NAVEENA GIRISH

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF KERALA

DEPARMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE

NEUROSPORA SYSTEMATIC POSITION

Kingdom:Fungi

Phylum:Ascomycota

Subphylum:Pezizomycotina

Class:Ascomycetes

Order: Sphaeriales

Family:Sordariaceae

Drosophila of plantkingdom(N. crassa , N. sitophila )

N. sitophila is known as bakery mold / red bread mold

Neurospra reside on soil, papaya, burned vegetation etc

Well branched multicellularseptate mycelium with multi nucleate and multi pigmented cells

ReproductionAsexual – by conidia formation

MACROCONIDIA

LARGE , OVAL , MULTINUCLEATE

DEVELOP IN MACROCONIDIOPHORE BRANCH TIPS BY

BUDDING

MICROCONIDIA

Uninucleate sticky and comparetively

small than the macroconidia

Develop in micro conidiophores on terminal or lateral

positions

Micro conidia

Macro conidia

SEM photograph of N. crassa

Sexual reproduction

Sex organs

Female - ascogonia ( protoperitheca / bulbils)

Develop as lateral outgrowth in vegetative hyphae

The young ascogonium is a coiled , multinucleate and aseptate strucure, septa are formed in the later stage of development

Psuedoparenchymatous ball like structure formed around ascogonium

The upper cells of the ascogonium give rise to long tapering trychogyne

Antheridia are absent in neurospora but both macro and micro conidia may act as spermatia

PlasmogamyMicro and macroconidia (act as spermatia) come to the

trychogyne of ascogonium

Wall between them dissolve

Nuclei enter to ascogonium

Somatogamous copulation also occurs in some species

Development of ascus Develops ascogenous hyphae with cells having dikaryon

Terminal cells curves and forms hook like structure called crozier

conjugate division and septation of crozier

4 nuclei distributed in the way that

terminal cell – 1 nuclei

Basal cell – 1 nuclei

penultimate cell

- dikaryon

Fusion of dikaryon

Penultimate cellAscus mother with diploid nucleus

Club or cylindricalShaped ascus

meiosismitosis

4 nuclei8 nuclei

Ascospore

Wall formation and metamorphosis in to ascospore

ascospore arranged in asingle row

In N. tetra sperma has 4 ascospore per ascus

Ascospore is dark brown or black in colour

Ascospore germinate to form new hyphae

( can be germinated by furfural and high temperature )

Mature perithecium is a dark coloured , globose , flask shaped and beaked structure

Life cycle – haplontic

Pleurotus – oyster mushroom Classification

Domain: Eukarya

Kingdom: Fungi

Phylum: Basidiomycota

Class: Agaricomycetes

Order: Agaricales

Family: Pleurotacea

Genus: Pleurotus

Economic important ones -Pleurotus ostreatus,Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus sajor-caju,Pleurotuscornucopiae, Pleurotus cystidiosus

Pleurotus species are characterized by the production of fruit bodies usually having an eccentric stalk and a wide cap shaped like oyster shell

Pileus: broad, oyster-shape surface smooth, white to grey-white in colour

Habit & Habitat Spring to autumn. They thrive on most of all hardwoods, wood byproducts such as coffee grounds, banana fronds, and waste cotton often enclosed by plastic bags and bottles.

Asexual reproduction By means of arthroconidia on branched or simple

conidiophores

P. cystidiosus possess coremia (bundle of hyphae)which will produce arthroconidia (diploid asexual spores that produce diploid fruit bodies , ovoid to sub spherical , pale brown to black and glaborous , with thickened wall)

Coremium is 800 – 2500μm tall ,150- 400 μm wide with coremioliquid in which large number of arthroconidia are released

Arthroconidia has clamp connection then on maturity it get separated

Development of Coremium

Aerial hyphae aggregate to form spherical primordia

Hyphae grow vertically form stipe and apex

Coremioliquid formed

coremioliquid

Role :- for maturation and moisturisation

Contents:- D- galactose, myo – inositol ,L- malicacid , UTP, oxalic acid

Source :- from cell orgenelles and conduction through cytoplasmic flow

Sexual reproduction Pleurotus is a member of the basidiomycota, meaning

that it bears its spores externally on club shaped structures called basidia.

Millions of spores from basidium

Spore germinate to form haploid

mycelium

compatible mating type undergo plasmogamy(dikaryotic cell formed )

The new dikaryotic cell multiplies and divides –dominant stage

MUSHROOM

Pleurotus will spend a majority of its life in this phase while growing and gathering

nutrients.

ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGER

Dikaryotic basidia that line the surface area of the gills of mushroom

karyogamy, of nuclei in the basidi (2n nucleus)

four haploid nuclei of different mating types

basidiospore

cycle repeats

Life cycle is diplontic