BS 536STUDIES ON TALL BUILDINGS: DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Spring 2007-2008

Case Study: Plaza 66by

Leyla Kamoy

Submitted to: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Mehmet Halis GünelArch. H.Emre Ilg n (MSc.)

BS 536STUDIES ON TALL BUILDINGS: DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Spring 2007-2008

Case Study: Plaza 66by

Leyla Kamoy

Submitted to: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Mehmet Halis GünelArch. H.Emre Ilg n (MSc.)

MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE / BUILDING SCIENCE PROGRAM

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LeyLey

Submitted to: Assoc.PSubmitted to: Assoc.PArch. H.EArch. H.E

363636GS: DESIGN CONSIDGS: DESIGN CONSID2007-20082007-2008

: Plaza 66Plaza 66

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PROGRAM

PLAZA 66SHANGHAI, CHINA

PLAZA 66SHANGHAI, CHINABBPLAZPLAZSHANGHSHANGH

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General InformationGeneral Information

Official Name Plaza 66Location Shanghai, CHINAUse Office, retailStructural height / Number of stories 288 m / 66 storiesRanking condition in terms of structural height 52*

Status completed (1994-August 2001)Design Architect Kohn Pederson Fox Associates PCAssociate Architect Frank CY Feng Architects & Associates, LtdStructural engineer Thornton Tomasetti EngineersStructural system Outriggered Frame SystemContractor Shanghai Construction GroupClient Hang Lung Development Company, Ltd

* www.emporis.com

Case Study: Plaza 66 by Leyla KamoySubmitted to: Günel, Ilg n – Spring 2008

Ehitec

hiteiatal e neeStructuraal system Structura

ntr Shnt H

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536umber of stories 288 m /

in terms of structura94-August 2001)

n Pedersonk CY

Sprin P L A Z A 6 6P L A Z A 6 6

General InformationGeneral Information

Puxi borough which is cultural, economic, and entertainment centerNan Jing Road is major shopping and entertainment roadMajor pedestrian thoroughfare

PLAZA 66

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ainment centerroad

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Architectural InformationArchitectural Information

Over the last fifteen years architects from all over the world have made their way to Shanghai to design buildings. Reforms to the Communist Party in the 1990s turned the city into a flashy, fun, and futuristic place with nightclubs, luxury hotels, and multitudes of high-rises.

Many of the most famous people in the field including • Sir Norman Foster • Michael Graves and

Firms like • Skidmore Owens & Merrill• KPF

have implemented their designs in the city.

Architecture in ShanghaiArchitec

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r the world have made ms to the Commu

flashy, fun, and futuristic ptudes of high-rises.

Many of the mothe field includ

Si• M

F

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Architectural InformationArchitectural Information

This style was introduced around 1900 and describes buildings for which the common theme is the simplification of form. To accomplish this, the architect uses very few ornamental designs.

The Modern architecture style came about as a response to the availability of new construction materials such as steel, glass, and iron and as a rebellion against the more flashy styles like Victorian and Edwardian Art Nouveau.

Plaza 66 definitely fits this description. Its large tower has been called “a dull glass stump” by the English news source The Guardian Unlimited.

Modern Style in ArchitectureModern

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duced around 1900 and s for which the com

e simp ification of form. Tsh this, the architect

namental designs.

The Modern architecs a responnstructio

iron

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Architectural InformationArchitectural Information

Purpose of the complex is to hold offices, a parking garage, and retail stores

Modern architecture’s large geometric volumes create a lot of rentable space

Form Follows FunctionForm F

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ose of the complex is to hes, a parking garag

retail stores

Modern archieome

renta

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Architectural InformationArchitectural Information

Balance the relationship between the 66 story tower and the famous pedestrian mall

Obstacle

Five story podium which effectively matches the scale of the historical streetscape Creates a unified composition

Obst

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en mous pedestrian mall

m which effectively matches storical streetsc

unified composition

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Architectural InformationArchitectural Information

Intentionally asymmetric podium and rooftop features enliven broad building faces of Plaza 66.

The side elevation ofShanghai’s Plaza 66 showshow mall atria, outriggerlevels and the rooftoplantern are expressed.

