsf~! wfsf~ba smaabhf~w xmzlfwwfj z`f jfgfbwfj nfmlh

bwwbvazfj bnivz z`f `fbj blj nfmlh nfbzfl xmz` b tiaf, Z`f tiamgf mlzflzmilbaa} b~f lix jfl}mlh z`f

cbema} ic z`f jfgfbwfj n} bsimjmlh b t~itf~ mlsfwzmhbzmil mlzi z`f zi~zv~f blj ev~jf~,

Bggi~jmlh zi E~, Beb~bwmlh`f B~bg`g`mhf Wmeil Beb~bwmlh`f ic Li, >7=)3! Z`fa Kbkvlb!

Xblbavxbxb! `mw fajf~ n~iz`f~ Beb~bwmlh`f B~bg`g`mhf Jbsmj ic Li, 28>)N! Wm}benbabhb`bxbzzf!



786

Tbtmam}bxbab ml z`f Km~mljmxfab Tiamgf Jmsmwmil wvggvenfj zi mlov~mfw wvccf~fj jvf zi wfsf~f zi~zv~f

x`maf `f xbw ml z`f gvwzij} ic z`f Km~mljmxfab tiamgf il 27 Bvhvwz >424,

Jbsmj xbw b~~fwzfj n} z`f iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Km~mljmxfab Tiamgf wzbzmil il 27 Bvhvwz blj

n~ivh`z zi z`f wzbzmil n} b tiamgf ZBZB gbn zihfz`f~ xmz` z`f b~~fwzmlh iccmgfw, Bz b~ivlj 0,:4te

z`f tfitaf t~fwflz il z`f wmjf ic z`f ebml ~ibj bz Tbtmam}bxbab lizmgfj z`f tiamgf gbn giemlh c~ieTbtmam}bxbab blj wzittmlh bz b nivzmrvf,

Z`f vlmci~efj tiamgf iccmgf~w xì hiz jixl c~ie z`f c~ilz wfbz ic z`f gbn wzb~zfj zi mlwtfgz zxi

ni}w xì xf~f wmzzmlh il z`f gilg~fzf nflg` lfb~ z`f nivzmrvf, Z`f zxi ni}w! Eb`fw` blj

B~m}bwmlh`f xf~f aigba smaabhf~w, Z`f} xf~f zì~ivhà} wfb~g`fj n} z`f iccmgf~w ci~ wief zmef,

Efblx`maf z`f tfitaf il z`f ~ibj wmjf xf~f kffl zi wff x`bz xbw `bttflmlh, Z`f} xmzlfwwfj z`bz

Jbsmj! b xfaa klixl smaabhf~! bamh`zfj c~ie z`f gbn blj xbw xbzg`mlh z`f giljvgz ic iccmgf~w xì

xf~f wfb~g`mlh z`f ni}w,

Z`f iccmgf~w xì jmj liz cmlj bl}z`mlh wvwtmgmivw xmz` z`f ni}w lizfj z`bz Jbsmj `bj bamh`zfj blj

xbw xbzg`mlh z`fe, Xmzìvz xb~lmlh b tiamgf iccmgf~ nfbz Jbsmj il `mw nbgk blj `mt b~fb xmz` b

tiaf, Jbsmj wzb~zfj tafbjmlh aivja} zi z`f xmzlfwwfw bwkmlh z`bz z`f} ~fwgvf `me,

Z`f iccmgf~ j~bhhfj blj tvaafj Jbsmj zixb~jw z`f sf`mgaf x`f~f `f `mz `mw `fbj bhbmlwz z`f ~fb~

jii~, X`maf `f xbw jimlh wi `f wìvzfj zi Jbsmj! .B~f }iv z~}mlh zi fwgbtf c~ie vw9. Z`f iccmgf~

blh~ma} ~ftfbzfj z`f rvfwzmil x`mg` Jbsmj xbw vlbnaf zi blwxf~ nfgbvwf `f xbw wzvllfj n} z`f

nfbzmlh, Z`fl zxi iccmgf~w `bj zi tvw` Jbsmj mlzi z`f offt bw `f xbw li ailhf~ bnaf zi xbak i~

eisf xmzìvz bwwmwzblgf,

Z`f bwwbvazmlh iccmgf~ hiz mlzi z`f c~ilz wfbz ic z`f sf`mgaf x`fl z`fl eisfj icc zixb~jw Jblhiaab,

B ab~hf lvenf~ ic tfitaf xì xf~f hfzzmlh ~fbj} zi bzzflj b cvlf~ba ml c~ilz ic z`f ìvwf ic E~,

Jb}b~bz`lb xmzlfwwfj z`f bwwbvaz blj tb~zmgvab~a} z`f bgz ic mlzflzmilbaa} wz~mkmlh `mw `fbj bhbmlwz z`f

nij} ic z`f gbn lfb~ z`f ~fb~ jii~, Ebl} ic z`f xmzlfwwfw xì b~f kffl zi wff ovwzmgf bhbmlwz z`mw

mlgmjflz b~f ~fbj} zi hmsf z`fm~ zfwzmeilmfw, Z`f} b~f gbzfhi~mgbaa} wzbzf z`bz z`f} gbl gafb~a} mjflzmc}

z`f tiamgf tf~tfz~bzi~w,

Jbsmj xbw cm~wz n~ivh`z zi z`f Km~mljmxfab Tiamgf wzbzmil blj z`fl bjemzzfj zi z`f Hisf~leflz

@iwtmzba ic ^bjbxblb, Z`f ìwtmzba bvzì~mzmfw z~blwcf~~fj Jbsmj zi z`f Lbzmilba @iwtmzba ic Giaieni bw z`f giljmzmil xbw wf~mivw jvf zi z`f h~bsmz} ic z`f `fbj mlov~mfw gbvwfj jv~mlh z`f

bwwbvaz n} z`f iccmgf~w, Beb~bwmlh`f B~bg`g`mhf Jbsmj jmfj b wì~z zmef abzf~,

Il 2: Bvhvwz! zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w xflz zi z`f ìvwf ic z`f smgzme(w n~iz`f~! Wmeil! il b eizi~nmkf,

Z`f} aiikfj bz `me xmzìvz wb}mlh bl}z`mlh blj z`fl afcz, Abzf~ bliz`f~ zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w b~~msfj,

Ilf ic z`fe xbw Wvn Mlwtfgzi~ WM- Kiaav~f, WM Kiaav~f zivg`fj Wmeil(w `blj ml b kmlja} ebllf~



783

blj bwkfj `me zi gief zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil xmz` `me zi cmlbamf z`f jigveflzbzmil xmz` ~fhb~jmlh

z`f jfbz` ic `mw n~iz`f~, Wmeil ~fcvwfj blj ziaj z`f iccmgf~w z`bz `f jmj liz xblz zi hi zi z`f

wzbzmil, Z`f iz`f~ iccmgf~ t~fwflz ziaj Wmeil z`bz z`f tiamgf xivaj aiik bczf~ baa z`f fptflwfw ic z`f

cvlf~ba blj xivaj liz baaix bl}z`mlh x~ilh zi `bttfl ml z`f cvzv~f, Zìvh` Wmeil ziaj z`fe `f

`bj zi hi zi `mw tb~flz(w ìvwf z`f} tafbjfj xmz` `me zi bggietbl} z`fl zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj

hmsf b wzbzfeflz, Z`f} ziaj `me z`bz z`f} xivaj `fat zi hfz z`f nij} ~fafbwf xmzìvz bl} `mlj~blgfc~ie z`f ìwtmzba bvzì~mzmfw,

Cmlbaa} Wmeil xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f `f civlj b zflwf wmzvbzmil, B ab~hf g~ixj `bj

hbz`f~fj blj z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w xf~f wzbljmlh ml ~fbjmlfww, Zxi `mh`f~ ~blkmlh iccmgf~w xf~f

jm~fgzmlh z`fe, Z`f iccmgf~w xflz zi Wmeil blj ziaj `me z`bz ml i~jf~ ci~ z`f nij} zi nf ~fafbwfj `f

`bj zi wmhl b wzbzfeflz nvz `f ~fcvwfj,

Z`fl WM Kiaav~f bwkfj Wmeil blj ilf ic `mw ~fabzmsfw zi bggietbl} `me zi z`f Lbzmilba @iwtmzba ic

Giaieni x`f~f z`f} xf~f zbkfl ml b tiamgf sf`mgaf, Bz z`f ìwtmzba Wmeil xbw zbkfl zi z`f

ei~zvb~} x`f~f WM Kiaav~f tb~zmbaa} wìxfj `me Jbsmj(w nij}, @f z`fl i~jf~fj z`f ìwtmzba wzbcc bz

z`f wgflf liz zi baaix bl}nij} zi wff z`f nij}, Wmeil wbx b Ebhmwz~bzf b~~msmlh xì ebjf wief

blj z`fl `f vljf~wziij z`bz z`f tiamgf xf~f ~vw`mlh zi hfz z`f nij} ~fafbwfj xmzìvz b t~itf~

fpbemlbzmil,

Z`f tiwz%ei~zfe fpbemlbzmil xbw cmlbaa} giljvgzfj il 26 Bvhvwz blj WM Kiaav~f blj bliz`f~

iccmgf~ xf~f t~fwflz mlwmjf z`f ei~zvb~} xmz` z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI-, Bczf~ bnivz bl

ìv~ z`f OEI gbef ivz ic z`f ei~zvb~} blj mlci~efj Wmeil z`bz z`f jfbz` xbw gbvwfj n} b `fbj

mlov~} ~fgfmsfj x`fl Jbsmj cffa zi z`f h~ivlj c~ie z`f tiamgf sf`mgaf, Wmeil blj `mw ~fabzmsfw

sigmcf~ivwa} jflmfj z`f cmljmlhw, Z`f OEI z`fl bjemzzfj z`bz x`maf z`f~f xbw b n~vmwf il Jbsmj(w

g`fwz mz xbw t~inbna} jvf zi z`f bzzfetz n} z`f jigzi~w zi b~zmcmgmbaa} tbatbzf Jbsmj‐w `fb~z, Wmeil

~fbamwfj z`bz z`f iccmgf~w xf~f z~}mlh zi fwzbnamw` z`f gbwf z`bz Jbsmj `bj cbaafl c~ie z`f gbn x`maf mz

xbw ml eizmil, Wmeil rvfwzmilfj z`f OEI z`bz mc! mljffj! Jbsmj cbaafl c~ie ~vllmlh gbn z`fl z`f~f

wìvaj nf cv~z`f~ mlov~mfw wvg` bw h~bmlh blj gilzvwmilw, Wmeil ziaj z`f OEI z`bz z`f~f xf~f

bnvljblz xmzlfwwfw xì xivaj zfwzmc} bw zi ìx Jbsmj xbw bwwbvazfj blj ìx z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w

`bj jbw`fj `mw `fbj bhbmlwz z`f nij} ic z`f gbn, @ixfsf~! z`f OEI wmeta} afcz z`f wgflf blj Wmeil

lizfj z`bz WM Kiaav~f blj z`f iz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~ xf~f `btt} xmz` z`f ~fwvaz ic z`f bvzitw},

Wmeil gbzfhi~mgbaa} wzbzfw Jbsmj(w b~~fwz blj jfzflzmil xbw maafhba blj b~nmz~b~} bw `f `bw liz

mlsiasfj ml gieemzzmlh bl} g~mef,

Wmeil blj `mw ~fabzmsfw b~f kffl zi wffk ovwzmgf ml z`f ev~jf~ ic z`fm~ n~iz`f~ Jbsmj, Z`f} wzbzf z`bz

tiamgf jmj liz giljvgz bl metb~zmba mlrvfwz mlzi Jbsmj(w jfbz` blj z`bz z`f} b~f mlzflzmilbaa}

bsimjmlh z`f ~fgi~jmlh ic wzbzfeflzw c~ie z`f eiwz meti~zblz f}f xmzlfww ic z`f g~mef, Z`f} b~f

mlzflzmilbaa} jfab}mlh blj lfhafgzmlh zi ebkf lfgfwwb~} wgflf smwmz zi z`f mlgmjflz, Z`f} b~f

mlzflzmilbaa} bsimjmlh z`f t~ijvgzmil ic z`f ~fafsblz fsmjflgf mlgavjmlh naiij wzbmlw c~ie z`f



788

sf`mgaf zi z`f giv~z ci~ fpbemlbzmil n} z`f Hisf~leflz Blba}wz, Z`f} wzbzf z`bz z`f tiamgf b~f

emwafbjmlh z`f Ebhmwz~bzf(w Giv~z blj b~f liz t~igffjmlh xmz` b t~itf~ mlsfwzmhbzmil ml bggi~jblgf

xmz` G~memlba T~igfjv~f Gijf blj z`f Jftb~zeflzba I~jf~w,

Wmeil cm~ea} nfamfsfw z`bz tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Km~mljmxfab Tiamgf wzbzmil xmaa liz gb~~} ivzbl metb~zmba mlrvm~} bhbmlwz z`fm~ ixl iccmgf~w x`i b~f jm~fgza} ~fwtilwmnaf ci~ z`mw zi~zv~f blj

ev~jf~, Z`f} b~f bwkmlh z`f `mh`f~ bvz`i~mzmfw zi jm~fgz z`f Wtfgmba Mlsfwzmhbzmil Vlmzf WMV- ic z`f

G~memlba Mlsfwzmhbzmil Jftb~zeflz GMJ- ic tiamgf zi giljvgz bl metb~zmba blj t~ietz

mlsfwzmhbzmil ml i~jf~ zi n~mlh z`f tiamgf tf~tfz~bzi~w nfci~f z`f abx,

>=0, X,B, Abwblz`b T~bjfft Xmof~bz`lb? G~memlba Mlsfwzmhbzmil Jftb~zeflz iccmgf~w zi~zv~fb ebl z`fl bzzfetz zi kmaa `me

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz z`f W~m Ablkbl Lbs}

b~~fwzfj b gmsmambl blj abzf~ `bljfj `me isf~ zi iccmgf~w ic z`f Eb~bsmab Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f} ml zv~l

`bljfj isf~ z`f smgzme zi iccmgf~w ic z`f G~memlba Mlsfwzmhbzmil Jftb~zeflz GMJ-, Abzf~ z`f GMJ

iccmgf~w zi~zv~fj z`f smgzme blj jflmfj `me v~hflza} lffjfj efjmgba z~fbzeflz ci~ z`f mlov~mfw

wvccf~fj jvf zi z`f zi~zv~f, @f xbw abzf~ t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf ic Lfhieni blj

~febljfj, Z`f Ebhmwz~bzf i~jf~fj b Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- zi fpbemlf z`f smgzme,

Bggi~jmlh zi X,B, Abwblz`b T~bjfft Xmof~bz`lb ic Li, =0! Hbab`mzm}bxb! Hblfevaab! x`maf `f xbw

bz Eb~bsmab ml nfzxffl 8,74%0te ic 2: Bvhvwz >424 b h~ivt ic iccmgf~w ic z`f W~m Ablkb Lbs}

b~~fwzfj `me, Z`fl Lbs} iccmgf~w `bljfj `me isf~ zi z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bz Eb~bsmab Tiamgf wzbzmil

z`f wbef jb} blj z`f} ml zv~l `bljfj `me isf~ zi iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f G~memlba Mlsfwzmhbzmil

Jftb~zeflz GMJ-,

Abwblz`b xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f GMJ `fbjrvb~zf~w bz Giaieni blj jfzbmlfj ml b gfaa il z`f civ~z`

caii~ ic z`f nvmajmlh,

Bz 0,74be il 26 Bvhvwz Wvn Mlwtfgzi~ WM- Wbloffxb ic z`f GMJ gbef zi z`f gfaa x`f~f Abwblz`b

xbw jfzbmlfj blj ziik `me ivz, @f xbw zbkfl zi bliz`f~ ~iie blj rvfwzmilfj bw zi x`fz`f~ `f `bj

bl} ~fabzmilw`mt xmz` z`f Amnf~bzmil Zmhf~w ic Zbema Fabe AZZF- blj x`bz `f klfx bnivz b w`mt

z`bz xbw wg`fjvafj zi hi zi Gblbjb, @f ~ftfbzfja} jflmfj bl} gillfgzmil xmz` z`f AZZF blj ziaj

z`f iccmgf~w `f klfx liz`mlh bnivz z`f w`mt, X`fl `f gilzmlvfj zi jfl} bl} gillfgzmil i~

klixafjhf WM Wbloffxb wzb~zfj zi bwwbvaz Abwblz`b, @f xbw ~ftfbzfja} kmgkfj blj wz~vgk bnivz z`f

`fbj,



780

WM Wbloffxb kftz b xiijfl nib~j il z`f `fbj ic Abwblz`b blj wzb~zfj zi mlwf~z lbmaw zi z`f nib~j

vwmlh b `beef~ ebkmlh fli~eivw tbml zi z`f `fbj ic Abwblz`b wfsf~ba zmefw nvz wzmaa `f Abwblz`b-

jflmfj bl} klixafjhf il z`f zxi baafhbzmilw ic `bsmlh mlsiasfeflz xmz` AZZF blj mzw w`mt, Wfsf~ba

iz`f~ GMJ xf~f t~fwflz blj bawi oimlfj ml z`f bwwbvaz nvz x`maf Abwblz`b givaj ~fgihlmwfj z`fe mc

`f xf~f zi wff z`fe bhbml `f jifw liz klix z`fm~ lbefw,

Abwblz`b lizmgf z`f~f xf~f wfsf~ba iz`f~ jfzbmlffw xmz` `me ml z`f GMJ gfaaw x`maf `f xbw nfmlh

zi~zv~fj,

Z`fl il 28 Bvhvwz bz b~ivlj :,74te Abwblz`b xbw n~ivh`z ivz c~ie z`f gfaa n} Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf

MT- Tb~blbsmz`blb blj iz`f~ iccmgf~w ic z`f GMJ blj zihfz`f~ xmz` wief iz`f~ jfzbmlffw n~ivh`z zi

z`f iccmgf ic z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~(w OEI-, X`maf z`f} xf~f il z`fm~ xb} MT Tb~blbsmz`blb

z`~fbzflfj Abwblz`b blj z`f iz`f~ jfzbmlffw z`bz mc z`f} ~fsfbafj bl} jfzbmaw ic z`f zi~zv~f z`f}

xivaj nf cv~z`f~ jfzbmlfj xmz` Jfzflzmil I~jf~ JI- blj zi~zv~fj xmz` z`f Jb~eb G`bkk~b

‘X`ffa ic Abx‐ - efzìj b efzìj ml x`mg` z`f `bljw blj blkafw b~f zmfj zihfz`f~! b tiaf mw z`fl mlwf~zfj

nfzxffl z`fe vljf~ z`f klffw blj z`f smgzme mw wvwtfljfj n} z`f tiaf, Z`f iccmgf~w z`fl gilzmlvf zi nfbz z`f smgzme

x`mawz `f mw wvwtfljfj ml z`mw ebllf~, Z`mw mw gieeil efzìj ic zi~zv~f vwfj n} z`f W~m Ablkbl tiamgf -,

Bw b OEI xbw liz t~fwflz bz z`f iccmgf ci~ fpbemlbzmil z`f iccmgf~w ziik z`fe nbgk zi z`f GMJ,

X`maf z`f} xf~f giemlh nbgk z`f iccmgf~w wzittfj z`f sf`mgaf bz z`f Fat`mlwzil Gmlfeb @baa bz

Eb~bjblb, Z`f iccmgf~w z`fl ziaj z`f jfzbmlffw! mlgavjmlh Abwblz`b! zi hfz ivz ic z`f sf`mgaf blj ~vl

cbwz, Mz xbw fsmjflz zi Abwblz`b z`bz z`f iccmgf~w xblzfj zi ebkf mz aiik bw mc z`f} xf~f fwgbtmlh wi

z`f} givaj wìiz z`fe, @ixfsf~ baa xf~f `bljgvccfj bz z`bz zmef, Z`fl wvjjfla} MT Tb~blbsmz`blb

~fbamwfj z`bz z`f~f xbw b `vhf g~ixj xbzg`mlh blj wzittfj z`f iccmgf~w,

Bczf~ z`bz Abwblz`b blj z`f iz`f~w xf~f n~ivh`z nbgk zi z`f GMJ iccmgfw blj rvfwzmil bhbml il

wmemab~ ebzzf~w, Z`f} bawi wvccf~fj cv~z`f~ zi~zv~fj, Abzf~ Abwblz`b xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f

Ebhmwz~bzf ic Lfhieni il z`f wvwtmgmil ic gieemzzmlh b g~mef vljf~ z`f t~ismwmilw ic Meemh~blzw

blj Femh~blzw Bgz Li, >4 ic 2=:0 blj ~febljfj bz ^feblj T~mwil Lfhieni,

Bczf~ nfmlh wvnofgzmlh zi gilzmlvivw zi~zv~f n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w Abwblz`b wvccf~fj wfsf~ba mlov~mfw,

@ixfsf~! jfwtmzf z`f cbgz z`bz `mw mlov~mfw xf~f wfsf~f z`f iccmgf~w ebjf li bzzfetz zi t~ismjf

efjmgba bzzflzmil,

Bz z`f sf~} cm~wz iggbwmil il >8 Bvhvwz! Abwblz`b(w ~fabzmsfw xf~f bnaf zi hfz bl Bzzi~lf}%bz%Abx zi

bttfb~ il `mw nf`bac, Z`f Bzzi~lf} mlci~efj z`f Ebhmwz~bzf z`bz Abwblz`b xbw ml wfsf~f tbml jvf zi

fpzflwmsf zi~zv~f blj lffjfj zi `bsf t~itf~ efjmgba z~fbzeflz, Z`f Ebhmwz~bzf mlwz~vgzfj z`f t~mwil

bvzì~mzmfw zi t~ismjf z`f lfgfwwb~} efjmgba z~fbzeflz bz z`f Lfhieni Nbwf @iwtmzba nvz `f xbw

liz hmsfl efjmgba z~fbzeflz zmaa 74 Bvhvwz, @f xbw bjemzzfj zi xb~j Li, 3! nfj 2: il 72 Bvhvwz,

Z`f OEI cmlbaa} fpbemlfj Abwblz`b il 2 Wftzfenf~,



78=

Jfwtmzf Abwblz`b(w ~fabzmsfw mlci~emlh z`f giv~z ic z`f zi~zv~f tf~tfz~bzfj il Abwblz`b n} z`f

iccmgfw ic z`f GMJ z`f ~fafsblz bvzì~mzmfw ic z`f wzbzf `bsf liz }fz mlmzmbzfj bl} wzftw zi mlsfwzmhbzf

z`f g~mefw gieemzzfj bhbmlwz `me, Z`f ~fabzmsfw blj Abwblz`b wffk bl fccfgzmsf! t~ietz! metb~zmba

blj mljftfljflz mlsfwzmhbzmil vlzi z`f g~mefw gieemzzfj bhbmlwz `me blj z`f t~iwfgvzmil ic zìwf

xì gieemzzfj z`fe,

>==, Nbabtvxbjvhf Wv~fw` Wvemz` Kveb~ Efljmw? G~memlba Mlsfwzmhbzmil Jftb~zeflz

iccmgf~w maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj! jfzbmlfj blj zi~zv~fj b ebl blj jflmfj `me z`f ~mh`z zi efjmgba

z~fbzeflz

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz z`f W~m Ablkbl Lbs}

b~~fwzfj b gmsmambl blj abzf~ `bljfj `me isf~ zi iccmgf~w ic z`f Eb~bsmab Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f} ml zv~l

`bljfj isf~ z`f smgzme zi iccmgf~w ic z`f G~memlba Mlsfwzmhbzmil Jftb~zeflz GMJ-, Abzf~ z`f GMJ

iccmgf~w zi~zv~fj z`f smgzme blj jfzbmlfj `me ci~ 3 jb}w xmzìvz t~ismjmlh z`f lfgfwwb~} v~hflza}

lffjfj efjmgba z~fbzeflz ci~ z`f mlov~mfw wvccf~fj jvf zi z`f zi~zv~f, @f xbw abzf~ t~ijvgfj nfci~f

z`f Ebhmwz~bzf ic Lfhieni blj ~febljfj, Z`f Ebhmwz~bzf i~jf~fj b Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI-

zi fpbemlf z`f smgzme, @ixfsf~! z`f OEI jmj liz giljvgz bl metb~zmba fpbemlbzmil,

Bggi~jmlh zi Nbabtvxbjvhf Wv~fw` Wvemz` Kveb~ Efljmw! b ~fwmjflz ic Benbkbljbxmab! M~blbxmab!

G`mabx! `f mw bl fptf~mflgfj cmw`f~ebl, Jvf zi z`f tiamzmgba wmzvbzmil ml W~m Ablkb Wvemz` bzzfetzfj

zi flzf~ Bvwz~bamb n} wfb bw `f nfamfsfj z`bz mc `f z~mfj zi afbsf W~m Ablkb n} bm~ `f xivaj nf b~~fwzfj

bz Kbzvlb}bkb Mlzf~lbzmilba Bm~ti~z KMB-, @ixfsf~! jfwtmzf ic `mw bttamgbzmil zi ~febml ml

Bvwz~bamb il tiamzmgba h~ivljw blj il z`f nbwmw z`bz `f xivaj nf wvnofgz zi zi~zv~f mc `f xbw ~fzv~lfj

zi W~m Ablkb! `mw bttamgbzmil ci~ bw}ave xbw ~fcvwfj, @f xbw jfti~zfj zi W~m Ablkb ml Igzinf~ >44=,

Wvemz`(w n~iz`f~! Mljmkb! bawi xì ebjf b wmemab~ ~fcvhff gabme zi Bvwz~bambl bvzì~mzmfw xbw bawi

jfti~zfj, Z`f iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f GMJ bz KMB b~~fwzfj Mljmkb xì xbw zi~zv~fj! t~ijvgfj

nfci~f z`f giv~zw blj ~febljfj, Ml fb~a} Bvhvwz! >424 Wvemz` xbw gilzbgzfj n} vlklixl gbaaf~

xì ziaj `me `f xbw gbaamlh c~ie z`f Bvwz~bambl @mh` gieemwwmil B@G- ml W~m Ablkb, Z`f gbaaf~

~frvfwzfj Wvemz` zi gief zi z`f B@G zi giaafgz `mw blj `mw n~iz`f~‐w nfailhmlhw z`bz z`f} afcz ml

G`~mwzebw Mwablj, Bw z`mw ~frvfwz `bttflfj b~ivlj ilf }fb~ bczf~ z`f} xf~f jfti~zfj! Wvemz`

wvwtfgzfj z`f gbaaf~,

Abzf~! `f gilzbgzfj `mw Bzzi~lf}%bz%Abx blj wivh`z afhba bwwmwzblgf, Ciaaixmlh z`mw Wvemz`

gilzbgzfj z`f vlklixl gbaaf~ blj mlci~efj `me z`bz `mw abx}f~ givaj tmgk vt `mw nfailhmlhw xmz`

`mw x~mzzfl gilwflz, B cfx jb}w abzf~ Wvemz` ~fgfmsfj bliz`f~ wmemab~ efwwbhf c~ie bliz`f~

vlklixl gbaaf~ xì ~fsfbafj `mewfac bw bl iccmgf~ ic z`f G~memlba Mlsfwzmhbzmil Jmsmwmil, Z`mw gbaaf~

bwkfj Wvemz` zi gief zi z`f GMJ, Wvemz` hbsf z`bz tb~zmgvab~ lvenf~ zi `mw abx}f~ xì gilzbgzfj

z`f gbaaf~ blj sf~mcmfj z`bz `f xbw! ml cbgz! c~ie z`f GMJ, Z`f abx}f~ mlci~efj z`fe z`bz `f xbw

~fbj} zi gief zi z`f GMJ xmz` Wvemz` ci~ bl} afhba mlrvm~} i~ mlzf~~ihbzmil bz bl} zmef blj

~frvfwzfj bl bttimlzeflz x`mg` xbw jva} b~~blhfj,



704

@ixfsf~! m~~fwtfgzmsf ic z`f bnisf eflzmilfj wmzvbzmil Wvemz` xbw b~~fwzfj n} iccmgf~w ic z`f W~m

Ablkbl Lbs} il 2: Bvhvwz >424 bz Lfhieni, Z`fwf iccmgf~w wvnwfrvflza} `bljfj isf~ `me zi z`f

Eb~bsmab Tiamgf wzbzmil xì z`fl tbwwfj `me il zi iccmgf~w ic z`f GMJ il 26 Bvhvwz >424, Wvemz`

xbw jfzbmlfj bz z`f GMJ `fbjrvb~zf~w bailh xmz` wief iz`f~w xì `bj amsfj ml Lfhieni blj nffl

jfti~zfj c~ie G`~mwzebw Mwablj! Bvwz~bamb,

Il 20 Bvhvwz >424! Wvemz` xbw zbkfl zi `mw ìefzixl blj wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj n} z`f GMJ iccmgf~w ml

c~ilz ic iz`f~ smaabhf~w, Z`f zi~zv~f xbw xmzlfwwfj n} `mw eiz`f~! xmcf blj ebl} iz`f~ ~fabzmsfw,

Wvemz`(w xmcf xbw sf~nbaa} bnvwfj blj z`~fbzflfj n} z`f iccmgf~w, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w vwfj

jfcbebzi~} xi~jw fsfl bhbmlwz z`f abx}f~ xì ~ft~fwflz z`f Wvemz` il ebl} iggbwmilw ml c~ilz ic

z`fe,

Abzf~! il z`f mlwz~vgzmilw ic z`f ~fabzmsfw Wvemz`‐w abx}f~ gilzbgzfj z`f ~fafsblz tiamgf iccmgf~w bz z`f

GMJ blj mlci~efj z`fe z`bz Wvemz` `bj b cvljbeflzba ~mh`z liz zi nf zi~zv~fj, Bczf~ xmzlfwwmlh

`mw giljmzmil Wvemz`(w ~fabzmsfw bwkfj z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w zi baaix Wvemz` zi hfz efjmgba

z~fbzeflz, Wvemz` xbw jfzbmlfj ml z`f GMJ iccmgf ci~ 3 jb}w c~ie 26 zi >> ic Bvhvwz, Z`~ivhìvzz`f xìaf tf~mij `f xbw liz t~ismjfj z`f lfgfwwb~} fef~hflg} efjmgba z~fbzeflz n} z`f iccmgf~w,

@f xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf ic Lfhieni blj g`b~hfj xmz` gieemzzmlh b g~mef vljf~

z`f t~ismwmilw ic Meemh~blzw blj Femh~blzw Bgz Li, >4 ic 2=:0, @f xbw bggvwfj ic bmjmlh blj

bnfzzmlh maafhbaa} femh~bzmil, Z`fl `f xbw ~febljfj n} z`f Ebhmwz~bzf blj wflz zi z`f ^feblj

T~mwil! Lfhieni, Z`f~f `f bhbml ~frvfwzfj efjmgba z~fbzeflz c~ie z`f t~mwil iccmgf~w nvz xbw

~fcvwfj nfgbvwf `f jmj liz ~fsfba `mw giljmzmil bz z`f zmef `f xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f t~mwil, Z`fl il

>8 Bvhvwz! z`f abx}f~ xì bttfb~fj il `mw nf`bac ml z`f Ebhmwz~bzf(w Giv~z wvnemzzfj z`f cbgzw

tf~zbmlmlh zi Wvemz`(w efjmgba giljmzmil blj t~igffjfj ci~ bl i~jf~ ci~ efjmgba z~fbzeflz, Z`fl

z`f Ebhmwz~bzf i~jf~fj z`f t~mwil bvzì~mzmfw zi t~ijvgf Wvemz` nfci~f z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~w

OEI-,

X`fl Wvemz` xbw abzf~ t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f OEI `f bggvwfj Wvemz` n} wb}mlh z`f GMJ iccmgf~w jmj

liz zi~zv~f `me, Nvz Wvemz` ~ftfbzfja} wzbzfj z`bz `f xbw zi~zv~fj n} iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f

GMJ, X`maf Wvemz` xbw ml GMJ gvwzij} `f xbw bwkfj zi hmsf jfzbmaw ic Mljmkb(w x`f~fbnivzw i~

~frvfwz `me zi wv~~fljf~, Wvemz`(w abx}f~ xbw bnaf zi wv~~fljf~ Mljmkb zi z`f GMJ il >> Bvhvwz, Mz

xbw ila} 24 jb}w nfci~f Mljmkb xbw ~fafbwfj il nbma c~ie z`f ~feblj t~mwil bczf~ `f xbw b~~fwzfj ml

~fabzmil xmz` z`f Bvwz~bambl jfti~zbzmil gbwf,

Wvemz`(w cbema} cfb~ ci~ `mw amcf bw z`f} b~f bxb~f ic ebl} ~fti~zfj mlgmjflzw ml x`mg` tf~wilw `bsf

nffl kmaafj ml tiamgf gvwzij}, Z`f abx}f~ blj z`f ~fabzmsfw ic Wvemz` `bsf ebjf bl iccmgmba gietabmlzzi z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil ic W~m Ablkb @^G- bw xfaa, X`fl z`f abx}f~ z~mfj zi effz `mw

gamflz ci~ lfgfwwb~} gilwvazbzmilw z`f iccmgf~w jmj liz baaix `me zi ji wi mlci~emlh `me z`bz `f

~frvm~fj wtfgmba tf~emwwmil c~ie z`f Jm~fgzi~ GMJ, Z`f abx}f~ z`fl aijhfj b gietabmlz xmz` z`f

Jm~fgzi~ GMJ il z`f smiabzmil ic `mw t~icfwwmilba ~mh`zw bw bl Bzzi~lf}%bz%Abx,



702

744, Ofwv Blj~fx? Tblxmab Tiamgf maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj! jfzbmlfj blj zi~zv~fj bl mlligflz

gmsmambl Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz tiamgf iccmgf~w

bzzbg`fj zi z`f Tblxmab Tiamgf wzbzmil `bsf maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj! jfzbmlfj blj zi~zv~fj bl mlligflz

gmsmambl, @f xbw abzf~ ~fafbwfj il tiamgf nbma xmzìvz nfmlh t~ijvgfj nfci~f b Ebhmwz~bzf,

E~, Ofwv Blj~fx >0- ic @iablkbljb! Evjvakfaaf ml z`f jmwz~mgz ic Kblj} mw eb~~mfj blj `mw xmcf mw

fptfgzmlh b nbn}, Blj~fx mw flhbhfj ml b webaa nvwmlfww ml z`f Xbzzfhbeb b~fb,

Il >7 Bvhvwz >424 Blj~fx xbw ~fzv~lmlh ìef c~ie Xbzzfhbeb zi Evjvakfaaf n} nvw, Wmlgf z`f~f

xbw b g~ixj Blj~fx `fatfj b hm~a ml z`f nvw zi gb~~} `f~ nbh bw `f klfx `f~ t~fsmivwa} c~ie `mw

wgìia jb}w,

Bz Ebvwwb! z`f nvw `bazfj bw z`f ~ibj xbw liz tbwwbnaf wi z`f hm~a giaafgzfj `f~ nbh! hiz mlzi b z`~ff%

x`ffaf~ blj t~igffjfj ìef x`maf Blj~fx bawi ~fzv~lfj zi `mw ìef,

Ml z`f fsflmlh bz b~ivlj 6te z`f hm~a! bailh xmz` `f~ cbema} efenf~w blj tiamgf iccmgf~w c~ie z`f

Tblxmab Tiamgf wzbzmil gbef blj b~~fwzfj Blj~fx wb}mlh z`bz `f `bj wziafl ofxfa~} c~ie `f~ nbh,

Blj~fx xbw z`fl zbkfl zi z`f Tblxmab Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f `f xbw zi~zv~fj wfsf~fa} n} z`f iccmgf~w,

Cm~wz! Blj~fx xbw wabttfj ml c~ilz ic z`f hm~a xì ebjf z`f gietabmlz bz z`f eieflz `f xbw zbkfl

zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`fl! `f xbw wz~mttfj lbkfj, @f xbw ci~gfj zi amf jixl il b nflg` blj xbw

nfbzfl wfsf~fa} xmz` b tiaf isf~ sb~mivw tb~zw ic `mw nij}, Z`f iccmgf~w bawi ~vnnfj g`maam tixjf~ il

`mw hflmzbamb,

X`maf `f xbw nfmlh zi~zv~fj z`f iccmgf~w z~mfj zi ci~gf b gilcfwwmil c~ie `me z`bz `f `bj wziafl z`f

ofxfa~}, @ixfsf~! x`fl `f ~fcvwfj zi tafbj hvmaz} `f xbw z`~ixl mlzi b tiamgf gfaa blj nfbzfl bhbml,

Il >6 Bvhvwz `mw vlgaf b~~msfj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj iccf~fj b nizzaf ic B~~bgk amrvi~- zi z`f

tiamgf iccmgf~w zi hfz Blj~fx ~fafbwfj, Wvnwfrvflza} Blj~fx xbw ~fafbwfj abzf~ z`bz jb} il tiamgf

nbma bczf~ `bsmlh nffl maafhbaa} jfzbmlfj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil wmlgf >7 Bvhvwz, T~mi~ zi `mw ~fafbwf `f

xbw ci~gfj zi wmhl b jigveflz x~mzzfl ml Wml`bab! z`f gilzflzw ic x`mg` `f `bj li klixafjhf ic! bw

