plant identification: montana’s 1a-2a...
TRANSCRIPT
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Plant Identification: Montana’s 1A-2A Species
Noelle Orloff
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Montana’s 1A species
Not present or limited presence in MT Eradication if detected Education, prevention key
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European Common
Reed (Phragmites
australisssp.
australis)
NEW!
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Common reed habitat and distribution
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Common Reed Identification
Grows with feet in the water
Usually at least 2m tall
Hairy ligule Inflorescence is
a plumose panicle
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Common Reed Identification
Native versus invasive identification difficult
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Common Reed Identification
If you suspect you might have the exotic, here is a good resource to help tell the difference. Or call me! http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/phragmites/phragmites-native-non-native.pdf
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Yellow Starthistle
(Centaureasolstitialis)
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Similar Species/Critical Diagnostic Features
• Rosettes resemble dandelion and species in mustard family. May need the plant to bolt for positive ID.
• Once bolted, look for winged (flattened) stems, with gray green foliage. Once the plant has bloomed, the yellow flowers with long spiny bracts make it hard to mistake for anything else.
Steve Dewey
Yellow starthistle Tumble mustard
Steve Dewey Matt Lavin
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Habitat & DistributionRangelands, pastures, agricultural areas, highways or roads, and in other sunny, disturbed areas
NOTE: Yellow starthistle has been reported in 10 counties in Montana, but all known infestations have been small enough to eradicate. Help to keep it that way by watching vigilantly for this plant and reporting it before it spreads.
Yellow Starthistle(Centaurea solstitialis)
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Dyer’s Woad(Isatis
tinctoria)
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Dyer’s Woad Identification• Blue green leaves entire, elliptic, prominent white mid-vein • Rosette leaves: petiolate• Stem leaves: sessile and clasping• Corymb of yellow flowers, each with 4 small petals• Grows 1-3’ tall• Pendulous seeds resemble teardrops
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Dyer’s Woad Habitat & DistributionGrows in sunny, disturbed areas, thrives in light sandy, gravelly soil.Map below shows all historical records. The Dyer’s woad eradication project has reduced this species to limited populations across Montana
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Montana’s 1B species
Limited presence in Montana Eradication or containment Education
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Knotweed Complex (Polygonum spp.)
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Knotweed Complex: Japanese, Giant, Himalayan & Bohemian Identification
• Herbaceous perennials, 5-19’ tall• Stems hollow• Leaves alternate, membranous sheaths on knobby nodes • Leaf shape generally cordate (heart shaped)• Small greenish-white flowers in sprays, 5 petals (rarely 4)• Spreads rhizomatously, tiny rhizomes fragments can generate into new plants (do not transport soil off-site!). Rarely spreads by seed.
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Knotweed habitatCommon near water sources, in low-lying areas, waste places, utility rights-of-way, and around old homesites. Can quickly escape gardens and spread into natural areas.
Dan WilliamsTom Heutte
Dan Williams
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Purple Loosestrife (Lythrumsalicaria)
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Purple Loosestrife Identification•May be 6-8’ tall •Flowers rose-purple: 5-7 petals•Sepals united/fused: 5-7 lobes•Leaves are opposite, sometime alternate towards tip•Flowers w/out pedicels, meaning inflorescence is a long terminal spike
Elizabeth J. Czarapata dnr.wi.gov
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Habitat & DistributionWetlands including freshwater meadows, river and stream banks, pond edges, reservoirs and ditches.
