Central dogma of genetical information.

BY ADOLFO ZULUAGA.THIRD SEMESTER.

IntroductionHistory.The dogma was established by Francis Crick in 1956, he postulated: “ It states that such information can not be transferred back from protein to either protein or nucleic acid” and that principle is still valid nowadays.Then, in the 80’s, S. Brenner, F. Jacob and Matthew Meselson discovered the RNAm.

Process.The process consist in two parts, The nucleus’s part: replication, and transcription from DNA to RNA, and the cytoplasm’s one: Translation from RNA to protein.

PrionsThe prions are infectious proteins that act like genes, so they are able to replicate and transmit information, using inverse transcription. Their origin is from chromosome 20.

ProMIS Neurosciences announces new program to identify novel Alzheimer's disease targets on toxic strains of protein Tau.(July 14, 2016)

ProMIS Neurosciences announces new program to identify novel Alzheimer's disease targets on toxic strains of protein Tau.The damage of Tau protein causes a neurodegenerative disease because the protein stabilizes microtubules, present in axons of neurons of SNC, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.Tau protein is the product of a gene located in chromosome 17.

ProMIS Neurosciences announces new program to identify novel Alzheimer's disease targets on toxic strains of protein Tau.

So… what the investigators wanted to do? They wanted to study the Tau protein and not β Amyloid protein, due to Tau is less studied than the amyloid one, so they could develop a new perspective of the disease.

ProMIS Neurosciences announces new program to identify novel Alzheimer's disease targets on toxic strains of protein Tau.

As I have already said, they investigators also wanted to study a treatment to the Alzheimer’s disease, finding folding proteins inside of Tau proteins and that’s why the used the prions for this cause, to solve the aggregates and stop the illness.

Student’s comment.

I have said that the importance of researching the treatment and a easier easy to diagnosis and treat this pathology along the folding and the presentation, but now I would like to say that even and unfortunately I have no related siblings with this disease, but my aunt’s husband has a kind of dementia and I can say it’s very difficult to his family and his daughter, now that he can´t remember them sometimes and maybe there is not cure for him, with investigations his daughter would prevent the pathology and get a genetic treatment.

Copper-induced misfolding of prion proteins (July 1, 2016)

Copper-induced misfolding of prion proteins

Copper is in our daily diet, it is important to form red blood cells, keep up the blood vessels, the nervous system, bones in combination with iron.Low concentrations in plasm are related with anemia and (osteoporosis), and the high ones, with Wilson disease and hepatitis.

Copper-induced misfolding of prion proteins

Copper ions can misfold proteins and seed the misfolding and clumpling of prion proteins accused of inflammation and damage to nerve cells.They targeted prion proteins to discover a signal of neurotoxicity caused by copper, but at the end, an author concluded that “There are different strains of misfolded prion proteins and not all of them are pathogenic.” It is also important to know, that prion proteins are affined to copper ions and that’s why they used in the experiment.

Copper-induced misfolding of prion proteins

The copper ions are available to detonate neurotoxicity and cause the disease. But… How?

Copper transforms the prion proteins (that stabilize the cytoskeleton of neuron) and cause the degeneration the nerve tissues, basically, copper activates the neurotoxicity.

Student’s comment.

First able, the main importance of the results, is the relation between copper ions and neurodegenerative diseases, that’s because of the abnormal prion proteins made by copper ions.Copper is present in nuts, beans… food that is usually consumed, so this study provides a prevention of high levels of this kind of food in our diet.

Medical importance.

Medical importance.

The prions are pathogenic agents that cause encephalopathy and neurotoxicity, prions can spread into their host, but their difference with viruses resides on their resistance of nucleic acids treatment and the fact that they can replicate and pass on a disease without involve nucleic acids.

Medical importance.

As I’ve said, the prions act like genes, so they can disturb the cell, in this case, the neuron, those mentioned experiments try to understand the process of intoxication and damage of the neuron and determinate a treatment or way to save the patient of the neurodegenerative diseases.

Medical importance.

The main conclusion of those researches are the possibility of the total cure of many diseases that have not one at the moment and the knowledge of how a pathogenic protein or an ion can cause destruction of neuronal tissues and cause those states of dementia.

Bibliography.

Lowa State University. (2016, July 1). Copper-induced misfolding of prion proteins. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 10, 2016 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160701183556.htm.

ProMIS Neurosciences, Inc (2016, July 14) ProMIS Neurosciences announces new program to identify novel Alzheimer's disease targets on toxic strains of protein Tau. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 10, 2016 from http://promisneurosciences.com/news/promis-neurosciences-announces-new-program-identify-novel-alzheimers-disease-targets-toxic-strains-protein-tau/

Martinez Sanchez, Lina Maria. Biología molecular. 8. ed.Medellín;UPB.Fac.Medicina.

 ”…her mother had said to her, see, they have a beautiful life” it’s referred of butterflies life.