`f gblliz ~fbj i~ x~mzf Wml`bafwf, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w! x`fl bwkfj! ~fcvwfj zi ~fbj i~ fptabml z`f

jigveflz zi `me, Bczf~ `mw ~fafbwf jvf zi z`f tbml ml `mw oimlzw `f xbw z~fbzfj bz Tblxmab @iwtmzba

il >3 Bvhvwz,

742, Ob}bwfkb~b B~bg`g`mhf îw`bl Ob}bwfkb~b? B ebl mw kmaafj bczf~ nfmlh zi~zv~fj n} z`f

Km~mnbz`hijb tiamgf



707

>422

74>, Jbwblb}bkb Evjm}blwfabhf Z`vw`b~b Ob}b~bz`lb? Tiamgf ~fcvwf zi giljvgz

mlsfwzmhbzmil mlzi ebat~bgzmgf jv~mlh z`f W~m Ablkb Abx Giaafhf fpbe blj z`~fbzfl z`f amcfic z`f gietabmlblz

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b abx wzvjflz E~,

Jbwblb}bkb Evjm}blwfabhf Z`vw`b~b Ob}b~bz`lb ic Li? :)0! Fjm~mwmlh`f ~ibj! Lvhfhijb! b cmlba

}fb~ wzvjflz ic z`f W~m Ablkb Abx Giaafhf! `bw gietabmlfj zi z`f Kfwfaxbzzf Tiamgf wzbzmil blj

iz`f~ abx flci~gfeflz bhflgmfw ic z`f givlz~} ~fhb~jmlh b ebat~bgzmgf x`mg` iggv~~fj bz b ~fgflza}

`faj fpbe bz z`f W~m Ablkb Abx Giaafhf, Z`f Kfwfaxbzzf Tiamgf ~fgi~jfj `mw gietabmlz ila} bczf~ z`f

mlzf~sflzmil ic z`f Tiamgf @fbjrvb~zf~w, @ixfsf~! z`f iz`f~ bhflgmfw ~fcvwfj zi bggftz `mw

gietabmlz, @f mw lix ~fgfmsmlh gilzmlvivw z`~fbzw zi `mw amcf, Cv~z`f~! z`f ^fhmwz~b~ ic z`f Abx

Giaafhf `bw gilzbgzfj `me n} zfaft`ilf blj z`~fbzflfj `me zi xmz`j~bx `mw gietabmlz, Lfmz`f~ z`fgietabmlz bnivz z`f ebat~bgzmgf bz z`f fpbe blj z`f z`~fbzw zi Z`vw`b~b(w amcf `bsf nffl

mlsfwzmhbzfj, Z`f amcf ic z`mw wzvjflz mw ml sf~} wf~mivw jblhf~ blj z`mw gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil

ic z`f fpz~fef lbzv~f ic z`f fpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil z`bz z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil `bw ~fgfmsfj! il z`f 7

Jfgfenf~! b cmlba }fb~ wzvjflz ic z`f W~m Ablkb Abx Giaafhf! E~, Jbwblb}bkb Evjm}blwfabhf

Z`vw`b~b Ob}b~bz`lb ic Li? :)0! Fjm~mwmlh`f ^ibj! Lvhfhijb jmwgisf~fj z`bz ilf ic z`f tbtf~w ci~

z`f cmlba fpbemlbzmil `faj ~fgflza} bz z`f Abx Giaafhf ci~ x`mg` `f wbz `bj nffl afbkfj nfci~f z`f

jfwmhlbzfj zmef x`mg` gafb~a} gilwzmzvzfw b ebat~bgzmgf ml z`f fpbe t~igfjv~f ic z`f W~m Ablkb Abx

Giaafhf, @f meefjmbzfa} ebjf b gietabmlz zi z`f mlsmhmabzi~ ic z`f fpbe blj zi z`f t~mlgmtaf ic z`fAbx Giaafhf nvz lfmz`f~ tf~wil bggftzfj `mw gietabmlz li~ ziik wzftw zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`f mlgmjflz,

Il z`f wbef jb} `f bzzfetzfj zi ebkf b gietabmlz zi z`f Kfwfaxbzzf Tiamgf wzbzmil bnivz z`f

mlgmjflz nvz `mw z`f} ~fcvwfj zi ~fgi~j `mw gietabmlz, Vtil afb~lmlh ic z`fm~ ~fcvwba `f z`fl ebjf b

gietabmlz zi z`f Tiamgf @fbjrvb~zf~w ml Giaieni ~fhb~jmlh z`f m~~fhvab~mz} z`bz iggv~~fj bz z`f

Kfwfaxbzzf Tiamgf wzbzmil blj mz xbw ila} bczf~ z`f mlzf~sflzmil ic z`mw iccmgf z`bz z`f iccmgf~w bz

Kfwfaxbzzf Tiamgf wzbzmil ~fgi~jfj `mw gietabmlz vljf~ z`f lvenf~ E,I,N, 02)7=, @ixfsf~! zi%

jbzf li mlrvm~mfw `bsf zbkfl tabgf il z`f nbwmw ic `mw gietabmlz,

X`fl Z`vw`b~b ~fbamwfj z`bz li bgzmil xbw himlh zi nf zbkfl `f bzzfetzfj zi ~fgi~j b cv~z`f~

gietabmlz bz z`f Gieemwwmil bhbmlwz N~mnf~} blj Gi~~vtzmil! nvz `mw ~frvfwz xbw ilgf bhbml zv~lfjjixl, Ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w fptabmlfj zi `me ml Wml`bab z`bz mz mw z`f abx ic lbzv~f ci~ nmh blmebaw zi

fbz z`f webaa ilfw! blj z`bz mc `f jmj liz afb~l zi amsf xmz` z`mw vljf~wzbljmlh! `f emh`z cmlj mz

jmccmgvaz zi wv~smsf,



70:

Jfwtmzf `bsmlh eblbhfj zi ~fgi~j `mw gietabmlz bz Tiamgf @fbjrvb~zf~w blj n} xb} ic bl bccmjbsmz

zi z`f G`mfc Ovwzmgf ic W~m Ablkb blj z`f ^fhmwz~b~ ic z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z li bgzmil `bw nffl zbkfl zi

mlmzmbzf bl} mlrvm~} mlzi z`f afbkbhf ic z`f tbtf~ i~ zi jfgab~f z`f tb~zmgvab~ tbtf~ mlsbamj,

Z`vw`b~b z`fl gbef vljf~ wfsf~f t~fwwv~f x`fl z`f ^fhmwz~b~ ic z`f Abx Giaafhf ebjf z`~fbzflmlh

gbaaw! jfebljmlh z`bz `f xmz`j~bx z`f gietabmlz, @f bawi ~fgfmsfj z`~fbzw c~ie iz`f~ rvb~zf~w blj!ci~ `mw ixl wfgv~mz}! `f `bj zi wzb} bxb} c~ie wmzzmlh ci~ zxi wvnwfrvflz tbtf~w, @f lix amsfw ml

`mjmlh ci~ cfb~ ic `mw amcf,

Mz mw nfamfsfj z`bz b tixf~cva tiamzmgmbl(w wil mw wmzzmlh ci~ z`mw wbef fpbe blj z`bz z`mw x`} z`f~f mw

~favgzblgf il z`f tb~z ic z`f Abx Giaafhf bvzì~mzmfw blj baa iz`f~ bhflgmfw zi mlzf~sflf mlzi z`mw

mwwvf,

747, Jfsb~bz`lbe ]ihflj~b? ]ivlh Zbema gietabmlblz ml b n~mnf~} gbwf bhbmlwz b tiamgficcmgf~ cbgfw bzzfetzw il `mw amcf blj mw ml `mjmlh

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b gietabmlblz ic bn~mnf~} gbwf Li,? 64344)42 ml z`f G`mfc Ebhmwz~bzf(w Giv~z ic Giaieni-! ~fgfmsfj jfbz` z`~fbzwc~ie z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f @bzzil Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f gietabmlblz ebjf b gietabmlzbhbmlwz z`f MT Xmofwv~m}b ic z`f wbmj Tiamgf wzbzmil il 3 Lisfenf~ >448 zi z`f N~mnf~} Gieemwwmilic W~m Ablkb, Abzf~ `f xbw z`~fbzflfj n} z`f wbef iccmgf~ blj il ebl} iggbwmilw gietabmlblz xbwz`~fbzflfj xmz` `mw amcf, Cv~z`f~! z`f tiamgf `bsf cmaafj zxi cbn~mgbzfj gbwfw bhbmlwz `me, Ilf gbwf xbw wfzzafj blj gilgavjfj blj z`f iz`f~ mw tfljmlh, T~fwflza} z`f gietabmlblz mw ml `mjmlh blj `mwamcf mw ml jblhf~, Z`f gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`f fpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx mlz`f givlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj n} z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil E~, Jfsb~bz`lbe

]ihflj~b >0- ic W`blil Fwzbzf! @bzzil mw z`f gietabmlblz ml b n~mnf~} gbwf lvenf~? 64344)42 mlz`f G`mfc Ebhmwz~bzf(w Giv~z Giaieni! bhbmlwz MT Xmofwv~m}b ic z`f @bzzil Tiamgf wzbzmil! xì `bwnffl mljmgzfj il b g`b~hf ic inzbmlmlh n~mnfw, Z`mw g`b~hf `bw nffl cmafj il z`f nbwmw ic b gietabmlzebjf n} ]ihflj~b il Lisfenf~ 3! >448 blj z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ xbw b~~fwzfj b jfgi} c~ie z`fN~mnf~} Gieemwwmil meefjmbzfa} bczf~ bggftzmlh b n~mnf, Fsf~ wmlgf z`f b~~fwz ic z`mw tiamgf iccmgf~Jfsb~bz`lbe ]ihflj~b `bw cbgfj wfsf~ba bzzfetzw il `mw amcf! bggi~jmlh zi wfsf~ba gietabmlzw z`bz`f `bw ebjf zi z`f tiamgf! mlgavjmlh z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf blj bawi ebl} iz`f~bvzì~mzmfw! mlgavjmlh z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil ic W~m Ablkb, ]ihflj~b `bw bawi gietabmlfjz`bz wfsf~ba cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw `bsf nffl cmafj! ilf ic x`mg` xbw jmwemwwfj n} z`f Ebhmwz~bzf il 22 Oblvb~}! >422, Bliz`f~ wvg` gbwf mw wg`fjvafj zi nf zbkfl vt il 2 Eb~g`! >422,

Civ~ jb}w bczf~ z`f cm~wz gbwf xbw jmwemwwfj n} z`f giv~z ]ihflj~b cbgfj bliz`f~ z`~fbz zi `mw amcf,

Ciaaixmlh b~f z`f jfzbmaw ic z`mw mlgmjflz?

Il z`f = Jfgfenf~ >448 WM Wmasb `bw z`~fbzflfj ]ihflj~b x`fl `f xbw il `mw xb} zi @bzzil c~ie Zbabxbkfaaf,

Il z`f 2 Bt~ma >44= ]ihflj~b xbw b~~fwzfj xmz` cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw! t~ijvgfj blj ~febljfj vlzmaz`f >2z Bt~ma >44=, Gbwf Lvenf~? N)>=3)4=- 7026>-, z`mw gbwf xbw wfzzafj il z`f 22 Oblvb~} >422,



706

Ilgf bhbml ]ihflj~b xbw b~~fwzfj il z`f 2 Jfgfenf~ >424 il z`f g`b~hf~w z`bz `f `bj xfbtilw ml`mw tiwwfwwmil, Gbwf Lvenf~? N)=4>)>424-, Z`mw gbwf mw tfljmlh ml @bzzil Ebhmwz~bzf Giv~z bljz`f lfpz `fb~mlh xmaa nf il z`f 2 Eb~g` >422,

Il 26 Oblvb~}! >422 il z`f Z`bm Tilhba jb} ei~lmlh b~ivlj 2,74 b,e, bnivz 6 tiamgf iccmgf~w ml

tiamgf z%w`m~zw `bj gief zi ]ihflj~b(w ìvwf blj xikf `me vt blj wbmj z`bz z`f} lffjfj zirvfwzmil `me, X`fl `mw cbz`f~ `bw bwkfj z`f ~fbwil ci~ `mw b~~fwz! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w `bsf wbmj z`bzz`f~f mw b gietabmlz bhbmlwz ]ihflj~b blj z`f} lffj zi rvfwzmil `me, Z`fl z`f} `bsf zbkfl ]ihflj~b! xbakmlh zixb~jw b x`mzf sbl xmz` zmlzfj habwwfw blj tvw`fj `me ml zi z`f sbl, Mz xbw lizb tiamgf offt, Mz `bttflfj zi nf b ~bml} jb} blj z`f~f xbw limwf ic g~bgkf~w nfmlh amh`zfj zi gfafn~bzfTilhba,

Mlwmjf z`f sbl `f xbw namljciajfj blj `bljgvccfj blj z`f} `bsf zbkfl `me bnivz >44 efzf~w mlzi bailfa} tabgf x`f~f z`f~f xbw b gfefzf~}, X`fl `f xbw zbkfl ivz ic z`f sbl! z`f gaiz` z`bznamljciajfj `me xbw ~feisfj blj ]ihflj~b xbw bwkfj zi klffa jixl, Z`fl `f xbw z`~fbzfl bljziaj z`bz z`f} xivaj kmaa `me mc `f bgzfj bhbmlwz z`f tiamgf, ]ihflj~b xbw z`fl bwwbvazfj il `mwwìvajf~w blj `mw nij} blj z`mw wzbhf ]ihflj~b `bw mjflzmcmfj b tiamgf iccmgf~ n} z`f lbef ic

wf~hfblz Wb~bz`, ]ihflj~b ziaj `me z`bz mc `f mw kmaafj z`bz z`f xìaf xi~aj xmaa klix z`bz z`f@bzzil tiamgf iccmgf~w `bj jilf mz, Cv~z`f~ `f ziaj! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ .}iv b~f Wf~hfblz Wb~bz` blj Mklix }iv. bz z`mw wzbhf tiamgf iccmgf~w xf~f j~mlkmlh! abvh`mlh blj ebkmlh ef~~}, Bczf~ z`mw z`f} cv~z`f~ bwwbvazfj `me blj ziik ivz b hvl x`mg` z`f} cm~fj ml z`f bm~, Z`fl z`f} `bsf wìxl `me z`fgfefzf~} blj wbmj z`bz `f xivaj nf wiil nf z`f~f mc `f gilzmlvfj zi bgz bhbmlwz z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w,@bsmlh kftz `me ci~ ei~f z`bl ilf ìv~ `f xbw z`~fbzflfj ~ftfbzfja}, Z`fl z`f `bljgvccw xf~f~feisfj blj z`f iccmgf~w afcz ml z`f sbl,

]ihflj~b `bw giaafgzfj > nvaafzw gbwmlhw c~ie z`f h~ivlj blj bawi b ~bml gibz x`mg` xbw z`~ixl ivzn} `me x`maf `f xbw ml z`f sbl zi t~isf z`bz z`f} xf~f c~ie @bzzil tiamgf,

]ihflj~b mw lix bc~bmj zi hi ìef blj mw lix ml `mjmlh,

Z`mw mw ilf ei~f gbwf ic b tf~wil xì mw nfmlh `vlzfj n} z`f tiamgf jvf zi gietabmlzw ebjf n} `mezi z`f N~mnf~} Gieemwwmil blj iz`f~ bvzì~mzmfw, Wvhbz` Lmw`blzb Cf~lblji c~ie Lfhieni xbwbwwbwwmlbzfj bczf~ ebkmlh gietabmlzw bhbmlwz z`f tiamgf ~fhb~jmlh zi~zv~f blj n~mnf~}, Bz z`f zmef `f xbw kmaafj wfsf~ba tiamgf iccmgf~w xf~f nfmlh g`b~hfj n} z`f N~mnf~} Gieemwwmil blj xf~f bawi ebjf~fwtiljflzw ml b zi~zv~f gbwf, Fb~amf~ Hf~b~j Tf~f~b! xì xbw tv~wvmlh `mw gietabmlz bhbmlwz zi~zv~fn} wfsf~ba iccmgf~w c~ie z`f Xbzzbab Tiamgf wzbzmil xbw bwwbwwmlbzfj x`maf `f xbw z~bsfamlh il b nvw, B gbwf mw nfci~f z`f Lfhieni @mh` Giv~z ~fabzmlh zi z`f ev~jf~ ic Hf~b~j Tf~f~b ml x`mg` z`fbggvwfj mw b tiamgf iccmgf~ blj bl bggietamgf xì xbw fb~amf~ g`b~hfj vljf~ z`f GBZ Bgz! Li, >> ic 2==: ci~ zi~zv~mlh `me,

Jfsb~bz`lbe ]ihflj~b mw lix ml `mjmlh! bc~bmj ci~ `mw amcf, Ml b 67 emlvzf zbtfj mlzf~smfx `fjfwg~mnfj zi z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil z`f wf~mfw ic bzzfetzw z`bz xf~f baafhfja} ebjfil `mw amcf x`mg` `f lb~~ixa} fwgbtfj,

Z`f B@^G gbaaw il z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf blj z`f tiamgf bvzì~mzmfw bw xfaa bw z`f W~mAblkb @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil blj z`f Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`fgietabmlzw ic Jfsb~bz`lbe ]ihflj~b blj bawi zi t~ismjf `me t~izfgzmil,



703

74:, Mljmkb W`bw`m~blhb Wflfsm~bz`lb? B gietabmlblz xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj! jfzbmlfj bljzi~zv~fj n} iccmgf~w ic z`f Km~mnbz`hijb Tiamgf wzbzmil

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b ebl xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj n} tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Km~mnbz`hijb Tiamgf wzbzmil ml z`f jmwz~mgz ic Hbetb`b

bczf~ ebkmlh b gietabmlz zi z`f tiamgf ~fhb~jmlh b jfbz` taiz, @f xbw wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj blj z`f IMGic z`f Km~mnbz`hijb Tiamgf wzbzmil abzf~ mlci~efj z`bz mz `bj nffl b gbwf emwzbkfl mjflzmz}, @f xbwz~fbzfj bz z`f Fef~hflg} Wf~smgf Vlmz ic Lbzmilba ìwtmzba, T~fwflza} z`f gietabmlblz mw ~fgfmsmlh jfbz` z`~fbzw smb tìlf gbaaw, Z`f gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`f fpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi Ebaamkb~bg`g`mhf Jil Mljmkb W`bw`m~blhb Wflfsm~bz`lb >6- ic Li? >03! Zfetaf îbj!Jbavhblhijb! Kbablm}b! `f mw b ~fhmwzf~fj (wvnwzmzvzf tiwz( ic W~m Ablkb Tiwzba Jftb~zeflz,

Il >8 Igzinf~ >424! b~ivlj 2>,74 be! `f xbw bxikfl c~ie wafft x`fl `f `fb~j wiefnij} kligkmlh bz z`f jii~, @mw eiz`f~ itflfj z`f jii~ blj civ~ tiamgf iccmgf~w flzf~fj `mw ìef blj

wzbzfj z`bz E~, Jb~ebjbwb! b lfmh`niv~! `bj tbwwfj bxb} blj `f xbw ~fwtilwmnaf ci~ z`f jfbz` bw `f`bj bwwbvazfj z`f ebl, Mljmkb blj `mw eiz`f~ niz` sf`feflza} jflmfj z`f bggvwbzmil, Z`f iccmgf~wcv~z`f~ ziaj `me z`bz z`f} `bj ~fgfmsfj b efwwbhf c~ie z`f ìwtmzba tiamgf tiwz z`bz Jb~ebjbwb `bwjmfj jvf zi bl bwwbvaz xmz` b wzilf n} Mljmkb, Bhbml `f jflmfj z`f g`b~hf,

Z`fl ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w `faj `mw lfgk zmh`za} blj jfebljfj z`bz `f bggietbl} z`f iccmgf~w, Bz z`bztimlz Mljmkb(w eiz`f~ wzb~zfj zi wg~fbe blj `f ziaj `f~ z`bz `f xivaj ~fzv~l wiil bw `f xbwmlligflz, Z`fl `f lizfj z`bz bliz`f~ iccmgf~ ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw! ìajmlh b tiaf xbw xbmzmlh bz b offttb~kfj lfb~ `mw ìef xmz` b tiaf, Z`f} tvz `me ml z`f offt blj eisfj bxb},

Ovwz bczf~ `bac b kmaiefzf~ z`f} wzittfj z`f sf`mgaf, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~w i~jf~fj Mljmkb zi ~feisf `mw

z~ivwf~w blj Z%w`m~z x`mg` `f jmj jvf zi cfb~, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~w wzb~zfj zi wabt `me wfsf~ba zmefw, Z`~ff iccmgf~w xì xf~f ml z`f ~fb~ wzb~zfj zi wrvfff `mw tflmw, Mljmkb ziaj z`f iccmgf~w z`bz z`fIccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf ic z`f Km~mnbz`hijb Tiamgf wzbzmil! E~, G`bemljb Fjm~mwv~m}b! klfx `metf~wilbaa} blj z`bz `f xbw mlligflz nvz z`f iccmgf~w ~ftamfj z`bz z`f IMG aisfj z`fe ei~f, Cv~z`f~z`f iccmgf~w ziaj z`bz z`f (^bab`bem( smaabhf afsfa wzbzf iccmgf~ i~ H~beb Lmabjb~m- z~fbzfj z`fe lmgfa} blj z`f} ~fsfbafj z`f lbef ic z`bz iccmgf~ bw E~, Wbebl, Mljmkb lizmgfj z`bz baa z`f iccmgf~w ilnib~j xf~f j~vlk, @f xbw zi~zv~fj ci~ b~ivlj 24 zi 26 emlvzfw, Z`fl x`fl z`f offt gbef gaiwf ziz`f tiamgf wzbzmil z`f iccmgf~w bwkfj `me zi hfz j~fwwfj bhbml,

Z`fl `f xbw n~ivh`z mlwmjf z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Mljmkb xbw bwkfj zi wzb} lfb~ z`f c~ilz hbzf ic z`fwzbzmil, Z`fl bliz`f~ iccmgf~ gbef zi `me blj gvz z`f ~itf x`mg` `faj vt `mw z~ivwf~w ciaaixmlh

x`mg` `mw z~ivwf~w j~ittfj jixl, Z`mw ebl bawi wrvfffj `mw tflmw, Z`fl `f wzb~zfj zi weikf bljnafx z`f weikf ml `mw cbgf, @f jmj z`mw xmz` zxi gmhb~fzzfw, Z`fl tiamgf iccmgf~ lizmgfj z`bz Mljmkb xbw xfb~mlh b ìa} z`~fbj bnivz `mw x~mwz blj z`fl iccmgf~ nv~lfj z`f z`~fbj xmz` `mw gmhb~fzzf, @fbawi wgiajfj `me xmz` inwgflf ablhvbhf,

Z`fl Mljmkb xbw aigkfj vt ml b gfaa, Z`f~f xbw ilf iccmgf~ xì xbw j~mlkmlh b~~bgk bagiìa-, @fgbef zi Mljmkb blj xb~lfj `me z`bz mc `f jmj bl}z`mlh zi z`f tfitaf ic lfmh`niv~mlh ìvwf `f xivaj cbgf cvzv~f gilwfrvflgfw, @f xbw z`~fbzflfj z`bz `mw wkml xivaj nf gvz icc, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~mlwmwzfj z`bz `f j~mlk b~~bgk x`mg` `f ~fcvwfj wzbzmlh z`bz `f mw zffzizbaf~ blj b lil weikf~,



708

Ilf ìv~ abzf~ Mljmkb(w eiz`f~ gbef zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj `f ziaj `f~ ic ìx `f `bj nfflzi~zv~fj, Cv~z`f~ `f ziaj z`bz `f gblliz v~mlbzf bw z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w `bj zi~zv~fj `mw tflmw, Z`fl`mw eiz`f~ wzb~zfj zi g~}, Z`fl w`f ziaj z`bz `f xivaj nf ~fafbwfj n} z`f ei~lmlh,

Z`f ciaaixmlh ei~lmlh >8 Igzinf~- Mljmkb(w eiz`f~ blj z`f wmwzf~ xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil bljefz wfsf~ba tiamgf iccmgf~w! mlgavjmlh z`f IMG, Z`f IMG ziaj z`f eiz`f~ blj Mljmkb z`bz z`f iccmgf~wil jvz} z`f t~fsmivw lmh`z `bj b~~fwzfj Mljmkb n} emwzbkf, @f wzbzfj gafb~a} z`bz z`f iccmgf~~fgi~jmlh z`f efwwbhf jmj wi mlgi~~fgza},

Mljmkb xbw ~fafbwfj bczf~ z`f iccmgf~w ~fgi~jfj z`f wmhlbzv~fw ic z`f eiz`f~ blj z`f wmwzf~ bz b~ivlj2 te,

Z`fl Mljmkb xbw zbkfl zi z`f iccmgf ic Jftvz} Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba JMH- bz Tbam}bhijb blj `mwgietabmlz xbw ~fgi~jfj, @f xbw bwkfj zi hi zi z`f Lbzmilba @iwtmzba bw wiil bw tiwwmnaf, Cm~wzMljmkb xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f Fef~hflg} Wf~smgf ic z`f ìwtmzba blj `f xbw z~fbzfj z`f~f c~ie >8 zi>=, Z`fl `f xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi xb~j lvenf~ 37 blj jmwg`b~hfj ila} il 2> Lisfenf~, X`maf `f xbw

ml z`f xb~j z`f wvwtfgzfj H~beb Lmabjb~m! E~, Wbebl! gbef zi z`f xb~j blj wìxfj Mljmkb zi btf~wil xì bggietblmfj xmz` `me, Z`fl Mljmkb meefjmbzfa} `bw ebjf b gietabmlz ~fhb~jmlh z`bzmlgmjflz vljf~ z`f gietabmlz lvenf~ GMNM 63)7:: zi z`f JMH(w iccmgf,

X`maf Mljmkb xbw z~fbzfj ml z`f ìwtmzba `f xbw wvnofgzfj zi ebl} fpbemlbzmilw mlgavjmlh GZ wgbl!FGH blj P%~b}w, Cv~z`f~ `f xbw bawi fpbemlfj n} b tw}g`mbz~mwz, X`maf `f xbw ml z`f ìwtmzba bl Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf BWT- blj z`f IMG ic z`f Km~mnbz`hijb Tiamgf wzbzmil bawi smwmzfj`me, Z`f BWT xbmzfj zi ilf wmjf x`maf z`f IMG zbakfj zi Mljmkb, Z`f IMG bwkfj x`fz`f~ `f `bjbl} eilf} blj iccf~fj `me ^w, 644 x`mg` Mljmkb ~fcvwfj zi bggftz, Z`f IMG bwkfj `me ml wv~t~mwf x`bz `f `bj jilf zi `mewfac blj mlwz~vgzfj `me zi effz `me bczf~ nfmlh jmwg`b~hfj,

Mljmkb wzbzfj z`bz baa z`fwf z`mlhw `bttflfj jvf zi z`f vljvf mlcavflgf ic E~, K K Jb~ebjbwb xìmw z`f lfmh`niv~ blj `mw wil E~, Wbebl z`f smaabhf iccmgf~, Mljmkb `bj ebjf b gietabmlz zi z`ftiamgf z`bz Wbebl `bj bwwmhlfj b g~memlba zi ev~jf~ Mljmkb blj `mw eiz`f~, Z`f tiamgf jmj lizmlsfwzmhbzf z`bz gietabmlz blj Mljmkb nfamfsfw z`bz z`f} afbkfj z`f mlci~ebzmil zi Wbebl,

Bczf~ `f gbef ìef c~ie ìwtmzba il 2: Lisfenf~ Mljmkb `bw gilzmlvivwa} ~fgfmsfj jfbz` z`~fbzw smb `mw zfaftìlf,

@f ~frvfwz t~izfgzmil ci~ `mewfac blj `mw cbema} efenf~w, @f cv~z`f~ v~hfj ci~ bl mlsfwzmhbzmil ic z`f g~mefw z`bz `bttflfj bhbmlwz `me,

746, Wvjbz` Tvw`tbkveb~b? Maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj! jfzbmlfj blj zi~zv~fj n} z`f Nf~vxbab tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b ebl lbefjWbeb~bwml`bhf Wvjbz` Tvw`tbkveb~b xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj n} tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`fNf~vxbab Tiamgf wzbzmil ml z`f jmwz~mgz ic Kbavz`b~b! maafhbaa} jfzbmlfj blj wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj il 2Lisfenf~ >424, Z`fl `f xbw wìxl zi b h~ivt ic xmzlfwwfw ic z`f gbwf bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj bwz`f xmzlfwwfw jflmfj z`bz `f xbw mlsiasfj ml z`f g~mef z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w z`~fbzflfj z`f ebl blj~fafbwfj `me, @f xbw xb~lfj z`bz `f lffjfj zi ~febml wmaflz bnivz `mw b~~fwz blj zi~zv~f, Mlwzfbj ic mlsfwzmhbzmlh g~mefw ml b wgmflzmcmgbaa} bggftzfj ebllf~ z`f tiamgf b~~fwz mlligflzw xì b~f zi~zv~fj



700

blj ebl`bljafj mlzi gilcfwwmlh, Z`f gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`f fpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f E~, Wbeb~bwml`bhf Wvjbz` Tvw`tbkveb~b 7:- ic 2:0 Nbnblbhijbhbeb! Nf~vxbabmw b j~msf~ n} t~icfwwmil, @f xbw b~~fwzfj n} z`f WM Vjb}blhb ic Tiamgf wzbzmil Nf~vxbab il 2

Lisfenf~ >424 b~ivlj 24,74 be,

Cm~wz WM Vjb}blhb ic z`f G~memlba Mlsfwzmhbzmil Jmsmwmil ic z`f Nf~vxfaab tiamgf gbef zi z`f sf`mgaftb~k bz Nf~vxba Zixil b~ivlj 24,74 be ic z`bz jb} blj bwkfj Wvjbz` hi ci~ b `m~f zi ^bz`lbtv~b, X`fl WM Vjb}blhb wbmj z`bz `f xblz zi `m~f z`f sf`mgaf zi hi ^bzlbtv~b Wvjbz` ziaj z`bz z`f `m~f xivaj nf ^w, 3!644,44, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~ ~ftamfj z`bz `f xblzfj zi hi ci~ bl iccmgmba tv~tiwf wi! z`flWvjbz` ~fjvgfj z`f cb~f zi ^w 6!644,44, Il z`f xb}! z`f gb~ wzittfj lfb~ z`f ìvwf ic z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- ic z`f Nf~vxfaab Tiamgf wzbzmil, WM Vjb}blhb bwkfj Wvjbz` mc `f klfx z`f ~fbwilci~ n~mlhmlh `me zi z`f ~fwmjflgf ic z`f IMG, Wvjbz` ~ftamfj z`bz `f gbef ci~ b `m~f zi ^bz`lbtv~b, Z`fl WM Wvjbz` ziaj `me z`bz z`f} wvwtfgz Wvjbz` ic mlsiasfeflz xmz` b ~innf~} zihfz`f~ xmz`(Ab~b( xì mw b xfaa klixl z`mfc ml z`f b~fb, Meefjmbzfa} Wvjbz` jflmfj bl} mlsiasfeflz ic bl} kmlj xmz` Ab~b i~ xmz` bl} wvg` g~mef,

Z`fl WM Vjb}blhb j~bhhfj Wvjbz` ivz ic `mw sbl blj bwwbvazfj `me zxmgf, @f xbw ziaj z`bz `flffjfj zi hi zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Cv~z`f~ WM Vjb}blhb ziaj z`bz `f gbl mlz~ijvgf b cbn~mgbzfjg`b~hf ic `bsmlh gbllbnmw Eb~movblb-! kvjv j~vhw- i~ ci~ tiwwfwwmil ic nienw, @f cv~z`f~ ziajWvjbz` z`bz `f gbl kmaa `me bz bl} zmef, Z`fl WM Vjb}blhb gisf~fj f}fw ic Wvjbz` zmjmlh b gaiz`, @f xbw kftz amkf z`bz ci~ z`f ~fwz `bac ic z`f jb},

Bz lmh`z z`f gaiz` xbw ~feisfj blj Wvjbz` lizmgf z`bz b h~ivt ic tfitaf `bsf nffl n~ivh`z nfci~f`me, WM Vjb}blhb wìxfj Wvjbz` zi z`fe blj rvfwzmilfj z`fe bw zi x`fz`f~ `f xbw z`f z`mfc, Nvzbaa z`f efenf~w ic z`f h~ivt jflmfj mz! fwtfgmbaa}! b }ivlh hm~a! xì xbw xmz` z`fe gafb~a} wzbzfj z`bz`f xbw liz z`f ebl, Z`fl z`f} afcz z`f tabgf,

Z`f lfpz jb} Wvjbz` xbw n~ivh`z zi b ~iie blj xbw zmh`za} `bljgvccfj zi b nfj, @f wvccf~fjfli~eivwa} jvf zi z`f zmh`zlfww ic z`f gvccw, Z`fl `f xbw hmsfl wief ciij zi fbz nvz jvf zi z`f`bljgvccw `f xbw vlbnaf zi fbz mz, Ila} il amemzfj iggbwmilw xbw `f baaixfj zi hi zi z`f zimafz,

Mz xbw ila} il 8 Lisfenf~ bz b~ivlj 6,74 te z`bz Wvjbz` xbw n~ivh`z jixl c~ie z`bz ~iie,Jv~mlh z`mw tf~mij c~ie 2 zi 8 Lisfenf~ `f xbw jfzbmlfj ml z`bz ebllf~, WM Vjb}blhb z`~fbzflfjWvjbz` z`bz `f givaj kmaa `me, Vjb}blhb xflz wi cb~ bw zi wb} z`bz mc `f wi gìwf `f givaj kmaa fsflzxflz} cmsf tf~wilw, Wvjbz` gilzmlvivwa} wzbzfj z`bz `f xbw mlligflz, Z`fl WM Vjb}blhb ziajWvjbz` z`bz `f givaj nf t~ijvgfj nfci~f b @mh` Giv~z mc lfgfwwb~} il b cbn~mgbzfj gbwf, Wvjbz` xbwml cfb~ jvf zi z`fwf wzbzfeflzw, Z`fl `f xbw ~fafbwfj xmzìvz nfmlh t~ijvgfj nfci~f bl} giv~z,

X`fl `f xbw ~fafbwf `f xbw xb~lfj z`bz `f givaj hi nvz `f `bj zi nf ~febmlfj wmaflz,

743, Wvlfz` ^vtf~wmlh`f Wmasb? Maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj blj zi~zv~fj b ebl x`maf ml jfzflzmil

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b ebl lbefjAmljbevabhf Wvlfz` ^vtf~wmlh`f Wmasb xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj n} tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`fLmsmz`mhbab Tiamgf wzbzmil ml z`f jmwz~mgz ic ^bz`lbtv~b! maafhbaa} jfzbmlfj blj wvnofgzfj zi jfh~bjmlh z~fbzeflz il >6 Igzinf~ >424, Z`fl `f xbw ci~gfj zi wmhl b jigveflz wvttiwfja} zi afhbamwf z`fb~~fwz x`mg` mw b gieeil t~bgzmgf ml W~m Ablkbl Tiamgf wzbzmilw, Z`f jigveflz xbw t~ftb~fj n} z`f



70=

tiamgf blj x`maf Wvlfz` xbw baaixfj zi ~fbj tb~z ic mz lilf ic z`f gilzflzw z`f~fml xf~f z~vz`cvaa} ~fgi~jfj c~ie `me nvz ~bz`f~ cbn~mgbzfj n} z`f iccmgf~w, Cv~z`f~ `f xbw z`~fbzflfj z`bz z`f} xivajmlsiasf `me ml b cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hf ml i~jf~ zi ~feblj `me, @f xbw bawi z`~fbzflfj xmz` jfbz` mc `fgbvwfj bl} t~inafew, Mz mw b ~fhvab~ t`flieflil ml W~m Ablkb z`bz mlwzfbj ic mlsfwzmhbzmlh g~mefw mlb wgmflzmcmgbaa} bggftzfj ebllf~ z`f tiamgf b~~fwz mlligflzw xì b~f zi~zv~fj blj ebl`bljafj mlzi

gilcfwwmlh, Z`f gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`f fpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx ml z`fgivlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f Amljbevabhf Wvlfz` ^vtf~wmlh`f Wmasb >3- ic Km~mnbz`hbab! ^bob}f Xfsmaab FbwzWfgzmil! Jfaab! Lmsmz`mhbab! `f xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj! jfzbmlfj! zi~zv~fj blj z`~fbzflfj xmz` jfbz` bljz`f blj cmaamlh ic cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hf~w,

