pola-pola perkotaan

46
Chapter 13

Upload: ali-akbar

Post on 28-Dec-2015

34 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Chapter 13

Page 2: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Key Issue #1

Page 3: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

UrbanizationProcess by which the population of cities

growsHas 2 dimensions:

Increase in the number of people living in cities

Increase in the percentage of people living in cities

Page 4: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Urbanization cont.Increasing percentage of people living in citiesMeasures a country’s level of development

Why is there a higher percentage of people living in cities in MDCs than in LDCs?

Increased migration from the countryside to work in the cities

Did not need as many farm workersRising employment opportunities in citiesAs percentage in cities grew, percentage in

rural areas decreased

Page 5: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Urbanization cont.MDCs are fully urbanized- Why?How is urbanization changing in LDCs? Why?

Page 6: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Urbanization cont.Increasing number of people living in citiesMDCs have higher number of city dwellers,

but LDCs have more large urban developmentsSee fig. 13-1 on page 440

Rapid growth of cities in LDCs is not a measure of improved level of development

What is fueling the migration to cities in LDCs?

Page 7: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Defining Urban SettlementsWhy is defining where urban settlements

begin and end difficult?Have determined ways to define rural and

urban settlements

Page 8: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Defining Urban Settlements cont.Social Differences b/t Urban and Rural SettlementsLouis Wirth-a city has 3 characteristics:

Large size Only know a small number of residents Meet most of them in specific roles Social relationships different than in rural settlements

High Density Specialization Encourages people to compete for survival in limited

spaceSocial Heterogeneity

Larger the settlement, the more diverse the population More accepting of “different” behavior in urban areas People may feel isolated b/c of this

Page 9: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Defining Urban Settlements cont. May still apply in LDCs Social distinctions b/t urban and rural settlements

are blurred According to Wirth’s definition, most people in a

developed society is urban Universal ownership of technology has also reduced

the differences between rural and urban settlements

Because of this, had to develop new criteria to distinguish rural and urban settlements

Page 10: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Defining Urban Settlements cont.Physical definitions of Urban SettlementsThis was easy b/c most cities were

surrounded by wallsMost have been removed, blurring the

differences in traditional physical barriers b/t rural and urban settlements

Urban settlements defined in 3 ways: Legal defintion Urbanized area

Central city and surrounding built-up suburbs Why is working with urbanized areas difficult?

Page 11: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Defining Urban Settlements cont. Metropolitan Statistical Area

Why do we need to determine this? U.S. Census Bureau created the MSA which includes:

Urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000 County within which the city is located Adjacent counties with a high population density

and large percentage of residents working in the central city’s county

Why is the MSA not a perfect tool for measuring the functional area of a city?

US Census Bureau also designated micropolitan statistical areas Urbanized area of 10,000-50,000 people County in which it is found Adjacent counties tied to the city

Page 12: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Defining Urban Settlements cont.Overlapping Metropolitan Areas

County b/t two central cities that send commuters to both areas

So close together that they formed one continuous urban complex Ex. Megalopolis or Boswash corridor What are some other megapolis areas in the US?

Page 13: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Key Issue #2

Page 14: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Three Models of Urban StructureUsed to help explain where different types of

people tend to live in urban areasConcentric, sector and nuclei modelsAll developed in ChicagoWhy Chicago?Later applied to other cities within the US

Page 15: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Three Models of Urban Structure cont.Concentric Zone ModelE.W. Burgess (1923)City grows outward from a central area in a

series of concentric ringsPrecise size and width of rings vary, but basic

types of rings appear in all cities in the same orders

Page 16: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

http://www.crimetheory.com/Images/icons/chicago/ZMODEL.gif

Page 17: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Three Models of Urban Structure cont.Sector ModelHomer Hoyt (1939)City develops in sectors, not ringsWhy are some areas more attractive?As cities grow, they do so outward in a wedge

from the centerAccording to this theory, where is the best

housing located? Where are industrial and retail locations

developed? Why?

Page 18: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

http://www.qkschool2.org.uk/keys/geography/settle19.gif

Page 19: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Three Models of Urban Structure cont.Sector model a refinement of concentric zone

modelHow?Both claimed Chicago supported their models

Multiple Nuclei ModelC.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman (1945)Cities are complex structures which has more

than one center around which activities revolveSome activities are attracted to certain nodes

while others try to avoid themIncompatible land-use activities avoid locating

in the same area

Page 20: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

http://www.qkschool2.org.uk/keys/geography/settle20.gif

Page 21: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Three Models of Urban Structure cont.Geographic Application of the ModelsEffective use of the models depends on the

availability of dataCensus tractsSocial Area Analysis

What are the pros and cons of social area analysis?

See http://www.answers.com/topic/social-area-analysis?cat=technology

Page 22: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Using the graph above select the most correct statement. The 1930s had significant expansion outward, with a decrease in the CBD.The 1990s saw Cleveland's density at 4 miles with 10-14.9 persons per square mile.The 1900s saw the density at below 5 persons per square mile 6 miles from the CBD.Cleveland's density during the 1960s changed from 5-9.9 persons per square mile 30 years ago, to 10-14.9 persons per square mile at 6 miles from the CBD.All of the above are correct.

Page 23: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Select the most correct statement regarding the above illustration of suburban development patterns in the United Kingdom and the United States. In the United Kingdom, new housing is more likely to be concentrated in new towns or planned extensions of existing small towns.There is discontinuous growth in the United States.The United States has more sprawl than the United Kingdom.A and c are correct.All of the above are correct.

Page 24: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Use of the Models Outside North AmericaSocial groups in other countries may not

have the same reasons for selecting a particular neighborhood

European CitiesWealthier people cluster along sector

extending from the CBDA lot of Europeans still live in the inner rings

of the cityWhy are they attracted to this central location?

