POLICE & ARREST

The Roles of the Police

• When the public’s expectation’s differ from the official police role, officers may suffer role conflict.

• What Americans expect from the police depends on how we view their role in society.

• Different people have different role expectations for the local police.

The Roles of the PoliceNot everyone views the role of the police in the same way. The majority of perspectives consider that the police:

1. are community leaders in public safety.2. possess broad discretion.3. solve sociological and technological problems for people

on a short-term basis.4. occasionally serve in a hostile or dangerous environment.

http://www.detroitmi.gov/Departments/PoliceDepartment/tabid/141/default.aspx

Characteristics of Police Work

Police work requires a combination of special characteristics. Police work involves:

• Quick decision-making

• Working independently

• “Dirty work”

• Danger

OPERATIONAL STYLES

After police officers are trained and begin to gain experience, it is believed they develop

OPERATIONAL STYLES.

OPERATIONAL STYLES

• Legalistic: an emphasis on violations of law, and the use of threats or actual arrests to solve disputes.

• Watchman: an emphasis on informal means of resolving disputes.

continued…

• Service: an emphasis on helping the community, as opposed to enforcing the law.

The list of functions that police are expected to carry out is long and varies from place to place. There are some similarities in police departments though.

Police Functions

Patrol

Patrol is called the backbone of the department by administrators. It is the most time-consuming and resource-intensive task officers undertake.

Patrol

Patrol duties include:

• Responding to burglar alarms• Investigating traffic accidents• Caring for injured people• Trying to resolve domestic disputes• Responding to radio calls

Preventive Patrol

Traditionally, police officers use the time between radio calls to participate in preventive patrol.

In the 1960s, people began to question the usefulness of

preventive patrol.

Directed Patrol

• Another strategy is directed patrol. Evidence shows directed patrol can reduce the incidence of targeted crimes such as thefts from autos and robberies.

• Directed patrol can be aided by crime mapping.

Aggressive Patrol

• A strategy that can result in arrests for both minor and serious offenses is aggressive patrol.

• This strategy has drawbacks: Innocent citizen are inconvenienced by random traffic

stops and field interrogations. It is often difficult to get all officers motivated to use

aggressive tactics.

Foot Patrol

The practice of having officers patrol their beats on foot has regained popularity recently.

While foot patrols have not been proven to be a significant deterrent to crime, they have significantly improved relationships between citizens and officers.

InvestigationDetectives may be the most glorified police officers, but they are only one unit. There are many forms of investigation in any police department, from hit-and-run accidents, to undercover vice investigations, to background checks on potential police officers.

What is Criminal Investigation?

Criminal investigation has been defined as a lawful search for people and things to reconstruct the circumstances of an illegal act, apprehend or determine the guilty party, and aid in the state’s prosecution of the offender.

What is Criminal Investigation?

The criminal investigation PROCESS has two parts:

• Preliminary investigation: usually by patrol officers (except in the case of homicide, or other complex investigations).

• Follow-up investigation: usually by plainclothes detectives.

INVESTIGATIVE FUNCTIONS

In any type of investigation, INVESTIGATORS must:

• Locate witnesses and suspects• Arrest criminals• Collect, preserve, and analyze evidence• Interview witnesses

continued…

INVESTIGATIVE FUNCTIONS

• Interrogate suspects•Write reports•Recover stolen property•Seize contraband•Prepare cases and testify in

court

The Role of the DetectiveDetectives enjoy several advantages over patrol officers:• They do not have to wear uniforms.• They have anonymity during work hours if they

choose it.• They have steady work hours, often during

daytime hours with weekends off.• They have offices and desks.

continued…

THE ROLE OF THE DETECTIVE

• They enjoy the prestige associated with the position.

• In many agencies, detectives receive higher compensation and hold a higher rank.

• They have more freedom than patrol officers.

PRODUCTIVITYDESPITE THE ADVANTAGES, DETECTIVES OFTEN

FACE INSURMOUNTABLE OBSTACLES AND STRESSFUL WORK CONDITIONS:

• Crimes can be very difficult to solve.• Witnesses who could help often don’t want to

get involved.• Even with hard work, the success rate can be

very low.

TrafficEach year, nearly twice as many people are killed in automobile accidents on the streets and highways of

America as are murdered.

• Many deaths are alcohol-related.• Traffic enforcement and accident investigation is so

important some agencies have traffic accident investigation crews.

COMMUNITY POLICINGRecently, the effectiveness of the professional model of policing has been questioned:

• Preventive patrol

• Quick response

• Follow-up investigation Is not as important as the investigation done by the officer on the scene.

Rarely leads to quick arrest.

Was shown not to reduce the incidence of crime.

COMMUNITY POLICING

The “broken windows” theory states that those minor annoyances are “signs of crime” and that if they are not dealt with early, more serious problems are likely to occur.

The Philosophy and Components of Community Policing

Citizens and the police work collectively to:

• Identify problems• Propose solutions• Implement actions• Evaluate the results

COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIP

The first component of community policing is establishing and maintaining mutual trust between citizens of a community and the police.

PROBLEM SOLVINGFor problem solving to work effectively, the police need to devote time and attention to discovering a community’s concerns, and they need to recognize the validity of those concerns.

COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPBUILDING POLICE-COMMUNITY

PARTNERSHIPS INVOLVES:

• Talking to local business owners• Visiting residents in their homes• Supporting neighborhood watch groups• Ongoing communication with residents

PROBLEM SOLVING

IN COMMUNITY POLICING, A FOUR-STEP PROCESS KNOWN AS SARA IS OFTEN USED:

• Scanning—identifying problems• Analysis—understanding underlying problems• Response—developing and implementing

solutions• Assessment—determining the solutions’ effect

THE ROLES OF THE POLICE

• When the public’s expectation’s differ from the official police role, officers may suffer role conflict.

• What Americans expect from the police depends on how we view their role in society.

• Different people have different role expectations for the local police.

Arrest

“when a reasonable person would not feel free to

leave”

Arrest Detain

Seizure of a Person

Requirement: a seizure must be reasonable

Presumed Reasonable

Person’s Consent Warrant

Police can still seize someone without a warrant or consent

Probable Cause Arrest

Reasonable Suspicion

Detain Temporarily

Enough facts that a reasonable police officer would be strongly suspicious that a particular person committed a particular crime

The officer knows several minor facts or a larger fact that points to a particular person engaging in some criminal activity.

How much do the police know?

_________________________________________________________________________________No Hunch Suspicion

Beyond aInfo Reasonable

Doubt

Reasonable Suspicion

Probable Cause