Extreme Fitness Program, CrossFit, Increases Sport Injury RiskEDRA CREQUE & JANAE ANDERSONFALL 2015

What is CrossFit?CrossFit is an exercise program built upon the premise that workouts should encompass broad, general and inclusive fitness (What is CrossFit?).According to CrossFit.com, life is unpredictable, therefore fitness programs should prepare individuals for any and all events.

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Existing Standard

There is little to no conclusive data on the long-term benefits or detriments of CrossFit training.

Both popularity and skepticism have grown over the years since it was first introduced by Coach Greg Glassman in 2000 (What is CrossFit?).

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Individuals participating in extreme fitness programs, such as CrossFit, have greater risk of injury.POINTBY EDRA CREQUE

PointAfter six months of CrossFit training, a sample of 75 participants experienced at least 1 injury. Of the 75 individuals:- 84% experienced at least one injury- 13.3% experienced at least two injuries- 2.7% experienced at least three injuries(Weisenthal et al., 2014)

84%

13%3%

Injuries

One Injury Two Injuries Three Injuries

PointEquipment used in CrossFit training, such as elastic resistance bands, have caused a variety of occular injuries. Elastic bands under high tension can cause the band to snap with high velocity. (Joondeph, S. A., & Joondeph, B. C, 2013)

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PointThe loss of proper exercise form during timed workouts can predispose individuals to injury, which has been one of the many concerns in CrossFit training.(Hak, Hodzovic, & Hickey, 2013).

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Researchers have suggested that individuals experience at least one injury within the first six months of CrossFit training.Injury can occur due to the loss of proper exercise form, but also from the equipment used during the timed training sessions.SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

Fitness programs such as CrossFit do not increase the incidence of injury and are an effective alternative to traditional exercise programs.COUNTERPOINTBY JANAE ANDERSON

Injury Incidence Rate “Injury rates with CrossFit training are similar to that reported in the literature for sports such as Olympic weight-lifting, power-lifting and gymnastics and lower than competitive contact sports such as rugby union and rugby league”

(Hak, Hodzovic, & Hickey, 2013).https://www.flickr.com/photos/ice5nake/6125495645

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

3.32.63

4.11

16.9 17.1 17.4

3.1

7.83

Rate of Injury Incidence Across Various Sports and Athletic Activities

Activity/Sport, Sample Size (N=)

Injury Incidence

(per 1000 Hours of

Exposure)

The Meeuwisse ModelThe risk factors of injury are typically separated into two categories: intrinsic and extrinsic. Within each category a further division is created by risk factors that are modifiable and non-modifiable (Bahr, 2003).The interaction of these risk factors creates a matrix of possible causes leading to an injury (Meeuwisse et al., 2007).

http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/37/5/384.full

Gerhart, 2013

• 38 males showed a decrease in percent body fat and an increase in flexibility, aerobic capacity, maximum power, agility, and muscular endurance; a significant increase in maximum strength was recorded as well.

Grier et al., 2015

• CrossFit group had higher performance on both the muscular endurance and aerobic endurance portion of the Army physical fitness test (APFT) than did non-CrossFit trained individuals.

Paine, Uptgraft, & Wylie, 2010

• 14 mid-grade U.S. Armed Forces officers had an average total increase in shoulder press, back squat, and deadlift load, as well as push-up & sit-up repetitions.

Smith et al., 2013

• 43 men & women had significant improvements in V[Combining Dot Above]O2 max and decreased body fat percentage.

Individuals adapting the CrossFit exercise program do not increase their injury incidence rate.Additionally, CrossFit training is shown to increase multiple components of fitness.SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

A limited amount of published research on the safety of CrossFit makes it difficult to conclude on whether the program can replace the traditional physical fitness program.Further research is needed to validate the physiological and fitness benefits of incorporating an extreme conditioning program such as CrossFit.CONCLUSION

SourcesPOINT

Hak, P., Hodzovick, E., & Hickey, B. (2013, November 20). Erratum. : The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. Retrieved September 25, 2015, from http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=9000&issue=00000&article=97557&type=abstractJoondeph, S. A., & Joondeph, B. C. (2013). Retinal Detachment due to CrossFit Training Injury. Case Reports In Ophthalmological Medicine, 1-2. doi:10.1155/2013/189837Weisenthal, B., Beck, C., Maloney, M., DeHaven, K., & Giordano, B. (2014, April 1). Injury Rate and Patterns Among Crossfit Athletes. Retrieved September 28, 2015.