Do not have big yards, so have to go to parks to enjoy open spaceHow do some Europeans meet their desire for

large tracts of land?

Page 25: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Use of the Models Outside North America cont.European social segregation is vertical-

Explain.Why are poorer people less likely to live in

the inner city? What are their living areas like?

European officials have encouraged high density suburbs to help preserve the countrysideThe result: segregation of poor away from the

wealthier citizens and touristsWhat are the implications of this policy of

social segregation?

Page 26: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Use of the Models Outside North America cont.Less Developed CountriesPoor are located in the suburbs while rich are

concentrated in the citiesResult of European colonialismPrecolonial cities

Few cities existed; most people lived in rural settlements

Cities often surrounded a religious core, w/wealthy citizens living closest

How were commercial activities arranged?The Aztecs

Page 27: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Use of the Models Outside North America cont.Colonial cities

Cities were expanded as Europeans gained control of Africa, Asia and Latin America

Some were destroyed and rebuilt, others were built alongside the old city Fes, Morocco and New Delhi, India Saigon, Vietnam (now Ho Minh City)

How were European cities different from the existing cities?

All followed a standardized plan

Page 28: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Use of the Models Outside North America cont.Cities since independence

Became major areas of change-Why?Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford (see fig. 13-15)

Rio de Janiero Physical geography influences the distribution of

social classes-How?

Squatter settlementsLDCs can not house all their poorCities growing due to migration from rural

settlements in search of jobsHousing shortage causes people to live in

squatter settlements

Page 29: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Use of the Models Outside North America cont.Have few services b/c people cannot afford

themMany squatters have 2 choices to improve their

housing conditions: Move illegally into a vacant home closer to the

city’s center Rent slum housing legally from a landlord

Page 30: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Key Issue #3

Page 31: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Inner City Physical ProblemsProcess of DeteriorationFiltering

Occurs when rent collected is less than maintenance costs Landlords will not keep up with the property b/c it

costs more than it they are profiting from itWhat are some of the results of filtering?

RedliningWhen banks refuse to lend money to people in

certain areasIllegal practice, difficult to enforceThe Community Reinvestment Act

Page 32: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Inner City Physical Problems cont.Urban RenewalWhen cities identify areas w/substandard inner city

housing, get the property from the owner and clear the site for development or turned over to public agenciesPublic Housing

How is public housing different in the US than in Europe? High rise housing now deemed unsafe Scattered-site housing In the US gov’t has stopped funding pubic housing which

has resulted in a decrease in the number of available units Council estates in Britain also declining-Why? Why has urban renewal been criticized?

Page 33: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Inner City Physical Problems cont.Renovated Housing

Alternative to demolitionGentrification-What is the attraction?ExpensiveHow do cities reduce the hardship of the poor

forced to move?

Page 34: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Inner City Social ProblemsUnderclassLack of job skillsHomelessCulture of PovertyTrapped in a cycle of poverty

CrimeEthnic and racial segregation

Can help explain voting patterns

Page 35: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Inner City Economic ProblemsRequire services but do not generate enough

funds to support itHow can a city close the gap b/t costs of

services and available funding from taxes?Problems have been alleviated by additional

funding from federal government

Page 36: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Inner City Economic Problems cont.AnnexationWhy was annexation attractive in the 19th

century? What is today’s view on annexation?As a result, cities are surrounded by suburbs

that prefer to stay separate from the large city

Page 37: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Key Issue #4

Page 38: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Why has suburban population grown? What makes it so attractive?

Page 39: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

The Peripheral ModelChauncey Harris

Urban industrial area surrounded by suburban residential and business area Tied together by a beltway or ring road

Rise of edge cities Emergence of specialized nodes

Page 40: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

The Peripheral Model cont.Density GradientAs distance from the city increases, number

of houses decreasesChanges in density gradient

Number of people living in the center has decreased

Less density difference in urban areas Decrease in central residential areas only to

increase in the periphery How is it affected in Europe?

Page 41: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

The Peripheral Model cont.Cost of Suburban SprawlSuburban Development Process

As long as demand for homes remains high, land must be converted for use as residential area Why is this current system inefficient?

European urban areas are more restrictive with land use Surrounded by greenbelts Restrictions have driven up the price of houses

Page 42: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

The Peripheral Model cont.Suburban Segregation2 ways:

Separated from commercial and manufacturing activities

Usually built for people of a single social class that excludes others b/c of cost, location or size of the housing

Describe the homogeneous suburb.Zoning ordinances encouraged spatial

separation of landWhat are the criticisms of US suburbs?

Page 43: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Contribution of Transportation to SuburbanizationSuburban sprawl makes people dependent on

transportationMost trips are for business

As advances in transportation increased, the further away they were able to live

Motor VehiclesOwnership is universal with some exceptions-

What are they?How did the government help motor vehicle

use grow?An important user of land in cities

How will technological improvements help traffic flow?

Page 44: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Contribution of Transportation to Suburbanization cont.Public TransportationRush-Hour Commuting

Role of public transportationRapid transit lines

Fixed heavy rail or fixed light rail

Service vs. costFares usually do not cover operating costs so

poor still may not reach places of employmentWhat is the cycle that follows?

Page 45: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Contribution of Transportation to Suburbanization cont.

Public transit in other countries Experiencing a construction boom in public

transportation

Page 46: Pola-Pola Perkotaan

Local Government Fragmentation Makes it difficult to solve regional problems –

explainMetropolitan governmentMost US cities have metropolitan areas

Council of governmentTwo types:

Federationsconsolidations