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Similar Species/Critical Diagnostic FeaturesPurple LoosestrifeLythrum salicaria
Fireweed (native)Epilobium angustifolium
University of Northern British Columbiaweb.unbc.caBernd Blossey
5-7 petalsSepals fused
4 petals4 distinct linear
sepals
Seeds without any noticeable
appendages
Tufts of hair on seeds for
wind dispersal
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Rush Skeletonweed
(Chondrillajuncea)
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Rush Skeletonweed Habitat & DistributionCommon along roadsides, in pastures, grain fields and rangelands in well drained, sandy or rocky soils
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Rush Skeletonweed Identification• Yellow flowers, all rays• Seeds with dandelion-like plume for wind dispersal• Deeply toothed basal rosette leaves resemble dandelion• Downward bent, coarse hairs on stems
Steve Dewey
Stevens County Weed Board (WA)
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Similar Species/Critical Diagnostic FeaturesRush SkeletonweedChondrilla juncea
Skeletonweed (native)Lygodesmia juncea
• 1 to 4’ tall, small linear leaves, basal leaves present
• Up to 18” tall, with small, linear leaves, basal leaves absent
• Ray flowers yellow • Ray flowers pink, purple or white
• Stems with hairs point downwards
• Stems lacking hairs
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Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius)
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Habitat & DistributionCommon in disturbed areas, along roadsides, in pastures, open forests, cultivated fields. Prefers temperate areas, but tolerates very cold conditions.
Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius)
Ted Anderson
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Scotch Broom Identification• Up to 13’ tall• Yellow pea-shaped flowers• Leaves alternate, egg-shaped
• Upper leaves simple, no petiole• Lower leaves tri-foliate (clover-like)
• Stems angled• Fruit = smooth, flattened pod, ¾-2”long
• Initially green, matures to black
King County Noxious WeedsSteve Dewey Ted Anderson
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Montana’s 2A species
Common in isolated areas of Montana Eradication or containment where less
abundant Management prioritized by local weed
districts
(Hang in there, only 9 left!)
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Tansy ragwort (Seneciojacobeae)
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Tansy ragwort Identification• Grows up to 6’ tall• Biennial, rosette leaves and stem leaves w/blunt toothed lobes, ruffled appearance• Leaves green on top, whitish-green underneath• Composite yellow flowers: ray and disc
King County, WA Noxious Weeds
Michael Shephard
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Similar Species/Critical Diagnostic Features
King County, WA Noxious Weeds
Resembles common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), also with dissected leaves, tall stature, but flowers are discoid, no ray flowers
Many native Senecio species in Montana. Tansy ragwort should have:• No reduction in leaves on the stem (many native Senecio plants
have few stem leaves, mostly basal leaves)• Leaves 2-3 times pinnatifid
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Orange hawkweed (Hieracium
aurantiacum)
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Orange hawkweed Identification• 20-50 orange flowers in round topped clusters• Ray flowers, square tipped, notched• Densely hairy basal leaves• Milky sap• Stem leaves small to absent (2 or less)
Michael Shephard
Richard Old
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Tall hawkweed H. piloselloides
Yellow hawkweed Hieracium floribundum
Meadow hawkweed H. pratense/caespitosum
Meadow Hawkweed Complex Hieracium spp.
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Meadow Hawkweed Complex Identification
• Similar to orange hawkweed, except flowers are yellow.
• Flower shape = ray flowers that are square tipped with notches.
• Characteristics such as hairs on bracts and upper & lower leaf surface help identify plants to species.
• Yellow exotic hawkweeds are hard to distinguish from native yellow hawkweeds. Consult a specialist if needed.
