polar grasslands (artic tundra)
DESCRIPTION
Polar Grasslands (Artic Tundra). Bitterly cold Frigid winds, ice, snow Low Precipitation No trees! Short growing season, low biodiversity. Permafrost: permanently frozen ground. Snowy owl. Snowy owl. Willow ptarmigan. Willow ptarmigan. Dwarf willow. Dwarf willow. Mountain cranberry. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Polar Grasslands(Artic Tundra)
• Bitterly cold• Frigid winds, ice, snow• Low Precipitation• No trees!• Short growing season,
low biodiversity
Permafrost: permanently frozen ground
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Producer toprimaryconsumer
Primary to secondaryconsumer
Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer
All consumersand producers to decomposers
Lemming
Arcticfox
Horned lark
Mosquito
Grizzly bear
Long-tailed jaeger
Caribou
Willow ptarmiganWillow ptarmigan
Snowy owlSnowy owl
Dwarf willowDwarf willow
Mountain cranberryMountain cranberry
Moss campionMoss campion
PolarGrasslands(Artic tundra)
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Oil production and off-road vehicles in arctic tundra
Overgrazing by livestock
Release of CO2 to atmosphere from grassland burning
Conversion to cropland
Grasslands
Natural Capital Degradation
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Temperate Shrubland or Chaparral
• Dense growth of low-growing, evergreen shrubs
• Mild winters• Long, hot, dry summers• Referred to as
“Mediterranean climate” along coastal areas • People like to live in
this biome
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Chaparral
• Chaparral has a moderate climate but its dense thickets of spiny shrubs are subject to periodic fires.
Figure 5-18
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Temperate coniferous forests Temperate deciduous forests Tropical rain forests
Forest Biomes
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FOREST BIOMES• Variations in
annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue) in tropical, temperate, and polar forests.
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Tropical rain forest
(Manaus, Brazil)
Temperate deciduous forest
(Nashville, Tennessee)
Polar evergreen coniferous forest (boreal forest, taiga)(Moscow, Russia)
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Tropical Rain Forests
• Warm temperatures• High humidity• Heavy daily rainfall
• Most biologically diverse biome
• Nutrient poor soils
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Shrublayer
Canopy
Emergentlayer
UnderstoryUnderstory
GroundlayerGroundlayer
Harpyeagle
Tocotoucan
Woolyopossum
BraziliantapirBlack-crowned
antpitta0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45H
eigh
t (m
eter
s)
stratification
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Temperate Rainforest
• Occurs in coastal temperate areas– Coast of North America
from Canada to northern California
• Ample rainfall or moist, dense ocean fogs
• Spruce, Douglas fir, redwoods
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Temperate Deciduous
Forest
• Long, warm summers• Cold winters• Abundant
precipitation• Nutrient rich soils
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Producer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto secondaryconsumer
Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
Bacteria
Fungi
Wood frog
Racer
Shagbark hickory
White-taileddeer
White-footedmouse
White oak
Graysquirrel
Hairywoodpecker
Broad-wingedhawk
Long-tailedweaselLong-tailedweasel
May beetleMay beetle
MountainwinterberryMountainwinterberry
Metallic wood-boringbeetle and
Metallic wood- boring beetle and larvae
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Evergreen Coniferous Forests ‘Boreal’ or ‘Taiga’
• 60° N Latitude• Long, dry and extremely
cold winters• Short, mild summers• Plant diversity is low• Deep layer of
decomposed conifer needles provide rich source of peat bogs
• Boreal = Northern
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Producer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto secondaryconsumer
Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
Bacteria Bunchberry
Starflower
Fungi
Snowshoehare
Bebbwillow
Moose
Wolf
Balsam fir
Blue jay Greathornedowl
Greathornedowl
WhitespruceWhitespruce
Pine sawyer Pine sawyer beetle and larvae
MartenMarten
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Human impacts on forests• Clearing of tropical forests for agriculture,
livestock grazing, and timber• Clearing of temperate deciduous forests
for timber, agriculture and urban development
• Clearing of evergreen coniferous forests• Conversion of diverse forests to less
diverse tree plantations
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Tree Plantation(monoculture)
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MOUNTAIN BIOMES• High-elevation
islands of biodiversity
• Often have snow-covered peaks that reflect solar radiation and gradually release water to lower-elevation streams and ecosystems.
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Natural Capital Degradation
Mountains
Agriculture
Timber extraction
Mineral extraction
Hydroelectric dams and reservoirsIncreasing tourism
Urban air pollution
Increased ultraviolet radiationfrom ozone depletion
Soil damage from off-roadvehicles
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HUMAN IMPACTS ON TERRESTRIAL BIOMES
• Human activities have damaged or disturbed more than half of the world’s terrestrial ecosystems.
• Humans have had a number of specific harmful effects on the world’s deserts, grasslands, forests, and mountains.
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Wetlands
• Saturated soil, all or part of the year
• Anaerobic conditions• Swamps, marshes, bogs• Very biodiverse!• Water purification
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Fresh Waters
• Ponds, lakes, streams & rivers
• Phytoplankton• Debris from land
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Other Aquatic biomes…
• Intertidal = the most awesome biome• Open ocean = low productivity (no nutrients or
phytoplankton)• Benthos = bottom of the ocean, no photosynthesis• Coral reefs = high biodiversity, high productivity
(increase in temp causes bleaching)• Upwellings = off coast, bring nutrients from the depths,
very productive! (El Nino disrupts it)• Thermal vents, black smokers = chemosynthetic,
diverse community, @ divergent plate boundaries
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Climatogramshows temperature and precipitation patterns
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What causes distribution?
• Evolution– Natural selection
• Geography• Climate• Chance
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Biomes and Diversity
• Species diversity within a biome is directly related to– Availability of moisture/water– Temperature– Net Productivity
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There are common themes in climate that will help you determine what biome you’re seeing!
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Tundra!
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Temperate orMid-Latitude
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Tropical
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Desert
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Rainforest
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Savannah
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Deciduous Forest