Il >: Igzinf~ >424 x`maf `f xbw ml @i~blb `mw fajf~ n~iz`f~ gbaafj `me blj bwkfj `mw x`f~fbnivzwblj `f blwxf~fj @i~blb, Wief zmef abzf~ `f `bj z~bsfaafj zi Mlhm~m}b x`fl `mw eiz`f~ bawi gbaafj`me blj bwkfj `mw x`f~fbnivzw, X`fl `f bwkfj z`f ~fbwilw ci~ z`fwf rvf~mfw w`f ziaj `me z`bz ilfic `mw c~mfljw xbw xbmzmlh zi effz `me, Wvlfz` ~fzv~lfj ìef b~ivlj =,74 te blj `mw eiz`f~~fsfbafj z`bz b tiamgf iccmgf~ ic Lmsmz`mhbab Tiamgf wzbzmil gbef blj afcz mlwz~vgzmilw ci~ `me zi hi zi

z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Lfpz ei~lmlh bz b~ivlj 24 be `f xflz zi z`f Lmsmz`mhbab Tiamgf wzbzmil bailh xmz` `mw eiz`f~ blj`mw cbz`f~ n} b z`~ff x`ffaf~, Z`f~f `f xbw jm~fgzfj zi z`f g~mef n~blg` ic z`f wzbzmil blj `f efzz`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG-, Wvlfz` bwkfj z`f ~fbwil ci~ nfmlh wveeilfj zi z`f tiamgf, Mlwzfbj ic blwxf~mlh bl iccmgf~ nfb~mlh z`f mjflzmz} lvenf~ =74>= ziik Wvlfz`(w einmaf tìlf! xbaafz! Mjflzmz} Gb~j blj `mw tfl, Z`fl xmzìvz nfmlh ziaj z`f ~fbwil `f xbw ziaj zi flzf~ z`f gfaa ml b sf~} jfh~bjmlh ebllf~, X`fl `f bwkfj z`mw iccmgf~ z`f ~fbwil ci~ aigkmlh vt `me z`f tiamgfebl wzb~zfjzi bnvwf `me xmz` inwgflf ablhvbhf,

@mw ~fabzmsfw n~ivh`z efbaw ci~ `me nvz lilf ic z`fe xf~f baaixfj zi smwmz Wvlfz`,

Z`f lfpz jb} il >3 Igzinf~ bz b~ivlj liil `f xbw n~ivh`z ivz blj mlci~efj z`bz z`f nbma h~blzfjzi `me nfci~f ml gillfgzmil xmz` b g~memlba gbwf mw himlh zi nf gblgfaafj, X`fl `f bwkfj z`f ~fbwilci~ z`bz z`f iccmgf~ =74>=- mlci~efj z`bz `f lffjfj zi wmhl b afzzf~ z`bz `f `bj t~ftb~fj, Wvlfz` xbw baaixfj zi ~fbj tb~z ic z`f jigveflz, Ml z`f afzzf~ mz xbw ~fti~zfj z`bz Wvlfz` xbw b~~fwzfj bzz`f Lmsmz`mhbab Zixl n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ ml z`f lmh`z bw `f xbw liz bnaf zi t~ijvgf bl Mjflzmz} Gb~j, Wvlfz` ~fcvwfj zi wmhl z`f jigveflz blj fptabmlfj z`bz `f gbef zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil bailh xmz` `mw tb~flzw ml z`f ei~lmlh ic >: Igzinf~, @f xbw ziaj n} z`f iccmgf~ xì j~bczfj z`f afzzf~ z`bz`f xivaj nf ~fafbwfj bczf~ `f wmhlfj mz, Mc `f cbmafj zi ji wi `mw ~fafbwf xivaj nf jfab}fj, Z`flWvlfz` wmhlfj z`f afzzf~ nfamfsmlh z`f t~iemwf ic z`f iccmgf~,

Bczf~ hfzzmlh z`f wmhlbzv~f z`f iccmgf~ ziaj Wvlfz` z`bz `f lffjw zi bggftz b g~memlba gbwf x`mg` `f xivaj nf bwwmhlfj, X`fl Wvlfz` ~fcvwfj zi gieta} z`f iccmgf~ ziaj `me zi nf ~fbj} ci~ ~feblj,

Z`fl bz b~ivlj 2 te! `f xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f IMG ic z`f g~mef n~blg` ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`fIMG bwkfj `me mc `f klfx bl}z`mlh bnivz ìx }ivlh efl hiz kmaafj ml z`f fmh`zmfw, Z`f IMG xb~lfj `me z`bz `f xivaj nf kmaafj ml b wmemab~ ebllf~ mc `f gilzmlvfj zi nf`bsf bw b nmh ebl, Abzf~`f xbw mlci~efj z`bz `f givaj hi ìef bczf~ `mw cbz`f~ gief zi z`f wzbzmil, Vlzma z`fl `f xbw bwkfjzi wmz il z`f nflg` bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f cbz`f~ b~~msfj wì~za} bczf~ blj Wvlfz` xbw ~fafbwfj,



7=4

T~fwflza} Wvlfz` mw ml cfb~ ic `mw amcf blj t~iwfgvzmil n} z`f mlz~ijvgzmil ic cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw! ic nfmlh maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj! jfzbmlfj blj zi~zv~fj n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w,

Amljbevabhf Wvlfz` ^vtf~wmlh`f Wmasb jfebljw z`f t~izfgzmil hvb~blzffj n} z`f Gilwzmzvzmil ic W~m Ablkb blj t~izfgzmil ci~ `mw amcf,

748, Ei`beefj Bem~ Wvazbl ? Efl blj xiefl tiamgf iccmgf~w bz Kbzvtiz`b `vemambzf bebl nfci~f zi~zv~mlh `me

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b ebl lbefj WfafebAfnnf Ei`beefj Bem~ Wvazbl xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj n} tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Kbzvtiz`bTiamgf wzbzmil ml z`f jmwz~mgz ic Kv~vlfhbaaf, @f xbw maafhbaa} jfzbmlfj blj wvnofgzfj zi jfh~bjmlh z~fbzeflz blj zi~zv~f il = Igzinf~ >424, Bem~ xbw ci~gfcvaa} wz~mttfj ic `mw gaiz`fw blj nfbzfl mli~jf~ zi ebkf `me wzblj il z`f zbnaf x`f~f z`f bwwfenafj tiamgf iccmgf~w! niz` efl blj xiefl!zbvlzfj `me ml c~ilz ic mlcavflzmba tb~zmfw zi zbkf ~fsflhf ci~ gietabmlmlh bhbmlwz z`f tiamgf, @f xbwz`fl ci~gfj zi wmhl jigveflzw t~ftb~fj n} z`f tiamgf x`mg` xbw liz ~fgi~jfj ci~e Bem~-, Cv~z`f~!z`f tiamgf cmaafj cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me blj `f xbw ~febljfj, @f xbw bawi z`~fbzflfj z`bz mc

`f t~igffjfj xmz` `mw gietabmlz zi z`f `mh`f~ bvzì~mzmfw `f xivaj n~mlh ei~f z~ivnaf jixl il`mewfac, Mz mw b gieeil iggv~~flgf ml W~m Ablkb ci~ z`f tiamgf zi b~~fwz mlligflz tf~wilw xì b~fzi~zv~fj blj ebl`bljafj zi tafbwf mlcavflzmba t~msbzf tb~zmfw, Z`f gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`f fpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi E~, Wfafeb Afnnf Ei`beefj Bem~ Wvazbl :4- ic Ebjbab`mwb! Kbkvlbhiaab ml z`fKbzvtiz`b Tiamgf Jmsmwmil `f xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj! jfzbmlfj blj zi~zv~fj n} b Kbzvtiz`b Tiamgfwzbzmil il = Igzinf~ >424,

Il z`bz jb} Bem~ ~fgfmsfj b zfaftìlf efwwbhf c~ie zfaftìlf lvenf~ 488 0862234 x`mg`nfailhw zi E~, Lmobe! b xfaa klixl nvwmlfwwebl ml z`f b~fb, @f xbw ziaj z`bz ilf ic `mw fajf~

n~iz`f~w! ^bwmk `bj nffl bwwbvazfj blj bz z`bz eieflz `f xbw nfmlh zbkfl zi b tiamgf offt, Bem~ xbw bwkfj zi gief zi Km~mebzm}bxb zi `fat `mw n~iz`f~, X`fl `f ~fgfmsfj z`f efwwbhf `f xbw bz z`fLb~beebab nvw wzblj, @f meefjmbzfa} xflz ìef blj mlci~efj `mw ~fabzmsfw blj wzb~zfj zi z~bsfa ziKm~mebzm}bxb il b eizi~nmkf nfailhmlh zi ilf ic `mw n~iz`f~w, X`fl `f ~fbg`fj Km~mebzm}bxb `fwbx z`bz `mw n~iz`f~ xbw mlwmjf z`f offt xmz` zxi iz`f~w! Me~bl blj Wbcffk, Z`f zmef xbw b~ivlj 2te, Bem~ inwf~sf z`bz z`f~f xf~f civ~ tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Kbzvtiz`b Tiamgf wzbzmil!lbefa} Giv~z Wf~hfblz GW- Ob}bxb~jblb blj iccmgf~w Oblbkb! @f~bz` blj ilf iz`f~, Baa xf~f mlvlmci~e,

X`fl GW Ob}bxb~jblb wbx Bem~ `f i~jf~fj `me zi hfz mlzi z`f offt, X`fl Bem~ bwkfj z`f ~fbwilGW Ob}bxb~jblb wzb~zfj zi wgiaj `me ml b jf~ihbzi~} ebllf~, @f z`fl wabttfj Bem~ wfsf~ba zmef zi

ci~gf `me mlzi z`f offt, Jv~mlh z`f oiv~lf} zi z`f Kbzvtiz`b Tiamgf wzbzmil Bem~ afb~lfj z`bz z`f~f xf~f `bj nffl b rvb~~fa nfzxffl `mw n~iz`f~ ^bwmk blj z`f iz`f~w ml z`f offt,

Bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil Bem~ xbw zbkfl xbw ebjf wmz il z`f nflg`, GW Ob}bxb~jblb ziaj Bem~ zi nf~fbj} zi hi z`f (eiz`f~%ml%abx(w ìvwf( ci~ wmp eilz`, Z`mw mw b fvt`femwe ci~ wfljmlh wiefilf zi~feblj t~mwil, GW Ob}bxb~jblb ~ftfbzfja} rvfwzmilfj Bem~ bw zi x`} `f wivh`z z`f mlzf~sflzmilc~ie z`f `mh`f~ bvzì~mzmfw ci~ `mw ~mh`zw smiabzmilw, Bem~ ~ftamfj z`bz `f xblzfj zi hfz ovwzmgf,



7=>

740, Blzìl} B}}b Jfsb~bo? Mlligflz ebl zi~zv~fj blj tvz mlzi b affg` cmaafj tiia n} z`fEbzvhbeb Tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b ebl lbefj E~,

Blzìl} B}}b Jfsb~bo xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj n} tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Ebzvhbeb Tiamgfwzbzmil ml z`f jmwz~mgz ic Kbavz`b~b, @f xbw t~meb~ma} bwkfj zi `fat z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w cmlj z`~ffwvwtfgzw x`maf `f xbw xi~kmlh ml b tbjj} cmfaj, Zìvh` `f xbw bnaf zi wìx z`f iccmgf~w z`f tabgfz`f} xf~f wffkmlh! bw `f xbw liz bnaf zi cmlj z`f wvwtfgzw i~ z`fm~ nfailhmlhw! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~wzi~zv~fj z`f ebl, Bczf~ nfbzmlh z`f smgzme x`maf `mw x~mwzw xf~f gvccfj nf`mlj `mw nbgk z`f} tvw`fj`me mlzi b tilj ml x`mg` z`f~f xf~f affg`fw blj t~mgka} tablzw, Bw Jfsb~bo xbw `bljgvccfj `f xbwvlbnaf zi t~izfgz `mewfac bhbmlwz fmz`f~ z`f zì~lw i~ z`f affg`fw z`bz bzzbg`fj z`fewfasfw zi `me,Cmlbaa} z`f tiamgf ziik `me zi z`f Ebzvhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f z`f} cmaafj cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfwbhbmlwz `me, Bw Jfsb~bo gietabmlz zi `mh`f~ bvzì~mzmfw bnivz z`f vlovwz z~fbzeflz z`f} wzb~zfj ziz`~fbzfl `me blj `f xbw ci~gfj zi xmz`j~bx `mw gietabmlzw, Mz mw b gieeil iggv~~flgf ml W~m Ablkbci~ z`f tiamgf zi b~~fwz mlligflz tf~wilw xì b~f zi~zv~fj blj ebl`bljafj blj z`mw gbwf mw }fzbliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`f fpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi E~, Blzìl} B}}b Jfsb~bo ::- ic Li? 76! Wm~mkbljv~b Fwzbzf! Nbjvhbeb! Ebzvhbeb!`f mw bl fwzbzf abniv~f~! eb~~mfj blj b cbz`f~ ic z`~ff, Il 8 Ovlf >424! b~ivlj = be! `f xbwwt~fbjmlh tfwzmgmjf isf~ b tbjj} cmfaj x`f~f xi~kw bw b abniv~f~, Zxi tf~wilw gbef n} b eizi~nmg}gaf ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw `me blj bwk z`f xb} zi Wm~mkbljv~b Fwzbzf x`f~f z`f} xf~f ìtmlh zi cmljz`~ff wvwtfgzw, Jfsb~bo `bj liz wffl fmz`f~ ic z`fe nfci~f, Z`f} ziaj `me z`f} xf~f c~ie tiamgf, Z`fl xmzìvz xb~lmlh i~ gbvwf z`f} gvccfj Jfsb~bo(w x~mwzw nf`mlj `mw nbgk blj xflz ml z`fjm~fgzmil ic Wm~mkbljv~b Fwzbzf! ci~gfcvaa} zbkmlh `me bailh, Il z`f xb} ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w n~ikf icc z`f n~blg` ic bl Bawzilmb z~ff, Z`fl z`f} t~igffjfj zi z`f Fwzbzf blj b~~fwzfj b ebl gbaafj E~,Eblmkkbe Wbljblbe xì z`f} bggvwfj ic jmwz~mnvzmlh maamgmz amrvi~,

Z`fl z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ziaj Jfsb~bo z`bz z`f} xblzfj zi b~~fwz zxi ei~f tf~wilw, Z`f} xflz zitabgf gbaafj Hbakbljb zbkmlh Wbljblbe blj Jfsb~bo bailh xmz` z`fe,

Z`f iccmgf~w ziaj z`f zxi t~mwilf~w z`bz z`f~f xf~f z`~ff tf~wilw flhbhfj ml t~ijvgmlh maamgmz amrvi~blj bwkfj niz` ic z`fe zi wìx z`f tabgf x`f~f mz xbw nfmlh eblvcbgzv~fj blj x`f~f z`f vzflwmaw xf~f kftz, Jfsb~bo ziaj z`fe z`bz `f klix liz`mlh bnivz mz,

Z`f iccmgf~ xì `bj z`f z~ff n~blg` wzb~zfj zi nfbz Jfsb~bo il `mw nbgk! `bljw blj nvzzigkw,Jfsb~bo ~ftfbzfja} ziaj `me z`bz `f klix liz`mlh bnivz bl} ic zìwf z`mlhw, Bz z`bz timlz z`f iz`f~iccmgf~ tvw`fj `me mlzi z`f tilj ml x`mg` z`f~f xf~f affg`fw blj t~mgka} tablzw blj `faj `mw `fbjvljf~ z`f xbzf~, Z`f tablzw ml z`f tilj xf~f (Ki`mab( Abwmb wtmliwb- x`mg` `bsf b h~fbz ebl} wtml}

zì~lw, @f `faj Jfsb~bo(w `fbj vljf~ z`f xbzf~ ci~ wief zmef blj x`fl `f xbw ~fafbwfj `f ~fbamwfjz`bz z`f~f xf~f affg`fw bzzbg`fj zi `mw nij}, @f givaj liz ~feisf z`f affg`fw bw `mw x~mwzw xf~fgvccfj kfftmlh nf`mlj `mw nbgk, X`maf kfftmlh `me ml z`f xbzf~ z`f iccmgf~w ~ftfbzfja} rvfwzmilfj`me zi ~fsfba z`f tabgfw x`f~f z`f t~itf~zmfw nfailh zi maamgmz amrvi~ t~ijvgf~w givaj nf civlj,Jfsb~bo ~ftfbzfja} ziaj z`fe `f jmj liz klix bl}z`mlh, X`fl `f nfhhfj z`f iccmgf~w zi ~feisf z`faffg`fw z`f} ~fcvwfj zi bwwmwz `me, Z`fl z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w wabttfj z`f Jfsb~bo blj xb~lfj `me z`bzz`f} xmaa cmaf b cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hf ci~ tiwwfwwmil ic cmsf nb~~faw vwfj ci~ z`f eblvcbgzv~f ic maamgmzamrvi~,



7=7

Z`fl tiamgf iccmgf~w ziik Wbljblbe blj Jfsb~bo zi z`f Ebzvhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Bz z`f Tiamgfwzbzmil tiamgf iccmgf~w ~feisfj z`f `bljgvccw blj mz xbw ila} z`fl z`bz Jfsb~bo xbw bnaf zi ~feisfz`f affg`fw,

@f xbw liz hmsfl bl} ciij z`bz jb} blj ml z`f bczf~liil `mw xmcf blj z`f wil gbef zi smwmz `me bz

b~ivlj 7 te, Z`fl `f xbw bnaf zi ~fsfba zi z`fe ìx `f xbw bwwbvazfj,

Bz b~ivlj 8 te tiamgf iccmgf~ Nbabg`blj~bl gbef zi z`f gfaa blj mlci~efj Jfsb~bo z`bz bw iz`f~tiamgf iccmgf~w `bj ~fsfbafj z`bz Jfsb~bo `bw liz gieemzzfj bl} g~mefw z`f} xf~f cmaamlh b g`b~hf ic tiwwfwwmil ic zxi nizzafw ic maamgmz amrvi~ mlwzfbj ic z`f fb~amf~ z`~fbz ic tiwwfwwmil ic cmsf nb~~faw,

Z`f lfpz jb} bz b~ivlj 0 be z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ xì zi~zv~fj Jfsb~bo gbef zi `me blj mlci~efj `mez`bz z`f} b~f ~fafbwmlh Jfsb~bo nvz x`fl `f bttfb~fj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf `f wìvaj tafbj hvmaz} iz`f~xmwf z`f} xivaj cmaf ebl} cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me, Cv~z`f~ `f ziaj z`bz z`f} tiamgf `bjei~f z`bl wvccmgmflz fsmjflgf ml z`f xb} ic nb~~faw zi vwf bhbmlwz `me, Z`fl `f wbmj z`bz Jfsb~bowìvaj liz ~fzbml b abx}f~ blj wtflj eilf}! z`bz z`f iccmgf~ givaj b~~blhf b gieevlmz} wf~smgf ci~Jfsb~bo mlwzfbj ic tvlmwèflz mc `f tafbjfj hvmaz}, Cv~z`f~ `f xb~lfj z`bz mc `f jmj liz ciaaix z`mw

bjsmgf `f xivaj (aiik bczf~ `me( x`mg` mw b sf~} gieeil t~bgzmgf ic tiamgf iccmgf~w ml W~m Ablkb ziz`~fbzfl z`f mlligflzw,

Z`fl bliz`f~ iccmgf~ bwkfj z`f lbef blj z`f bjj~fwwfj ic Jfsb~bo blj ci~gfj `me zi wmhl bjigveflz x`mg` xbw liz ~fbj i~ fptabmlfj zi `me, Bz z`f wbef zmef `f ziik Jfsb~bo(w cmlhf~ t~mlzwil bliz`f~ webaa tbtf~ il x`mg` z`f~f xf~f wief lizfw bw xfaa, Cmlbaa} `mw xmcf b~~msfj! wmhlfj ci~z`f tiamgf nbma blj Jfsb~bo xbw baaixfj zi hi ìef,

Jfsb~bo ebjf x~mzzfl gietabmlzw zi z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf MHT-! Lbzmilba TiamgfGieemwwmil LTG-! blj Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf WWT- Kbavzb~b blj zi z`f @vebl ^mh`zwGieemwwmil ic W~m Ablkb, Nvz lilf ic z`fwf iccmgf~w i~ mlwzmzvzmilw `bw ebjf mlrvm~mfw,

Abzf~ il >0 Ova} >424 `f ~fgfmsfj b zfaftìlf gbaa zi `mw einmaf c~ie 48> =:83226 blj xbw xb~lfjn} z`f gbaaf~ xì mjflzmcmfj `mewfac bw b tiamgf iccmgf~ lbefj Eb`mljb ic z`f Ebzvhbeb tiamgf z`bz`f xivaj nf ~fb~~fwzfj blj z`bz cv~z`f~ g`b~hfw xivaj nf cmafj bhbmlwz `me vlafww `f xmz`j~bxw z`fgietabmlzw z`bz `f ebjf zi z`f `mh`f~ bvzì~mzmfw, T~fwflza} Jfsb~bo mw ml cfb~ ic `mw amcf,

74=, Wvlma W`blz`b? Blhv~vxbzìzb tiamgf zi~zv~fj xmz` ìz g`mamfw il `mw hflmzbamb zi tafbwfb t~msbzf tb~z}

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b ebl lbefj E~,Wvlma W`blz`b xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj n} z`f Blhv~vxbzì~b tiamgf, B lil%wzbzf bhflz bnjvgzfj Wvlma

c~ie z`f wz~ffz blj bwwbvazfj `me ml b t~msbzf gilcmlfeflz, Abzf~! z`f} `bljfj `me isf~ zi z`ftiamgf xìe z`f bnjvgzi~ flzf~zbmlfj xmz` amrvi~, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w zi~zv~fj Wvlma n} ebwwbhmlh gìttfj ìz g`mamfw il `mw nij} mlgavjmlh `mw f}fw blj hflmzbamb, Z`f lfpz ei~lmlh Wvlma xbw~fafbwfj, Bz li zmef xbw `f wìxl i~ mlci~efj ic bl} gietabmlz bhbmlwz `me blj li wzbzfeflz xbw~fgi~jfj, Ml z`mw mlwzblgf z`f tiamgf `bsf zi~zv~fj bl mlligflz ebl zi tafbwf bl mlcavflzmba t~msbzftb~z}! x`mg` z`f W~m Ablkbl tiamgf ji bw b gieeil t~bgzmgf, Z`f gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`f fpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},



7=:

E~, Wvlma W`blz`b 70- ic Xf~bxbz`b; Jfahb`bkbljb; Blhv~vxbzìzb mw eb~~mfj blj b abniv~f~, @f xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj! jfzbmlfj blj wvnofgzfj zi g~vfa blj ml`vebl z~fbzeflz il 20 Igzinf~ >424 n} tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Blhv~vxbzìzb Tiamgf,

X`maf Wvlma xbw xi~kmlh bz `mw ilf ic `mw fetai}f~(w ìvwfw il 20 Igzinf~! `f xflz zi b nivzmrvf

gaiwf n} zi nv} wief gmhb~fzzfw, Bz z`f nivzmrvf! E~, Wbeb~btbab Fjm~mebllb xì ~fwmjfw ml z`fwbef smaabhf bw Wvlma- bnjvgzfj `me blj ziik zi `mw ìef, Z`f~f `f bwwbvazfj Wvlma! bggvwmlh `me ic wzfbamlh gbzzaf, Bczf~ `f bwwbvazfj Wvlma Wbeb~btbab zfaftìlfj bl iccmgf~ ic z`f Blhv~vxbzìzbTiamgf wzbzmil, @f z`fl ziik Wvlma ml z`f jm~fgzmil ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil ml `mw gb~ blj il z`f xb} z`f} efz b tiamgf sf`mgaf, Wbeb~btbab z~fbzfj z`f iccmgf~w ml z`f sf`mgaf xmz` amrvi~ blj z`f} z`fln~ivh`z Wvlma zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil `f xbw zbkfl mlzi b ~iie, Bl iccmgf~! Z`fllbkiil! wz~mttfj icc Wvlma(w gaiz`fwblj z`fl gvccfj `mw x~mwzw, Z`fllbkiil z`fl `vlh Wvlma c~ie z`f ~iic blj wzb~zfj zi gìt bljg~vw` ìz g`mamfw vwmlh b gvt, X`fl z`f g`mamfw xf~f ~fbj} `f tiv~fj z`fe mlzi Wvlma(w f}fw blj~vnnfj z`fe mlzi `mw hflmzbamb, Wvlma xbw kftz ml z`mw giljmzmil ci~ wief zmef nfci~f nfmlh n~ivh`zjixl,

Z`fl iccmgf~ Z`fllbkiil zmfj Wvlma(w x~mwzw blj blkafw zihfz`f~ blj tabgfj b tiaf z`~ivh` z`fe x`mg` `f z`fl wvwtfljfj il zxi zbnafw xmz` z`f bwwmwzblgf ic bliz`f~ iccmgf~, X`maf Wvlma xbwwvwtfljfj ml z`mw ebllf~ iccmgf~ Z`fllbkiil nfbz z`f wiafw ic `mw cffz, Bczf~ z`mw zi~zv~f Wvlma xbwaigkfj ml b gfaa,

Z`f ciaaixmlh ei~lmlh Wvlma xbw ~fafbwfj, @f wzbzfw z`bz z`f iccmgf~w bz z`f wzbzmil jmj liz ~fgi~jbl}z`mlh c~ie `me, Cv~z`f~ `f wzbzfw z`bz z`f tiamgf jmj liz t~ijvgfj `me nfci~f giv~z li~ mw z`f~fbl} gbwf bhbmlwz `me, Bz li zmef jmj z`f tiamgf wìx i~ mlci~e `me ic bl} gietabmlz ebjf n} bl} tb~z} zi z`f tiamgf, Wvlma wzbzfw z`bz n} amwzflmlh zi z`f gilsf~wbzmil mlwmjf z`f wzbzmil `f afb~lfj z`bzz`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf ic z`f g~mef n~blg`! G`bemljb! ic z`f Blhv~vxbzìzb Tiamgf wzbzmil

gieebljfj iccmgf~ Z`fllbkiil zi zi~zv~f Wvlma bz z`f wzbzmil, Wvlma jflmfw z`bz `f xbw fsf~flhbhfj ml wzfbamlh gbzzaf, @f cv~z`f~ wzbzfw z`bz z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bz Blhv~vxbzìzb Tiamgf wzbzmilzi~zv~fj `me zi tafbwf E~, Wbeb~btbab Fjm~mebllb bl mlcavflzmba tf~wil ml z`f b~fb, Ml z`mw z`ficcmgf~w bgzfj vaz~b sm~fw ml z`bz z`f} `bj li bvzì~mz} zi b~~fwz! jfzbml blj emwz~fbz `me, Mz mw fsmjflzz`bz z`f} xf~f bgzmlh il nf`bac ic bl mlcavflzmba tb~z},

724, Kveb~bwmlh`f Bttv`bem ? Zi~zv~fj blj ~feisfj `me c~ie ìwtmzba bhbmlwz z`fjigzi~(w bjsmgf n} Tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b ebl! E~,Kb~bwmlh`f B~bg`g`mabhf Kveb~bwmlh`f Bttv`bem 66- xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj blj jfzbmlfj n} z`f

Kiaillb tiamgf, X`maf `f xbw ml tiamgf gvwzij} `f xbw zi~zv~fj blj bw b ~fwvaz `f xbw mlov~fj bnivzz`f `fbj blj wzb~zfj zi siemz, @f xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f Kiaillb Jmwz~mgz @iwtmzba ci~ z~fbzeflz x`f~fb jigzi~ bjsmwfj z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w zi bjemz `me, @ixfsf~! jvf zi z`f mlcavflgf ic z`f tiamgf z`fJmwz~mgz Efjmgba Iccmgf~ tf~emzzfj z`f iccmgf~w zi ci~gfcvaa} zbkf z`f ebl nbgk zi z`f wzbzmil, @f xbwliz t~ismjfj xmz` bl} efjmgba z~fbzeflz, Abzf~ `f xbw ci~gfj zi wmhl jigveflzw t~ftb~fj n} z`ftiamgf z`bz xf~f liz fptabmlfj zi `me i~ ~fgi~jfj c~ie `me, Bczf~ ìajmlh bl mlrvm~} z`f iccmgf~w~fbamwfj z`bz `f xbw mlligflz blj ~fafbwfj z`f ciaaixmlh ei~lmlh, X`fl Kveb~bwmlh`f gietabmlfjzi z`f `mh`f~ bvzì~mzmfw bhbmlwz z`f vlovwz z~fbzeflz `f `bj nffl ci~gfj zi fljv~f z`f tiamgf cmaafj b



7=6

cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hf bhbmlwz `me, Z`f gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`f fpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi E~, Kb~bwmlh`f B~bg`g`mabhf Kveb~bwmlh`f Bttv`bem 66- ic Zfetaf îbj! Xmofhm~m}b! eb~~mfj! b cbz`f~ ic 6 blj b cb~ef~ n} t~icfwwmil, @f amsfw ml z`f Kiaaillb Tiamgf

Jmsmwmil ml ^bz`lbtv~b Jmwz~mgz,

Il 74 Bt~ma >424! `f ~fgfmsfj b efwwbhf c~ie z`f Kiaillb Tiamgf wzbzmil zi bttfb~ bz z`f wzbzmilci~ bl mlrvm~} bz = be, Bczf~ xbmzmlh ci~ wfsf~ba ìv~w `f xbw bwkfj n} iccmgf~ Z`mabkb~bz`lb ziblwxf~ wief rvfwzmilw, Z`mabkb~bz`lb xbw ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw bz z`f zmef, Kveb~bwmlh`f xbw bggvwfjic wzfbamlh fafgz~mgmz} c~ie z`f smaabhf fafgz~mgmz} tablz ci~ `mw ìef x`mg` `f wz~ilha} jflmfj, Fbg`zmef `f jflmfj z`f g`b~hf iccmgf~ Z`mabkb~bz`lb wabttfj `me `fbsma}, Z`fl Z`mabkb~bz`lb h~bnnfjìaj ic `mw w`m~z giaab~ blj j~bhhfj `me ci~xb~j blj wzb~fj zi nfbz `me bnivz z`f `fbj, Jv~mlh z`mwbwwbvaz Kveb~bwmlh`f wz~vgk `mw `fbj bhbmlwz z`f xbaa, Z`mabkb~bz`lb aigkfj Kveb~bwmlh`f ml b gfaa`fbjafww ic z`f tbml z`bz z`f ebl xbw wvccf~mlh,

Bczf~ 74 emlvzfw Z`mabkb~bz`lb gbef zi z`f gfaa bailh xmz` bliz`f~ iccmgf~ blj wìvzfj bz

Kveb~bwmlh`f ml inwgflf ablhvbhf blj xb~lfj `me z`bz zxi cbn~mgbzfj gbwfw xivaj nf cmafj bhbmlwz`me, Z`fl Z`mabkb~blz`lb i~jf~fj z`f iz`f~ iccmgf~ zi zbkf Kveb~bwmlh`f zi z`f ìwtmzba blj n~mlh `me nbgk, Zxi iccmgf~w gbef zi z`f gfaa blj ziik Kveb~bwmlh`f zi z`f Kiaillb Jmwz~mgz @iwtmzba,

Bz z`f ìwtmzba Kveb~bwmlh`f xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f b jigzi~ zi xìe `f fptabmlfj ìx `f `bj~fgfmsfj `mw mlov~mfw blj z`bz z`f tiamgf `bj zi~zv~fj `me, Bczf~ fpbemlmlh Kveb~bwmlh`f z`f jigzi~mlci~efj z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w z`bz `f wìvaj nf bjemzzfj ci~ cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz, Z`f iccmgf~w ziaj z`fjigzi~ z`bz z`f} givaj liz baaix `me zi nf bjemzzfj bw z`f} `bj zi zbkf `me nbgk zi z`f wzbzmil,Cv~z`f~ z`f} jflmfj z`bz z`f} `bj zi~zv~fj `me, Z`f jigzi~ mlci~efj z`f iccmgf~w z`bz z`f} `bj zi xbmz vlzma z`f Jmwz~mgz Efjmgba Iccmgf~ JEI- gbef blj ebjf b jfgmwmil ml z`bz ~fhb~j bw `f z`fjigzi~- givaj liz ~fafbwf z`f tbzmflz, Ci~ z`f lfpz 26 emlvzfw Kveb~bwmlh`f xbw bwkfj zi wmz il b

nflg` blj mz xbw z`fl z`bz `f wzb~zfj zi siemz,

X`fl z`f JEI b~~msfj `f bawi fpbemlfj Kveb~bwmlh`f xì xbw bnaf zi fptabml z`f `mwzi~} ic z`fgbwf, Z`f JEI wtfgmcmgbaa} bwkfj `me x`fz`f~ `f `bj siemzfj blj cfaz cbmlz, Kveb~bwmlh`f wbmjz`bz z`mw xbw z`f gbwf blj z`bz `f `bj ba~fbj} wzb~zfj siemzmlh, Z`fl z`f JEI bhbml bwkfj ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w zi zbkf Kveb~bwmlh`f nbgk zi z`f nflg` x`maf `f wtikf xmz` z`f wfgilj iccmgf~,Ciaaixmlh z`fm~ gilsf~wbzmil niz` ic z`fe gbef ivz c~ie z`f fpbemlbzmil ~iie blj z`f JEI wbmjz`bz `f `bj zi hi z`f xb~j, Kveb~bwmlh`f tafbjfj xmz` z`f JEI z`bz `f lffjfj z~fbzeflz nvz z`fJEI afcz xmzìvz gilwmjf~mlh `mw ~frvfwz, Kveb~bwmlh`f cm~ea} nfamfsfw z`bz z`f JEI xmaacvaa} baaixfj z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w zi zbkf `me c~ie z`f ìwtmzba ml z`f cvaa klixafjhf ic `mw efjmgbagiljmzmil blj z`bz `f xbw wvccf~mlh wfsf~f tbml, Siemzmlh bczf~ wvccf~mlh b `fbj mlov~} mw b w}etzie

ic z`f wf~mivwlfww ic z`f tbzmflz(w giljmzmil,

Bw z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w z~mfj zi zbkf Kveb~bwmlh`f nbgk zi z`f tiamgf `f tafbjfj z`fe zi bjemz `meci~ z~fbzeflz, @ixfsf~! `ffjafww ic `mw ~frvfwz z`f iccmgf~w wzb~zfj zi ci~gfcvaa} j~bh `me bxb},Kveb~bwmlh`f `faj il zi z`f nflg` xmz` `mw ~mh`z `blj tafbjmlh xmz` z`fe liz zi zbkf `me nbgk ziz`f tiamgf wzbzmil bw `f xbw ml cfb~ ic nfmlh wvnofgzfj zi cv~z`f~ zi~zv~f, Ilf iccmgf~ gbaafj z`f tiamgfwzbzmil blj b wì~z x`maf abzf~ bliz`f~ cmsf iccmgf~w! mlgavjmlh z`f Z`mabkb~bz`lb! gbef zi z`fìwtmzba, Z`f} wìvzfj bz `me xmz` inwgflf ablhvbhf blj Kveb~bwmlh`f nfhhfj z`fe zi bz afbwzhmsf `me wief efjmgmlf ci~ z`f tbml, Z`fl ilf iccmgf~ ziaj `me! (Zìzb Nf`fz` Jfllbe( Z`f



7=3

jm~fgz z~blwabzmil mw? .xf xmaa hmsf }iv efjmgmlf.! ìxfsf~! mz mw b fvt`femwe ci~ .xf xmaa hmsf }ivzi~zv~f.-, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~w z~mfj zi gb~~} Kveb~blwmh`f ivz ic z`f ìwtmzba nvz `f `faj il zi ilf afh ic z`f nflg`, @mw cfb~ xbw wi h~fbz blj `mw h~mt wi wz~ilh z`bz x`fl z`f iccmgf~w z~mfj zi j~bh `mez`f `fbs} nflg` eisfj c~ie z`f xbaa, Bliz`f~ iccmgf~ ziik ìaj ic Kveb~bwmlh`f(w afcz `blj bljwzb~zfj zi nfbz blj zxmwz mz z`f~fn} gbvwmlh fli~eivw tbml, Baa z`f x`maf Kveb~bwmlh`f xbw

wg~fbemlh blj tafbjmlh xmz` z`f jigzi~w blj z`f n}wzbljf~w zi wbsf `me, @ixfsf~! li ilf gbef zi`mw bwwmwzblgf, @f wbx b ab~hf lvenf~ ic `fbaz` wzbcc aiikmlh il nvz lilf mlzf~sflfj zi wbsf `me,Efblx`maf iz`f~ iccmgf~w z~mfj zi ~fafbwf Kveb~bwmlh`f(w ~mh`z `blj c~ie z`f nflg`,

Cmlbaa} z`f iccmgf~w xf~f bnaf zi j~bh Kveb~bwmlh`f ivz ic z`f ìwtmzba blj mlzi b sf`mgaf tb~kfj mlz`f ìwtmzba t~femwfw, Kveb~bwmlh`f aiwz gilwgmivwlfww nvz liz nfci~f `f ~fbamwfj z`bz `mw wb~ilh `bj nffl zi~l icc,

