plant fertilization and transgenic plants how does fertilization occur in plants? how do you make a...
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Plant fertilization and transgenic plants
How does fertilization occur in plants?
How do you make a transgenic plant?
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Flowering plant life cycle
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Meiosis in female produces four megaspores. One of these makes the gametophyte.
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Female gametophyte: Megaspore nucleus divides three times to produce 8 nuclei.Then the gametophyte cellularizes.
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Male gametophyte: pollen grains
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Fertilization:Pollen tube fuses with a synergid.Sperm cells are released.
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Fertilization: The egg is fertilized to produce the embryo. The central cell is fertilized to produce the triploid endosperm
embryo
endosperm(central cell)
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ovule
transmitting tract
Pollination viewed with pollen-specific GUS marker line
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(from Johnson et al., 2004, Genetics 168: 971-982)
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Pollen tube attraction to Tourenia micropyle
Higashiyama and Hamamura (2008) Sexual Plant Reproduction 21: 17-26
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Pollen tube attraction to Tourenia fournerii micropyle
(movie)
Higashiyama and Hamamura (2008) Sexual Plant Reproduction 21: 17-26
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Small peptide applied at time 0
(Fluorescent dye allows visualization of possible gradient)
(Okuda et al. (2009) Nature 458: 357-361)
Small peptides made in the synergids attract pollen
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(Okuda et al. (2009) Nature 458: 357-361)
The peptides are needed to attract pollen
Knock down expression of peptide genes in embryo sacs
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Double fertilization
Sperm nuclei marked with red fluorophore, female nuclei with green
(movie)
(Berger et al. (2008) Trends in plant Science 13: 437-443)
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Making transgenic plants
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall tumors
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Making transgenic plants
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Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation
kanamycin resistant
Gene conferring kanamycin resistance
your favorite gene
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Making transgenic plants
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Regenerating plants from cultured (transformed) cells
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Agrobacterium-mediated Arabidopsis transformation
Select among progeny seeds for transgenic plants (herbicide or antibiotic resistance)
Dip Arabidopsis flowers in solution of engineered Agrobacterium
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Examples of transgenic plants
Widely grown:
Herbicide resistant
Pest resistant
Other ideas:
Improved nutrition (golden rice)
Delayed ripening
Salt tolerance
Phytoremediation (decontaminate soils)
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http://www.isaaa.org/Resources/Publications/briefs/35/executivesummary/default.html