COUNTERPOINT Bahr, R., & Holme, I. (2003). Risk factors for sports injuries - a methodological approach. Retrieved September 25, 2015, from http://

bjsm.bmj.com/content/37/5/384.full Calhoon, G., & Fry, A. (1999, July 1). Injury Rates and Profiles of Elite Competitive Weightlifters. Retrieved September 25, 2015, from

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1322916/ Gerhart, H. (2013, August 1). A Comparison CrossFit Training to Traditional Anaerobic Resistance Training in Terms of Selected Fitness

Domains Representative of Overall Athletic Performance. Retrieved September 25, 2015, from https://dspace.iup.edu/bitstream/handle/2069/2024/Hayden D. Gerhart (Thesis).pdf?sequence=1

Grier, T., Canhan-Chervak, M., Anderson, M., Bushman, T., & Jones, B. (2015, April 1). The Effects of Cross-Training on Fitness and Injury in Women. Retrieved September 25, 2015, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26101904

Grier, T., Canhan-Chervak, M., McNulty, V., & Jones, B. (2013). Extreme Conditioning Programs and Injury Risk in a US Army Brigade Combat Team. The United States Army Medical Department Journal, 36-47. Retrieved September 25, 2015, from http://www.cs.amedd.army.mil/FileDownloadpublic.aspx?docid=565febfe-b26e-4922-8f82-0e9373b5f01a

Hak, P., Hodzovick, E., & Hickey, B. (2013, November 20). Erratum. : The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. Retrieved September 25, 2015, from http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=9000&issue=00000&article=97557&type=abstract

Kerr, H., Curtis, C., Micheli, L., Zurakowski, D., Kemp, S., & Brooks, J. (2008, March 4). Collegiate Rugby Union Injury Patterns in New England: A Prospective Cohort Study. Retrieved September 25, 2015, from https://www.amc.edu/patient/services/SportsMedicine/documents/BJSM_final_hard_copy.pdf

Kolt, G., & Kirby, R. (1999). Epidemiology of Injury in Elite and Subelite Female Gymnasts: A Comparison of Retrospective and Prospective Findings. Retrieved September 25, 2015, from http://www.sportmedicine.ru/articles/epidemiology_of_injury_in_elite_and_subelite_female_gymnasts.pdf

Korkia, P., Tunstall-Pedoe, D., & Maffulli, N. (1994, September 1). An epidemiological investigation of training and injury patterns in British triathletes. Retrieved September 25, 2015, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1332066/

Paine, J., Uptgraft, J., & Wylie, R. (2010, May 1). Command and General Staff College Crossfit Study. Retrieved September 25, 2015, from http://www.bluetitanfitness.com/U.S._Army_CrossFit_Study.pdf

Raske, A., & Norlin, R. (n.d.). Injury Incidence and Prevalence among Elite Weight and Power Lifters. Retrieved September 25, 2015, from http://ajs.sagepub.com/content/30/2/248.long

Requa, R., DeAvilla, L., & Garrick, J. (1993, May 1). Result Filters. Retrieved September 25, 2015, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8346764

Smith, M., Sommer, A., Brooke, S., & Devor, S. (2013, November 1). Crossfit-Based High-Intensity Power Training Improves Maxima... : The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. Retrieved September 25, 2015, from http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Abstract/2013/11000/Crossfit_Based_High_Intensity_Power_Training.30.aspx

What is CrossFit? (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2015, from http://www.crossfit.com/cf-info/what-is-crossfit.html