X`fl `f ~fhbmlfj gilwgmivwlfww `f civlj z`bz `f xbw nbgk bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Xmz` jmccmgvaz} z`f} n~ivh`z Kveb~bwmlh`f zi b gfaa,

Bczf~ wiefzmef Kveb~bwmlh`f xbw zbkfl ivz c~ie z`f gfaa blj n~ivh`z nfci~f z`f Iccmgf~%ml%

G`b~hf IMG- ic z`f wzbzmil, Z`fl `f xbw bnaf zi fptabml x`bz `bj `bttflfj zi `me, Bczf~ amwzflmlh zi z`mw z`f IMG ziaj `me! (Ebeb @mzm}blbe Zìzb Hb`bllf ^fjjf ^fsfllb( Mc M xbw `f~f M xivaj`bsf nfbzfl }iv vlzma }iv w`bz }iv~wfac-, @f xbw z`fl ~fzv~lfj zi z`f gfaa blj bz b~ivlj 8 te ilf ic `mw ~fabzmsfw gbef zi smwmz `me, Bczf~ fptabmlmlh `mw tbml `f xbw bnaf zi zbkf wief Tblbjia, Bazihfz`f~ Kveb~bwmlh`f ziik wmp tmaaw bczf~ hfzzmlh wief xbzf~ c~ie bl iccmgf~,

Z`fl bz b~ivlj 24 be iccmgf~ Z`mabkb~bz`lb gbef zi Kveb~bwmlh`f blj mlci~efj `me z`bz z`f} lffjfj zi ~fgi~j b wzbzfeflz c~ie `me blj ziik `me zi bliz`f~ ~iie, Z`fl Z`mabkb~bz`lb x~izf bwzbzfeflz ilf blj `bac tbhfw ml aflhz` blj bwkfj Kveb~bwmlh`f zi wmhl mz, X`fl Kveb~bwmlh`fbwkfj z`f iccmgf~ zi ~fbj z`f wzbzfeflz nfci~f `f wmhlfj mz Z`mabkb~bz`lb nabgkhvb~jfj `me blji~jf~fj `me zi w`vz `mw eivz` blj wmhl, Bczf~ Kveb~bwmlh`f bhbml ~fcvwfj zi wmhl z`f wzbzfeflz

Z`mabkb~bz`lb n~ivh`z `me nfci~f z`f IMG blj ziaj `me z`bz `f ~fcvwfj zi wmhl z`f jigveflz,Kveb~bwmlh`f ziaj z`f IMG z`bz `f lffjfj zi klix z`f gilzflzw ic z`f jigveflz nfci~f wmhlmlh mz, Z`f IMG z`fl ~frvfwzfj Z`mabkb~blz`lb zi ~fbj isf~ z`f jigveflz, Z`mabkb~bz`lb n~ivh`zKveb~bwmlh`f nbgk zi z`f ~iie blj wìvzfj bz `me! i~jf~mlh `me zi wmhl z`f jigveflz nvzKveb~bwmlh`f bhbml ~fcvwfj blj wzbzfj z`bz fsfl mc `f xf~f zi nf kmaafj `f xivaj liz wmhl z`fjigveflz mc mz xbw liz fptabmlfj zi `me,

Z`fl bhbml iccmgf~ Z`mabkb~bz`lb n~ivh`z Kveb~bwmlh`f nbgk zi z`f IMG xì ziaj Kveb~bwmlh`fz`bz z`f~f xbw li abx z`bz wb}w b wzbzfeflz wìvaj nf fptabmlfj nfci~f hfz nfmlh wmhlfj x`mg` ic giv~wf mw gietafzfa} gilz~bjmgzi~} zi tiamgf ~fhvabzmilw, @f wìxfj Kveb~bwmlh`f b niik bljfptabmlfj z`bz bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil gilzbmlfj z`f~fml z`f~f xbw li lffj zi fptabml b

jigveflz nfci~f hfzzmlh mz wmhlfj,

Bz z`bz zmef Kveb~bwmlh`f lizfj z`bz efenf~w ic z`f (Fafgz~mgmz} Tablz Bwwigmbzmil( ic z`f smaabhf`bj bawi gief zi z`f wzbzmil, Z`fl z`f IMG xb~lfj Kveb~bwmlh`f z`bz z`f} xmaa cmaf zxi cbn~mgbzfjg`b~hfw bhbmlwz `me blj z`bz Kveb~bwmlh`f xivaj nf wflz zi ~feblj t~mwil ci~ 2: jb}w, Z`f IMGgbaafj bl iccmgf~ blj i~jf~fj `me zi mlci~e z`f Ebhmwz~bzf z`bz `f lffjfj zi wflj Kveb~bwmlh`f ci~zi ~feblj t~mwil ci~ 2: jb}w,



7=8

Z`fl IMG ziaj z`bz .]bki W N Jmwwblb}bkb Eb`bzz`b}b Bxv~vj} > @m~f @mzm}b! W~mtbz`mWv~mb~bg`g`m Eb`bz`z`b}b Kbab}bk @m~f @mzm}b! Wb~bz` Cilwfkb Eb`bz`z`b}b Z`bxbeb Bz`vaf, BEmlmwwv Hm}f Kbzbxba @mljb, Zìzbm Btmzbm Kiìeb Kb~bmjb9 B Lmwb Venbzb Sm~vjjbxb LbjvJblbxb. Jfsma" E~, W N Jmwwblb}bk met~mwilfj ci~ zxi }fb~w! W~mtbz`m Wv~mb~bg`g`m bawi ci~ gf~zbmlzmef! Wb~bz` Cilwfkb mw wzmaa ml t~mwil, Baa ic z`fe xflz t~mwil nfgbvwf ic z`fm~ eivz`w, Z`fl x`bz

xivaj `bttfl zi }iv9 Wi xf xmaa cmaf zxi gbwfw bhbmlwz }iv,- Z`fl Kveb~bwmlh`f tafbwfj xmz` z`fIMG liz zi cmaf gbwfw wzbzmlh z`bz `mw zxi g`maj~fl blj z`f xmcf xf~f ìwtmzbamfj blj z`f iz`f~ `mw 7g`maj~fl xf~f ml wgìia x`fl `f gbef zi z`f tiamgf, @f ziaj z`f IMG z`bz `f jmj liz klix x`bz xmaa`bttfl zi z`fe, Cmlbaa} `f bh~ffj zi wmhl z`f jigveflz blj xbw ~fafbwfj,

Z`f IMG z`fl mlci~efj baa z`f efenf~w ic Fafgz~mgmz} Tablz Bwwigmbzmil blj z`f iz`f~w zi gief ziz`f wzbzmil z`f lfpz jb}! > Eb}, Il z`bz jb} cm~wz Kveb~bwmlh`f xflz zi z`f Kiaillb @iwtmzba ci~z~fbzeflz nvz `bj zi hi zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil ci~ z`f mlrvm~}, Bw baa z`f efenf~w ic bwwigmbzmil xf~ft~fwflz z`f mlrvm~} xbw `faj blj bz z`f flj mz xbw civlj z`bz z`f~f xbw liz`mlh bhbmlwzKveb~bwmlh`f, @f xbw mlci~efj z`bz z`f tiamgf xivaj liz cmaf bl} gbwf bhbmlwz `me, Z`mw xbw wzbzfjml c~ilz ic fsf~}ilf t~fwflz,

X`fl `f ~fzv~lfj ìef bazìvh` `f vwfj z`f efjmgmlf x`mg` xbw hmsfl zi `me n} z`f ìwtmzba `fvljf~wziij z`bz z`f tbml xbw hfzzmlh xi~wf wi `f xflz zi z`f Nbwf @iwtmzba ic Benmamtmzm}b, Z`flz`f jigzi~w bjemzzfj `me ci~ cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz zi z`f xb~j lvenf~ >, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bz tiamgftiwz ic ìwtmzba bawi ~fgi~jfj b wzbzfeflz c~ie `me il 8 Eb}, Z`fl il z`f wbef jb} z`f OvjmgmbaEfjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- fpbemlfj `me blj ~fgi~jfj `mw giljmzmil, @f xbw jmwg`b~hf il z`bz jb},

Z`fl Kveb~bwmlh`f xflz zi z`f Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf BWT-! Benmamtmz}b il 22 Eb} blj fptabmlfj z`f mlgmjflz zi `me, Bliz`f~ iccmgf~ ~fgi~jfj `mw wzbzfeflz x`mg` z`f} hiz `me ziwmhl,

Kveb~bwmlh`f ebjf gietabmlzw zi z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf! Jftvz} Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba

Wbnb~bhbevxb-! Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzfljflz Tiamgf ^bz`lbtv~b-! Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil! @vebl^mh`zw Gieemwwmil ic W~m Ablkb ~fhb~jmlh z`f vlovwz z~fbzeflz `f `bj ~fgfmsfj bz z`f `bljw ic z`ftiamgf, Bw b ~fwvaz ic z`fwf gietabmlzw `f xbw mlci~efj n} z`f tiamgf z`bz z`f} xivaj cmaf bcbn~mgbzfj g`b~hf bhbmlwz `me x`mg` z`f} abzf~ jmj,

722, T H X H Ob}b~bz`lb? B tiamgf gilwzbnaf tv~wvmlh b gbwf bhbmlwz b wflmi~ tiamgf iccmgf~cbgfw jfbz` z`~fbzw

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b Tiamgf GilwzbnafTG- T H X H Ob}b~bz`lb xbw zi~zv~fj n} bl Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf x`mg` ~fwvazfj ml z`f tf~ci~bzmilic `mw fb~ j~ve, TG Ob}b~bz`lb xbw bwwbvazfj n} Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf MT- Lmw`blz`b Baxmw z`f IMG

ic _ilf%2: ic Sbsvlm}bsb Jmwz~mgz il > Eb} >44=, Zìvh` z`f smgzme iccmgf~ gietabmlfj zi baa`mh`f~ bvzì~mzmfw ic z`f tiamgf jftb~zeflz! MT Lmw`blz`b xbw t~ieizfj zi z`f tiwmzmil ic Bwwmwzblzzi z`f Wflmi~ JMH ic Wbnb~bhbevxb blj Vsb, T~fwflza} MT Lmw`blz`b mw bzzfetzmlh zi mlcavflgf z`f xmzlfwwfw ic z`f gbwf blj ebkmlh jfbz` z`~fbzw zi z`f smgzme, Z`f t~iwfgvzmil mw nfmlh `bljafj n} z`f Sbsvlm}bxb @fbjrvb~zf~w Tiamgf wzbzmil blj z`f iccmgf~w gilgf~lfj b~f ~favgzblz zi t~igffj xmz` z`f gbwf, Z`f amcf ic z`f smgzme mw ml jblhf~, Z`f gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`ffpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},



7=0

T,H,X,H, Ob}b~bz`lb 78- ic lvenf~ 8)7! Tblxbzzf! Ismamkbljb! Ebzbaf mw eb~~mfj blj b tiamgfgilwzbnaf TG- bzzbg`fj zi z`f W~m Ablkb Tiamgf Jftb~zeflz, Il > Eb} >44= `f wf~sfj bz lvenf~ 8nvlkf~ ic Wvn _ilf 2 ic _ilf 2: ic Sbsvlm}bxb Jmwz~mgz, @mw nvlkf~ xbw bz z`f Sbsvlm}b Ebllb~ebml ~ibj, Il z`f tb~zmgvab~ jb} bz b~ivlj 3 te bw vwvba `f t~ftb~fj zi amh`z z`f ablzf~l zi z`fAi~j Nvjj`b wzbzvf, X`maf gietafzmlh `mw ~famhmivw ~mzvba `f `fb~j z`f ì~l ic b tiamgf offt,

Meefjmbzfa} `f xflz zi z`f c~ilz ic z`f nvlkf~ x`f~f `f wbx b tiamgf offt xmz` zxi wflmi~ iccmgf~wblj cfx ovlmi~ tiamgf iccmgf~w, Meefjmbzfa} Ob}b~bz`lb wbavzfj z`f wflmi~w blj btt~ibg`fj z`f offt xmz` `mw xfbtil, @f klfx z`f zxi wflmi~ iccmgf~w! Bwwmwzblgf Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf BWT- Ob}blz`b Bz`btbz`z`v blj Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf MT- Lmw`blz`b Baxmw, MT Lmw`blz`b bamh`zfj c~ie z`fofft blj bwkfj Ob}b~bz`lb z`f ~fbwil ci~ liz giemlh zi `me meefjmbzfa}, @f blwxf~fj z`bz `f xbwgb~~}mlh ivz `mw ~famhmivw ~mzvba n} amh`zmlh z`f ablzf~l zi z`f Aibj Nvjj`b, Z`fl MT Lmw`blz`bwabttfj `me wfsf~fa}, Ob}b~bz`lb vljf~wziij z`bz MT Lmw`blz`b xbw mlfn~mbzfj bz z`f zmef bw x`f~fz`f iccmgf~w bggietbl}mlh `me, X`fl `f xbw bwwbvazfj mz xbw xmzlfwwfj n} Wf~hfblzw Ob}b~bz`blbblj Kvab~bz`lb xì xf~f z`f bwwmwzblzw ic BWT Bz`btbz`z`v, Cv~z`f~ z`f mlgmjflz xbw xmzlfwwfj n} bliz`f~ tiamgf iccmgf~! Z`mabkb~bz`lb! xì bawi wf~sfj ml lvenf~ 0 nvlkf~ bw xfaa, Ovwz bczf~ Ob}b~bz`lb xbw bwwbvazfj Wf~hfblz Ob}b~bz`blb blj Wf~hfblz Kvab~bz`lb xflz zi MT Lmw`blz`b, Z`f} xf~f wzbhhf~mlh bw z`f} xbakfj bw z`f} xf~f niz` j~vlk, Z`f} v~hfj MT Lmw`blz`b zi ~fzv~l zi z`f

sf`mgaf, Ob}b~bz`lb ziaj z`f BWT z`bz `f xi~w`mtfj Ai~j Nvjj`b fsf~} jb} n} amh`zmlh b ablzf~l, Z`fl z`f BWT ziaj MT Lmw`blz`b z`bz z`f} `bj zi hi blj z`f} afcz z`f tabgf,

Ob}b~bz`lb cfaz vlnfb~bnaf tbml ml `mw fb~ bailh xmz` bl vlvwvba fgi il ml fb~, Bawi `f aiwz `mw wflwfic nbablgf blj xbw liz bnaf zi wzblj t~itf~a},

Ob}b~bz`lb gbaafj z`f Wzbzf Mlci~ebzmil Gflz~f il 2=2= blj bwkfj z`f zfaftìlf lvenf~w ic Jftvz} Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba JMH- Sbsvlm}b blj Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf WWT- Sbsvlm}b, Zìvh` `f xbw bnaf hiz zìwf lvenf~w `f xbw liz bnaf zi gilzbgz z`f iccmgf~w, Z`fl `f gbaafj zi 220! z`fFef~hflg} Wf~smgf lvenf~ blj bwkfj z`fe zi mlci~e b wflmi~ tiamgf iccmgf~ bz Sbsvlm}b zi giefblj zbkf `me ci~ z~fbzeflz bw `f gblliz z~bsfa vlbmjfj, @f xbmzfj ci~ wief zmef nvz li ilf gbef,

Z`fl Ob}b~bz`lb xflz zi effz `mw meefjmbzf wflmi~! z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- ic z`f Wvn%_ilf2, @f xbw bnaf zi ebkf b ~fgi~j bnivz z`f mlgmjflz, Z`fl z`f IMG Bjemlmwz~bzmilic _ilf%2:!Ebjjvebnbljb~b! gbef zi `me blj ziaj Ob}b~bz`lb z`bz `f wìvaj liz hi ci~ z~fbzeflz bw z`f MTLmw`blz`b xbw j~vlk blj xivaj cbgf cvzv~f t~inafew mc z`f gietabmlz xflz bl} cv~z`f~, Z`fl Ob}b~bz`lb mlci~efj `me z`bz `f xbw ml h~fbz tbml blj givaj liz wzb}, Z`fl Ebjjvbebnbljb~b xflzbxb} wb}mlh z`bz `f xivaj ~fzv~l xmz` b sf`mgaf nvz `f lfsf~ jmj wi,

X`fl `f givaj li ailhf~ nfb~ z`f tbml `f xflz zi z`f iccmgf ic z`f _ilf%2: bczf~ ebkmlh b ~fgi~jil z`f ~fgi~j niik ic z`f Wvn%_ilf iccmgf~, Bz z`bz zmef `f efz MT Lmw`blz`b xì ziaj `me z`bz `fgbl hi bl}tabgf `f xmw`fj bw `f xbw liz bc~bmj ic bl} ic zìwf bvzì~mzmfw,

Z`fl Ob}b~bz`lb `bljfj isf~ `mw iccmgmba xfbtil zi Nvlkf~ 3 ic Wvn%_ilf 2 blj kftz b lizf ic z`f~fgi~j, @f z`fl xflz zi z`f Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba ic Ebjbxbg`g`m}b bz 24,66 te x`f~f `f xbwbjemzzfj, Nfci~f `f xbw bjemzzfj bl iccmgf~ c~ie z`f Ebjbxbg`g`m}b Tiamgf wzbzmil bawi ~fgi~jfj bwzbzfeflz c~ie Ob}b~bz`lb ~fhb~jmlh z`f mlgmjflz,

X`maf `f xbw z~fbzfj bz z`f xb~j `f siemzfj b~ivlj civ~ zmefw blj wvccf~fj b wfsf~f `fbjbg`f bw xfaa, Bczf~ z`f jigzi~w fpbemlfj `mw fb~ z`f} jfgmjfj zi z~blwcf~ Ob}b~bz`lb zi z`f Blv~bj`btv~b Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba ci~ cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz, @f xbw z~blwcf~~fj xmz` bl benvablgf, Bczf~ bjemzzmlh `me



7==

zi z`f Blv~bj`btv~b ìwtmzba `f xbw fpbemlfj n} z`f FLZ gilwvazblz blj mlci~efj `me z`bz z`bzz`f~f mw b tf~ci~bzmil zi `mw fb~ j~ve z}etblmg efen~blf-,

Ob}blz`b z`fl ebjf b gietabmlz zi z`f WWT Sbsvlm}bxb! JMH Sbsvlm}bxb blj zi z`f tiamgf`fbjrvb~zf~w, @f bawi ebjf gietabmlz xmz` z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil ic W~m Ablkb, Z`fl z`f

@R Tiamgf wzbzmil Sbsvlm}bxb cmafj b g~memlba gbwf bhbmlwz z`f MT Lmw`blz`b ml z`f Ebhmwz~bzf Giv~z Sbsvlm}b blj z`f gbwf lvenf~ xbw 63023)>44=, Ml z`mw gbwf MT Lmw`blz`b xbw bggvwfj ic gieemzzmlh b g~mef ic h~mfsivw `v~z n} tf~ci~bzmil zi z`f fb~ j~ve,

Z`f xmzlfwwfw ci~ z`f gbwf xf~f baa tiamgf iccmgf~w mlgavjmlh z`f wflmi~w blj cfx ovlmi~ iccmgf~w,T~fwflza} z`f gbwf mw tfljmlh,

Efblx`maf z`f gbwf Ob}b~bz`lb cmafj bz @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil xbw zbkfl vt ci~ mlrvm~} blj z`f x`fl mz xbw gilgavjfj z`f Gieemwwmil jfgmjfj z`bz MT Lmw`blz`b `bj smiabzfj z`f cvljbeflzba~mh`zw hvb~blzffj zi z`f Ob}b~bz`blb blj cv~z`f~ i~jf~fj `me zi tb} wve ic ^w, 24 444)5 bwgietflwbzmil,

Ob}b~bz`lb wzbzfw z`bz mc b hisf~leflz iccmgf~ mw civlj zi nf mlfn~mbzfj x`maf il jvz} mz wìvaj nfgilwmjf~fj bw ilf ic z`f eiwz wf~mivw iccflgfw blj z`bz iccmgf~ wìvaj nf jmwemwwfj c~ie wf~smgfbczf~ nfmlh civlj hvmaz},

Mlwzfbj ic z`bz `bttflmlh b cfx xffkw abzf~ `f civlj z`bz MT Lmw`blz`b xbw t~ieizfj bljbttimlzfj bw z`f Tf~wilba Bwwmwzblz zi z`f Wflmi~ Jftvz} Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba Wbnb~bhbevxb bljVsb T~ismlgfw-, Bczf~ `mw bttimlzeflz Ob}b~bz`lb inwf~sfj z`bz tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f @RTiamgf wzbzmil ic Sbsvlm}b `bsf wìxl li mlzf~fwz ml t~igffjmlh xmz` `mw gbwf, Cv~z`f~ `f civlj z`bzbaa ic z`f xmzlfwwfw xf~f cbmamlh zi bttfb~ ml giv~z bw z`f} xf~f ~favgzblz zi hmsf fsmjflgf jvf zi z`fmlcavflgf ic z`f MT, Cv~z`f~ `f wzbzfw z`bz `mw amcf `bw nffl tabgfj ml jblhf~ n} z`f `mh`f~ bvzì~mzmfwic z`f tiamgf jftb~zeflz n} z`fm~ wmaflgf blj ~favgzblgf zi zbkf bgzmil bhbmlwz MT Lmw`blz`b,

Ob}b~bz`lb cv~z`f~ wzbzf z`bz `f afb~lfj z`bz gf~zbml wzftw `bsf nffl zbkfl zi g`blhf z`f i~jf~ ic z`f@^G jfgmwmil x`mg` xbw ml `mw cbsiv~, T~fwflza} Ob}b~bz`lb mw ml cfb~ ic `mw amcf,

72>, Xb`b~bhfjb~b ̂ blomz` Wveblhbab? N~vzbaa} zi~zv~f blj cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz E~, Xb`b~bhfjb~b^blomz` Wveblhbab xbw b~~fwzfj n} iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Em~m`blb Tiamgf wzbzmil blj jfzbmlfj ci~ btf~mij ic cmsf jb}w jv~mlh x`mg` zmef `f xbw zi~zv~fj, @f xbw bwwbvazfj il `mw afh xmz` b tiaf mlc~ilz ic `mw xmcf blj }ivlh g`maj~fl vlzma z`f 7,6 cffz ailh >P2 mlg` tiaf n~ikf, Abzf~ b tabwzmgwìttmlh nbh xbw cmaafj xmz` g`mam tixjf~ blj tabgfj isf~ `mw `fbj blj gisf~mlh `mw cbgf, Cv~z`f~!

`mw `bljw xf~f gvccfj nf`mlj `mw nbgk blj `f xbw wvwtfljfj n} `mw x~mwzw ci~ 74 emlvzfw, ^blomz` xbw ci~gfj zi bggftz ~fwtilwmnmamz} ci~ >2 gbwfw, Z`f Ebhmwz~bzf ic Bsmwwbxfaab ~fafbwfj `me il nbmanvz lix `f cfb~w cv~z`f~ cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw, Z`mw gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`f fpgftzmilbagiaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj n} z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil! E~, Xb`b~bhfjb~b^blomz` Wveblhbab 73- ic Li? 20! Kv~m}bxfab Giail}! Vkvxfab mw b eb~~mfj cbz`f~ ic zxi blj bzmlkf~ zmlwemz`- n} t~icfwwmil, @f `bj wf~sfj ml z`f W~m Ablkb B~e} blj ml 2=== xbw ìliv~bna} jmwg`b~hfj,



:44

Il 26 Jfgfenf~ >424 `f wzb}fj bz Li? 278)>! Nfambz`z`bsmab! Kmljfatmzm}b! Emaafxb xmz` `mw cbema},Il z`mw tb~zmgvab~ jb} `f xflz zi `mw fetai}f~(w ìef bz Kb`bxbab n} b z`~ff x`ffaf~ ixlfj n} ilfE~, G`bljblb, X`maf z`f} xf~f il z`fm~ xb}! bz ]bzbxbz`v~b ~ibj lfb~ z`f tabgf klixl aigbaa} bwE~, Cmwgba(w ìef! civ~ eizi~ nmkfw wv~~ivljfj z`fe wi z`bz z`f z`~ff%x`ffaf~ `bj zi wzit, Z`fl

zxi ic z`f eizi~nmkf tbwwflhf~w wbz il z`f ~fb~ ic z`f z`~ff x`ffaf~ il niz` wmjfw ic ^blomz`, Z`f} z`~fbzflfj `me xmz` jfbz` blj ziaj `me liz zi eisf, ^blomz` blj z`f j~msf~ xf~f bwkfj zi `bljisf~ z`fm~ einmaf tìlfw x`mg` z`f} jmj,

^blomz` mljflzmcmfj ilf tf~wil ivz ic z`f fmh`z bw Bomz` Xblbwvljb~b b ~fzm~fj b~e} iccmgf~ amsmlh mlz`f wbef b~fb, Z`fl z`f} jm~fgzfj G`bljblb zi j~msf zixb~jw z`f gfefzf~} ic Jbenb~b, Ilgf z`f~fz`f} cv~z`f~ mlwz~vgzfj `me zi zbkf z`f z`~ff x`ffaf~ jfft mlzi z`f gfefzf~} x`f~f li ilf xivaj wffz`fe, Ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w ~feisfj ^blomz`(w Z%w`m~z blj namljciajfj `me, Z`fl `f wzb~zfj zi nfbzblj kmgk `mw afhw b~ivlj zxflz} zmefw, Z`f efl jmj liz bwk bl} rvfwzmilw i~ fptabml x`bz z`f} xf~fjimlh, Z`fl ^blomz` `fb~j z`bz ilf tf~wil gbaamlh bliz`f~ blj wzbzmlh z`bz z`f} `bj b~~fwzfj z`febl, Z`fl bliz`f~ bwkfj z`f iccmgf~ zi zbkf z`f ^blomz` zi gf~zbml aigbzmilw, N} amwzflmlh zi z`fgilsf~wbzmil nfzxffl z`fe ^blomz` vljf~wziij z`bz z`f} xf~f tiamgf iccmgf~w, Bz z`bz timlz ^blomz`(w

x~mwzw xf~f gvccfj nf`mlj `mw nbgk,

B sbl gbef blj wzittfj lfb~ z`fe blj z`f iccmgf~w ziik ^blomz` ml zi mzw ~fb~ blj bwkfj `me zi wmzil z`f caii~ ic z`f sf`mgaf, Ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w bwkfj ^blomz` mc `f klfx x`f~f `f xbw blj `fblwxf~fj z`bz `f xbw ml z`f gfefzf~}, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~ xb~lfj `me z`bz z`f} xivaj nv~} `me z`f~f, Z`fl `f jfebljfj z`f aigbzmil ic z`f bvziebzmg xfbtil z`bz ^blomz` `bj `f zbkfl c~ie z`f b~e} blj zi x`mg` ^blomz` jflmfj z`bz `f `bj fsf~ zbkfl bl} wvg` xfbtil, Z`fl `f n~ivh`z b tabwzmgwìttmlh nbh ml x`mg` z`f~f xbw g`mam tixjf~ blj gisf~fj ^blomz`(w `fbj blj cbgf, ^blomz` cfaz z`bz`f xbw ml sf~} ~fba jblhf~ ic wvccigbzmil, Z`f iccmgf~ ~feisfj mz ovwz nfci~f ^blomz` tbwwfj ivz blj~ftfbzfj z`f zi~zv~f cmsf zmefw, X`maf z`f wìttmlh nbh xbw il `mw `fbj z`f iccmgf~ gilzmlvivwa} tvlg`fj `mw cbgf, Jv~mlh z`mw zmef z`f iz`f~ iccmgf~w ~ftfbzfja} bwkfj bnivz z`f xfbtil blj

^blomz`! jfwtmzf `mw tbml blj cfb~ gilzmlvivwa} jflmfj tiwwfwwmil ic bl} wvg` xfbtil, Z`fl z`ficcmgf~ bwkfj x`f~f mw z`f ofxfa~} `f `bj wziafl c~ie Bomz` Ob}bwvljb~b(w ìvwf xbw aigbzfj, ^blomz`blwxf~fj z`bz `f jmj liz klix bl}z`mlh bnivz z`mw blj z`bz `f `bj lfsf~ flhbhf ml wvg` b g~mef, Z`f iccmgf~ bhbml wzb~zfj zi nfbz `me xmz` kmgkw blj tvlg`fw, Iz`f~ iccmgf~w ~feisfj z`fm~ nfazw bljbawi nfbz `me xmz` zìwf,

Z`fl `f cfaz z`f sbl wzb~z zi eisf, X`maf z`f sf`mgaf xbw eismlh z`f iccmgf~w lfb~ `me gilzmlvfj zibwwbvaz `me, Fsflzvbaa} z`f sf`mgaf wzittfj blj `f `fb~j z`f iccmgf~w jmwgvwwmlh zi `bsf zfb bz@bwz`mhm~m ìzfa blj Efftf,

Bhbml z`f} wzb~zfj zi eisf nvz wzittfj bz bl vlklixl aigbzmil, Z`f iccmgf~w vlzmfj z`f Z%w`m~z blj

n~ivh`z `me zi b tabgf x`f~f z`f~f xf~f wfsfl zimafzw blj z`~ff wìxf~w, Z`fl ^blomz` xbw bwkfj zi`bsf b nbz`, @f xbw wvccf~mlh wfsf~f tbml jvf zi z`f bwwbvaz, Cv~z`f~ `f lizmgfj z`bz `f `bj v~mlbzfjjfcfgbzfj ml `mw wb~ilh, Z`fl `f xbw`fj fsf~}z`mlh blj `bj b wìxf~ bw xfaa, @ixfsf~! `f `bj zi xfb~ z`f wbef gaiz`fw, @f lizmgfj z`bz cmsf iccmgf~w b~ivlj `me x`maf `f xbw zbkmlh b nbz`,

Bczf~ z`f nbz` bhbml z`f} namljciajfj `me bhbml xmz` `mw Z%w`m~z blj hiz nbgk mlzi z`f sbl, Bczf~ bgilwmjf~bnaf zmef z`f sf`mgaf xbw wzittfj blj `f xbw bwkfj zi hfz jixl blj gamen wief wzftw, @fvljf~wziij z`bz `f xbw bwkfj zi gamen zxi wfz ic wzftw x`mg` ebjf `me nfamfsf z`bz `f xbw ml b zxiwzi~f} nvmajmlh, Ilgf bhbml z`f wìttmlh nbh xmz` z`f g`mam tixjf~ xbw tabgfj isf~ `mw `fbj,



:42

^blomz` xbw ziaj zi bggftz ~fwtilwmnmamz} ci~ 26 gbwfw x`mg` `f mlmzmbaa} ~fcvwfj bw `f klfx liz`mlh bnivz z`fe, @f xbw bwkfj ~ftfbzfja} nvz gilzmlvfj zi jfl} bl} gillfgzmil xmz` z`f g~mefw, ^blomz` xbw z`fl ci~gfj zi amf il z`f h~ivlj blj zxi iccmgf~w gbef blj z~betafj `mw z`mh`w gbvwmlh `mevlnfb~bnaf tbml, ^blomz` xbw vlbnaf zi nfb~ bl} cv~z`f~ maa%z~fbzeflz blj ziaj z`f iccmgf~w `f xbw~fbj} zi bggftz bl}z`mlh, Ml jfwtf~bzmil `f bawi ziaj z`fe z`bz baa z`f ofxfa~} `bj nffl nv~mfj vljf~

z`f nblblb z~ff bz `mw ìvwf blj b ZS! b SGJ blj gbwwfzzfw xf~f bz ìef, @f ziaj baa z`bz ìtmlh z`bz z`f} xivaj liz bwwbvaz `me bl}ei~f,

Ci~ z`f ~febmljf~ ic z`f jb} `f xbw liz hmsfl ciij i~ xbzf~, @ixfsf~! `f lizmgfj z`bz `f `bj bhbmlwimafj `mw wb~ilh xmz` v~mlf blj cbfgfw,

Il 23 Jfgfenf~ z`f iccmgf~w ziik `me ml b sf`mgaf zi `mw ~fwmjflgf, Z`fl `mw xmcf xbw rvfwzmilfjbnivz z`fm~ ZS! SGJ blj gbwwfzzfw, @mw xmcf xbw bnaf zi wìx z`f tv~g`bwmlh ~fgfmtzw ic baa z`mwfrvmteflz, Bliz`f~ iccmgf~ wzb~zfj zi jmh z`f ablj lfb~ z`f nblblb z~ff nvz jmj liz cmlj bl} ofxfa~}, Z`f iccmgf~w bwkfj x`} ^blomz` `f wbmj z`bz `f `bj z`f wziafl t~itf~z} zi x`mg` ^blomz` ~ftamfj z`bzbw `f givaj liz nfb~ z`f tbml bl}ei~f `f ziaj z`fe x`bz z`f} xblzfj zi `fb~, X`fl `f xbwn~ivh`z zi z`f ìvwf `mw xmcf blj z`f zxi g`maj~fl xf~f bawi t~fwflz bz ìef, Ilf iccmgf~ ziik b >

p 2 xmjf! 7,6 cffz ailh tiaf x`mg` ^blomz` blj `mw cbema} vwfj zi aigk z`f jii~ blj wzb~zfj zi nfbz`me xmz` mz vlzma mz n~ikf, Z`mw xbw jilf ml c~ilz ic `mw xmcf blj g`maj~fl xì xf~f wg~fbemlh aivja} ml cfb~ blj nfhhmlh z`f iccmgf~w zi wzit, Z`f wbef iccmgf~ civlj bliz`f~ tiaf! z`mw ilf xbw 2,6. xmjfblj : cffz ailh blj wzb~zfj zi nfbz ^blomz` bnivz `mw wìvajf~w, Bw z`f xmcf blj z`f zxi g`maj~flwg~fbefj gilzmlvivwa} z`f iccmgf~w tvz z`fe mlzi b ~iie blj xb~lfj z`fe liz zi gief ivz, Z`f} bawi ziaj z`f xmcf z`bz z`f} xivaj liz nf wfljmlh `me ìef bhbml,

Z`f iccmgf~w tvz ^blomz` nbgk mlzi z`f sf`mgaf blj ~feisfj `mw Z%w`m~z, ^blomz`! jfwtmzf `mw tbml xbwbnaf zi lizf z`bz z`f~f xbw ilf iccmgf~ xmz` zxi wzb~w blj 0 iz`f~ iccmgf~w ml z`f sf`mgaf, Mz xbw ila} z`fl z`bz `f ~fbamwfj z`bz `f xbw ml z`f gvwzij} ic z`f Em~m`blb tiamgf,

Bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil `f vljf~wziij z`bz G`bljblb! z`f z`~ff x`ffaf~ j~msf~! `bj nffl ~fafbwfj ilz`f 23z`, Cv~z`f~ `f vljf~wziij z`bz z`~ff iz`f~ lfmh`niv~w! E~, Lmeba! `mw }ivlhf~ n~iz`f~ Ob}bwflb blj E~, G`bemljb xì `bj tfljmlh g~memlba gbwfw bhbmlwz z`fe `bj bawi nffl n~ivh`z ziz`f wbef Tiamgf wzbzmil, ^blomz` lizmgfj z`bz ilf iccmgf~ bz z`f wzbzmil ~fgi~jmlh b wzbzfeflz c~ie Ob}bwflb z`bz ^blomz` xbw ~fwtilwmnaf ci~ z`f g~mefw z`bz z`f} `bj jilf, Z`fl ^blomz` xbw gvccfj xmz` Lmeba blj G`memljb xbw gvccfj xmz` Ob}bwflb,

Il 28 Jfgfenf~! baa civ~ xf~f n~ivh`z zi bl iaj nvmajmlh xmz`ml z`f Em~m`blb Tiamgf wzbzmilt~femwfw, ^blomz` mljflzmcmfj z`bz tabgf bw z`f (Zi~zv~f G`benf~( n} amwzflmlh zi z`f gilsf~wbzmilz`bz `bj zbkfl tabgf bz z`f wzbzmil, Z`fl z`f} n~ivh`z zi civ~ wftb~bzf ~iiew blj ^blomz` xbwnfbzfl xmz` b ~vnnf~ ìwf, Bczf~ zxi ìv~w z`f} xf~f n~ivh`z nbgk zi z`f wzbzmil,

Bhbml il 20 Jfgfenf~ iccmgf~w n~ivh`z ^blomz` zi z`f zi~zv~f g`benf~ blj `f `fb~j Lmebawg~fbemlh, Z`fl `f wbx z`bz Lmeba xbw `blhmlh c~ie b nfbe, X`fl `f xbw n~ivh`z jixl z`ficcmgf~w gvccfj ^blomz`(w x~mwzw nf`mlj `mw nbgk blj wvwtfljfj `me c~ie z`f wbef nfbe, ^blomz` xbwafcz ml z`bz zi~eflz ci~ bnivz 74 emlvzfw nfci~f bl iccmgf~ ~fzv~lfj, @f ziaj ^blomz` zi zfaa z`f z~vz`,^blomz` ~ftamfj z`bz `f `bj liz gieemzzfj bl} g~mefw blj z`f iccmgf~ xflz bxb},

Abzf~ z`f wbef iccmgf~w ~fzv~lfj xmz` b niik, @f ziaj ^blomz` z`bz z`f~f xf~f >2 vlwiasfj gbwfw bljbwkfj ìx ebl} `f xbw ~fbj} zi bggftz ~fwtilwmnmamz} ci~, X`fl ^blomz` blwxf~fj z`bz `f xbw liz