• “Hawkweed Identification”, EB 0187, available at: http://msuextension.org/publications/AgandNaturalResources/EB0187.pdf
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Tall buttercup (Ranunculus
acris)
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Tall Buttercup Identification
• Upright plant, numerous basal leaves, alternate stem leaves• 5 yellow petals, 5 sepals• Leaf blades broadly pentagonal in outline, 3-8 cm. long• Deeply lobed 4-5 times, the lobes incised into pointed segments
Ben Legler
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Similar Species/Critical Diagnostic Features
Dave Brink
Tall buttercup Ranunculus acris
Sharpleaf buttercupRanunculs acriformis
Tall buttercup
• Sharpleaf buttercup (Ranunculs acriformis), native, strongly resembles tall buttercup
• Sharpleaf has less than 4 lobes, and lobes are not as deeply indented• Lobes may be wide or narrow, but look for indentation of main lobes nearly to
the base, and at least 4 lobes• Many other native buttercups resemble tall buttercup (yellow, 5-petaled
flowers). Consult a specialist or send a sample to Schutter Diagnostic Lab for a positive ID before initiating control
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Perennial pepperweed
(Lepidiumlatifolium)
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Perennial pepperweed Identification
• Rhizomatous• Flowers with 4 white petals, in racemes • Silicles ovate, inflated, sparsely hairy • Basal leaves long petioled, serrate margins • Stem leaves smaller, nearly sessile• Stem base semi-woody
Leslie Mehrhoff Steve Dewey
Leslie Mehrhoff
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Yellowflagiris (Iris
pseudacorus)
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Yellowflag Iris Identification• Only naturalized iris with yellow flowers• Rhizomatous roots have black sap• 4-6’ tall• Reproduces by seed and rhizomes
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Similar Species/Critical Diagnostic Features• Only two species of naturalized Iris in Montana: yellowflag iris and
native Rocky Mountain iris (Iris missouriensis).
• Rocky Mountain iris has blue to purple flowers• Not in bloom?
• Leaves of Rocky Mountain iris generally shorter (8 to 16”) • Rocky Mountain iris rhizomes lack black sap
Cheryl Mayer
Rocky Mt Iris
Thayne Tuason
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Blueweed (Echiumvulgare)
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Blueweed Identification• Basal rosette leaves entire, linear, hairy, 2.5-10” long x ½-3” wide • Stems have stiff hairs with swollen red to black bases• Up to 3’ in height• Five pink or red stamens • Flowers grow in a “helicoid” cyme
Stevens County Noxious Weed Control Board Richard Old
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Similar Species/Critical Diagnostic FeaturesBlueweed
Echium vulgareSilverleaf phaceliaPhacelia hastata
Fuzzy basal leaves, prominent mid-rib, no prominent lateral veining
Fuzzy basal leaves, prominent lateral veining
Hairs with swollen red to black bases on stems
Hairs without red to black bases on stems
www.bentler.us
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Eurasian watermilfoil
(Myriophyllumspicatum)
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Eurasian watermilfoil identification• Aquatic perennial• Compound leaves: >14 paired leaflets• 4 whorled leaves/node• Inconspicuous pink flower spikes rise above water surface• Collapses when removed from water
Alison Fox John HalpopRyan Wersal
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Two native milfoils occur in Montana. Can you find the natives below?
So how do you tell the difference?
Whorl-leaf watermilfoilMyriophyllum verticillatum
Native
Eurasian watermilfoilMyriophyllum
spicatumExotic
Shortspike watermilfoilMyriophyllum sibiricum
Native
Frank Koshere, WI DNR
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Flowering Rush
(Butomusumbellatus)
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Flowering Rush Identification• Pink flowers in an umbel • 3 petals, 3 sepals, nine stamens• Leaves triangular in cross-section• Leaves erect, twist spirally upwards, but limp in depths >10’• Spreads by buoyant rhizomes, fragment easily
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Similar Species/Critical Diagnostic Features
• Triangular leaves resemble sedges (Carex spp.), but flowering rush typically much taller.
• Resembles no other native or exotic riparian plants when flowering.
• Unfortunately, does not always flower. Consult a specialist when in doubt.
Jane Larson
Flowering Rush Sedges
Brian Legler Chris Young
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For assistance identifying unknown plants, one option is to send samples to the Schutter Diagnostic lab at Montana State University. Please refer to this website for instructions on submitting samples, and to download a form: http://diagnostics.montana.edu/Plant/index2.html
Mailing address: Noelle OrloffSchutter Diagnostic Lab119 Plant BioScience BuildingPO Box 173150Bozeman, MT 59717-3150406-994-6297
Thank you! Questions?