plant structure chapter 35. angiosperms monocots seed one cotyledon (seed leaf) leaves parallel...
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Plant Structure
Chapter 35
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Angiosperms
MonocotsSeed one cotyledon (seed leaf)Leaves parallel veinsRoots fibrousVascular tissue scatteredFlower parts 3’s or multiples of 3’sBulbs, grasses, grains, orchids
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Angiosperms
Dicots (eudicots)Seed with 2 cotyledon (seed leaf)Leaves with network of veinsTaproot Vascular tissue arranged in a ringFlowers in groups of 4 & 5 or multiplesAnnuals, trees, shrubs, roses, peas
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Angiosperms
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Organs
RootStemLeaves
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Angiosperms
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Organs
Root systemAnchors the plantAbsorbs nutrientsWater & ionsShoot system Stems & leaves
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Roots
Tap rootOne large root with small rootsLateral rootBranched rootsAdventitious rootRoot grows from another part of plant Fibrous rootMat of thin roots
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Modified roots
Prop rootsGrow from stem, cornAerial rootsRoots extend in airPlant does not grow into dirtPneumatophoresPlant grows in waterRoots above water to get oxygen
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Modified roots
Parasitic rootsTake nourishment from host plantsFood storage rootsXylem of roots such as sweet potatoWater storage rootsGrow in water deprived areasButtress rootsAdds to stability,very large
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Root
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Shoot system
Stem positions leavesLeaves-food productionNode:Leave attachmentInternode:Area on stem between nodes
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Stem (external)
Axillary bud:Bud along stem may be a branchTerminal bud:Bud at end where apical meristem
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Modified stems
Shoots with diverse functions Stolons:Such as “runners” of strawberry plantsGrow on the surface Enable a plant to colonize large areasRhizomes: (iris) Horizontal stems that grow underground.
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Modified stems
Tubers: (potatoes) Swollen ends of rhizomesFood storage.Bulbs: (onions, tulips) Vertical, underground shoots Swollen bases of leaves-store food.
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Modified stems
Tendrils:Grapes, ivy give support for climbingCladphylls:Flattened modified stemsCactus
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Leaf (external)
Extension of shoot apical meristemPrinciple site of photosynthesisExpand by cell enlargementNot cell divisionGrowth stops at maturityBlade (flattened)Stalk (petiole) mostly eudicots
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Leaf (external)
Veins (vascular bundles)Found in leafParallel in monocotsNetwork in eudicots Many shapes & arrangementsSpiral, paired or whorled
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Leaf (external)
Simple leaves:One blade with indentations or teethCompound leaves:Blade divided into leaflets
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Modified Leaves
Other functions.Tendrils (peas) to cling to supportsSpines of cacti for defenseLeaves modified for water storageBrightly colored leaves that attract pollinators.
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Modified Leaves
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Modified leaves
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Tissue types
1. Dermal tissueEpidermis (primary growth)One cell layer thickOuter protective layerCuticle wax cover-water lossPeriderm (secondary growth)Replaces epidermis in woody plants
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Trichomes
Hair like growthEpidermis from shoot“fuzzy” Keep surface coolMinimize evaporationKeep herbivores from eating (sticky surface)
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Root hairs
Extensions of epidermal cellsOccur behind root tipsIncrease surface area Absorption
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Tissue type
2. Vascular tissueTransport Xylem: Water & dissolved mineralsPhloem: Carbohydrates (sucrose)
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Tissue type
3. Ground tissueThin-walled parenchyma cellsStorage, photosynthesis, supportPith:Internal to vascular tissueCortex:External to vascular tissue
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Tissue type
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Plant cells
1. Parenchyma cellsLarge vacuolesThin walled14 sidesMost common type of plant cell
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Parenchyma Cells
Perform most metabolic functions Synthesize & stores various organic products.Fleshy tissue of most fruit.
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Parenchyma
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Plant cells
2. Collenchyma cellsUsually little longer than wideCell wall thickness variesSupport for organsAllows stems to bend & not break
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Collenchyma
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Plant cells
3. Sclerenchyma cellsSupporting elements of the plantThick secondary wallsMuch more rigid Cannot elongate Plant regions-stopped lengthening.
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Plant cells
Lignin:Highly branch polymerStrengthens wallsTypes sclerenchymaFibers: Long cells grouped in strands (linen)Sclereids: Branched (pears, seed coats, nutshells)
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Sclerenchyma cells
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4.Water-conducting cells
Xylem (water minerals, inner)Vessel members (elements) Continuous tubes Hollow, dead cylindrical cells end to endTracheids Dead cells that overlap each otherTapered endsThick walled Wood is secondary xylem
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Xylem
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5. Sugar-conducting cells
Phloem (outer)Sieve cellsSieve-tube members (elements)Conduct carbohydrates Away from where formedSieve-tube more advanced
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5. Sugar-conducting cells
Companion cells: Next to sieve-tube cellsPlasmodesmata: Connection between cells
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Phloem
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Vascular tissue
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Growth
Meristems:Embryonic tissuesClumps of small cells Dense cytoplasm & large nucleiSimilar to stem cellsOne cell remains meristematic IndeterminateGive rise to other tissues
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Meristems
Apical meristemsCell divisionElongation of roots & stems (tips)Primary growth
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Meristems
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Apical meristems
Primary tissues Tissues resulting from primary growth Primary plant bodyMade up of primary tissuesYoung soft shoots, roots Some plants entire plant body
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Root
4 regions in developing roots1. Root capProtects new cells Moves through soilPerception of gravityHelp root to bend downNitrogen fixing bacteria
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Root
2. Region of divisionArea in center of root tipApical meristemCells divide every 12-36 hours3. Region of elongationCells produced are longer than wider4. Region of maturation (differentiation)
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Root
Epidermal cells: Root surface have thin cuticleRoot hairsCortex: Parenchyma tissue Between epidermis & vascular tissue
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Root
Endodermis: Inner boundary of cortex thin layer Casparian strips: Surround the endodermal cellsWater cannot pass through the strips
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Root
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Root
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Root
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Roots
Stele: Tissues interior to endodermPericycle: Layer of cells inside endodermGive rise to lateral or branched rootsPith: Center of rootPrimary xylem form around the pithPrimary phloem form in groups near xylem
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Root
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Lateral roots
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Root
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Stem
Primordia:Bulges produced by apical meristem Leaves, other shoots, or flowersIntercalary meristems:Add more length at plant internodesCorn
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Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 35.18
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Leaf
Stomata:Tiny poresGap between guard cells Guard cells: Specialized epidermal cellsRegulate openingTranspiration:Evaporation of water
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Leaf
More stomata on lower epidermisDecrease water lossContain chloroplastsResult from asymmetrical cell division
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Leaf
Surface covered with epidermisCuticleMesophyll: Ground tissueLayer between the epidermis layersContains veins (vascular bundles)
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Leaf
Palisade mesophyll:Closest to upper epidermisTightly packed cellsContains parenchyma with chloroplastsSpongy mesophyll:Loosely arrangedContains air spaces
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Leaf
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Leaf
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Secondary growth
Secondary tissues:Lateral meristemsVascular cambium (xylem-wood, phloem)Cork cambium Secondary growth-increases girth
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Secondary growth
Periderm:Protective layer replaces epidermisCork plus the cork cambium Lenticels:Raised areas in periderm Areas for gas exchange
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Secondary growth
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Fig. 35.22
Stem