:4>

mlsiasfj xmz` bl} ic z`f gbwfw z`f ilf ml g`b~hf i~jf~fj z`f iccmgf~w zi zbkf ^blomz` jixl! ebkf`me nbz`f blj t~ismjf `me xmz` ciij blj xbzf~,

Zìvh` z`f iccmgf~w n~ivh`z ^blomz` zi z`f xbw` ~iie `f xbw liz bnaf zi `bsf b nbz` n} `mewfac, Z`f iccmgf~w n~ivh`z Lmeba blj xmz` `mw bwwmwzblgf z`f} xf~f bnaf zi ebkf `me nbz`f, Abzf~ `f

n~ivh`z zi z`f gfaa mlwmjf z`f wzbzmil x`f~f iz`f~ z`~ff xf~f jfzbmlfj blj baa civ~ xf~f bwkfj zi jifpf~gmwfw, Nvz ^blomz` xbw liz bnaf zi gieta}, ^blomz` xbw n~ivh`z zi b ~iie vtwzbm~w blj ebjf `mewmz il z`f h~ivlj xmz` `mw x~mwzw gvccfj nf`mlj `mw nbgk,

Bhbml bz b~ivlj 8,74 te z`f iccmgf~ xì `bj zxi wzb~w bwwbvazfj ^blomz` xmz` b ~vnnf~ nfaz b~ivlj74 zmefw,

Il z`f 2=z` ^blomz` xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f h~ivlj caii~ ic z`f wzbzmil, Z`fl bz 6 te `f xbw t~ijvgfjnfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf ic Bsmwwbsfaab blj n~ivh`z nbgk zi z`f wbef Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`fl `fvljf~wziij z`bz tiamgf `bj b jfzflzmil i~jf~ c~ie z`f Ebhmwz~bzf zi kfft `me mlwmjf z`f wzbzmil,

X`fl z`f jfzflzmil i~jf~ xbw mwwvfj mz xbw i~jf~fj zi t~ijvgfj ^blomz` il >2 Jfgfenf~ b~ivlj =

be nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf, Nvz `f xbw liz t~ijvgfj bailh xmz` z`f i~jf~, Il z`bz jb} `f xbw bwkfjzi tbmlz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Il >7 Jfgfenf~ b~ivlj 7,74 te `f xbw cmlbaa} t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf blj flab~hfj ilnbma, Nvz bw z`f~f xf~f li iccmgf~w bz giv~z zi zbkf `mw wmhlbzv~f `f `bj zi hi z`f Kv~vsmzb t~mwil, Bzz`f t~mwil ^blomz` ~fsfbafj zi z`f t~mwil iccmgf~w ìx `f xbw bwwbvazfj, Z`fl z`f t~mwil iccmgf~wfpbemlfj `me blj hbsf `me zxi tblijiaw, Il z`f >:z` ^blomz` xbw n~ivh`z nbgk zi z`f Ebhmwz~bzfGiv~z blj ~fafbwfj,

@f xflz zi `mw tb~flz(w ~fwmjflgf il z`f wbef jb} blj xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f Nbwmg @iwtmzba! Ebzbaf! ilz`f >6z` x`f~f `f xbw bjemzzfj zi xb~j lvenf~ 27 ci~ z~fbzeflz, Z`f~f z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba

Iccmgf~ OEI- fpbemlfj `me, Z`f jigzi~w bz ìwtmzba mlci~efj `me z`bz z`f~f xbw jbebhf zi `mwlf~sf w}wzfe blj `f lffjfj zi nf bjemzzfj zi z`f Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba ic Kblj} blj Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba ic Tf~bjflm}b ci~ cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz,

Bw b ~fwvaz ic z`f mlov~mfw ^blomz` gblliz ji `mw jb} zi jb} xi~k blj mw liz ml b tiwmzmil zi flhbhf ml`mw t~icfwwmil bl} ei~f,

@f cv~z`f~ wb}w z`bz ml z`f Ebhmwz~bzf Giv~z `f afb~lfj z`bz tiamgf `bsf cmafj civ~ cbn~mgbzfj gbwfwbhbmlwz `me,

X`maf `f xbw zbkmlh z~fbzeflzw `f ~fgfmsfj b wveeilw c~ie z`f Ebhmwz~bzf(w Giv~z ic @i~blb zi

bttfb~ ci~ b gbwf il >0 Oblvb~} >422, X`fl `f bttfb~fj ci~ z`f gbwf z`f Ebhmwz~bzf ~febljfj `mebhbml, ^blomz` wzbzfw z`bz `f lfsf~ klfx bnivz bl} ic z`fwf gbwfw,

T~fwflza} `f mw ml cfb~ z`bz tiamgf xmaa cmaf ei~f cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hf~w blj amwz `me bw b lizi~mivwg~memlba blj cmlbaa} fpz~bovjmgmbaa} kmaa `me,

727, Ab`m~v ^vxbl G`beb~b? Smwmil%metbm~fj g`maj mw zi~zv~fj n} b zfbg`f~



:47

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b 27%}fb~%iaj wgìiag`maj! Bevxbz`z`f Evjm}blwfabhf Ab`m~v ^vxbl G`beb~b ic ^)Hbabhbeb Smj}bab}b ml Nfam`va I}bml z`f ^bz`lbtv~b Jmwz~mgz! xbw zi~zv~fj n} b zfbg`f~, Z`f g`maj wvccf~w c~ie b ~b~f bccamgzmil klixlbw kf~bzigilvw blj `bw vljf~hilf wv~hf~} ci~ b aflw z~blwtablz bz z`f F}f @iwtmzba bzzbg`fj zi z`fLbzmilba @iwtmzba! Giaieni, Z`f g`maj xbw zi~zv~fj x`maf `f xbw vljf~himlh z~fbzeflz, Bazìvh`

Ab`m~v(w tb~flzw gietabmlfj zi z`f Wbeblbabxfxb Tiamgf z`f} b~f ~favgzblz zi t~igffj xmz` z`f gbwf, Z`f fjvgbzmilba bvzì~mzmfw blj z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil `bsf bawi liz wìxl bl} mlzf~fwz zit~igffj xmz` z`f gbwf jvf zi z`f mlcavflgf ic gf~zbml tb~zmfw, Z`mw gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`f fpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil z`bz z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil `bw ~fgfmsfj! Bevxbz`z`fEvjm}blwfabhf Ab`m~v ^vxbl G`beb~b 27- b wgìia g`maj blj z`f wil ic E~w, ^bz`lb}bkbEvjm}blwfabhf Jb}b Eblmkf ic Li? >2! Wbljvlz`bllbhbeb! Kb~bhbwz`babxb! Nfam`va I}b mw bwzvjflz ic ^)Hbabhbeb Smj}bab}b ml Nfam`va I}b ml z`f ^bz`lbtv~b Jmwz~mgz,

Eblmkf blj `f~ `vwnblj b~f bawi zfbg`f~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f wbef wgìia, Ab`m~v `bw nffl wvccf~mlh xmz` smwmil jmwbnmamz} wmlgf >443 , @mw tb~flzw n~ivh`z z`f g`maj zi z`f Nbjvaab Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba ci~

z~fbzeflz, Z`f jigzi~w bz z`f ìwtmzba mlci~efj z`fe z`bz bw z`f g`maj `bj wvccf~fj ci~ b ailh zmef xmzìvz t~itf~ z~fbzeflz `mw giljmzmil xbw lix g`~ilmg, Nvz z`f jigzi~w wzb~zfj efjmgbzmilw bljz`f tb~flzw `bj zi zbkf `me zi z`f ìwtmzba(w gamlmg il wfsf~ba iggbwmilw, Bw z`f efjmgbzmil xbw liz`bsmlh bl} fccfgz z`f jigzi~w bz Nbjvaab Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba ebjf z`f z~blwcf~ jigveflzw blj bwkfjz`f tb~flzw zi zbkf z`f g`maj zi z`f Abj} ^mjhxb} G`maj~fl Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba bz Giaieni,

Bz z`f flj ic Cfn~vb~} >44= z`f jigzi~w bz Abj} ^mjhfxb} @iwtmzba ml zv~l jm~fgzfj z`f tb~flzw zizbkf Ab`m~v zi z`f F}f @iwtmzba ic z`f Lbzmilba @iwtmzba ic Giaieni, Z`f~f Ab`m~v xbw jmbhliwfj xmz` kf~bzigilvw blj bjemzzfj ci~ cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflzw, Z`fl z`f Gilwvazblz F}f Wv~hfil! J~, EblfaTbwrvba abzf~ bjsmwfj z`f tb~flzw z`bz Ab`m~v `bj zi vljf~hi wv~hf~} bw z`f wmzvbzmil `bj xi~wflfj,Wvnwfrvflza} Ab`m~v vljf~xflz aflw z~blwtablz wv~hf~}, X`fl z`f g`maj xbw ~fafbwfj mlzi `mw

tb~flz(w gb~f z`f} xf~f bjsmwfj zi tb} fpz~bi~jmlb~} gb~f blj bzzflzmil zi z`f g`maj, Z`f} cv~z`f~bjsmwfj z`fe zi t~izfgz `mw f}fw c~ie jvwz blj liz zi baaix g`maj zi amcz z`f `fbs} aibjw,

Ab`m~v xbw vlbnaf zi bzzflj `mw wzvjmfw ci~ b ailh tf~mij, Bw `mw tb~flzw xf~f bawi zfbg`f~w z`f} cmlbaa} z`f} jfgmjfj zi zbkf z`f g`maj zi wgìia, X`fl Ab`m~v xflz zi z`f wgìia baa z`f zfbg`f~w bljz`f wzvjflzw bz `mw gabww xf~f xfaa bxb~f ic `mw efjmgba giljmzmil,

Il 24 Ova} >44=! Ab`m~v xflz zi z`f wgìia blj ml 6z` tf~mij ic z`f jb} xbw T~bgzmgba Zfg`liaih} blj z`f zfbg`f~ Ew, Kblz`m Tbz`m~blb bwkfj z`f wzvjflzw zi hi blj gafbl z`f hb~jfl blj tablz z`fwief z~ffw, Ab`m~v bawi `bj zi hi nvz bczf~ wiefzmef `f gietabmlfj ic b wfsf~f `fbjbg`f, Z`fl mlz`f 8z` tf~mij Ew, Kblz`m Tbz`m~blb gbef zi z`f gabww ~iie blj nfbz xmz` Ab`m~v xmz` b wzmgk, Iz`f~

wzvjflzw xf~f bawi nfbzfl ci~ liz gietafzmlh z`fm~ xi~k,

Bz z`f flj ic wgìia Ab`m~m ziaj `mw eiz`f~ x`bz `bttflfj zi `me, Z`fl Ab`m~v(w tb~flzw `bj hilfzi ebkf b gietabmlz zi z`f t~mlgmtaf ic z`f wgìia, Bw w`f xbw liz t~fwflz bliz`f~ zfbg`f~! Ew, Beb~b Bz`z`blb}bkb! xbw wzbljmlh ml blj z`f} ebjf b gietabmlz zi `f~, W`f t~iemwfj zi aiik bczf~z`f ebzzf~,

Ab`m~v blj `mw tb~flzw `bj zi hi zi Giaieni zi bzzflj z`f f}f gamlmg z`f lfpz jb}, Nvz ovwz bczf~Ab`m~v ~fzv~lfj ìef `f cfaa bwafft xmzìvz ~feismlh `mw gaiz`fw blj zbkmlh avlg`, X`fl `mw



:46

wffk z`f bjsmgf ic z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba, Ab`m~v(w cbema} xbmzfj! nvz wzmaa mz wffew z`bz liz`mlh xmaa`bttfl,

B g`maj xmz` b jmwbnmamz}! Ab`m~v! xbw wvnofgzfj zi zi~zv~f blj maa z~fbzeflz, Zìvh` `mw tb~flzw `bsfebjf wfsf~ba gietabmlzw blj `f `bw `bj zi vljf~hi `b~bwweflz! li ovwzmgf `bw nffl ~fgfmsfj,

T~fwflza}! Ab`m~v mw ~fcvwmlh zi hi zi wgìia, Ab`m~v gietabmlfj z`bz ebl} ic `mw cfaaix wzvjflzw b~fliz bwwigmbzmlh xmz` `me lix, Cv~z`f~! `f gietabmlfj z`bz ebl} zfbg`f~w b~f jmwg~memlbzmlh bhbmlwz`me,

B cfx eilz`w bhi z`f~f xbw b lfxwtbtf~ ~fti~z tvnamw`fj ml Ablkbjfftb il z`f mlgmjflz, Bczf~ z`bziz`f~ zfbg`f~w ic z`f wgìia zv~lfj bhbmlwz z`f tb~flzw! wzbzmlh z`bz z`f gbwf jfcbefj z`f wgìia,Efblx`maf! z`f t~mlgmtaf gbaafj b Wgìia Jfsfaiteflz Bwwigmbzmil effzmlh blj jmwgvwwfj z`f ebzzf~blj cmlbaa} z`f} bawi bggftzfj z`bz tvlmw`mlh z`f wzvjflz xbw afhba blj jmj liz gafb~a} eflzmil z`bzt`}wmgba blj eflzba zi~zv~f mw maafhba, Z`mw jmwgvwwmil metamgmza} ~fgieefljfj z`f t`}wmgba bljeflzba zi~zv~f,

Cv~z`f~! Ab`m~v blj `mw tb~flzw b~f nfmlh z`~fbzflfj zi afbsf z`f wgìia! x`mg` mw insmivwa} b smiabzmil ic z`fm~ ~mh`zw zi xi~k blj Ab`m~v‐w ~mh`z zi ~fgfmsf bl fjvgbzmil,

72:, Wbetbz` Obwmlh`b ? Nfbzfl blj `mw liwf mw c~bgzv~fj n} b j~vlkfl tiamgf iccmgf~

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz E~, Kbtmab Wbetbz` Obwmlh`b >0-! b c~vmz wfaaf~ bz z`f Tvnamg Eb~kfz ml G`maabx xbw zi~zv~fj n} zxi j~vlkfl tiamgficcmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f G`maabx tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f iccmgf~w nbw`fj Wbetbz`(w `fbj bhbmlwz b hbzftiaf blj n~ikf `mw liwf, Wbetbz` xbw zbkfl zi z`f G`maabx tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f `f xbw aigkfj ml bgfaa ci~ wfsf~ba ìv~w jv~mlh x`mg` zmef z`f iccmgf~w tafbjfj xmz` `me liz zi n~mlh g`b~hfw bhbmlwzzìwf ~fwtilwmnaf ci~ `mw bwwbvaz, @ixfsf~! bw `f xbw naffjmlh gitmivwa} z`f iccmgf~w ziik `me zi z`f

Nbwf @iwtmzba ic G`maabx ci~ z~fbzeflz, Wmlgf z`fl z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w `bsf gilzmlvivwa} `b~bwwfj`me liz zi t~igffj bhbmlwz z`f gvat~mz iccmgf~w, X`fl z`f smgzme ~fcvwfj zi hmsf vt z`f afhbat~igffjmlhw z`f tiamgf cmafj b cbn~mgbzfj gbwf z`f jfzbmaw ic x`mg` b~f wzmaa liz klixl zi z`f smgzme, Z`f smgzme nfamfsfw z`bz z`f amkfa} tv~tiwf ic z`f bwwbvaz xbw zi ci~gf `me ivz ic z`f aigbzmil wi z`bzz`f iccmgf~w givaj (wfaa( mz zi bliz`f~ sflji~, Z`mw gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`f fpgftzmilbagiaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj n} z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil! E~, KbtmabWbetbz` Obwmlh`b >0- ic Li? =2)72! 7 Ablf! Bavz`xbz`z`b! G`maabx ml z`f jmwz~mgz ic Tvzzbabe mw bnbg`fai~ blj b xfaa klixl c~vmz wfaaf~ ml z`f G`maabx Tvnamg Eb~kfz,

Il z`f >7 Oblvb~}! >422 Wbetz` xbw ~vllmlh `mw c~vmz wzbaa ml z`f c~ilz tb~z ic z`f Tvnamg Eb~kfz ic G`maabx, Bw `f xblzfj zi hi ìef ci~ b tf~wilba ebzzf~ `f `bljfj isf~ z`f wzbaa zi `mw bwwmwzblz E~,G`b~mz`, Ml z`f bczf~liil bz b~ivlj 7,74 te zxi tf~wilw! xì xf~f niz` j~vlk! ml gmsmambl gaiz`fwgbef zi z`f wzbaa blj i~jf~fj G`b~mz` zi ~feisf z`f c~vmz wzbaa, Z`fl G`b~mz` mlci~efj z`f efl z`bzz`f wzbaa nfailhfj zi Wbetbz` blj gbaafj `me il `mw einmaf tìlf, Wiil bczf~! Wbetbz` gbef zi `mwc~vmz wzbaa n} `mw z`~ff x`ffaf~ nfb~mlh lvenf~ LX%IC 6823, @f fptabmlfj zi z`f zxi tfitaf z`bzz`f wzbaa nfailhfj zi `me, Bw z`f zxi efl ~vjfa} jfebljfj `me zi ~feisf z`f wzbaa! Wbetbz`! mlzv~l! jfebljfj z`fm~ mjflzmz},



:43

Z`f} wzb~zfj wìvzmlh bz G`b~mz` ml b jfcbebzi~} ebllf~, Z`fl x`fl Wbetbz` z~mfj zi btt~ibg` `mwwzbaa ilf ic z`fe bwkfj Wbetbz` ci~ `mw mjflzmz}, Wbetbz` bhbml fptabmlfj z`bz `f mw z`f ixlf~ ic z`fwzbaa blj `mw lbef mw Kbtmab Wbetbz`, Z`f ebl cv~z`f~ bwkfj x`fz`f~ Wbetbz` `bj tf~emwwmil zi~vl b c~vmz wzbaa x`f~fvtil Wbetbz` fptabmlfj z`bz `f `bj nffl ~vllmlh `mw c~vmz wzbaa ci~ ebl} }fb~wafhbaa},

Bczf~ `fb~mlh z`bz z`f zxi efl niz` z`~fbzflfj Wbetbz` blj i~jf~fj `me zi ~feisf z`f c~vmz wzbaa xmz` meefjmbzf fccfgz, Wbetbz` fptabmlfj z`bz `f `bj nffl wfaamlh c~vmz ml z`f wzbaa gilzmlvivwa} ci~ebl} }fb~w afhbaa} blj `f xbw tb}mlh zbp zi z`f aigba hisf~leflz bvzì~mz},

Wbetbz` z~mfj zi fptabml z`bz bw `f xbw afhbaa} ~vllmlh z`f wzbaa `f xbw liz ~fbj} zi ~feisf mz il z`fmlwz~vgzmilw ic zxi j~vlkfl efl, Bz z`bz zmef ilf ic z`fe bllivlgfj z`bz z`f} xf~f niz` tiamgficcmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f G`maabx Tiamgf wzbzmil, Cv~z`f~ ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w! xì bttfb~fj zi nf ml bwzbzf ic fpz~fef mlfn~mbzmil! wìvzfj z`bz `f xbw tiamgf iccmgf~ Wflb~bz` ic z`f G`maabx Tiamgf abzf~mjflzmcmfj bw TL Wflb~bz` 6:040--,

Wbetbz` ziaj z`f iccmgf~ z`bz `f xbw j~vlk! liz ml vlmci~e blj! ml cbgz! `bj liz t~ijvgfj `mw

mjflzmcmgbzmil zi t~isf z`bz `f xbw b tiamgf iccmgf~ `f `bj li ~fbwil zi inf} `me, N} z`bz zmef ebl} nvwmlfwwefl blj b ab~hf lvenf~ ic tfitaf xmzlfwwfj z`f smiaflz blj w`befcva nf`bsmi~ ic z`f zximlfn~mbzfj iccmgf~w, Iccmgf~ Wflb~bz` i~jf~fj Wbetbz` zi hi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil xmz` `me, X`flWbetbz` fptabmlfj z`bz bw `f `bj liz gieemzzfj bl} g~mef z`f~f xbw li bl} lfgfwwmz} ci~ `me zi hiz`f wzbzmil, Cv~z`f~ `f fptabmlfj z`bz bw `f jivnzfj z`f mjflzmz} ic z`f zxi efl `f xivaj liz hi z`ftiamgf wzbzmil,

Il `fb~mlh z`bz! iccmgf~ Wflb~bz` wzb~zfj zi bwwbvaz Wbetbz` bnivz z`f `fbj blj cbgf, Jv~mlh z`mwbzzbgk Wbetbz`(w liwf xbw c~bgzv~fj blj nfhbl zi naffj, Ilf ic `mw zffz` bawi xbw kligkfj ivz,

Wflb~bz` `faj Wbetbz`(w lfgk blj nbw`fj `mw `fbj bhbmlwz z`f hbzf tiwz wmzvbzfj lfb~n}, Z`fl

Wbetbz` cfaa zi z`f h~ivlj, Z`f~fbczf~ Wflb~bz` j~bhhfj Wbetbz` n} z`f lfgk ic `mw Z%w`m~z bailh z`f ~ibj zi z`f tiamgf wzbzmil, Jv~mlh z`mw zmef Wbetbz` xbw vlbnaf zi ~fwmwz i~ jfcflj `mewfac bw `f xbw wfem gilwgmivw,

Bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil Wflb~bz` tvw`fj Wbetbz` mlzi z`f gfaa, Jfwtmzf z`f cbgz z`bz `f xbw naffjmlh t~icvwfa} z`f iz`f~ iccmgf~w tbmj li bzzflzmil zi `mw wmzvbzmil,

Abzf~ nfzxffl : zi 6 te wfsf~ba tiamgf iccmgf~w gbef zi z`f gfaa blj bwkfj Wbetbz` zi wfzzaf z`febzzf~ xmz` Wflb~bz` blj liz zi t~igffj bhbmlwz `me, Nvz lilf ic z`fwf iccmgf~w t~ismjfj bl} efjmgba z~fbzeflz, Z`fl Wbetbz` ziaj z`fe z`bz `f mlzfljfj zi hi z`f giv~z bw `f xbw bwwbvazfj ci~liz`mlh,

Bczf~ wiefzmef zxi ic `mw c~mfljw! Mljvlma Ebjvwblkb blj Blzil! gbef zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil xmz`@maab~} T~bwbllb! Bzzi~lf}%bz%Abx, Wbetbz` lizfj z`bz z`f abx}f~ wtikf zi z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bz z`fwzbzmil blj xflz icc xmzìvz t~ismjmlh bl} ~famfc zi `me,

Z`fl b~ivlj 8,74 te zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w bailh xmz` z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ Wflb~bz` n~ivh`z `me zi z`fNbwf @iwtmzba ic G`maabx, X`fl z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ~fcf~~fj Wbetbz` zi z`f jigzi~ bz z`f Ivz Jii~Tbzmflz Jftb~zeflz jigzi~ `f wtfgmcmgbaa} bwkfj x`fz`f~ Wbetbz` `bw zbkfl amrvi~, Wbetbz` gafb~a} ziaj z`f jigzi~ z`bz `f `bj liz zbkfl amrvi~ blj `f fptabmlfj ìx `f xbw zi~zv~fj n} z`f tiamgf



:48

iccmgf~w, Cv~z`f~ `f fptabmlfj z`f jigzi~ z`bz z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ ~fwtilwmnaf! Wflb~bz`! xbw j~vlk bzz`f zmef ic z`f bwwbvaz, Nvz z`f jigzi~ jmj liz ebkf bl} bzzfetz zi gilwmjf~ z`mw,

Cv~z`f~ Wbetbz` wìxfj z`f jigzi~ z`bz `f mw wzmaa naffjmlh blj `f wìxfj z`f naiij il `mw `bljwbawi, Z`fl z`f jigzi~ fptabmlfj zi z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w z`bz Wbetbz` lffjfj zi nf bjemzzfj ci~

cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz, @f xbw bjemzzfj zi xb~j lvenf~ : ic z`f ìwtmzba ci~ z~fbzeflz,

Wbetbz` xbw P%~b}fj blj z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f xb~j 8, Abzf~ zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w gbef zi z`f nfj bljhvb~jfj `me, Abzf~ il >: Oblvb~} z`f iccmgf~w xflz bxb}, Z`fl Wbetbz` afb~lfj z`bz `mw c~mfljw blj~fabzmsfw `bj wmhl ci~ b wv~fz} blj z`f tiamgf `bj ~fafbwfj Wbetbz`,

@ixfsf~! Wbetbz` xbw abzf~ bwkfj zi bttfb~ nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf(w Giv~z ic G`maabx il = Cfn~vb~} ci~ b gbwf N)^)82)>422, Wbetbz` xbw jmwg`b~hfj c~ie z`f ìwtmzba il >3 ic Oblvb~}, X`maf `f xbwml z`f ìwtmzba! z`f jigzi~w mlci~efj `me z`bz `mw liwf `bw nffl c~bgzv~fj jvf zi z`f bwwbvaz ic z`ftiamgf iccmgf~,

Il >8 Oblvb~} zxi tiamgf iccmgf~w xflz zi `mw ìef blj mlci~efj Wbetbz` z`bz `f lffjfj zi hi zi

z`f tiamgf wzbzmil! x`mg` `f jmj, Bz z`f tiamgf wzbzmil iccmgf~w bwkfj ci~ `mw lbef! bjj~fww! bhf bljeb~mzba wzbzvw blj `f lizfj z`bz z`f iccmgf~w xf~f ebkmlh wief lizfw xmz` z`f jbzb, Nvz Wbetbz` xbw liz bxb~f bnivz z`f gilzflz ic zìwf jigveflzw, Wbetbz` nfamfsfw z`bz z`f amkfa} tv~tiwf ic z`f bwwbvaz xbw zi ci~gf `me ivz ic z`f aigbzmil wi z`bz z`f iccmgf~w givaj (wfaa( mz zi bliz`f~ sflji~,Wbetbz` ebjf b gietabmlz zi z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil ~fhb~jmlh z`f smiabzmil ic `mwcvljbeflzba ~mh`zw hvb~blzffj zi `me n} z`f gilwzmzvzmil ic z`f givlz~}, Wbetbz` gbzfhi~mgbaa} wzbzfw z`bz `f `bw liz gieemzzfj i~ bzzfetzfj zi gieemz bl} g~mef, Nvz `f t~fwflza} ml cfb~ ic z`ftiamgf cmamlh cbn~mgbzfj gbwfw bhbmlwz `me bw `f jmj liz bh~ff zi z`f ~frvfwz ic tiamgf iccmgf~w liz zit~igffj bhbmlwz Iccmgf~ TL Wflb~bz`,

726, B jivh`zf~ ic Ei`beebj Evabcb~ blj Wmz`z`m Cb~mlb ? Smgzme ic ~btf blj `f~ cbema}

amsf ml cfb~ jvf zi mlcavflgf ic z`f wvwtfgz

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b =%}fb~%iaj hm~a xbw~btfj n} bl mlcavflzmba xfbaz`} nvwmlfwwebl, Z`f g`maj xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f Kblj} Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba ci~ z~fbzeflz blj z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~w bawi fpbemlfj z`f g`maj, Tixf~cva tfitafnf`mlj z`f wvwtfgz b~f z~}mlh zi wvtt~fww ovwzmgf n} ebkmlh b cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hf bhbmlwz z`f g`maj ci~z`fcz, Bczf~ ebkmlh b gietabmlz bhbmlwz z`f wvwtfgz xì xbw gafb~a} mjflzmcmfj n} z`f sm~zvbagietabmlblz! z`f tb~flzw blj z`f smgzme g`maj xf~f z`~fbzflfj xmz` jfbz`, Z`f} cfb~ z`bz z`f} xmaaliz nf bnaf zi inzbml ovwzmgf jvf zi z`f mlcavflgf il z`f tiamgf n} z`f wvwtfgz, Z`mw gbwf mw }fzbliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`f fpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},

E~, Ei`beebj Evabcb~ blj Ew, Wmz`z`m Cb~mlb b~f z`f tb~flzw ic z`~ff g`maj~fl! zxi ni}w blj bhm~a! ~fwmjmlh ml Eixn~b} Fwzbzf! Eb`bkbljb! @mljbhbab, Z`fm~ ila} hm~a mw =%}fb~w%iaj, W`f xbw bwzvjflz bz Tf~bjflm}b Zbema Wgìia ml }fb~ 6, Z`f cbz`f~ mw b abniv~f~ blj z`f eiz`f~ xi~kw ml bìvwf bw b `fatf~, Z`f} b~f z`f ila} Evwame cbema} amsmlh ml Eixn~b} fwzbzf,

Il 6 Igzinf~ >424 z`f jbvh`zf~ givaj liz hi zi wgìia jvf zi z`f `fbs} ~bml blj `f~ fajf~ n~iz`f~bawi wzb}fj bz ìef; ila} z`f wfgilj n~iz`f~ xflz zi wgìia, Il z`bz jb} niz` tb~flzw afcz ci~ xi~k, Z`f fajf~ n~iz`f~ xì wzb}fj ìef xflz zi tab} xmz` wief iz`f~ g`maj~fl ic z`f fwzbzf,



:40

B~ivlj 22be b xfaa klixl lfmh`niv~ Wmllbevzzv Km~vnbkm~bl bambw ^bob gbef zi z`f ìvwf bljbwkfj `f~ zi gief zi `mw wmwzf~(w ìvwf x`mg` xbw sf~} gaiwf, Z`f g`maj gietamfj blj x`fl w`fflzf~fj z`f ìvwf w`f xbw ~btfj n} z`f wvwtfgz, Bczf~ z`f bwwbvaz w`f xbw hmsfl 6! zxflz} ~vtfflizfw, Cv~z`f~ w`f xbw z`~fbzflfj z`bz w`f xmaa nf kmaafj mc w`f ~fsfbafj zi bl}ilf x`bz `bttflfj zi`f~, Cv~z`f~ w`f xbw ci~gfj zi nbz`f blj xbw` `f~ gaiz`fw,

B cfx ìv~w abzf~! z`f hm~a xflz zi b nivzmrvf x`mg` mw gaiwf zi z`f ìvwf zi nv} nmwgvmzw xmz` z`feilf} hmsfl zi `f~ n} z`f wvwtfgz, Z`fl w`f efz z`f xmcf ic z`f wvwtfgz xì nfbz `f~! bggvwmlh `f~ic wzfbamlh z`f eilf}, Z`f hm~a cbmlzfj blj z`f lfmh`niv~w gbef zi bwwmwz, Xmz` z`fm~ mlzf~sflzmilz`f} xf~f bnaf zi ~fwgvf z`f g`maj, X`fl w`f ~fhbmlfj cvaa gilwgmivwlfww w`f ~fsfbafj x`bz `bj`bttflfj zi `f~, X`fl `f~ tb~flzw afb~lfj x`bz `bj `bttflfj z`f} ziik z`f g`maj zi z`fTf~bjflm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil bz b~ivlj 0 te blj ebjf b gietabmlz, Z`fl meefjmbzfa} bczf~ gietafzmlh z`f gietabmlz z`f} ziik `f~ zi z`f Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba ic Kblj}, Z`f jigzi~w xì fpbemlfj z`fg`maj bjemzzfj `f~ ci~ z~fbzeflz xmz` meefjmbzf fccfgz, W`f xbw z~fbzfj ml xb~j 8 ic z`f ìwtmzbavlzma z`f 8 Igzinf~, Nfci~f w`f xbw jmwg`b~hfj z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- bawi fpbemlfj`f~ blj ~fgi~jfj z`f efjmgba wmzvbzmil,

Iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Tf~bjflm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil smwmzfj Eixn~b} fwzbzf jv~mlh z`f fsflmlh bljwfb~g`fj ci~ z`f wvwtfgz, @ixfsf~! `f xbw liz b~~fwzfj blj bczf~ z`f tiamgf afcz z`f fwzbzf `f xflz ziz`f g`maj(w ìvwf blj tafbjfj xmz` z`f tb~flzw ci~ b wfzzafeflz xmzìvz himlh ci~ giv~z t~igffjmlhw, Z`f cbema} efenf~w afb~lfj z`bz z`f wvwtfgz xbw wvnwfrvflza} b~~fwzfj, @f xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~fz`f giv~z il 8 Igzinf~, @f xbw ~ft~fwflzfj n} b abx}f~ blj bggvwfj z`f g`maj ic wzfbamlh eilf} bljjflmfj z`f g`b~hf ic ~btf,

Z`f wvwtfgz ic z`f gbwf mw b sf~} mlcavflzmba tf~wil bw `f mw xfbaz`} blj bl flz~ft~flfv~ ixlmlh zxinvwmlfww wìtw blj b tbwwflhf~ nvw,

T~fwflza} z`f tb~flzw cfb~ z`bz `f xmaa mlcavflgf z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w zi xmz`j~bx z`f i~mhmlba gbwf ic

~btf blj cmaf b cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hf ic wzfbamlh eilf} bhbmlwz z`f smgzme g`maj, Z`f smgzme(w cbema} wzbzfjz`bz z`f tiamgf jmj liz zbkf bl} wvccmgmflz wzftw zi t~itf~a} gietafzf z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil mlzi z`f gbwfic ~btf,

Efblx`maf z`f n~iz`f~%ml%abx ic z`f wvwtfgz z`~fbzflfj zi kmaa z`f tb~flzw ic z`f g`maj mc z`f} tv~wvfz`mw gbwf, Z`f tb~flzw ebjf b gietabmlz zi z`f Tf~bjflm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil ~fhb~jmlh z`f mlgmjflz ilz`f 0 Igzinf~, Tiamgf ~fgi~jfj z`f gietabmlz vljf~ ~fcf~flgf Li, GMN 7=4)>24,

@ixfsf~! z`f tiamgf jmj liz mlsfwzmhbzf z`f gietabmlz ic z`~fbzw blj t~fwflza} z`f sm~zvbagietabmlblz blj z`f xmzlfwwfw ic z`f gbwf b~f ml cfb~ ic z`fm~ amsfw,

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f tb~flzw z`f wvwtfgz xbw bggvwfj ic ~btmlh bliz`f~ 2: }fb~ Zbema hm~a! amsmlh ml z`fwbef fwzbzf il z`f 2: Igzinf~, Zìvh` z`f gbwf xbw ~fti~zfj zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil ic Tf~bjflm}bwzmaa tiamgf `bsf liz zbkfl btt~it~mbzf wzftw fmz`f~ b~~fwz z`f wvwtfgz i~ zbkf z`f lfgfwwb~} afhbabgzmil bhbmlwz `me, Z`f ~fwmjflzw ic z`f fwzbzf blj z`f smgzme ic z`f gbwf nfamfsfj z`bz z`mw mw jvf ziz`f ebat~bgzmgf blj z`f n~mnf,

Cv~z`f~ei~f! z`f tb~flzw cfb~ z`bz z`f efjmgba ~fti~z tf~zbmlmlh zi z`f gbwf xivaj nf g`blhfj jvfzi z`f mlcavflgf ic z`f wvwtfgz bw mz `bw liz }fz nffl wvnemzzfj zi z`f giv~z,



:4=

Z`f tb~flzw ic z`f smgzme b~f tafbjmlh ci~ t~izfgzmil ci~ z`fewfasfw blj z`fm~ g`maj~fl, Cv~z`f~ z`f} b~f wffkmlh wtffjmlh ovwzmgf bw z`mw bailf xmaa baafsmbzf z`f z`~fbz blj jblhf~ zi z`f g`maj blj `f~cbema},

723, Wbetbz` Kveb~b? B ebl wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj n} Tbevlvhbeb Tiamgf

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz E~, @f~bzÈvjm}blwfabhf Wv~blom Wbetbz` Kveb~b 76-! z`f j~msf~ ic b z`~ff%x`ffaf~ sf`mgaf xbw wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj n} z`~ff tiamgf iccmgf~w! mlgavjmlh z`f Wvn%Mlwtfgzi~ ic Tiamgf! bz z`f ~frvfwz ic b t~msbzftb~z}, Z`f iccmgf~w z~mfj zi c~bgzv~f `mw afh blj nfbz `me bnivz z`f cbgf, E~, Kveb~b xbw z`flmaafhbaa} b~~fwzfj blj jfzbmlfj bz z`f Tbevlvhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Mz xbw ila} bczf~ `mw jfzflzmil `bjnfhvl z`bz z`f tiamgf ~fgi~jfj b cbawf gietabmlz bhbmlwz z`f smgzme zi bjj g~fjmnmamz} zi `mw b~~fwz,Ei~fisf~! z`f} ci~gfj z`f smgzme zi wmhl bl bemgbnaf wfzzafeflz bh~ffeflz, @f xbw liz baaixfj zijmwtvzf `mw maafhba b~~fwz! jfzflzmil blj z`f bnvwf `f wvccf~fj, Z`mw gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`f fpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj n} z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil! E~, @f~bz`

Evjm}blwfabhf Wv~blom Wbetbz` Kveb~b mw 76 }fb~w ic bhf! eb~~mfj blj b z`~ff%x`ffaf~ j~msf~ n} t~icfwwmil, @f ~fwmjfw bz Li, >>3)B Gbasf~} îbj! Nitmzm}b Tbevlvhbeb ml z`f TbevlvhbebTiamgf Jmsmwmil,