S

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ric p atures

building face 36sid

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Architectural InformationArchitectural Information

Must relate the large tower itself to the feeling that the street instills.This was accomplished through the use of almost-primary volumes, a lozenge, almond, come, and an arc. The result is an architectural energy that reflects the vibrant pedestrian mall.

ctuped

ozenge,

ergy n mall.

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The buildings have an upward spiral to them like a vortex

The spiral is topped by the massive lanternthat is constructed of billowing screens that glow at night

The lantern can be seen from far away and symbolizes the commercial presence of the client

Lantern

Architectural InformationArchitectural Information

Lantern

36an upward spiral totex

piral is topped by the mashat is constructed of blow at night

lantern colize

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Three Building Complex

66-Storey Office Tower78,200 sq. m2nd tallest building in ShanghaiTallest Concrete Building

51-Storey Office Tower

81,400 sq. m

5-Storey Retail Podium51,700 sq. mTenants include Hermes, Louis

Vuitton, Chanel, Dior, Celine, and Cartier

3-Levels of Underground Parking9.000 cars1.500 bicycles

Architectural InformationArchitectural Information

Elevator System 24 elevators (One elevator provided for 200-225 occupants)

tem rs tortoe eleva

orided upants) 225 oc

36y Office To78,200 sq. m

d st buildingTallest Concrete

5-Storey R

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Architectural InformationArchitectural Information

OFFICE TOWER66-Storey

OFFICE TOWER51-Storey

ATRIUM Boat-shaped skylight67m x 38m

ROTUNDA 6-Storey Diameter 28mColumn-free

GALLERIA Arc-shaped skylight66m x 17m

The retail podium includes:

at-shaped skyl767m xETU

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OFF

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Architectural InformationArchitectural Information

Roof Structural PlanPlaza 66

Atrium

Galleria

RotundaPodium

AtriuME

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BS5P L A Z A 6 6P L A Z A 6 6

A large retail mall is housed within the podium to the left of the tower in this plan. The mall includes crescent-and-lens shaped atrium spaces.

Architectural InformationArchitectural Information

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Architectural InformationArchitectural Information

Area / DimensionsArea / Dimensions

Drawn by Leyla Kamoy Drawn by Leyla Kamoy MEETUM

36S535353

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Two-storey perforated concrete outrigger connect the concrete core to the exterior columns at three levels

Structural InformationStructural InformationFloors

54-56

39-41

24-26

Outriggered FrameSystem

U36

Two-storey perforated concrete o ge conthe concrete core

66exterior clevels

l Information

39

26 BB

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All-Concrete StructureTallest concrete building in China

Concrete strengths (locally available) 50MPa cube strength

Steel reinforcing (locally available) Fy= 335MPa

Allowable drift of the building due to windloads (local building codes)

Height/650 (0,43 m)

Designed for Typhoon Scale winds 3-5 Typhoons/yr

Structural InformationStructural Information

Structural systemStructural systemStruct

Alo

36a

ocally availabe strength

66einforcing (locally ava

335M

le d

l Information

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Structural InformationStructural InformationTypical Floor column, beam, slabTypical Floor column, beam, slab

Slab 125mm thickBeams450mm deep

Beams on column lines1200mm deep

Perimeter beams1250mm deep, 975mm wide

Drawn by Leyla Kamoy Drawn by Leyla Kamoy

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BBeams450mm deep

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Structural InformationStructural Information6 paired sets of outriggers extend form the long faces of the core, enabling all longitudinal perimeter columns to efficiently contribute to the lateral load resisting system.

4.5m

Drawn by Leyla Kamoy Drawn by Leyla Kamoy

6636ural Informatione core, enabling all

theth oad resistinateral load res

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Structural InformationStructural Information

Perimeter column engaged by outrigger.

Generous openings in outrigger walls accommodate mechanical equipment

Concrete shear wall of outrigger

Concrete core wallTypical concrete floor beam; beam-and-slab framing occurs on all floors.

The perimeter frame meets the requirements of a special seismic moment frame.

