plant systematics and plant/pollinator interactions · •plant systematics relationships among...
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Plant Systematics and Plant/Pollinator Interactions
Jacob Landis
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Why study plants • Important for food
• Clothing
• Drugs
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Charaphytes
Bryophytes Lycophytes,Monilophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
Conifers
Terrestrial
Aquatic
Embryo
Dominant sporophyte
Vascular system
Seeds
Secondary growth
flowers
BASIC PHYLOGENY OF PLANTS
Flowering Plants Ferns and allies
Chlorophytes
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Flower Diversity
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Flower Structure
Whorl name/number Function
1. Sepals
1
1. Protection
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Flower Structure
Whorl name/number Function
1. Sepals
2. Petals
1
2
1. Protection
2. Pollinator attraction
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Flower Structure
Whorl name/number Function
1. Sepals
2. Petals
3. Stamens
1
2 3
1. Protection
2. Pollinator attraction
3. Male gametes
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Flower Structure
Whorl name/number Function
1. Sepals
2. Petals
3. Stamens
4. Carpels
1
2 3 4
1. Protection
2. Pollinator attraction
3. Male gametes
4. Female gametes
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Research options
• Plant systematics relationships among plants
• Flower Evo-Devo how flowers develop, within or between species
• Plant/pollinator interactions why does the flower look the way it does to attract its pollinator, and how did it get that way
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Goal
• Overarching goal is to link genetic changes to observable adaptations (specific pollinators)
Adaptation
Phenotype Genetics
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Phylogenetics
• Shows relationships between organisms
• Important in understanding why plants are the way they are
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Phylogenetics continued
• Conducted with either morphological or molecular data
– historically morphology
– predominately molecular now
• You will get hands on practice with both methods
• compare which method is easy, more repeatable
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POLLINATION MECHANISMS
• Abiotic Pollination
– Wind (anemophily) – Water (hydrophily)
• Biotic Pollination
– Invertebrate – Vertebrate
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FLORAL ADAPTATIONS FOR POLLINATION
• Rewards
– Pollen
– Nectar
– Oil and other substances
– Protection
– Breeding area
– Sexual attraction (pheromones)
• Efficiency
– Shape
– Position
– Distance
– Pollen-stigma
• Floral Cues
– Color
– Shape
– Size
– Scent
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• Two types:
– Showy, open, bowl-shaped
– Showy, complicated, zygomorphic (specialized)
• All be flowers tend to be yellow, blue, or purple
• UV nectar guides
• Sweetly scented
• Nectar and/or pollen
BEE POLLINATION SYNDROME
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• Large and showy flowers with landing platform
• Or large clumps of smaller flowers
• Bright – red, pink or lavender
• Long, narrow tubular flowers
• Fresh, weak scent
• Nectar only
BUTTERFLY POLLINATION SYNDROME
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• Large, showy flowers
• Red and tubular
• Exserted stamens/stigma
• Produce a lot of nectar
• Usually lack scent
BIRD POLLINATION SYNDROME
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What pollinates the flower you selected?
Butterfly
Bee
Moth
Hummingbird
If someone asks you the following question:
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Science and CSI
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Comparison to CSI
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Comparison to CSI
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Goal for today
• Start comparing flowers and their morphology
• Extract DNA
• Run PCR
• Summary and prepare for Wednesday
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The Plants
• 12 in total
• Different types of pollinators
– Hummingbird
– Bee
– Butterfly
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Hummingbird Pollinated
Maltese Cross Cardinal Climber
Petunia
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Bee
Snapdragon California Poppy
Empress of India Blue Daze
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Butterfly
Pentas Lantana
Vinca
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Unknown
Blue Flax Nicotiana
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Thinking about flowers
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Hands on Techniques
• Any ideas why we would do the molecular techniques we will be learning today: extracting DNA and doing a PCR?
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Hands on Techniques
• Any ideas why we would do the molecular techniques we will be learning today: extracting DNA and doing a PCR?
• Think about examples from popular TV shows, such as CSI?
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CSI and who is the victim
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iFDphWXjw4
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DNA extractions
• Label tubes
• Take hole punch of leaf material
• Extraction solution
• Cook at 95°C for 10 minutes
• Dilution solution
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Follow protocol on hand outs to extract DNA from the four plants at your table
- Collection tubes - Extraction buffer - Dilution buffer
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Now what do we do?
• We isolated DNA from the plant material into a solution form.
• Will this tell us what species the plant is, just like we found out the victim’s identity?
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Now what do we do?
• We isolated DNA from the plant material into a solution form.
• Will this tell us what species the plant is, just like we found out the victim’s identity?
– Not quite yet
• Additional step needed
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PCR
• Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Amplify small section of DNA, makes many many copies
• Will use common markers
http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/research_methods/genomics/pcr.html
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How PCR works
A T G C T A C G C A T
Melting
Forward Primer Reverse Primer
Annealing
Extending
Polymerase
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Increase in product
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Why do PCR?
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Your turn to do a PCR
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Your turn to do a PCR
Not in Master Mix
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Summary • Extract DNA?
– Why did we do this?
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Summary • Extract DNA?
– Why did we do this?
• PCR
– How does this work and why is it necessary?
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Summary • Extract DNA?
– Why did we do this?
• PCR
– How does this work and why is it necessary?
• Flowers
– If you look at a flower, do you start getting ideas of what may pollinate it?
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Goal for Wednesday
• Run PCR product on gels
• Talk about how we get sequence data
• Construct morphological phylogeny
• Construct molecular phylogeny
• Compare trees and the evolution of pollination syndromes
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Any Questions?