Il z`f fsflmlh ic 2wz Cfn~vb~} >422! E~, Wbetbz` xbw bz ̀ ief blj bz b~ivlj 8?74 te! `f `fb~jwief tfitaf wtfbkmlh ivzwmjf `mw ìvwf, Bz b~ivlj =te! E~, Wbetbz` gilzbgzfj E~, Jf~~mgk!bliz`f~ smaabhf~ blj z`~ff%x`ffaf~ j~msf~! bwkmlh `me zi hi ci~ b jmllf~, E~, Wbetbz` z`fl xbmzfj ilz`f ~ibj zi effz `mw c~mflj, X`maf `f xbw xbmzmlh! bliz`f~ smaabhf~! E~, G`bljblb Wftbab btt~ibg`fj`me blj z`f} `bj b gilsf~wbzmil,

Fsflzvbaa}! E~, Jf~~mgk b~~msfj ml `mw z`~ff%x`ffaf~ blj E~, Wbetbz` z~mfj zi hfz mlzi z`f sf`mgaf,

@ixfsf~! z`~ff tfitaf ‗ zxi ml tabmlgaiz`fw blj ilf ml tiamgf vlmci~e ‗ tvaafj E~, Wbetbz` ivz ic z`f z`~ff%x`ffaf~ blj nfhbl bwwbvazmlh `me xmz` gavnw, E~, Wbetbz` xbw nfbzfl baa isf~ `mw nij}!tb~zmgvab~a} il `mw ~mh`z afh blj ~mh`z b~e, Z`fl ilf ic z`f iccmgf~w mw wbmj zi `bsf ~feisfj E~,Wbetbz`‐w habwwfw blj z`~fx z`fe il z`f h~ivlj! wzbzmlh z`bz z`f} ìtfj `f xivaj nf namljfj, Z`mwiccmgf~ mw baafhfj zi `bsf tvlg`fj `me ml `mw ~mh`z f}f blj bnivz `mw `fbj, E~, Wbetbz` `bwmjflzmcmfj z`fwf tfitaf bw Wvn%Mlwtfgzi~ WM- >4>=7 blj iz`f~ iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f TbevlvhbebTiamgf wzbzmil,

X`mawz nfbzmlh E~, Wbetbz`! z`f zxi efl j~bhhfj `me bnivz 844 efzf~w vt z`f ~ibj zi z`fTbevlvhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f z`f} t~igffjfj zi aigk `me vt ml b obma gfaa, Lfmz`f~ bz z`f zmef ic `mw b~~fwz i~ ml z`f fb~a} ìv~w ic `mw jfzflzmil! xbw `f ziaj z`f ~fbwil ci~ x`bz `bj `bttflfj,

Bz b~ivlj emjlmh`z ic z`f wbef jb}! z`f iccmgf~w zfaftìlfj z`f ìef ic E~, Kveb~b! bliz`f~ smaabhf~ blj bwkfj `mw xmcf zi gief zi z`f wzbzmil, E~, Kveb~b‐w xmcf! Ew, ^bwmkb gbef zi z`f Tiamgfwzbzmil! blj xbw bwkfj zi ebkf b x~mzzfl gietabmlz, W`f xbw z`fl bwkfj zi ~fti~z zi z`f Tiamgfwzbzmil bz liil ic z`f lfpz jb},

X`fl Ew, ^bwmkb gbef zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil bz z`f wzmtvabzfj zmef z`f lfpz jb}! E~, Wbetbz` xbwn~ivh`z ivz ic `mw gfaa, @f xbw z`fl bwkfj zi bemgbna} wfzzaf xmz` xmcf ic E~, Kveb~b! fsfl zìvh``f `bj liz `bj bl} jmwbh~ffeflz xmz` z`f abj}, Z`fl! z`f iccmgf~w bwkfj E~, Wbetbz` zi wmhl b



:24

wzbzfeflz z`bz `f xbw liz tf~emzzfj zi ~fbj, Z`f iccmgf~w ziaj `me z`bz z`f wzbzfeflz jfzbmafj bjmwtvzf z`bz `bj zbkfl tabgf nfzxffl E~, Wbetbz` blj Kveb~b! x`mg` `f wb}w xbw vlz~vf, E~,Wbetbz` wmhlfj z`f jigveflz ivz ic cfb~ z`bz mc `f jmj liz mz xivaj t~iailh `mw jfzflzmil,

Bczf~ `f xbw ~fafbwfj! `f xflz zi z`f iccmgf ic z`f Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf BWT- ml

Lfhieni! blj ebjf b gietabmlz, @f gafb~a} wzbzfj z`bz `f xbw wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj bz z`fTbevlvhbeb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f iccmgmbaw bz z`mw iccmgf bjsmwfj `me zi hi zi z`f ìwtmzba ci~ efjmgbaz~fbzeflz, E~, Wbetbz` z`fl xflz zi z`f Giaieni Li~z` Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba, Z`f jigzi~w blj b Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- xì fpbemlfj `me ~frvfwzfj z`bz `f bjemz `mewfac zi z`f ìwtmzbaci~ cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz,

Jvf zi z`f cbgz z`bz E~, Wbetbz` xbw nfbzfl xmz` gavnw! `f wvccf~fj mlzf~lba naffjmlh ml `mw ~mh`z afh blj ~mh`z `blj, @f bawi wvwzbmlfj mlov~} zi `mw ~mh`z f}f,

728, B jivh`zf~ ic Kbljmb` Eb`flj~b blj Ebli~m G`bemlm Tf~f~b ? Smgzme ic ~btfgilzmlvivwa} jflmfj ovwzmgf lix amsfw ml cfb~

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b 24 }fb~%}fb~%iaj hm~a xbw z`f smgzme ic bzzfetzfj ~btf n} bl mlcavflzmba tf~wil, Z`f g`maj xbw bjemzzfj zi z`fLbxbabtmzm}b @iwtmzba blj abzf~ z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Kblj} Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba ci~ z~fbzeflz nfgbvwfic z`f wfsf~mz} ic `f~ mlov~mfw, W`f xbw wvnwfrvflza} z~fbzfj z`f~f ci~ 0 jb}w, Zìvh` z`f gbwf xbw~fcf~~fj zi z`f Lbxbabtmzm}b Tiamgf n} ìwtmzba bvzì~mzmfw blj z`f smgzme blj z`f f}f x`mzflfwwt~ismjfj wvccmgmflz mlci~ebzmil ci~ bl b~~fwz! z`f tiamgf b~f ~favgzblz zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`f gbwf bljb~~fwz z`f wvwtfgz, Li ovjmgmba t~igffjmlh `bw wzb~zfj }fz blj z`f smgzme blj xmzlfww amsf ml cfb~ ic z`fm~ amsfw, Z`f fjvgbzmil ic z`f smgzme mw ml jblhf~ bw z`f wvwtfgz mw wffl giemlh zi z`f hbzfw ic z`fwgìia zi mlzmemjbzf z`f g`maj, Z`f wvwtfgz mw insmivwa} mlcavflgmlh z`f tiamgf blj z`f~f mw b sf~} ~fbacfb~ z`bz ovwzmgf xmaa ilgf bhbml nf jflmfj zi z`f smgzme, Z`mw gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`ffpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil z`bz z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil `bw ~fgfmsfj E~, KbljmbÈb`flj~b blj E~w, Ebli~m G`bemlm Tf~f~b ic Li? 200! Benbhbevxb îbj! Lbxbabtmzm}b b~feb~~mfj xmz` zxi jbvh`zf~w! z`f }ivlhfwz ic x`mg` mw ovwz 24%}fb~w%iaj, E~, Eb`flj~b `bw z~bsfaafjzi Nblhbabjfw` ci~ xi~k,

Blieb liz `f~ ~fba lbef-! mw wzvj}mlh ml }fb~ 24 bz b ~ftvzfj hm~a(w wgìia ml z`f jmwz~mgz, W`f mwgafsf~ blj b n~maamblz wzvjflz,

Il 72 Jfgfenf~ >424 E~w, Ebli~m xbw ivz bz b lfb~n} ìvwf `fatmlh ci~ bl baewhmsmlh x`maf `f~}ivlhf~ jbvh`zf~ xbw bailf bz ìef! `bsmlh `f~ avlg` bz b~ivlj 22,74 be, Blieb blwxf~fj b

kligk il z`f jii~ blj civlj b ebl xì bwkfj ci~ b klmcf ml i~jf~ zi ji wief ~ftbm~ xi~k il `mw sf`mgaf, @ixfsf~! x`fl w`f `bljfj isf~ z`f klmcf z`f ebl ci~gfj `mw xb} mlzi z`f ìvwf,

Z`f ebl z`~fbzflfj z`f g`maj blj bzzfetzfj zi ~btf `f~ nvz w`f wzb~zfj zi wz~vhhaf, Ml z`f giv~wf ic z`mw bzzfetz `f wzbnnfj z`f g`maj il `f~ `fbj blj z`f lfgk, @f cv~z`f~ wabttfj `f~! kligkmlh ivz bziiz` blj n~fbkmlh `f~ liwf, Cmlbaa} z`f g`maj xbw bnaf zi ~vl ivz ic z`f ìvwf blj wìvz ci~ `fat,



:22

Z`f wvwtfgz cafj x`fl b lfmh`niv~ gbef zi z`f wgflf, Z`mw lfmh`niv~ z`fl ziik z`f hm~a zi z`fLbxbabtmzm}b ìwtmzba! ìxfsf~! jvf zi z`f wf~mivwlfww ic z`f mlov~mfw w`f xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi z`fKblj} Zfbg`mlh @iwtmzba x`f~f w`f xbw z~fbzfj bz xb~j : ci~ 0 jb}w,

Z`f ìwtmzba bvzì~mzmfw mlci~efj z`f Lbxbabtmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil blj iccmgf~w gbef zi z`f ìwtmzba

blj smwmzfj z`f ìvwf bz b~ivlj 24 te, Bczf~ z`f g`maj xbw jmwg`b~hfj c~ie z`f ìwtmzba! w`f xbwgbaafj zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil wfsf~ba zmefw n} z`f tiamgf zi mjflzmc} z`f tf~tfz~bzi~, Z`f g`maj blj z`ff}f xmzlfww niz` hbsf flivh` mlci~ebzmil il z`f mjflzmz} ic z`f tf~tfz~bzi~ nvz zi%jbzf! z`f tiamgf`bsf cbmafj zi b~~fwz `me,

Il 72 Oblvb~} >422 Blieb xflz zi z`f wgìia ci~ z`f cm~wz zmef bczf~ z`f mlgmjflz blj wbx z`bz z`ftf~tfz~bzi~ xbw xbmzmlh bz z`f wgìia hbzf, Bw w`f xbw wv~f z`bz mz xbw z`f tf~tfz~bzi~ w`f mlci~efj`f~ eiz`f~ xì ml zv~l mlci~efj z`f iccmgf~w bz z`f Lbxbabtmzm}b Tiamgf wzbzmil ìxfsf~! n} z`fzmef z`f iccmgf~w b~~msfj `f `bj ba~fbj} afcz z`f tabgf,

E~w, Eilb~m gbzfhi~mgbaa} wzbzfw z`bz z`bz z`f sm~zvba gietabmlblz ic z`f gbwf! z`f f}f xmzlfww blj w`f`f~wfac `bsf t~ismjfj flivh` g~fjmnaf mlci~ebzmil il z`f mjflzmcmgbzmil ic z`f wvwtfgz zi z`f tiamgf,

W`f cv~z`f~ wzbzfj z`bz z`f wvwtfgz xbw b ~fwmjflz ic z`f ìvwf x`f~f w`f xbw `fatmlh xmz` z`fbaewhmsmlh,

E~w, Ebli~m mw bxb~f z`bz z`f wvwtfgz nfailhw zi bl mlcavflzmba cbema} ml z`f b~fb blj mw gaiwfa} bwwigmbzfj xmz` z`f tiamgf, W`f nfamfsf z`bz mz mw jvf zi z`mw ~fabzmilw`mt z`bz z`f iccmgf~w b~f ~favgzblzzi b~~fwz z`f wvwtfgz blj ji liz xblz zi t~igffj afhbaa} bhbmlwz `me,

E~w, Ebli~m nfamfsfw z`bz z`f wvwtfgz gbef zi z`f wgìia x`fl `f~ smgzme jbvh`zf~ xbw z`f~f xmz`z`f mlzflzmil ic gbvwmlh cv~z`f~ `b~e zi z`f g`maj, W`f cv~z`f~ wzbzfw z`bz `f~ jbvh`zf~ blj z`f xmzlfww b~f lix fptiwfj zi jblhf~ bw z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w b~f liz metafeflzmlh z`f abx, W`f wb}w z`bzz`f smgzme blj z`f xmzlfww wìvaj nf t~ismjfj xmz` t~izfgzmil blj z`f gbwf wìvaj nf ~fcf~~fj zi z`f

Ebhmwz~bzf(w Giv~z wi z`bz z`f afb~lfj Ebhmwz~bzf gbl nf ebjf bxb~f ic z`f wmzvbzmil! fwtfgmbaa} z`fjblhf~ tiwfj zi z`f smgzme blj z`f xmzlfww,

Z`f smgzme blj `f~ cbema} efenf~w bttfba zi z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf MHT- zi ebkf z`flfgfwwb~} i~jf~ zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`f gietabmlz ml z`mw ~fhb~j; b~~fwz z`f wvwtfgz blj t~ijvgf `menfci~f giv~z,

X`fl z`f tiamgf bw b abx flci~gfeflz bhflg} ic z`f givlz~} cbma zi gb~~} ivz metb~zmba mlsfwzmhbzmilwmlzi bl mlgmjflz blj zbkf z`f gvat~mz nfci~f z`f abx mz gv~zbmaw z`f ~mh`zw ic z`f smgzmew ci~ ~fj~fww,

720, Wvz`mwb Kveb~b Ob}babz` blj Eb`flj~b Vttbabxbllb ? nfbzfl ml tvnamg n} j~vlkfl

tiamgf iccmgf~w

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz E~, J H Wvz`mwbKveb~b Ob}babz` >6- blj E~, X S Eb`flj~b Vttbabxbllb 20- ic Tb`babxfab! Tb~fmhbeb! SmbEbzvhbeb xf~f maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj blj wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj ml tvnamg n} z`~ff j~vlkfl tiamgf iccmgf~wbzzbg`fj zi z`f Xfamtbllb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Abzf~ z`f} xf~f n~ivh`z zi z`f wzbzmil x`f~f z`f} xf~f`vlh c~ie b nfbe, Z`f tiamgf xf~f ~favgzblz zi ~fafbwf z`fe jvf zi z`f eb~kw ic zi~zv~f z`f zxiefl ni~f, Z`f} xf~f b~~fwzfj il z`f ei~lmlh ic >4 Eb}! >424 blj ~fafbwfj il z`f fsflmlh ic z`f>2wz, Bczf~ z`fm~ ~fafbwf z`f zxi smgzmew xf~f z~fbzfj cm~wz ml z`f Mz`z`btblb Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba



:2>

blj bw z`fm~ giljmzmil xbw wf~mivw z`f} xf~f z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Lbhijb Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ci~ cv~z`f~z~fbzeflz, Z`f smgzmew xf~f z`~fbzflfj n} tiamgf iccmgf~w liz zi zbkf bgzmil bhbmlwz z`f tiamgf, Z`faigba hisf~leflz ~ft~fwflzbzmsf bawi z~mfj zi wvtt~fww z`f smgzmew bzzfetz zi wffk ovwzmgf, Z`f zxiefl b~f lix ml cfb~ ic z`fm~ amsfw bw baa z`f wzbzvzi~} nijmfw z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil blj z`fLbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil- blj wflmi~ tiamgf iccmgf~w b~f wmaflz il z`f gietabmlz, Z`mw gbwf mw }fz

bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`f fpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj n} z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil! E~, J H Wvz`mwbKveb~b Ob}babz` >6- ic Tb`babxfab! Tb~fmhbeb! Smb Ebzvhbeb blj E~, X S Eb`flj~bVttbabxbllb 20- xì ~fwmjfw ml z`f wbef smaabhf xf~f zi~zv~fj n} tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Xfamtbllb Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Il >4 Eb} >424 b~ivlj 22,:6 be Eb`flj~b xbw bz z`f ìef ic Wvz`mwb, Wvjjfla} z`~ff tiamgficcmgf~w ml gmsmambl gaiz`fw gbef mlzi z`f ìvwf blj b~~fwzfj Eb`flj~b, Bz z`bz zmef `f ~fbamwfj z`bzz`f} xf~f mlfn~mbzfj, Z`f} z`fl b~~fwzfj Wvz`mwb bawi, T~mi~ zi z`f zxi b~~fwzw z`f iccmgf~w! gilz~b~} zi z`f abx! jmj liz ~fsfba bl} ~fbwil ci~ z`fm~ bgzmil, Eb`flj~b mljflzmcmfj z`fe bw tiamgf iccmgf~w bw`f `bj wffl ilf ic z`fe t~fsmivwa} ml z`f smaabhf,

Z`fl ilf iccmgf~ wfmfj Eb`flj~b n} z`f gaiz`fw b~ivlj `mw xbmwz blj ziik `me ivz ic z`f ìvwf, X`maf Eb`flj~b xbw nfmlh ci~gfcvaa} `bljafj `mw hiaj g`bml xbw n~ikfl, Bw Eb`fj~b xblzfj ziafbsf mz bz ìef z`f iccmgf~w n~ivh`z `me zi `mw ìvwf, Z`f~f z`f tiamgf iccmgf~ wzb~zfj zi nfbzEb`flj~b n} kmgkmlh blj tvlg`mlh `me, X`maf `f xbw nfmlh nfbzfl Eb`flj~b cfaa zi z`f h~ivljblj z`f nfbzmlh gilzmlvfj bw `f xbw z~}mlh zi hfzzmlh vt, Zìvh` Eb`flj~b xbw bnaf zi wzblj vt `f xbw liz bnaf zi kfft `mw wb~ilh t~itf~a} cbwzflfj, Cmlbaa} `f xbw n~ivh`z nfci~f `mw ìef x`f~f `f xbw bnaf zi `blj isf~ `mw nfailhmlhw zi `mw eiz`f~,

Z`f nfbzmlh xbw xmzlfwwfj n} z`f webaa g`maj~fl ic z`f ìvwf x`mg` xbw aigbzfj ml gaiwf t~ipmemz} zi z`f tabgf x`f~f `f xbw zi~zv~fj, Z`f} xmzlfwwfj z`f g~vfaz} blj b~~ihblgf ic z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w

bw z`f} jfamnf~bzfa} zi~zv~fj Eb`flj~b ml tvnamg, X`fl Eb`flj~b bwkfj z`f iccmgf~w ci~ z`f ~fbwilz`f} xf~f nfbzmlh `me ilf iccmgf~ ziaj z`bz `me z`bz z`mw xbw liz zi~zv~f, .Xf xmaa zi~zv~f }iv zi~fefenf~ z`f eiz`f~ xì cfj }iv emak x`fl xf zbkf zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,. Z`mw mw b gieeilfvt`femwe vwfj n} z`f W~m Ablkbl tiamgf zi jfwg~mnf wf~mivw zi~zv~f-,

Cmlbaa} Eb`flj~b xbw n~ivh`z zi b aigbzmil il z`f xb} x`f~f `f jmwgisf~fj z`bz Wvz`mwb bawi `bwn~ivh`z n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bw `f xbw naffjmlh c~ie z`f eivz`, Z`fl `f vljf~wziij z`bz Wvz`mwb`bj bawi `bsf nffl zi~zv~fj n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w,

Bhbml Eb`flj~b bwkfj z`f iccmgf~w x`} z`f} xf~f nfmlh nfbzfl, Mz xbw ila} z`fl z`bz z`f iccmgf~wbwkfj z`fe zi `blj isf~ z`f hiijw z`f} `bj wziafl c~ie z`f nivzmrvf ic E~, Xbwblz`b, Eb`flj~b

zizbaa} jflmfj z`f bggvwbzmil blj ziaj z`f iccmgf~w z`f} `bj lfsf~ jilf wvg` b z`mlh, Z`f iccmgf~wgilzmlvfj zi nfbz Eb`flj~b blj z`fl z`f} xf~f niz` i~jf~fj zi klffa jixl wi z`bz z`f iccmgf~wgivaj kmgk z`fe,

Abzf~ z`f} xf~f n~ivh`z zi z`f Xfamtbllb Tiamgf wzbzmil n} b eizi~ nmg}gaf nfailh zi z`f iccmgf~wblj aigkfj vt ml b tiamgf gfaa, Bczf~ cmsf emlvzfw Eb`flj~b xbw n~ivh`z ivz c~ie z`f gfaa blj zbkflzi bliz`f~ aigbzmil ml z`f nvmajmlh, Z`f~f `f xbw bwkfj zi wmz il z`f h~ivlj blj z`~fbzflfj z`bz mc `fliz ~fsfba z`f z~vz` `f xivaj `bsf zi cbgfj wfsf~f gilwfrvflgfw, Bl iccmgf~ zmfj `mw x~mwzw xmz` bwigk blj wvwtfljfj `me c~ie w ~iic nfbe, Eb`flj~b inwf~sfj z`bz b tiamgf iccmgf~ xbw wafftmlh ml



:27

z`bz ~iie blj vljf~wziij z`bz z`f ~iie emh`z nf z`f iccmgf~w( ~fwz ~iie, Eb`flj~b xbw wvwtfljfjci~ zfl emlvzfw blj z`fl zbkfl jixl, Z`mw z~fbzeflz xflz il ci~ z`f tf~mij ic :6 emlvzfw bljEb`flj~b ~fbamwfj z`bz z`f iccmgf~w xf~f mlfn~mbzfj,

Eb`flj~b xbw n~ivh`z nbgk zi z`f gfaa blj Wvz`mwb lizmgfj z`bz `mw z`venw xf~f wxiaafl blj navf,

Cv~z`f~ `f lizmgfj z`bz Eb`flj~b givaj liz xbak t~itf~a}, X`fl Wvz`mwb bwkfj x`bz `bttflfj!Eb`flj~b z~mfj zi jfeilwz~bzf nvz cbmafj, Z`fl Eb`flj~b ziaj Wvz`mwb z`bz `f xbw `vlh n} z`f x~mwzw,

Z`f iccmgf~w xì n~ivh`z Eb`flj~b nbgk zi z`f gfaa mlci~efj z`f Wvz`mwb zi nf t~ftb~fj ci~ `mwzv~l,

Wvz`mwb xbw bawi wfsf~fa} nfbzfl ovwz bczf~ `f xbw b~~fwzfj blj x`maf `f xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f aigbzmil x`f~f `f efz Eb`flj~b blj z`f iz`f~ iccmgf~, Jvf zi z`f nfbzmlh `f wzb~zfj zi naffj c~ie z`feivz`, Wvz`mwb(w zi~zv~f xbw xmzlfwwfj n} ebl} smaabhf~w,

Ml z`f fsflmlh ilf iccmgf~ `bljfj isf~ b jigveflz zi Wvz`mwb x`mg` gilzbmlfj `mw lbef! bjj~fww

blj z`f zmef ic b~~fwz bw 2644 ìv~w, Cv~z`f~ ml z`bz jigveflz mz xbw lizfj TW >042= bw z`fb~~fwzmlh iccmgf~,

Il z`flfpz jb} baa z`f jfzbmlffw bz z`f gfaa xf~f n~ivh`z ivz blj ~fafbwfj il nbma, Zìvh` Eb`flj~bblj Wvz`mwb xbw n~ivh`z ivz abzf~ n} z`f iccmgf~w bw z`f} xf~f ~favgzblz zi ~fafbwf wb}mlh z`bz z`f} z`f iccmgf~w- xivaj nf ml nmh z~ivnaf xmz` z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- mc `f civlj ivz x`bz `bj`bttflfj, Niz` ic z`fe xf~f aigkfj vt bhbml, Wfsf~ba zmefw il >4 blj >2 z`f ~fabzmsfw ic z`f smgzmew gbef zi smwmz z`fe bz z`f wzbzmil, Cmlbaa} ml z`f fsflmlh z`f zxi jfzbmlffw xf~f ~fafbwfj,

Il >> Eb`flj~b blj Wvz`mwb xf~f bjemzzfj zi z`f Mz`z`ftblb Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba, Nvz bw z`fm~giljmzmil xbw wf~mivw niz` ic z`fe xf~f z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f Lbhijb Hflf~ba @iwtmzba, Eb`flj~b

xbw bjemzzfj zi xb~j Li? 22 x`maf Wvz`mwb xbw bjemzzfj zi xb~j 0,

Wvz`mwb xflz z`~ivh` bl P%~b} fpbemlbzmil blj z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- fpbemlfj `meblj iccmgf~w bz z`f tiamgf tiwz bawi ~fgi~jfj b wzbzfeflz, @f xbw jm~fgzfj zi z`f gamlmg bljjmwg`b~hfj il >: Eb},

X`maf z`f} xf~f z~fbzfj ml z`f ìwtmzba il >7 Eb}! Wvz`mwb hiz b zfaftìlf gbaafj c~ie z`f einmaflvenf~ 48>%:736>=0 c~ie b tf~wil xì mjflzmcmfj `mewfac bw bl iccmgf~ bzzbg`fj zi z`f G~memlbaMlsfwzmhbzmil Vlmz blj rvfwzmilfj x`fz`f~ z`f} b~f t~igffjmlh xmz` z`fm~ gietabmlz zi z`f @vebl^mh`zw Gieemwwmil zi x`mg` `f ~ftamfj ml z`f tiwmzmsf, Z`fl Wvz`mwb xbw z`~fbzflfj,

Abzf~ il 28 Ova} Wvz`mwb gietabmlfj zi z`f Bwwmwzblz Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf BWT- ic z`f b~fb~fhb~jmlh z`f mlgmjflz, Nvz li mlsfwzmhbzmil `bw nffl `faj il z`bz }fz, Z`fl il 27 Wftzfenf~ bEfenf~ ic Aigba Hisf~leflz Nij} T~bjfw`ff}b Wbnb-! E~, Oblbkb Kveb~b Hvlbwfkb~b gbef ziWvz`mwb blj bwkfj `me zi gief zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil il 26 Wftzfenf~ xmz` `me zi zbak bnivz z`febzzf~ xmz` tiamgf iccmgf~w, Wvz`mwb ~fcvwfj, Z`fl Wvz`mwb blj Eb`flj~b gietabmlfj zi z`f LbzmilbaTiamgf Gieemwwmil LTG- blj zi z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil blj zi z`f BWT,



:2:

Eb`flj~b blj Wvz`mwb wzbzf z`bz z`f} xf~f maafhbaa} blj b~nmz~b~} b~~fwzfj n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bljjfzbmlfj, Cv~z`f~ z`f} wzbzf z`bz z`f} xf~f t`}wmgbaa} blj eflzbaa} zi~zv~fj wfsf~fa} ml tvnamg,Cv~z`f~ z`f} wzbzf z`bz z`f} b~f gilzmlvivwa} ~fgfmsmlh z`~fbzw c~ie tiamgf iccmgf~w,

Z`f Aigba Hisf~leflz Givlgmai~w fsfl bw z`f tfitaf(w ~ft~fwflzbzmsfw b~f z~}mlh zi wvtt~fww ovwzmgf

blj `fatmlh zi t~ismjf metvlmz} x`maf ~ft~fwflzmlh z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w,

Cv~z`f~ Eb`flj~b blj Wvz`mwb jfwtf~bzfa} wzbzf z`bz z`f wflmi~ iccmgf~w ml z`f tiamgf jftb~zeflz! z`fLTG blj @^G `bsf liz gb~~mfj ivz z`fm~ wzbzvzi~} jvzmfw zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`fm~ gietabmlzw i~ t~ismjft~izfgzmil i~ ovwzmgf zi z`fe, Wvz`mwb blj Eb`flj~b b~f t~fwflza} ml cfb~ ic z`fm~ amsfw blj b~f wzmaawffkmlh ovwzmgf blj t~izfgzmil,

72=, Wv~bloms G`~mw`blz`b Cf~lblji? B }ivlh ebl mw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj! jfzbmlfj blj `faj ml t~iailhfj jfzflzmil ci~ zxi blj `bac }fb~w

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz E~, Wv~bloms G`~mw`blz`b Cf~lblji >2- ic Fakbjvxb Fwzbzf! Fakbjvxb ml Ebzbaf jmwz~mgz xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj

blj wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj n} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Zf~~i~mwz Mlsfwzmhbzmil Jmsmwmil ic Kblj} @fbjrvb~zf~w Tiamgf wzbzmil il 23 Bvhvwz >440, Abzf~ `f xbw wflz zi Nihbenb~b ^feblj T~mwil! x`f~f! zxi blj b `bac }fb~w abzf~ `f mw wzmaa mlgb~gf~bzfj, Ciaaixmlh z`f zi~zv~f `f fljv~fj `f xbwbggvwfj ci~ gieemzzmlh zf~~i~mwz bgzmsmzmfw x`mg` `f zizbaa} jflmfj blj ci~gfj zi wmhl jigveflzwt~ftb~fj n} z`f iccmgf~w z`f gilzflzw ic x`mg` xf~f lfsf~ fptabmlfj zi `me, @f jflmfj z`f g`b~hfwic zf~~i~mwe nvz xbw z`fl g`b~hfj ml z`~ff jmccf~flz Ebhmwz~bzf Giv~zw xmz` cbn~mgbzfj gbwfw, Zi jbzfz`f gbwfw b~f wzmaa tfljmlh blj z`f smgzme mw xbmzmlh zi t~isf `mw mlligflgf, Jvf zi vljvf jfab}w mlgiv~z t~igffjmlhw z`f smgzme gilzmlvfw zi wvccf~ ml t~mwil, Z`mw gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`ffpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil `bw ~fgfmsfj E~, Wv~bloms

G`~mw`blz`b Cf~lblji >2- ic Fakbjvxb Fwzbzf! Fakbjvxb ml Ebzbaf jmwz~mgz xbw b~~fwzfj il 23 Bvhvwz >440 blj abzf~ wvnofgzfj zi wfsf~f zi~zv~f, Jfzbmlfj il cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw `f `bw nfflmet~mwilfj ml Nihbenb~b ^feblj T~mwil ci~ zxi blj b `bac }fb~w x`mg` mw b gafb~ smiabzmil ic `mwcvljbeflzba ~mh`zw hvb~blzffj n} z`f gilwzmzvzmil ic z`f givlz~},

G`~mw`blz`b(w cbz`f~! E~, Jbsmj Cf~lblji mw fetai}fj ml b gmsma wigmfz} i~hblmbzmil ml z`f jmwz~mgzblj `mw eiz`f~ mw xi~kmlh bw b g`maj jfsfaiteflz iccmgf~ ic z`f Fakbjvxb fwzbzf, G`~mw`blz`b `bwzxi fajf~ n~iz`f~w! ilf mw b zfbg`f~ n} t~icfwwmil blj z`f iz`f~ ilf emh~bzfj bn~ibj ci~ xi~k,G`~mw`blz`b bawi xmw`fw zi hi bn~ibj ci~ fetai}eflz,

Bz z`f zmef ic b~~fwz ic G`~mw`blz`b xbw ~vllmlh b gieevlmgbzmil wìt ml ^bzxbzzf Abambenf gaiwf

zi Vkvxfab, Bw b }ivlh ebl G`~mw`blz`b xblzfj zi fwzbnamw` b hiij amcf blj xblzfj zi fb~l ei~fci~ `mw cvzv~f, Fsfl zìvh` `f xbw bnaf zi ~vl z`f gieevlmgbzmil wìt `f jfgmjfj zi emh~bzfciaaixmlh ml `mw fajf~ n~iz`f~(w ciizwzftw zi nfzzf~ `mw amcf,

X`fl xbw z~}mlh zi cmlj bl bhflg} zi b~~blhf bl fetai}eflz itti~zvlmz} `f afb~lfj z`bz E~,Evzzvwbem Kbllb`! bliz`f~ smaabhf~! xbw bawi t~ftb~mlh zi emh~bzf zi Ebab}wmb ci~ fetai}eflz blj`f bwkfj ci~ `mw wvtti~z, Kbllb` xflz bn~ibj ml abzf }fb~ >448 blj t~iemwfj zi ebkf b~~blhfeflzwci~ G`~mw`blz`b bw wiil bw tiwwmnaf,



:26

Ml Bvhvwz >440 G`~mw`blz`b ~fgfmsfj b xi~kmlh smwb ci~ Ebab}wmb blj b oin itti~zvlmz} zi xi~k mlz`f ìzfa wfgzi~, @f t~ftb~fj zi emh~bzf zi `mw lfx oin xmz` fli~eivw ìtfw,

Z`fl il z`f 23 Bvhvwz >440 h~ivt ic iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi Zf~~i~mwz Mlsfwzmhbzmil Jmsmwmil ZMJ- ic Kblj} Tiamgf gbef zi `mw ìvwf bz b~ivlj =,74 be, Bz z`bz zmef G`~mw`blz`b(w tb~flzw xf~f liz bz

ìef,

Cm~wz z`f iccmgf~w bwkfj ci~ z`f fajf~ n~iz`f~ xì mw z`f zfbg`f~! z`fl z`f iccmgf~w bwkfj ci~G`~mw`blz`b, G`~mw`blz`b xbw b~~fwzfj n} z`f iccmgf~w xì jmj liz hmsf bl} ~fbwil ci~ `mw b~~fwz, Z`f iccmgf~w ef~fa} ziaj `me z`bz z`f} lffjfj `me ci~ rvfwzmilmlh nvz jmj liz fabni~bzf,

G`~mw`blz`b(w fajf~ n~iz`f~ mlci~efj z`fm~ cbz`f~ ic z`f mlgmjflz n} zfaftìlf, @f bawi mjflzmcmfj z`fb~~fwzmlh iccmgf~ bw Wvlma ]bzbxb~b ic z`f Kblj} ZMJ jmsmwmil, Z`fl E~, Jbsmj! G`~mw`blz`b(w cbz`f~meefjmbzfa} xflz zi z`f ebml ~ibj x`f~f z`f tiamgf offt xbw tb~kfj blj `f xbw bnaf zi wff ìx `mw}ivlhf~ wil xbw wmzzmlh il z`f ~fb~ wfbz, E~, Jbsmj xbw bnaf zi wtfbk zi `mw wil blj xbw bnaf zi hmsf`me wief nmwgvmzw blj xbzf~,

X`fl E~, Jbsmj bwkfj z`f ~fbwil ci~ z`f b~~fwz ic `mw wil z`f iccmgf~w ziaj `me zi gief zi z`f ZMJn~blg` ic z`f Kblj} @fbjrvb~zf~w Tiamgf wzbzmil, @f xflz z`f~f n} > te il z`f wbef jb}, Z`ficcmgf~w ic z`f ZMJ n~blg` mlci~efj `me z`bz G`~mw`blz`b xbw b~~fwzfj il wvwtmgmil nvz jmj liz~fsfbafj bl} wtfgmcmg g`b~hf, Z`f iccmgf~w inwf~sfj z`bz E~, Jbsmj `bj b~~msfj n} eizi~nmkf bljz`f} bwkfj z`f ixlf~w`mt ic z`f nmkf, Z`fl `f fptabmlfj z`f ixlf~w`mt blj x`fl `f wbmj z`bz `fblj il wief iggbwmilw G`~mw`blz`b bawi vwfj z`f nmkf z`f iccmgf~w bwkfj Jbsmj zi afbsf mz bz z`fTiamgf wzbzmil, @ixfsf~! E~, Jbsmj kftz z`f nmkf blj xflz ìef,

Bczf~ E~, Jbsmj afcz z`f wzbzmil z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f ZMJ n~blg` wzb~zfj zi zi~zv~fG`~mw`blz`b wfsf~fa}, X`maf zi~zv~mlh z`f iccmgf~w mlzf~~ihbzfj `me il ebl} g~mefw ic x`mg` `f `bjli klixafjhf, G`~mw`blz`b gilzmlvivwa} jflmfj baa z`f baafhbzmilw, Bggi~jmlh zi `mw tb~flzw!