Drawn by Leyla Kamoy Drawn by Leyla Kamoy wn

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Concrete core w

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Structural InformationStructural InformationFloor under the Outrigger Level column, beam, slabFloor under the Outrigger Level column, beam, slab

750mm

1050mm

Drawn by Leyla Kamoy Drawn by Leyla Kamoy

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Structural InformationStructural InformationOutrigger Level 1 column, beam, slabOutrigger Level 1 column, beam, slab

Each outrigger wall has four large openings, two on each floor

1650mm

Drawn by Leyla Kamoy Drawn by Leyla Kamoy

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Structural InformationStructural InformationOutrigger Level 2 column, beam, slabOutrigger Level 2 column, beam, slab

In this arrangement, the top and bottom members of the outrigger provide the tension and compression force couple required of the outrigger while the central member at the middle floor transfers the shear.

950mm

Drawn by Leyla Kamoy Drawn by Leyla Kamoy

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Structural InformationStructural Information

FoundationFoundation

Sand and clay filled piece of land

SettlementInitial predictions over 1mFinal prediction of 0.28m

Concrete piles0.8 m in diameter, average 9m corresponding to the different loads under tower and podium areas.80m maximum

Different Settlement RatesLeft an un-poured zone (1 year/40%)

D

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of lan

tions over 1mal prediction of 0.28m

Concrete piles0.8 m in diametecorrespon

wer a

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Structural InformationStructural Information

Construction ProcessConstruction Process

Resistance of the overturning moments caused by the slenderness of the structure

Cellular or “honeycomb” structure for stiffness with minimal weightWall along the site boundary

High water table;Bentonite slurry-wall method (basement only)

• four planes of internal concrete cross bracing for support • completed from top down• explosives used to free bracing struts

Bamboo scaffolding and formwork used for the remainder of the building

Const

mes of interna

eted from top doxplosives used to free

Bamboo scaffolding and

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by the slenderness of th

stiffness with minima

basement orete cros

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Structural InformationStructural Information

LanternLantern

Plaza 66 is topped with • a dramatic visor cantilevering (12 m) , and • a 10-story glass lantern (36,5m) that also houses mechanical

equipment and a three-story club room.

The presence of lantern steel framing can be detected through translucent glass that surrounds it, both inside and out.

LanteLante

T

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also houses mechanical om

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For construction convenience, steel framing supports the visor and lantern. Two planes of beams and columns are trussed together as horizontal rings and vertical frames, stabilized by shallow diagonal braces.

Structural InformationStructural Information

Used Some Structural Steel In the lantern crown on top of buildingUsed S

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1. Ali, Mir M. “The Tallest Concrete Building in Shanghai, China-Plaza 66,” coauthor, Sixth World Congress of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, Melbourne, Australia, 2001.2. Digimation.”Plaza 66 in Shanghai, China”, 2005. http://www.digimation.com/models/UI/Product/ShowProductFullInfo.aspx?ProductID=1014323. Grace Construction Products. “Concrete Admixtures – Project Profiles: Plaza 66”, 2005. http://www.cn.graceconstruction.com/template.cfm?page=/concrete/concrete_plaza66.html&did=14. Khan, F.R., “Influence of Design Criteria on Selection of Structural Systems for Tall Buildings”. Canadian Structural Engineering Conference, Montreal, Canada. March, 1972.5. Kohn, Eugene A. and Katz, Paul. Building Type Basics for Office Buildings. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 2002.6. Megacities 2000. http://mc2000.arch.hku.hk/KPF/nanjing.html7. Moveandstay. “Plaza 66 Office Tower”. http://www.moveandstay.com/shanghai/offices_description.asp?id=9968. Skyscrapercity. 2002. http://www.skyscrapercity.com/printthread.php?t=284719. Skyscraperpage. “Plaza 66 Tower 1”, 2005. http://66.36.242.113/cities/?buildingID=125810.Thornton-Tomasetti Group. 2005.http://www.ttengineers.com11.Tomasetti, Richard L. “Concrete Delivers”. Civil Engineering Vol.71 Issue 8, p58. Aug2001.

ReferencesReferences

Deural

. and Ka , Paw York. 200

cities 2000. http://mc2000.aMoveandstay. “Plaza 66 Office T

http://www.moveandstay.com/sh8. Skyscrapercity. 209. Skyscraperpage. “P10.Thornton-To

.Tomasett

6636Plaza 66,” coauthor, Sabitat, Melbourne, Australia,

wProductFullInfo.aspx?PAd tures – Project Profiles:

template.cfm /concre

eria on lect f Sing Confere

ng TypeB

ReferencesReferences