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CERAMIC TILE & STONE PLAZASROOF DECKS

CERAMIC TILE & STONE PLAZASROOF DECKS

Richard P. Goldberg Architect AIA, CSIProfessional Consultants InternationalRichard P. Goldberg Architect AIA, CSIProfessional Consultants International

July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof Decks

Importance of Topic

Tile installations installed overpedestrian / vehicular plazas & roofdecks involve a complex interactionof architectural components


Learning Objective

Develop familiarity with designterminology for plazas & decks

Gain understanding of architecturaldesign considerations which affectplazas & roof deck tile installations

Review installation criteria for tile &stone

Learn troubleshooting techniques


Components of Plazas &Roof Decks

Structural building deck (RCconcrete slab)

Screed Bed (may not be required w/direct bond membrane)

Waterproofing membrane Insulation


Components of Plazas &Roof Decks

Drainage layer components(drainage mat or gravel, flashing,drains)

Sloping screed & adhesive mortarbond coat

Ceramic or stone tile wearing (finish)surfaces


Design Considerations

Dead loads Dead Loads - weight of tile and deck

assembly Concentrated Dead Loads -

landscaping features & furniture (watersaturated soils can weigh up to 120 lbs.per cubic foot)



Live Loads Weight of traffic (pedestrian or

vehicular) Impact Loads Snow loads Wind uplift



Thermal shock and thermalmovement Exposure to sun Freeze/thaw conditions


Design ResourcesTile Council of America (TCA)Detail F103 roof deckDetail F101 and F102 on grade

pavements

July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof DecksTCA Detail F 103 Roof Decks

July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof DecksTCA Detail F-101 Exterior Pavements

July 2001 Ceramic Tile & Stone Plazas & Roof DecksTCA Detail F 102 Pavements


Criteria for Structure

Structurally sound, dimensionallystable, engineered for design loads

Free of surface defects, structuralcracking, excessive movement -broom or light steel trowel finish

Pitched 1/8-1/4”(3-6 mm) in 12”(30cm) = 2% pitch to drains


Roof Deck Insulation

Above/beneath structural RC deckAbove/beneath waterproofing

membrane


Roof Deck Insulation -Above WPM

Protected Roof Membrane Assembly(PRMA)

Advantage - rigid insulation overmembrane reduce thermal stress &deterioration

Disadvantage - could inhibit waterdrainage if no drainage channels


Roof Deck Insulation -Below WPM

Disadvantage - membrane subject tothermal cycles

Advantage - internal dew point morecontrolled

Roof Deck Insulation

Extruded polystyrene (DOW®

Plazamate or Deckmate)Requires high compressive strengthDimensionally stableLow water absorption (resist

deterioration from freeze/thaw cycles& moisture)


Types of WaterproofMembranes

Built-up bitumen (sheet)Vulcanized or non-vulcanized

elastomer (sheet)Thermoplastics (sheet)


Types of WaterproofMembranes

Modified bitumen (sheet)Hot-applied rubberized asphalt

membranes (sheet)Cold-applied liquid membranes

(latex, urethane)


Built-up BitumenMembrane

Several layers felts & glass mats w/hot liquid asphalt or coal tar

Inexpensive, readily available &recognized


Vulcanized or Non-Vulcanized Elastomer

Elastomeric sheet membranesSeamed & spliced at job-site with

adhesivesNon-vulcanized elastomer reinforced

with polyester mat

Thermoplastics

Sheets of polymeric plastics madeflexible w/ plasticizers

Reinforced glass fiber or polyestermats

Seams heat welded in field

Modified Bitumen

Sheet membrane modified withsynthetic rubber - improve elasticity

Fully adhered to concrete substraterolls spliced in the field.

Hot-applied RubberizedAsphalt Membranes

Rubber compound dispersed inasphalt

Field fabricated - hot liquid,seamless membrane

Cold-applied LiquidMembranes

Adhered liquid polymeric compounds- latex, urethane, modified asphalt w/reinforcing fabric

Field fabricated - seamless membraneSome are considered compatible w/

direct bond to tile (ANSI 118.10)May be used as secondary membrane

directly beneath tile

Cold-applied LiquidMembranes

Sensitive to job-site conditionsDeck qualityWeatherContaminantsWorkmanship


Plaza & Roof DeckDrainage Systems

Adequate drainage (slope or fall) atsurface & subsurface

Weep holes at drain for subsurfacedrainage

Subsurface drainage - crushed stonew/ filter fabric or proprietarydrainage mat

Roof deck flashing, roof edge detailsimportant


Movement Joint Requirements

Expansion joints - use TCA EJ171 asguide

Locate at high points of draingrading

Space 12 ft (4 m) or calculateWidth - never < 1/2”(12 mm)Depth sealant 1/2 widthExtend through screed bed


Criteria for Tile / StoneInstallation

Screed / Mortar Bed

1 1/4”to 2”(30-50 mm) minimumthickness

Reinforced with steel fabric -temperature/shrinkage resistanceand > tensile strength - must belocated in upper half


Criteria for Tile / StoneInstallation

Screed / Mortar BedLatex additive

> compressive, flexural & bond strength < water absorption (freeze/thaw,

efflorescence) > flexibility - thermal shock & thermal

expansion

Protect for 14-28 days - exposure topermanent water conditions


Spec for Screed / MortarBed

Portland cement - ASTM C150 Type 1Sand - ASTM C144Latex (per manufacturer’s

recommendation)Reinforcing - 2”x 2”W0.3/W0.3 (16

gauge) galv. welded wire fabricControl & expansion joints per TCA

method EJ171


Ceramic Tile or StonePaver Requirements

<3% water absorption freeze/thaw resistance low moisture expansion

Slip resistance - ADA requirements Rough finishes (honed, textured,

thermal) Tested coefficient of slip resistance

Abrasion resistanceThermal shock resistance


Latex - Portland Cement

Thin set - pre-floated cured mortarbed (ANSI A108.1B)

Wet set into green mortar bed withslurry bond coat (ANSI A108.1A)


Grout Requirements

Consider various products toachieve full filled joint (thick stone) Properly constructed joints allow 90 %

of water to drain from surface

Joints - support edges of tile &locking effect with adhesive mortar


Grout Requirements

Latex additives > compressive, flexural & bond strength

Grout colors for exteriors - grays orbrown to avoid discoloration fromexposure to weather, sun & airbornecontaminants

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