G`~mw`blz`b xbw wvnofgzfj zi zi~zv~f blj rvfwzmilmlh ml b wmemab~ ebllf~ ci~ b xffk, Z`f zi~zv~fblj mlzf~~ihbzmil wzb~zfj ml z`f fb~a} ei~lmlh blj gilzmlvfj vlzma z`f fsflmlh, Abzf~ G`~mw`blz`b xbw z~blwcf~~fj zi z`f @bhv~blkfz`b Tiamgf wzbzmil blj xbw jfzbmlfj z`f~f,

G`~mw`blz`b xbw bggvwfj ic nfmlh c~mflja} xmz` Kbllb` ci~ wfsf~ba zf~~i~mwz bgzmsmzmfw mlgavjmlh wfzzmlh b nien bz Lbxb}bablzfllf ~bmaxb} amlf! jfwz~i}mlh b z~blwci~ef~ bz Xbzzfhbeb blj sb~mivwiz`f~ cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw, @f fptabmlfj gafb~a} z`bz Kbllb` ila} wvtti~zfj `me ci~ hfzzmlh `me smwbci~ `mw fetai}eflz ml Ebab}wmb, @f zizbaa} jflmfj baa z`f bggvwbzmilw, Fsflzvbaa} `f xbw ci~gfj zibggftz blj wmhl jigveflzw x`mg` xf~f t~ftb~fj n} z`f iccmgf~w ic ZMJ nvz `f jflmfj z`f gilzflzw,G`~mw`blz`b wzbzfw z`bz `f sf`feflza} jflmfj blj xbw zizbaa} vlbxb~f ic z`f g`b~hfw ebjf bhbmlwz`me,

Il z`f > Eb} >44=! `f xbw t~ijvgfj ml Ebhmwz~bzf Giv~z Zfajflm}b ci~ z`f gbwf ic N)7=0)>440!Ebhmwz~bzf Giv~z ic Ebzbaf ci~ z`f gbwf ic N)=6:)>440 blj Ebhmwz~bzf Giv~z ic Kblj} ci~ z`f gbwfic N)6>=>, G`~mw`blz`b wzbzfw z`bz baa z`fwf gbwfw b~f cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw cmafj n} z`f iccmgf~w ic ZMJ,

G`~mw`blz`b mw wzmaa jfzbmlfj ml Nihbenb~b ~feblj t~mwil blj `bw nffl z`f~f ci~ b tf~mij ic ei~fz`bl zxi blj b `bac }fb~w, @f wzbzfw z`bz lilf ic z`fwf gbwfw `bsf nffl zbkfl vt ci~ z~mba n} z`fgiv~zw, G`~mw`blz`b wzbzfw z`bz `f `bw nffl jflmfj `mw ~mh`z zi t~isf `mw mlligflgf nfci~f z`f giv~zwbw z`f t~iwfgvzmil mw jfab}mlh z`f cmamlh ic z`f g`b~hf w`ffz blj z`f lfgfwwb~} afhba wzftw, @f wzbzfw



:23

z`bz `f xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj! jfzbmlfj! wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj blj liz z~fbzfj frvbaa} nfci~f z`f abx,Cv~z`f~ `f gabmew z`bz `mw ~mh`z zi `bsf b cbm~ z~mba blj ~mh`z zi nf ~fhb~jfj bw mlligflz vlzma t~isflhvmaz} xbw jflmfj bw `f xbw zi~zv~fj blj wvnofgzfj zi t~iailhfj jfzflzmil xmzìvz nfmlh h~blzfjnbma,

7>4, B jbvh`zf~ ic ]beblhf @febabz`b? IMG ci~gfj jmwbnafj ~btf smgzme zi bggftz ^w,24!444 ml wfzzafeflz

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b >7%}fb~%iajt`}wmgbaa} blj eflzbaa} jmwbnafj xiebl xbw ~btfj n} b lfmh`niv~, X`fl z`f smgzme(w eiz`f~n~ivh`z `f~ zi z`f Jijblhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil z`f iccmgf~w ~fgi~jfj z`f gietabmlz blj b~~fwzfj z`fwvwtfgzfj ~btmwz, @ixfsf~! abzf~ z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- z`~fbzflfj blj ci~gfj z`f eiz`f~ zibggftz ^w, 24!444,44 blj wfzzaf z`f gbwf, Z`f eiz`f~ xbw bawi z`~fbzflfj liz zi ~fsfba z`bz z`feilf} xbw `bljfj isf~ ml c~ilz ic z`f IMG blj z`bz z`f wvwtfgzfj ~btmwz xbw z`fl ~fafbwfj, Cv~z`f~z`f IMG ci~gfj z`f eiz`f~ wmhl b flz~} t~ftb~fj n} `me ml b iccmgmba ~fhmwzf~ x`mg` xbw liz ~fbj i~fptabmlfj zi `f~, Z`f IMG jmj liz zbkf bl} afhba wzftw zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`f mlgmjflz blj ~fcvwfj zigb~~} ivz z`f afhba t~igfjv~f fwzbnamw`fj n} z`f G~memlba T~igfjv~f Gijf, X`fl z`f smgzme xbw

bjemzzfj zi z`f Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ic Lbhijb w`f xbw z~fbzfj ci~ wfsf~ba jb}w, Bttfbaw xf~f ebjf ziz`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf blj z`f iz`f~ wflmi~ tiamgf iccmgf~w! ìxfsf~! li mlsfwzmhbzmilw `bsf}fz nffl mlmzmbzfj, X`fl z`f smgzme(w cbz`f~ afb~lfj ic x`bz `bj `bttflfj `f xflz zi z`f Tiamgfwzbzmil blj `bljfj isf~ z`f eilf} zi wief tiamgf iccmgf~w xì bggftzfj mz, Z`f wvwtfgz ~febmlwc~ff, Z`mw gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`f fpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj n} z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil! E~w, ]beblhf@febabz`b 64- ic Bkkb~b 77! Xfamhijfaab! Nienvxbab mw eb~~mfj blj b eiz`f~ ic zxi g`maj~fl, @f~`vwnblj mw b wìf ebkf~ blj wfac fetai}fj,

Ilf ic @febabz`b(w g`maj~fl mw b >7%}fb~%iaj xiebl xì mw t`}wmgbaa} blj eflzbaa} jmwbnafj,

G`bljblm liz `f~ ~fba lbef- xbw ni~l xmz` `f~ jmwbnmamz}, W`f mw g~mttafj blj x`ffa g`bm~ nivlj,Cv~z`f~ w`f mw eflzbaa} ~fzb~jfj blj ~frvm~fw gilwzblz wvtf~smwmil bw w`f mw vlbnaf zi zflj zi `f~nijma} cvlgzmilw blj lffjw blj j~iiaw ei~f i~ afww gilwzblza}, W`f mw bnaf zi wtfbk xmz` jmccmgvaz} nvz `bw amzzaf gilgflz~bzmil,

Il 72 Oblvb~} >422 @febabz`b(w `vwnblj blj `f~ iz`f~ g`maj afcz ci~ xi~kw blj @febabz`b xflz zibwwmwz xmz` z`f baew hmsmlh ml b lfmh`niv~mlh ìvwf afbsmlh G`bljblm bz ìef, X`fl w`f ~fzv~lfjìef G`bljblm xbw bnaf zi zfaa `f~ z`bz w`f `bj nffl ~btfj n} b lfmh`niv~, @bsmlh amzzaf i~ lit`}wmgba wz~flhz` w`f `bj li jfcflgf bhbmlwz `f~ bzzbgkf~, W`f xbw bnaf zi mjflzmc} `f~ bzzbgkf~ bw z`fwil%ml%abx ic ilf ic z`fm~ lfmh`niv~w! E~, T~fef, Z`f~f xbw bliz`f~ ~fbwil bw zi x`} G`bljblm xbw bnaf zi mjflzmc} z`f ~btmwz bw `f `bj gief zi z`f ìvwf b cfx jb}w fb~amf~ zi vwf z`f wf~smgfw ic

`f~ @febabz`b(w `vwnblj ci~ wìf ebkmlh,

@febabz`b inwf~sfj z`bz z`f smgzme g`maj xbw ml wfsf~f tbml giljmzmil wvccf~mlh xmz` tbml, Z`flmeefjmbzfa} w`f gbaafj `f~ `vwnblj blj xmz` `mw `fat z`f} ziik G`bljblm zi z`f Jijblhijb Tiamgfwzbzmil, X`fl z`f} ~fbg`fj z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil z`f zmef xbw b~ivlj > zi >,74te, Z`f iccmgf~w il jvz} ~fgi~jfj z`f gietabmlz blj meefjmbzf ciaaixmlh iccmgf~w xflz n} b z`~ff x`ffaf~ blj b~~fwzfj z`fwvwtfgzfj ~btmwz blj n~ivh`z `me zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~w ~frvfwzfj z`f smgzme blj`f~ tb~flz zi afbsf z`f wzbzmil,



:28

Z`fl z`f cbz`f~%ml%abx ic z`f wvwtfgz ~btmwz E~, T~fef b~~msfj bz z`fm~ ìvwf bz b~ivlj 22,74 be il> Cfn~vb~} blj gilsf}fj z`f efwwbhf z`bz @febabz`b blj `f~ cbema} efenf~w `bj zi bttfb~ nfci~fz`f Iccmgf~%Ml%G`b~hf IMG-! ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, @febabz`b xbw wv~t~mwfj bw zi ìx b cbema} efenf~ ic z`f wvwtfgz givaj mlci~efj z`fe ic b iccmgmba tiamgf lizmgf, Tb~z ic z`fm~ wvwtmgmil b~iwfc~ie z`f cbgz z`bz z`f lizmgf xbw `bljfj isf~ bz 22,74 be x`mg` xbw z`f wbef zmef z`bz w`f `bj zi

bttfb~ nfci~f z`f IMG, Cv~z`f~! @febabz`b lizmgfj z`bz z`f iccmgmba wfba ic z`f IMG ic JijblhijbTiamgf wzbzmil xbw bawi z`f~f ml z`bz webaa tbtf~, @febabz`b xflz zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil meefjmbzfa},

Bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil w`f lizmgfj z`bz z`f wvwtfgz xbw mlwmjf z`f tiamgf gfaa, Z`f IMG i~jf~fj `me zinf n~ivh`z ivz blj `f wìvzfj bz z`f wvwtfgz ml c~ilz ic z`f smgzmew,

Mz xbw z`fl z`bz z`f IMG ziaj @febabz`b z`bz bw z`f sm~zvba gietabmlblz xbw jmwbnafj eflzbaa} bljt`}wmgbaa} w`f givaj liz t~igffj xmz` b afhba gbwf, @f i~jf~fj @febabz`b zi ~fgfmsf z`f eilf} c~iez`f wvwtfgz blj wfzzaf z`f ebzzf~, E~, T~fef hbsf @febabz`b ^w, 24 444)5 ml z`f t~fwflgf ic z`fIMG, Z`fl @febabz`b vljf~wziij z`bz xbw b cmlblgmba wfzzafeflz z`bz `bj nffl b~~blhfj n} z`fIMG,

Bczf~ z`f eilf} `bj nffl `bljfj isf~ z`f IMG ziaj @febabz`b z`bz w`f wìvaj liz ~fsfba z`bz z`feilf} xbw hmsfl zi `f~! liz fsfl `f~ `vwnblj, Z`fl z`f IMG ci~gfj `f~ zi wmhl bl flz~} ml b~fhmwzf~ z`bz `f `bj ba~fbj} t~ftb~fj, Z`f IMG jmj liz fptabml z`f gilzflzw ic z`f flz~},

Z`f IMG timlzfj `mw cmlhf~ bz @febabz`b blj ~ivhà} z`~fbzflfj `f~ z`bz w`f wìvaj liz ~fsfba zibl}ilf z`bz w`f xbw hmsfl eilf} bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Bw w`f xbw ml cfb~ ic z`f IMG w`f ciaaixfj`mw mlwz~vgzmilw! ziik z`f eilf} blj afcz,

X`fl w`f ~fzv~lfj ìef w`f mlci~efj `f~ `vwnblj ic x`bz `bj `bttflfj bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil,G`bljblm blj `f~ cbz`f~ xf~f wf~mivwa} vtwfz xmz` z`f maafhba xb} ml x`mg` z`f IMG `bj wvtt~fwwfjovwzmgf ci~ bl mlligflz smgzme, Z`f cbz`f~ ziik z`f eilf} c~ie @febabz`b blj xflz zi z`f Tiamgf

wzbzmil x`f~f `f `bljfj mz nbgk zi wief tiamgf iccmgf~w, Z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w bggftzfj z`f eilf} nvziccf~fj li ~fgfmtz ci~ mz, Z`f `vwnblj jfebljfj z`bz z`f tiamgf zi t~igffj bhbmlwz z`f wvwtfgz!wb}mlh z`bz `f xblzfj ovwzmgf ci~ `mw g`maj,

Mz mw zi nf lizfj z`bz bz li zmef jmj z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w jm~fgz @febabz`b i~ `f~ `vwnblj zi zbkf z`f smgzme zi b ìwtmzba, Cv~z`f~! z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w `bsf liz zbkfl bl} ic afhba wzftw wzmtvabzfj ml z`fG~memlba T~igfjv~f Gijf bhbmlwz z`f wvwtfgz,

@febabz`b blj `f~ cbema} efenf~w n~ivh`z G`bljblm zi z`f Lbhijb Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ci~z~fbzeflz, Fsfl z`mw xbw jilf xmz` h~fbz jmccmgvaz} bw z`fm~ ìvwf mw aigbzfj cb~ bxb} c~ie z`f ebml~ibj blj ~frvm~fj z`f bwwmwzblgf ic ebl} tfitaf zi gb~~} `f~, Z`f `fbs} ~bmlw z`bz xf~f nbzzf~mlh z`f

givlz~} bz z`bz zmef bawi bjjfj zi z`f fli~eivw jmccmgvazmfw, Z`mw xbw fpbgf~nbzfj n} @febabz`b(wixl t~iailhfj g`~ilmg maalfww,

G`bljblm xbw bjemzzfj xb~j lvenf~ 24 blj z~fbzfj ci~ ebl} jb}w, Z`f jigzi~w xì fpbemlfj `f~bawi gilcm~efj ci~efj z`bz w`f `bj nffl ~btfj,

Efblx`maf @febabz`b afblfj z`bz z`f wvwtfgz ~btmwz `bw nffl ~fafbwfj,



:20

@febabz`b wzbzfw z`bz z`f IMG ic z`f Jijblhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil jmj liz t~igffj afhbaa} xmz` `f~gietabmlz, W`f cv~z`f~ wbmj z`bz IMG ic z`f wzbzmil xi~kfj maafhbaa} n} b~~blhmlh blj ci~gmlh `f~ ziwfzzaf b gbwf ic g~memlba ~btf x`mg` mw bl vlgietivljbnaf iccflgf vljf~ z`f abx, Ml W~m Ablkbl abx tiamgf iccmgf~w `bsf z`f affxb} zi wfzzaf gf~zbml gietabmlzw xmz` z`f bh~ffeflz ic z`f tb~zmfw, Z`mw xivaj mlgavjf tf~wilba jmwtvzfw blj wvg` ìxfsf~! g~memlba gbwfw wvg` bw bzzfetzfj ev~jf~!

ev~jf~ blj ~btf ji liz gief vljf~ z`mw wg`fjvaf,

@febabz`b cv~z`f~ wb}w z`bz bw w`f nfailhw zi b tii~ blj eb~hmlbamwfj h~ivt ic wigmfz} z`f IMG xblzfj zi flci~gf z`f abx ml b jmwg~memlbzi~} ebllf~, Cv~z`f~ w`f wzbzfw z`bz w`f nfamfsfw z`bz z`fIMG wvtt~fwwfj z`f abx bw `f xbw hmsfl n~mnfw, Bawi w`f hifw il zi wb} z`bz z`bz z`f tiamgf iccmgf~wb~f afhbaa} nivlj zi mwwvf b Efjmgi Afhba Fpbemlbzmil Ci~e EAFC- zi z`f gietabmlblz ic ~btf i~zi z`f smgzme xì xf~f wvnofgzfj zi z`f (g~mefw bhbmlwz z`f `vebl nij}(, Nvz z`f IMG blj z`ftiamgf iccmgf~w ic z`f Jijblhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil jmj liz z~fbz G`bljblm frvbaa} nfci~f z`f abx bljbgzfj vaz~b sm~fw ml z`bz ~fhb~j,

W`f wz~ilha} wzbzfw z`bz bggi~jmlh zi z`f abx z`f IMG ic bl} Tiamgf wzbzmil mw afhbaa} nivlj zimlsfwzmhbzf z`f gietabmlz ic g~mefw blj ~fti~z zìwf zi z`f Ebhmwz~bzf Giv~z ci~ jfzf~emlbzmil ic

z`f Ebhmwz~bzf zi t~igffj xmz` abx ci~ z`f gilsmgzmil ic z`f g~memlba mc civlj hvmaz} bz b @mh` Giv~z,Cv~z`f~ w`f wzbzfw z`bz z`f IMG mw z`f jfzf~emlmlh blj hvmjmlh iccmgf~w ml abx ci~ z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil ic z`fwf kmljw ic gietabmlzw blj mz mw `mw ~fwtilwmnmamz} zi gilzbgz z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~w OEI-ci~ z`f efjmgba fsmjflgf ic z`f smgzme bw xfaa bw z`f wvwtfgz, Mz mw z`f ~fwtilwmnmamz} ic z`f IMG zigiaafgz z`f fsmjflgf t~ijvgfj ~fabzmlh zi z`f g~mef blj t~ijvgf z`fwf t~ijvgzmilw xmz` z`flfgfwwb~} wfgv~mzmfw zi z`f Ebhmwz~bzf(w Giv~z blj z`fl zi z`f Hisf~leflz Blba}wz x`fl lfgfwwb~},@febabz`b wzbzfw z`bz z`f IMG blj z`f iz`f~ iccmgf~w ic Jijblhijb Tiamgf wzbzmil mlzflzmilbaa} wvtt~fwwfj blj mhli~fj z`f xìaf t~igfjv~f ic z`f g~memlba ovwzmgf w}wzfe zi `fat z`f wvwtfgz bljjfl} ovwzmgf zi `f~ blj `f~ smgzme g`maj,

Cmlbaa} @febabz`b wzbzfw z`bz nfmlh b jmwbnaf xiebl! `f~ g`maj wìvaj `bsf nffl z~fbzfj xmz` wtfgmba

gb~f blj bzzflzmil n} z`f abx flci~gfeflz iccmgf~w,

@febabz`b ebjf gietabmlzw zi z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf MHT-! z`f Wflmi~ Wvtf~mlzfljflz ic Tiamgf WWT- Kbavz`b~b! Z`f IMG ic z`f Xiefl blj G`maj Gb~f Nv~fbv blj z`f @vebl ^mh`zwGieemwwmil ic W~m Ablkb @^G- ci~ z`f mlsfwzmhbzmil ic `f~ gietabmlz blj zi t~ismjf `f~ xmzòvwzmgf, @ixfsf~! zi jbzf! lilf ic z`fwf iccmgf~w i~ bvzì~mzmfw `bsf zbkfl bl} wzftw zi vtìajovwzmgf,

Lix @febabz`b blj `f~ cbema} efenf~w b~f t~fwflza} ml cfb~ ic z`fm~ amsfw bw z`f} gietabmlfj ziz`f `mh`f~ bvzì~mzmfw z`f~fn} mhli~mlh z`f z`~fbz ic z`f IMG liz zi ~fsfba z`f g~mef, @febabz`b mwz`f~fci~f wffkmlh t~izfgzmil ci~ `f~wfac blj baa `f~ cbema} efenf~w bw z`f} eb} nf gilwmjf~fj

xmzlfwwfw ic z`f g~mef,

7>2, Ab`m~v Ebjvw`bl Wv~mb~bg`g`m? B wzvjflz zi~zv~fj n} `mw wgìia t~mlgmtba

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz b 23 }fb~%iaj wgìiag`maj! Ab`m~v Ebjvw`bl Wv~mb~bg`g`m ic @i~blb î}ba Giaafhf xbw maa%z~fbzfj n} z`f t~mlgmtba ic `mwwgìia, Z`f g`maj `bj `mw gvz `mw `bm~ blj xbw nfbzfl wfsf~fa} n} z`f t~mlgmtba, X`fl z`f tb~flzw xflz zi ebkf b gietabmlz zi z`f _ilba Fjvgbzmilba Iccmgf z`f t~mlgmtba fptfaafj z`f wzvjflz, Ab`m~v xbw z~fbzfj ml @i~blb Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba! Tblbjv~b Nbwf @iwtmzba blj z`f FLZ Gamlmg bz



:2=

^bzèbablb, Z`f jigzi~w jmbhliwfj z`bz niz` ic z`f wzvjflz(w fb~w xf~f jbebhfj n} z`f nfbzmlh, Zìvh` Ab`m~v xbw bjemzzfj zi bliz`f~ wgìia! jvf zi z`f mlcavflgf ic tf~tfz~bzi~ `f xbw bwwbvazfjzxi iggbwmilw, Z`f tiamgf blj z`f Fjvgbzmilba bvzì~mzmfw b~f liz metafeflzmlh z`f abx bhbmlwz z`ftf~tfz~bzi~ xì mlwzfbj `bw nffl t~ieizfj zi z`f Emlmwz~} ic Fjvgbzmil, Z`mw gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~maavwz~bzmil ic z`f fpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj n} z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil Ab`m~v Ebjvw`blWv~mb~bg`g`m 23- ic (Ab`m~v(! Kfwfalbxb Kbavz`b~b îbj! Jienbhijb! @i~blb ml z`f jmwz~mgz ic Kbavz`b~b xbw b wzvjflz ic @i~blb î}ba Giaafhf,

@f xbw t~ftb~mlh ci~ z`f I~jmlb~} Afsfa fpbemlbzmil x`mg` xbw wg`fjvafj zi nf `faj bz z`f flj ic z`f }fb~, Ab`m~v xbw ilf ic z`f n~maamblz wzvjflzw xì tf~ci~efj xfaa c~ie `mw fjvgbzmil, Cv~z`f~ `f xbw ilf ic z`f wzvjflzw xì xil z`f Mwablj xmjf Lbzmilba Gietfzmzmil ml Jblgmlh, Z`fl `f xbwgbaafj ci~ b wzbhf fp`mnmzmil `faj bz z`f _ilba Fjvgbzmilba Iccmgf bawi, C~ie `mw fb~a} g`majìijlfmz`f~ zfbg`f~w i~ wzvjflzw `bj ebjf bl} gietabmlz bhbmlwz Ab`m~v bz bl} zmef,

Bawi Ab`m~v(w eiz`f~ xbw ilf ic z`f eiwz bgzmsf tb~flzw ml z`f wgìia, W`f z~bmlfj z`f t~meb~}

wzvjflzw ci~ wti~zw ci~ wfsf~ba }fb~w siavlzb~ma},

Ml z`f }fb~ >44= `f wzvjmfj bz @i~blb î}ba Giaafhf ml 22 }fb~ gabww, Bw vwvba il 22 Eb~g` `f xflzzi z`f wgìia, Ml z`f ei~lmlh wvjjfla} `f ~fgfmsfj b efwwbhf zi bttfb~ nfci~f z`f t~mlgmtaf bljmeefjmbzfa} xflz nfci~f `me, Z`f t~mlgmtaf wìxfj `me b einmaf tìlf blj bwkfj mc `f klfx z`fixlf~ ic z`f tìlf, Ab`m~v ziaj z`f t~mlgmtaf z`bz `f klfx liz`mlh bnivz z`f tìlf, Z`fl xmzìvz xb~lmlh z`f t~mlgmtaf ziik b tbm~ ic wgmwwi~w blj wzb~zfj zi gìt `mw `bm~ ml tabgfw,

Ab`m~v xbw bc~bmj blj z`f t~mlgmtaf gilzmlvivwa} rvfwzmilfj Ab`m~v, Z`fl xmzìvz xb~lmlh `fwzb~zfj zi gblf `me jfebljmlh z`bz `f zfaa z`f z~vz`, Bczf~ z`bz z`f t~mlgmtaf h~bnnfj z`f ni}(wzvee} blj zxmwzfj z`f cafw` blj tvaafj vtxb~jw, Z`mw mw b gieeil tvlmwèflz ml W~m Ablkbl

wgìiaw-,

Ab`m~v vljf~wziij z`bz z`f tìlf nfailhfj zi bliz`f~ wzvjflz! Lvxbl! xì xbw b lfmh`niv~, Nvz`f jmj liz xblzfj zi ~fsfba z`bz z~vz` bw `f zìvh`z z`bz Lvxbl xivaj cbgf wfsf~f gilwfrvflgfw,Lvxbl nfailhfj zi b tii~ cbema} blj `f `bj aiwz `mw cbz`f~, Cv~z`f~ `mw eiz`f~ amsfj xmz`fli~eivw fgiliemg jmccmgvazmfw bczf~ z`f jfbz` ic `f~ `vwnblj zi fb~l b amsmlh ci~ `f~ z`~ff g`maj~fl,Ab`m~v jmj liz xblz zi gbvwf z~ivnaf ci~ `me,

Jvf zi z`f fli~eivw cfb~ blj tbml Ab`m~v ziaj z`f t~mlgmtba z`f tìlf nfailhfj zi `me, Z`fl z`ft~mlgmtba nfbz `me bnivz z`f cbgf! `fbj blj f}fw, Z`f t~mlgmtaf nfbz `me wfsf~ba zmefw, Z`fl z`ft~mlgmtba i~jf~fj `me zi klffa jixl il z`f h~ivlj ml c~ilz ic z`f iccmgf, Ebl} wzvjflzw blj

zfbg`f~w xì tbwwfj z`f iccmgf baa wbx `me klffamlh z`f~f, Ab`m~v fptf~mflgfj wfsf~f eflzba bljt`}wmgba blhvmw` ci~ ebl} ìv~w, Bawi jfwtmzf bwkmlh zi nf baaixfj zi fbz wiefz`mlh z`mw xbw~fcvwfj,

B~ivlj 2,74te Ab`m~v wbx z`bz z`f wzvjflzw blj z`f zfbg`f~w wzb~zfj zi afbsf z`f wgìia blj `f xbwziaj n} z`f t~mlgmtba zi gief zi `mw iccmgf, Z`fl `f hbsf b tbtf~ blj tfl blj ci~gfj Ab`m~v zi x~mzfb afzzf~ wzbzmlh z`bz `f `bj hmsfl z`f einmaf tìlf zi b hm~a wzvjflz ml z`f wgìia, Ciaaixmlh `mwjmgzbzmil Ab`m~v x~izf z`bz afzzf~, Z`fl z`f t~mlgmtba ci~gfj Ab`m~v zi wmhl mz x`mg` `f jmj, Z`f



:>4

t~mlgmtba z`fl mlci~efj Ab`m~v z`bz `f xbw wvwtfljfj ci~ zxi xffkw, Bczf~ z`bz tf~mij `f wìvajgief xmz` z`f tb~flz zi z`f wgìia,

Bw z`f `bm~ ic Ab`m~v xbw gvz vlfsfla} `f cfaz w`bef zi hi ivz ml tvnamg wi `f ni~~ixfj b `bz c~ieb wgìia c~mflj blj xflz ìef, Bz z`f ìef `f mlci~efj z`f mlgmjflz zi z`f eiz`f~,

Z`f lfpz jb} z`f eiz`f~ blj cbz`f~ bailh xmz` Ab`m~v xflz zi z`f _ilba Fjvgbzmil Iccmgf bz@i~blb blj wbx z`f Jm~fgzi~ ic Fjvgbzmil, Meefjmbzfa} bczf~ z`f} flzf~fj zi z`f Jm~fgzi~(w iccmgf~z`f jm~fgzi~ mljflzmcmfj Ab`m~v blj t~bmwfj `mw zbaflzw blj wkmaaw, Z`f jm~fgzi~ ziaj z`fe z`bz `f wzmaa~fefenf~fj `mw zbaflz x`f~f w`f inwf~sfj z`f fp`mnmzmil `faj bczf~ xmllmlh z`f Mwablj XmjfLbzmilba Gietfzmzmil, Z`fl w`f bwkfj ci~ z`f ~fbwil ci~ z`fm~ smwmz zi z`f iccmgf, Z`f tb~flzwwìxfj z`f eb~kw ic gilzvwmilw blj ìx Ab`m~v(w `bm~ `bj nffl gvz, Z`f} lizmgfj z`bz z`f jm~fgzi~ xbw wìgkfj,

Z`fl meefjmbzfa} z`f jm~fgzi~ zfaftìlfj zi z`f t~mlgmtba ic @i~blb î}ba Giaafhf blj mlrvm~fjbnivz z`f mlgmjflz, Bczf~ gietafzmlh z`f gbaa z`f jm~fgzi~ mlci~efj z`f Ab`m~v blj `mw tb~flz z`bz z`ft~mlgmtba `bj zi~zv~fj `me ml z`f nfwz mlzf~fwzw ic z`f g`maj, Wi `f bjsmwfj z`f tb~flz ovwz zi bggftz

x`bz `bj `bttflfj, Cv~z`f~ w`f ziaj z`bz xf `bsf zi bggftz z`f wmjf ic w`mt bczf~ mz zv~lw isf~ ml z`f xbzf~, Z`f tb~flzw ic Ab`m~v xf~f c~vwz~bzfj blj gbef ìef bczf~ `bljmlh isf~ z`f x~mzzflgietabmlfj zi z`f jm~fgzi~,

Bw z`f tb~flz jfwtf~bzfa} xblzfj zi gilzmlvf xmz` `mw fjvgbzmil ilf xffk abzf~ il 20 Eb~g` z`ftb~flzw xflz zi z`f wgìia, Z`fl z`f t~mlgmtba bwkfj ila} z`f tb~flz zi gief mlwmjf `mw iccmgf, X`flz`f} xflz `me `f mlci~efj z`f tb~flzw z`bz `f jmj liz `bsf b t~inafe xmz` Ab`m~v nvz z`bzt~fwflza} z`f t~inafe xbw xmz` z`f eiz`f~, Z`f t~mlgmtba wgiajfj `f~ ci~ ebkmlh b gietabmlz zi z`fJm~fgzi~ ic _ilba Fjvgbzmilba Iccmgf, Cv~z`f~ `f ziaj z`bz bw z`bz wgìia mw b Lbzmilba Wgìia mz mwila} z`f Emlmwz~} ic Fjvgbzmil ic Gflz~ba Fjvgbzmil z`bz gbl ebkf i~jf~w blj z`f Jm~fgzi~ ic _ilba Fjvgbzmil Iccmgf xì gbl ebkf mlzf~sflzmilw, Cmlbaa} `f ziaj z`f tb~flzw z`bz `f xbw

fptfaamlh Ab`m~v c~ie `mw wgìia blj zi bggftz z`f Wgìia Afbsmlh Gf~zmcmgbzf c~ie z`f gaf~k ic `mwiccmgf,

Z`f tb~flzw wzbzf z`bz z`f~f xbw li sbamj ~fbwil zi fptfa Ab`m~v c~ie z`f wgìia,

Bczf~ Ab`m~v xbw wvnofgzfj zi z`f zi~zv~f `f `bw fptf~mflgfj gilzmlvivw tbml, Cv~z`f~ il wiefiggbwmilw `f fptf~mflgfw vlnfb~bnaf tbml ml `mw fb~w ciaaixfj n} zmllmzvw, @f bawi wvccf~fj wxfbzmlh blj cbmlzlfww, @mw eiz`f~ ziik `me zi z`f Xiefl blj G`maj Gb~f Nv~fbv blj ebjf b gietabmlz, Z`f iccmgf~w bggftzfj z`f gietabmlz blj mwwvfj b Efjmgi Afhba Fpbemlbzmil Ci~e EAFC- bljbwkfj z`fe meefjmbzfa} zi hi zi b ìwtmzba ci~ z~fbzeflz,

Ab`m~v xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f @i~blb Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba il 2 Bt~ma x`f~f `f xbw bjemzzfj ci~cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz, Z`f Bwwmwzblz Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ bawi fpbemlfj `me, Z`f jigzi~w!gilwmjf~mlh z`f wfsf~mz} ic z`f mlov~mfw z~blwcf~~fj Ab`m~v zi z`f Nbwf @iwtmzba Tblbjv~b ci~ cv~z`f~z~fbzeflz blj `f xbw xb~jfj z`f~f, Z`fl `f xbw ~fcf~~fj zi z`f FLZ Gilwvazblz ci~ z~fbzeflz,Cmlbaa} z`f FLZ Gilwvazblz ~fcf~~fj Ab`m~v zi z`f Bvjmiaih} Gamlmg bz ^bzèbablb, Z`f jigzi~wjmwgisf~fj z`bz niz` fb~w xf~f jbebhfj! z`f afcz ei~f wfsf~fa}, Ab`m~v mw wzmaa hfzzmlh z~fbzeflz ci~z`mw jbebhf,



:>2

Z`f tb~flzw xblzfj zi cmlj b lfx wgìia ci~ Ab`m~v zi gilzmlvf `mw fjvgbzmil, Z`f} x~izf ziT~fwmjflz ^bobtbkwf blj bawi z`f T~mef Emlmwzf~ xì mwwvfj b afzzf~ ic mlz~ijvgzmil zi z`f @i~blbW`~fftbam Giaafhf x`f~f Ab`m~v xbw bggftzfj,

Z`f wfgilj jb} bz z`f lfx wgìia Ab`m~v xbw nfbzfl n} b h~ivt ic wzvjflzw, Abzf~ z`f tb~flz afblfj

z`bz z`f xmcf ic z`f t~mlgmtba ic @i~blb î}ba Giaafhf mw bawi xi~kmlh z`f~f blj z`f} nfamfsf z`bz z`fbwwbvaz xbw b~~blhfj n} Ab`m~v(w ci~ef~ t~mlgmtba,

@f `bj zi wzit himlh zi wgìia blj cmlbaa} `mw tb~flzw ebjf t~msbzf b~~blhfeflzw zi gilzmlvf `mwfjvgbzmil, Z`fl `f bttamfj ci~ z`f I~jmlb~} Afsfa Fpbemlbzmil bw b t~msbzf gbljmjbzf, @f xflz ziwmz ci~ z`f fpbe il Jfgfenf~ >44=, Fsfl z`f~f bawi Ab`m~v xbw bwwbvazfj n} b h~ivt ic wzvjflzw, Z`f tb~flzw z`fl ebjf b gietabmlz zi z`f @i~blb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f fpbemlbzmil bvzì~mzmfwbaaixfj `mw eiz`f~ zi wmz ml gaiwf t~ipmemz} zi Ab`m~v x`maf `f mw blwxf~mlh z`f tbtf~w, Jfwtmzf baa ic z`f z~mnvabzmilw Ab`m~v `bj vljf~hilf `f tbwwfj baa ic z`f tbtf~w zfl- xmz` z`f fpgftzmil ic ebz`febzmgw,

Efblx`maf z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil ic @i~bl mlci~efj tb~flzw zi bttfb~ nfci~f z`f Efjmbzmil Nib~j,

Z`f} xflz ci~ wfsf~ba iggbwmilw nvz z`f t~mlgmtba jmj liz bttfb~, Cmlbaa} nib~j efenf~w mlci~efjz`fe z`bz z`f} ~fcf~~fj z`f ebzzf~ zi z`f tiamgf ci~ cmaf z`f gbwf ml Ebhmwz~bzf Giv~z, Wzmaa z`f tb~flzwb~f xbmzmlh ci~ ovwzmgf bw z`f tiamgf `bsf liz }fz cmafj b g~memlba gbwf bhbmlwz z`f tf~tfz~bzi~,

Z`f tb~flz gietabmlfj zi z`f Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf! Lbzmilba Tiamgf Gieemwwmil blj zi z`f@vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil ic W~m Ablkb il z`mw ebzzf~ nvz lilf ic z`fwf mlwzmzvzmilw `bsf mlmzmbzfjmlsfwzmhbzmilw il z`mw ~fhb~j,

Ab`m~v blj `mw tb~flz wzbzfw z`bz z`f fjvgbzmilba bvzì~mzmfw blj z`f tiamgf jftb~zeflz b~fmlzflzmilbaa} lfhafgzmlh z`fm~ jvz} zi mlsfwzmhbzf z`f g~mefw, Cv~z`f~! z`f bvzì~mzmfw b~f mlzflzmilbaa} xi~kmlh zi t~izfgz z`f tf~tfz~bzi~ x`maf jfl}mlh ovwzmgf zi z`fe, Cv~z`f~ z`f tb~flz wzbzf z`bz mz mw

z`f jvz} ic z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG- ic z`f @i~blb Tiamgf wzbzmil zi cmaf b g~memlba gbwf mlEbhmwz~bzf Giv~z blj wffk z`f i~jf~ ic Ebhmwz~bzf zi ~fcf~ z`f gbwf xmz` lfgfwwb~} fsmjflgf zi z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba zi t~igffj zi cmaf bl mljmgzeflz ciaaixmlh z`f t~ismwmil ic z`f Gilsflzmil Bhbmlwz Zi~zv~f blj iz`f~ Ml`vebl blj Jfh~bjmlh Tvlmwèflz Bgz Li >> ic 2==: z`f GBZ Bgz-,

Beilhwz baa z`fwf bggvwbzmilw b cfx jb}w bhi! z`f t~mlgmtba ic @i~blb î}ba Giaafhf xbw t~ieizfjzi z`f Emlmwz~} ic Fjvgbzmil n} z`f fjvgbzmilba bvzì~mzmfw, Z`f tb~flzw ic Ab`m~v wzbzf z`bz z`f} xf~f jflmfj ovwzmgf blj z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w xf~f t~ieizfj x`maf z`f wzbzf xi~kfj zi flgiv~bhfmetvlmz},

