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Plate Tectonics: the major plates

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Page 1: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Plate Tectonics: the major plates

Page 2: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Seven major plates:One for each continent

North AmericaSouth America

AfricaEurasia

Antarctica

One with two smaller continentsIndo-Australian

And one that’s all oceanPacific

Page 3: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Continental fit

Some of the original evidence

Proposed by Alfred Wegener

in 1912

Page 4: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Three types of plate boundaries

Divergent

Convergent

Transform

Page 5: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

All the tectonic pieces

Two types of crust: Oceanic Continental

Page 6: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Three combinations of crust interactions:

Oceanic - Oceanic

Oceanic - Continental

Continental - Continental

Page 7: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Divergent plate boundary –mid-ocean ridge systemNew oceanic crust is being created

Magma chamber beneath rift

Page 8: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Divergent boundary –Rifting of a continent

Mantle plume beneath rift

Page 9: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Convergent boundary –subduction system

Page 10: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Benioff zone

an inclined planeof earthquakesdipping landwardaway from a submarine trench

Page 11: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Convergent boundary –continental collision

Produces a double thickness of continental crust

Page 12: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Transform Plate Boundary

Modern example:

San AndreasFaultSystem

Page 13: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

San Andreas fault zone

A whole systemof faults

Most of the movementis SSE to NNW

Page 14: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

San Francisco

area

San Francisco Bayis boundedby two majorfaults

San AndreasHayward

Page 15: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Example: Juan de Fuca Ridge

All 3 typesof boundaries:

Divergent

Convergent

Transform

Page 16: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Plates on theglobe

African Plate

A plate has bothtypes ofcrust

Page 17: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Plate boundaries defined by earthquakes

Page 18: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Pacific Plate

The Ringof Fire

Page 19: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Relative Motion of Plates

Page 20: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Different depths for earthquakes

MOR shallow earthquakes Subduction zones shallow/intermed/deep

Page 21: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

What drives plate tectonics?

Mantle convection

Page 22: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Tectonic plates on a spherePlates moving across the

curved surface of theplanet must interact with other plates

Page 23: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Tectonic plates on a sphere

Page 24: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Types of plate boundaries

Page 25: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Tectonic plates on a sphere

Page 26: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

A rigid plate moving across a curved surface

Something’sgot to give

Page 27: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Ridge offsets

Page 28: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Page 29: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Mid-ocean ridge system

Page 30: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Seeing inside the Earth: Mantle tomography

Cross section of mantle velocity

Page 31: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Imaging Mantle Plumes

Page 32: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Mantle slabs

Page 33: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Mantle tomography

Page 34: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Convergent margin – oceanic to continental

Page 35: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Mantle tomography

Page 36: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

Convergent margin – oceanic to oceanic

Page 37: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

The Hawaiian hot spot

Page 38: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

The Hawaiian hot spot

Page 39: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

A single seamount

Page 40: Plate Tectonics: the major plates - utoledo.edu · Seven major plates: One for each continent North America South America Africa Eurasia Antarctica One with two smaller continents

The Hawaiian hot spot

as a mantleplume


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