Z`f ~mh`z zi fjvgbzmil ic Ab`m~v xbw nabzblza} smiabzfj n} z`f wzbzf bvzì~mzmfw xì jmj liz zbkf bl}

wzftw zi vtìaj `mw ~mh`zw m~~fwtfgzmsf ic gilzmlvfj bttfbaw ebjf n} z`fe,

7>>, ^vxbl Lm~iw`blb? b }ivlh ebl nfbzfl n~vzbaa} blj abmj xmz` cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz E~, Fhijbxbzzfhf^vxbl Lm~iw`blb xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj blj wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj gilzmlvivwa} ci~ z`~ff jb}w jv~mlh x`mg` `f xbw `vlh c~ie b nfbe ml z`f Tiamgf Nb~bgkw blj nfbzfl, X`fl `f xbw n~ivh`z nfci~f z`fHisf~leflz @iwtmzba ic Mz`z`btblb xmz` b ab~hf lvenf~ ic mlov~mfw z`f jigzi~ mwwvfj b ~fti~z ml x`mg` z`f~f xbw li eflzmil ic bl} xivljw, X`fl `f xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ic



:>>

Lbhijb ml z`f wbef jmwz~mgz jigzi~w! xi~kmlh ml giaabni~bzmil xmz` z`f tiamgf! ~fti~zfj ila} zxilil%h~mfsivw mlov~mfw, @ixfsf~! x`fl `f xbw bjemzzfj zi z`f Lbzmilba @iwtmzba Giaieni z`f OEI~fti~zfj zfl wftb~bzf mlov~mfw blj ~fcf~~fj `me ci~ cv~z`f~ tw}g`mbz~mg z~fbzeflz, X`fl z`f smgzmecmafj b cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw smiabzmil bttamgbzmil bz z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z z`f Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba sf`feflza} ittiwfj z`f h~blzmlh ic afbsf zi t~igffj x`maf ci~hfzzmlh z`f jftb~zeflz(w wzbzfj tiamg}

ic liz bttfb~mlh ci~ zi~zv~f tf~tfz~bzi~w, @ixfsf~! z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z h~blzfj afbsf zi t~igffj xmz` z`f bttamgbzmil, Z`mw gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`f fpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj n} z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil E~, Fhijbxbzzfhf^vxbl Lm~iw`blb 20- ic V~bhijb îbj! Faafkbljb! Xfamtfllb mw bl bh~b~mbl abniv~f~ n} t~icfwwmil,

Lm~iw`blb xi~kw ml `mw tb~flz(w tbjj} cmfajw bw xfaa bw zìwf ic `mw ~fabzmsfw blj iz`f~ smaabhf~w, @f mw xfaa z~bmlfj ml `bljamlh bl bh~b~mbl z~bgzi~ nvz jifw liz `bsf b sbamj j~msmlh amgflwf, Lm~iw`blb `bwnffl g`b~hfj il civ~ iggbwmilw x`mg` mlgavjfj iccflgfw ic j~msmlh bl bh~b~mbl z~bgzi~ xmzìvzj~msmlh amgflwf blj zxi xf~f cbn~mgbzfj gbwfw cmafj n} z`f Iccmgf~w%ml%G`b~hf IMG- ic z`f Xfamtfllb

tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`f Bzzi~lf}%bz%Abx tafbjfj hvmaz} il `mw nf`bac! zfaamlh Lm~iw`blb zi wveeb~ma} cmlbamwf z`f gbwfw n} tb}mlh b cmlf blj z`f~fn} bsimjmlh vllfgfwwb~} jfab}w blj fptflwf, Nvz baa zìwfgbwfw xf~f cmafj bhbmlwz `me b }fb~ bhi,

Lm~iw`blb nfailhw zi b tii~ cbema} blj jvf zi fgiliemg jmccmgvazmfw `f jmj liz hfz z`f itti~zvlmz} zi gilzmlvf xmz` `mw fjvgbzmil fsfl bz wgìia, @f xbw gilwmjf~fj bw bl mlligflz blj jixl zi fb~z` smaabhf~ xì mw xmaamlh zi `fat bl}ilf ml z`f smaabhf, Il ebl} iggbwmilw mz xbw Lm~iw`blb xìmlzf~sflfj blj `fatfj `mw cfaaix smaabhf~w ml jmccmgvaz `b~j oinw wief ic x`mg` mlsiasfj oinw x`mg` xf~f jmwzbwzfcva,

Il >6 Eb} >424! bczf~ gietafzmlh `mw ~fhvab~ xi~k bz z`f tbjj} cmfajw Lm~iw`blb ~fzv~lfj ìef ml

z`f fsflmlh blj wzb}fj z`f~f, @f ~febmlfj bz ìef ml z`f gietbl} ic `mw cbema} efenf~w baa lmh`zvlzma z`f z`f ciaaixmlh ei~lmlh, @mw eiz`f~ gbef ìef bz b~ivlj =te blj wzb}fj xmz` `me,

Z`f lfpz ei~lmlh `f gbef zi z`f ~ibj ovlgzmil ml z`f smaabhf zi hi ci~ `mw xi~k ml z`f tbjj} cmfaj, Z`f~f `f efz wief ic `mw c~mfljw blj `f zbakfj xmz` z`fe x`maf bz z`f z`~ff x`ffa tb~k, X`mafLm~iw`blb xbw wmzzmlh il ilf z`~ff x`ffaf~ `f inwf~sfj bliz`f~ z`~ff x`ffaf~ x`mg` gbef bljwzittfj gaiwf zi `me, Z`f j~msf~ ic z`f z`~ff x`ffaf~ bwkfj Lm~iw`blb ci~ `mw lbef, Lm~iw`blbgietamfj nvz bwkfj bw zi x`} z`f ebl xblzfj zi klix, Z`fl z`f j~msf~ ziaj `me z`bz `f xivaj cmljivz z`f ~fbwil wiil,

Bczf~ b x`maf bliz`f~ z`~ff x`ffaf~ gbef blj bawi wzittfj gaiwf zi `me, Zxi tf~wilw c~ie z`f

lfxa} b~~msfj z`~ff x`ffaf~ btt~ibg`fj Lm~iw`blb blj wzb~zfj zi bwwbvaz `me, Lm~iw`blb xbw bnaf zimjflzmc} z`fe bw tiamgf iccmgf~w bw ilf ic z`fe xbw iccmgf~ Ob}bwmlh`f bzzbg`fj zi z`f XfamtfllbTiamgf wzbzmil, @f z`f~fci~f nfamfsfj z`bz z`f iz`f~ ilf xbw bawi b tiamgf iccmgf~, Bczf~ wfsf~fa} bwwbvazfj `me z`f iccmgf~w j~bhhfj Lm~iw`blb mlzi z`f z`~ff x`ffaf~ n} z`f giaab~ ic `mw Z%W`m~z, N} z`f zmef z`f} b~~msfj bz z`f Xfamtbllb Tiamgf wzbzmil z`f Z%w`m~z xbw zi~l,

Bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil z`f iccmgf~w n~ivh`z Lm~iw`blb zi z`f Nb~bgkw ic z`f ebaf iccmgf~w x`f~f `f xbw `bljgvccfj zi b nfj, @f xbw jfzbmlfj amkf z`bz ci~ ebl} ìv~w jv~mlh x`mg` zmef `f wvccf~fjtbml c~ie `mw mlov~mfw blj xbw ml fpz~fef cfb~ bw `f `bj li mjfb ic x`} `f xbw nfmlh z~fbzfj ml wvg`



:>7

b cbw`mil, Z`fl wief iccmgf~w gbef zi `me! zmfj `mw z`venw zihfz`f~ blj `vlh `me c~ie b nfbe, Z`fl z`f wbef iccmgf~w wzb~zfj zi bwwbvaz `mw cffz blj afhw xmz` b tiaf blj b ìwf tmtf, X`maf `f xbwnfmlh zi~zv~fj Lm~iw`blb xbw rvfwzmilfj bnivz z`f z`fcz ic b hiaj g`bml c~ie b smaabhf~ il z`f lmh`zic >6 Eb} >424, Z`mw xbw z`f lmh`z il x`mg` Lm~iw`blb ~fzv~lfj ìef blj ~febmlfj ml z`fgietbl} ic `mw cbema} blj eiz`f~,

Lm~iw`blb xbw wv~t~mwfj blj jflmfj z`f bggvwbzmil, @f tafbjfj xmz` z`f iccmgf~w liz zi bwwbvaz `mebl}ei~f blj ziaj z`fe z`bz ci~ flzm~f lmh`z `f xbw bz `mw ìef xmz` `mw eiz`f~ blj z`f iz`f~efenf~w ic `mw cbema}, Cv~z`f~ Lm~iw`blb tafbjfj xmz` z`f iccmgf~w zi hi blj rvfwzmil `mw eiz`f~blj z`f iz`f~ cbema} efenf~w il `mw x`f~fbnivzw,

Mhli~mlh `mw tafbw z`f iccmgf~w z`fl n~ivh`z `me jixl blj ~fzmfj `mw z`venw nf`mlj `mw nbgk, Z`flvwmlh b ~itf `f xbw bhbml `vlh c~ie z`f nfbe, Ml z`mw tiwmzmil `f xbw bhbml bwwbvazfj,

Lm~iw`blb vljf~wziij z`bz `f xbw nfmlh n~vzbaa} tvlmw`fj n} z`f iccmgf~w ci~ li ~fbwil, Abzf~ `fafb~lfj z`bz z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w `bj hilf zi `mw ìef blj rvfwzmilfj `mw cbema} efenf~w il `mw x`f~fbnivzw il z`f lmh`z ic >6 Eb}, @mw eiz`f~ blj z`f iz`f~w bccm~efj z`bz Lm~iw`blb xbw! ml

cbgz! xmz` z`fe ci~ xìaf lmh`z,

Lm~iw`blb xbw jfzbmlfj ml z`f tiamgf wzbzmil c~ie >3 zi >= Eb}, Il fbg` jb} `f xbw zi~zv~fj n} z`ftiamgf iccmgf~w ml wmemab~ ebllf~, Il >8 iccmgf~w n~ivh`z nbgk `me zi z`f nbgk ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f z`f} bmefj b `mh` t~fwwv~f ìwf tmtf bz `me, Z`mw xbw fpz~fefa} tbmlcva blj fsfl z`flLm~iw`blb xbw wv~t~mwfj bnivz z`f nb~nb~mg g~vfaz} ic z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w xì xf~f wzmaa z~}mlh zici~gf b gilcfwwmil ivz ic `me,

X`maf ml z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil Lm~iw`blb afblfj z`f lbefw ic z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w xì zi~zv~fj `me bwTiamgf Bwwmwzblz Hbemlm! Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf Nbljb~b blj Tiamgf Gilwzbnaf 0>244, Cv~z`f~ Lm~iw`blbwzbzfw z`bz z`f IMG ic z`f wzbzmil xbw cvaa} bxb~f bnivz z`f xb} `f xbw wvnofgzfj zi g~vfa zi~zv~f

blj z`bz `f jmj liz zbkf bl} bgzmil zi wzit mz, Cv~z`f~ `f wzbzfw z`bz z`f IMG tf~wilbaa} flgiv~bhfjz`f iccmgf~w zi gilzmlvf zi~zv~mlh `me,

Abzf~ Lm~iw`blb afblfj z`bz `mw eiz`f~ blj cfx iz`f~ ~fabzmsfw `bj smwmzfj z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil il >8ml z`f fb~a} ei~lmlh bz b~ivlj 8,74be nvz z`f iccmgf~w il jvz} ~fcvwfj zi afz z`fe effz `me, Z`f} jmj! ìxfsf~! bggftz z`f ciij z`bz z`f} `bj n~ivh`z ci~ `me x`mg` `f lfsf~ ~fgfmsfj, Cv~z`f~ `fafblfj z`bz bl Bzzi~lf}%bz%Abx bawi smwmzfj z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil blj efz z`f IMG nvz `f xbw hmsfl bl} mljmgbzmil bw zi x`fl z`f} xivaj fmz`f~ ~fafbwf Lm~iw`blb i~ t~ijvgf `me ml giv~z, Z`fl bhbml il>0 Eb} Lm~iw`blb(w eiz`f~ blj `mw Bvlz smwmzfj z`f IMG blj rvfwzmilfj `me il Lm~iw`blb(wwmzvbzmil, Z`f IMG t~iemwfj z`bz `f xivaj nf t~ijvgfj ml giv~z il >= Eb},

Il z`bz jb} z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ci~gfj Lm~iw`blb zi wmhl b jigveflz z`bz xbw t~ftb~fj n} z`fe blj x`mg` xbw liz ~fgi~jfj c~ie `me, Cv~z`f~ `f wzbzfw z`bz z`f gilzflzw ic z`f jigveflz xf~f lizfptabmlfj zi `me, Jvf zi cfb~ `f wmhlfj bw i~jf~fj, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~w mlci~efj `me z`bz `f xmaa nfzbkfl zi z`f ìwtmzba blj z`bz `f wìvaj liz zfaa z`f jigzi~ bl}z`mlh ~fhb~jmlh zi~zv~f,

Z`f iccmgf~w n~ivh`z Lm~iw`blb zi z`f Mz`z`btblb Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba blj t~ijvgfj `me nfci~f bjigzi~, X`fl `f xbw n~ivh`z nfci~f z`f jigzi~ zìvh` z`f~f xf~f tiamgf iccmgf~w t~fwflzLm~iw`blb wìxfj baa z`f eb~kw ic mlov~mfw il `mw nij}, @ixfsf~! Lm~iw`blb afblfj abzf~ z`bz z`fjigzi~ xì fpbemlfj `me `bj liz ebjf bl} lizf ic z`f mlov~mfw il `mw nij} gbvwfj n} z`f zi~zv~f,



:>:

Lm~iw`blb wz~ilha} nfamfsfw z`bz z`f jigzi~ xbw xi~kmlh ml giaabni~bzmil xmz` z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w mlz`mw gbwf,

@f xbw t~ijvgfj bz z`f iccmgmba ~fwmjflgf ic z`f Ebhmwz~bzf(w Giv~z ic Ebz`vhbeb il >= Eb} x`f~f`f xbw bggvwfj ic wzfbamlh b hiaj g`bml, @f wz~ilha} jflmfj z`f g`b~hf, Gilwmjf~mlh z`f tf~wilba

cbgzw il Lm~iw`blb z`f afb~lfj Ebhmwz~bzf ~fafbwfj `me il tf~wilba nbma,

Il z`f wbef jb} Lm~iw`blb afblfj z`bz `mw eiz`f~ `bj gietabmlfj zi z`f @vebl ^mh`zwGieemwwmil @^G- bawi il z`f smiabzmil ic `mw ~mh`zw, Il z`f wbef jbzf `mw ~fabzmsfw meefjmbzfa} n~ivh`z `me zi z`f Lbhijb Hflf~ba @iwtmzba, Z`f jigzi~w xì fpbemlfj `me il bjemwwmilbjemzzfj `me ci~ cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz, @f xbw wvnwfrvflza} z~fbzfj z`f~f ci~ zxi jb}w vlzma `f xbwjmwg`b~hfj jvf zi z`f abgk ic nfjw ml z`f ìwtmzba, Nfci~f `f xbw jmwg`b~hfj `f xbw fpbemlfj n} z`f Ovjmgmba Efjmgba Iccmgf~ OEI- zi xìe `f fptabmlfj baa z`f cbgzw ic ìx `f xbw wvnofgzfj zizi~zv~f, @f xbw bnaf zi wìx z`f eb~kw ic mlov~mfw bawi zi z`f jigzi~,

Nvz Lm~iw`blb afblfj abzf~ z`bz z`f OEI xì fpbemlfj `me ila} eflzmilfj zxi lil%h~mfsivwmlov~mfw blj jmj liz gietafzf b t~itf~ ~fti~z il z`f wzbzf ic `mw mlov~mfw gbvwfj jvf zi zi~zv~f,

Lm~iw`blb wz~ilha} wzbzfw z`bz z`f fsfl z`mw OEI xbw xi~kmlh ml giaabni~bzmil xmz` z`f tiamgficcmgf~w,

Abzf~ il > Ovlf Lm~iw`blb ebjf b gietabmlz zi z`f Tiamgf @fbjrvb~zf~w il z`f zi~zv~f `f `bjfljv~fj, Z`f iccmgf~w z`f~f mlwz~vgzfj `me zi hi z`f Lbzmilba @iwtmzba bz Giaieni nvz xb~lfj `meliz zi mlci~e z`f jigzi~w bnivz z`f zi~zv~f `f `bj fljv~fj bz z`f Xfamtbllb Tiamgf wzbzmil, Z`fjigzi~w bjemzzfj `me ci~ z~fbzeflz blj Lm~iw`blb ~fsfbafj zi z`fe z`bz `f xbw zi~zv~fj n} z`ftiamgf iccmgf~w, @f xbw jmwg`b~hfj il : Ovlf,

@f meefjmbzfa} xflz zi z`f @^G blj ebjf b gietabmlz, Z`f~f z`f iccmgf~w bz z`f @^G ~fcf~~fj `mezi z`f OEI Giaieni ci~ fpbemlbzmil, Z`mw OEI! J~, Bomz` Z`fllbkil! lizfj zfl eb~kw ic mlov~mfw

jvf zi z`f tiamgf zi~zv~f, Cv~z`f~! z`f jigzi~ fptabmlfj z`bz z`f eb~kw ic mlov~mfw zbaamfj xmz` z`f`mwzi~} ic z`f zi~zv~f z`bz `bj nffl mlcamgzfj bz z`f Xfamtbllb Tiamgf wzbzmil,

Z`f Giaieni OEI ~fcf~~fj Lm~iw`blb zi z`f Gilwvazblz Tw}g`mbz~mwz! J~, Lfma Cf~lblji! ci~cv~z`f~ z~fbzeflz, Z`mw gilwvazblz lizfj z`bz Lm~iw`blb xbw wìxmlh baa z`f w}etziew ic wfsf~fz~bveb, @f ~fgieefljfj wfsf~ba wfwwmilw ic Z~bveb Givlwfamlh Z~fbzeflz,

Lm~iw`blb cmafj b cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw smiabzmil bttamgbzmil nfci~f z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z ic W~m Ablkb xmz` lvenf~ WGC^) 780)>424, Z`f gbwf xbw wvtti~zfj ml z`f giv~z blj afbsf zi t~igffj xbwh~blzfj n} z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z il 0 Cfn~vb~} >422, Afbsf zi t~igffj xbw h~blzfj ml ~fwtfgz ic z`f smiabzmil ic `mw cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw mlgavjmlh z`f ~mh`z liz zi nf zi~zv~fj hvb~blzffj n} z`f

gilwzmzvzmil,

X`maf z`f gbwf xbw wvtti~zfj ml z`f Wvt~fef Giv~z z`f givlwfa xì bttfb~fj il nf`bac ic Bzzi~lf} Hflf~ba BH- sf`feflza} ittiwfj Lm~iw`blb(w bttamgbzmil, Lm~iw`blb wzbzfw z`bz z`f BHic W~m Ablkb! bw xbw z`f tiamg} jv~mlh z`f tbwz jmj liz ittiwf z`f bttamgbzmilw gilgf~lmlh zi~zv~f x`f~f z`f~f xbw flivh` g~fjmnaf fsmjflgf ic zi~zv~f, Z`f BH ciaaixfj z`f tiamg} ic z`f Wzbzf ic W~mAblkb x`mg` bjitzfj b f~i tiamg} il zi~zv~f blj wi z`bz `mw jftb~zeflz xivaj liz bttfb~ ilnf`bac ic zi~zv~f tf~tfz~bzi~w,



:>6

Nvz x`fl Lm~iw`blb(w bttamgbzmil xbw wvtti~zfj BH lfhafgzfj blj z`~ixw z`bz tiamg} bxb} bljittiwfw `mw bttamgbzmil, Lm~iw`blb wzbzfw z`bz `f afblfj ml ebl} ~fwflz gbwfw z`f BH t~fwflza} bjitzfj z`mw lfx tiamg} ic ittiwmlh z`f mljmsmjvba bttamgbzmilw ic zi~zv~f smgzmew ml giv~zw, Cv~z`f~Lm~iw`blb wzbzfw il z`mw iggbwmil z`f BH xblzfj zi t~izfgz z`f zi~zv~f tf~tfz~bzi~w blj wvtti~zz`fm~ metvlmz} ml z`f givlz~}, Cv~z`f~ `f wzbzfw z`bz z`f BH jmj liz t~itf~a} wzblj vt zi `mw jvz}

x`mg` xbw zi mljmgz blj t~iwfgvzf z`f tf~tfz~bzi~w vljf~ z`f t~ismwmil ic z`f Gilsflzmil Bhbmlwz Zi~zv~f blj iz`f~ G~vfa Ml`vebl i~ Jfh~bjmlh Z~fbzeflz i~ Tvlmwèflz Bgz! Li, >> ic 2==:,

Lm~iw`blb bttfbaw zi baa z`f lbzmilba blj mlzf~lbzmilba bvzì~mzmfw zi zbkf baa tiwwmnaf wzftw zi t~izfgz`mw ~mh`zw blj baa tiwwmnaf efbwv~fw zi t~ismjf ovwzmgf bhbmlwz z`f wvwtfgz tiamgf iccmgf~w,

Cv~z`f~ Lmwiw`bl wzbzf z`f jigzi~w xì fpbemlfj `me bz Hisf~leflz @iwtmzba ic Mz`z`btblb abzf~mjflzmcmfj J~, X H G`blj~babz`b- blj Hflf~ba @iwtmzba ic Lbhijb lfhafgzfj z`fm~ jvz} bw jigzi~wblj xi~kfj ml giaabni~bzmil xmz` z`f tiamgf iccmgf~w ml `mw gbwf,

7>7, Bg`b~mhf Jmlfw` T~m}blkb~b? B ebl n~vzbaa} zi~zv~f n} tiamgf ml ~fsflhf ci~gietabmlmlh zi z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil

Z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil B@^G- `bw ~fgfmsfj mlci~ebzmil z`bz E~, Bab`flj~b Bg`b~mhf Jmlfw` T~m}blkb~b ic Tblbjv~b Li~z` Tiamgf Jmsmwmil ml Kbavz`b~b jmwz~mgz xbw maafhbaa} b~~fwzfj blj wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj n} tiamgf iccmgf~w bzzbg`fj zi z`f Tblbjv~b Li~z` tiamgf wzbzmil il >7 Oblvb~} >422, Abzf~ `f xbw n~ivh`z zi z`f wzbzmil blj rvfwzmilfj bnivz b z`fcz x`mg` `bttflfj ml blfxa} gilwz~vgzfj avpv~} ìvwf nfailhmlh zi b ci~ef~ Jftvz} Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba JMH- ic tiamgf,@f ~fsfbafj baa z`f cbgzw `f klfx blj tafbjfj mlligflz ciaaixmlh x`mg` `f xbw n~vzbaa} zi~zv~fj n} z`f Iccmgf~%ml G`b~hf blj z`f iccmgf~w ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, B cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hf xbw cmafj bhbmlwz `meblj `f xbw t~ijvgfj nfci~f z`f Ebhmwz~bzf ic Tblbjv~b xì meefjmbzfa} flab~hfj `me il nbma, Z`fJmwz~mgz Efjmgba Iccmgf~ JEI- xbw i~jf~fj zi wflj z`f efjmgba ~fti~z il `mw giljmzmil, Z`f smgzme(w eiz`f~ gietabmlfj zi z`f @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil @^G- il z`f smiabzmil ic `f~ wil(w

cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw, Z`mw gbwf mw }fz bliz`f~ maavwz~bzmil ic z`f fpgftzmilba giaabtwf ic z`f ~vaf ic abx ml z`f givlz~},

Bggi~jmlh zi z`f mlci~ebzmil ~fgfmsfj n} z`f Bwmbl @vebl ^mh`zw Gieemwwmil! E~, Bab`flj~b Bg`b~mhf Jmlfw` T~m}blkb~b ic Tblbjv~b Li~z` Tiamgf Jmsmwmil xbw b z`~ff x`ffaf~ jmsf~, @f xbwmaafhbaa} b~~fwzfj! jfzbmlfj blj wfsf~fa} zi~zv~fj n} z`f IMG blj iccmgf~w ic z`f Tblbjv~b Li~z`Tiamgf wzbzmil zi ci~gf `me zi gilcfww zi b nv~hab~} bz z`f lfxa} gilwz~vgzfj avpv~} ìvwf ic b~fzm~fj Jftvz} Mlwtfgzi~ Hflf~ba ic Tiamgf, @f xbw zi~zv~fj b wfgilj zmef ml ~fsflhf ci~gietabmlmlh bhbmlwz z`f tiamgf smiabzmil ic `mw cvljbeflzba ~mh`zw,

Il >7 Oblvb~} >422 b~ivlj 3,74be x`maf `f xbw wafftmlh z`~ff tiamgf iccmgf~w gbef zi `mw ìef

blj kligkfj il `mw jii~, X`fl `f itflfj z`f jii~ `f wbx zxi iccmgf~w ml c~ilz ic `mw ìef bljbwkfj z`f ~fbwil ci~ z`fm~ smwmz, Xmzìvz bl} fptablbzmil z`f} ziaj `me zi ciaaix z`fe zi z`fTblbjv~b Li~z` Tiamgf wzbzmil, @f ciaaixfj z`fm~ mlwz~vgzmilw klixmlh z`bz z`f} xf~f tiamgf iccmgf~wbw `f `bw wffl z`fe nfci~f x`maf `f xbw z~bsfamlh bw b z`~ff x`ffaf~ j~msf~,

Z`fl z`f} ziik `me mlzi z`f offt blj n~ivh`z `me zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Bz z`f wzbzmil z`f} ziik `me jm~fgza} zi b zbnaf, Bl iccmgf~ gbef zi `me xmz` tbtf~w blj b tfl x`maf z`f zxi iccmgf~w xìb~~fwzfj `me wbz il z`f niz` wmjfw, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~ xì n~ivh`z z`f tbtf~ blj z`f tfl bwkfj `me x`f~f mw z`f zmafw nfailhmlh zi z`f JMH xf~f, Xmzìvz xb~lmlh z`f} wzb~zfj zi bwwbvaz `me xmz`



:>3

tvlg`fw blj kmgkw jfebljmlh z`bz `f zfaa z`f z~vz`, @f ziaj z`fe z`bz `f jmj liz klix bl}z`mlh bnivz z`f JMH(w zmafw blj fptabmlfj z`bz `f mw ila} b z`~ff x`ffaf~ j~msf~ blj `f klfx liz`mlh bnivzwvg` b gbwf, Cv~z`f~ `f fptabmlfj `f z`bz `f tb~kfj `mw z`~ff x`ffaf~ bz Hi~bkblb Ovlgzmil x`f~f `fziik il `m~fw blj z`bz `f `bj liz wziafl bl} zmafw, @f jmj! ìxfsf~! ~fgbaa z`bz `f `bj hilf ci~ b `m~fzi z~blwti~z zmafw c~ie Hi~bkblb Ovlgzmil zi Cm~wz Ablf ml z`f wbef b~fb, Cv~z`f~ `f ziaj z`f iccmgf~w

z`bz `f gbl fbwma} wìx z`f tf~wil xì `m~fj `mw z`~ff x`ffaf~ ci~ z~blwti~zmlh z`f zmafw blj x`f~fz`f} xf~f jfamsf~fj zi,

Z`fl z`f iccmgf~w aigkfj `me vt ml z`f gfaa, Bczf~ b x`maf z`f iccmgf~w ziik `me zi z`f tabgf x`f~f `fvlaibjfj z`f zmafw blj z`f iccmgf~w ziik wief ic z`fe bw fsmjflgf, Z`fl z`f} ziik `me nbgk zi z`fTiamgf wzbzmil bailh xmz` zmafw blj aigkfj `me vt ml b gfaa,

Bczf~ b x`maf z`f iccmgf~w ziik `me bhbml ivz c~ie z`f gfaa blj n~ivh`z `me zi z`f nbgk wmjf ic z`fTiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f bhbml `f xbw bwwbvazfj, Jmlfw` ziaj z`f iccmgf~w z`bz vwvbaa} `f mw nfmlh gbaafjci~ `m~fw n} z`f iccmgf~w blj z`f xi~kf~w ic z`bz wbmj JMH(w wmzf, Cv~z`f~ Jmlfw` fptabmlfj z`bz bebl gbaafj Jblvw`kb ziaj `me z`bz `f mw z~blwti~zmlh z`fwf zmafw c~ie ilf wmzf zi bliz`f~ bw z`f} nfailh zi `me, Z`bz xbw z`f ~fbwil zi hi ci~ z`bz `m~f,

Z`fl `f xbw bhbml n~ivh`z zi z`f iccmgf ic z`f Iccmgf~%ml%G`b~hf IMG-! xìe `f abzf~ afb~lfj xbwE~, ^be}b Jf Wmasb, @f lizfj z`bz z`f~f xf~f zxi tf~wilw ml z`bz tabgf, Z`fwf zxi tfitaf xf~f mlgilsf~wbzmil xmz` z`f IMG, Ciaaixmlh z`f gilsf~wbzmil `f vljf~wziij z`bz niz` ic z`fe b~fbwwmwzblzw ic z`f JMH, Z`f} xf~f c~ie z`f wbef smaabhf bw Jmlfw`,

X`fl Jmlfw` xbw n~ivh`z nfci~f z`fwf zxi tf~wilw z`f} ziaj z`f IMG z`bz `f xbw c~ie z`f wbef smaabhf blj `f lfsf~ flhbhfj ml g~mef, Z`f} cv~z`f~ wbmj z`bz z`f} klix Jmlfw` sf~} xfaa nvz z`fIMG z`fl wzb~zfj zi nfbz `me ml c~ilz ic z`fe, Z`fl z`f zxi bwwmwzblzw ic z`f JMH g`fgkfj z`f zmafwz`bz xf~f n~ivh`z ml blj ziaj z`f IMG z`bz z`f} xf~f b~f liz z`f zmafw z`bz xf~f wziafl,

Xmzìvz gilwmjf~mlh z`fm~ ~fcvwba ic mjflzmz} ic z`f zmafw z`f IMG i~jf~fj zi zbkf Jmlfw` mlzi z`fofft, Z`fl z`f iccmgf~w j~isf z`f offt zi z`f Lvhfhijb bailh xmz` Jmlfw`, Jmlfw` xbw n~ivh`z zi bwmzf x`f~f `f lizfj z`bz b cfx iccmgf~w xf~f xi~kmlh ml gilwz~vgzmil xi~k, @f xbw bwkfj zi g`fgk z`f mjflzmz} ic z`f xi~kf~w blj Jmlfw` meefjmbzfa} mjflzmcmfj z`f tf~wil xì gbaafj `me ci~z~blwti~zbzmil ic zmafw! E~, Jblvw`kb, Bczf~ Jmlfw` timlzfj zi Jblvw`kb iccmgf~w bwkfj `me zi hizi z`f ~fb~ w`ffz ic z`f offt, Z`fl iccmgf~w xflz blj b~~fwzfj z`f Jblvw`kb bw xfaa, Z`fl iccmgf~wj~isf nbgk zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil bhbml,

Bz z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil Jmlfw` xbw bhbml aigkfj Jmlfw` vt ml gfaa blj Jblvw`kb xbw n~ivh`z zi z`fnbgk wmjf ic z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil x`f~f Jmlfw` xbw nfbzfl fb~amf~ iggbwmil, Z`fl `f lizfj z`bzJblvw`kb xbw n~ivh`z nbgk zi z`f IMG(w iccmgf, Jmlfw` xbw bawi z`fl n~ivh`z nbgk zi z`f IMG(w

iccmgf, Z`fl z`f IMG blj iz`f~ iccmgf~w wzb~zfj zi nfbz `me bhbml,

Efblx`maf Jmlfw` wbx z`bz `mw eiz`f~ bawi `bsf gief zi z`f Tiamgf wzbzmil, Cv~z`f~ `f lizfj z`bziccmgf~w g`bwfj bxb} `f~ x`fl w`f z~mfj zi gief blj ~fwgvf Jmlfw` n} fptabmlmlh `mw mlligflgf ziz`f iccmgf~w, Nvz Jmlfw` lizfj z`bz z`~ivh` z`f xmljix `mw eiz`f~ xbzg`fj z`f xb} `f xbwzi~zv~fj,

Jmlfw` lizfj z`bz ilf iccmgf~ `bj b tbtf~, Jmlfw` lizfj z`bz cfx iccmgf~w ic z`f JMH(w gietbl} xf~f wmzzmlh xmz` IMG, Ilf iccmgf~ ic z`f gietbl} xbw wfbzfj il z`f g`bm~ ic z`f IMG, Z`f IMG



xì xi~f zxi wzb~w il `mw ftbvafzw xbw wfbzfj lfpz zi `me, Jmlfw` lizfj z`bz z`f wzbzmil iccmgf~w xf~f j~vlk blj z`bz z`f gietbl} efl xf~f z~fbzfj z`fe xmz` bagiìa,

Z`fl z`f IMG bwkfj Jmlfw` zi zfaa z`f z~vz` bhbml, Jmlfw` ziaj z`f IMG z`f wbef wzi~} blj ~ftfbzfjz`bz `f `bj lfsf~ flhbhfj ml wzfbamlh blj `f ila} xflz ci~ b `m~f bz z`f ~frvfwz ic E~, Jblvw`kb, @f

gafb~a} mljmgbzfj Jblvw`kb xì xbw ml c~ilz ic baa ic z`fe, Z`fl z`f IMG ziaj Jblvw`kb z`bz mc Jmlfw` xbw a}mlh zi bwwbvaz `me, Nvz Jblvw`kb jmj liz ji wi, Z`f IMG ziaj Jblvw`kb z`bz mc `f jmjliz bwwbvaz Jmlfw` z`f} xivaj wfsf~fa} nfbz Jblvw`kb, Vtil `fb~mlh z`mw Jblvw`kb ebjf b amh`zbwwbvaz il Jmlfw`(w wìvajf~, X`fl `f wbx z`mw! z`f IMG bhbml wìvzfj blj hbsf `me b tiaf blji~jf~fj `me zi nfbz Jmlfw` bnivz z`f `fbj vlzma `f jmfj, @ixfsf~! Jblvw`kb ~fcvwfj zi bwwbvazJmlfw`,

Z`fl z`f IMG nabefj Jmlfw` xmz` inwgflf ablhvbhf wb}mlh z`bz `mw eiz`f~ `bj hilf zi z`f @vebl^mh`zw Gieemwwmil @^G- zi ebkf gietabmlz bhbmlwz tiamgf iccmgf~w, @f cv~z`f~ ziaj Jmlfw` z`bz`mw eiz`f~ `bj hilf zi z`f iccmgf~w ic z`f @^G zi baaix z`fe zi `bsf mlzf~giv~wf xmz` `f~, Jmlfw`~fbamwfj z`bz z`f IMG fpz~fefa} blh~} z`bz `mw eiz`f~ `bw hilf zi gietabml bhbmlwz z`fe, Z`fl ilfic z`f iccmgf~w ziaj Jmlfw` z`bz Jblvw`kb `bj t~ismjfj b tbtf~ wzbzmlh z`bz mz xbw Jmlfw` xì wziaf

z`f zmafw, Jmlfw` sf`feflza} jflmfj mz, Nvz `f vljf~wziij z`f iccmgf~w xblzfj zi zbkf ~fsflhf c~ie`me ci~ `mw eiz`f~(w gietabmlz zi z`f @^G,

Z`fl bhbml z`f IMG wzb~zfj zi kmgk `me blj bw b ~fwvaz Jmlfw` cfaa zi z`f h~ivlj, Meefjmbzfa} `flizfj z`bz `mw liwf xbw naffjmlh, Z`fl z`f IMG z~betafj il `mw b~ew x`maf zxi iz`f~ iccmgf~wz~betafj il `mw afhw, X`fl z`f IMG lizmgfj z`bz Jmlfw`(w liwf xbw naffjmlh blj bwkfj `me zi hfzvt, Z`f IMG bhbml z~mfj zi ci~gf Jmlfw` zi bggftz z`f g~mef x`mg` Jmlfw` bhbml ~fcvwfj,

Z`fl ilf iccmgf~ bwkfj `me zi wmhl b jigveflz t~ftb~fj n} z`f iccmgf~w, Mz xbw liz ~fgi~jfj c~ie`me i~ z`f gilzflzw fptabmlfj zi `me, Ivz ic cfb~ blj tbml `f wmhlfj z`f jigveflz, Z`f iccmgf~wci~gfj Jmlfw` zi tvz b cmlhf~ t~mlz zi z`f jigveflz,

Z`fl Jmlfw` xbw ziaj z`bz lix z`f iccmgf~w gbl cmaf bl} beivlz ic cbn~mgbzfj g`b~hfw,

Lfpz jb} `f xbw n~ivh`z nbgk zi z`f IMG(w iccmgf, Z`f IMG wzb~zfj zi gietabml bnivz z`fEbhmwz~bzf xmz` inwgflf ablhvbhf blj wìvzfj z`bz mc z`f} t~ijvgfj Jmlfw` ml z`f jb}zmef z`fl z`fEbhmwz~bzf xivaj h~blz nbma zi `me z`f~fci~f `f mlzfljfj zi t~ijvgf Jmlfw` bczf~ z`f wfwwmilw ic z`f

police torture cases: sri lanka 1998-2011

Documents