plant disease caused by nematode · nematode vectors of plant viruses-viral transmission occurs...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Plant Disease Caused by Nematode
by Asst. Prof. Pornsuk Chaisuk
![Page 2: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Kingdom : AnimaliaPlylum : Nematoda
- free living- plant/animal parasite
![Page 3: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Types of nematode>100,000,000 species but only 20,000 species were named
Animal nematode 15%
Plant nematode 10%
Marine nematode 50%
Free-living nematode 25%
![Page 4: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Animal and human nematodes
- Ascaris lumbricoides พยาธิในลาํไส/้พยาธิไสเ้ดือน- Trichinella spiralis พยาธิเนื�อหมู - Gnathostoma spiningenum พยาธิตวัจิ�ด- Ancylostoma duodenale พยาธิปากขอ (hookworm)- Wuchereria bancrofti สาเหตุโรคเทา้ชา้ง
![Page 5: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Important plant nematodes
- Globodera rostochinensis : potato -> stunt
- Ditylenchus dipsaci : oat, rye, rice, onion, sugar beet
and other bulb plants -> bloat/
swollen
- Meloidogyne spp. : tomato, chilli, potato, caroot, okra,
soybean, grass and other plants ->
gall
![Page 6: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
History of nematode discovery
A.D.1656 : Nematode was first discovered after the invention of a microscope by P. borellus. First nematode was Turbatrix aceti (vinegar eel) that free living nematode lived in vinegar.A.D. 1743 : First plant nematode was discovered J.T. Needham. It was Anguina trtiici that lived in the swollen wheat seed.
![Page 7: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
History of important plant nematodes
Nematode Plant Discoverer Year
Anguina tritici wheat J.T. Needham 1743
Meloidogyne spp. cucumber M.J. Berkeley 1855
Ditylenchus dipsaci fuller’s teasel Julius Kuhn 1857
Heterodera schachtii sugar beet H. Schacht 1859
Globodera rostochiensis potato Julius Kuhn 1881
![Page 8: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Father of nematology
Nathanial A. Cobb (1859-1932) is an important person for the study of nematodes in terms of discovering various types of nematodes. The invention of methods for the study of nematodes And being the creator of various words for use in nematology
![Page 9: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Morphology of Plant Nematode
- Small size cannot be seen with the naked eye (approximately 250-1,200 micrometres in length, 15 micrometres in width) except in the cyst stage- The appearance is filiform liked eel shaped worms, except some genus in adult females stage- The body is unsegment and without appendages- Bilateral symmetry- Female cyst and some adult female have many shapes
![Page 10: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Male
Female
![Page 11: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Sedendtary endoparasites : Appearance1. Globodera sp. : body spherical,
forming cyst2. Heterodera sp. : body lemon-
shaped, forming cyst3. Meloidogyne sp. : body pear-
shape, no cyst4. Rotylenchulus sp. : body kidney-
shaped, no cyst
1
4
3
2
![Page 13: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Sedentary endoparasites : Appearance
1. Cyst form (Globodera sp., Heterodera sp.) : dead female But there is still eggs inside2. Root knot nematode (Meloidgyne sp.) : lays eggs on the buttom outside the body, eggs are covered with gelatin “egg mass”
![Page 14: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ovary
ovary
spicule
annules Lateral linestylet
anus
vulva
median bulb
excretory pore
esophagusintestine
Morphology of plant nematodes
![Page 15: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Feeding of nematode
- free living : intracorporeal digestion
- plant parasite : extracorporeal digestion
![Page 16: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Free living
Plant parasite
![Page 17: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Nematode life cycle
1st molting
1st juvenile
egg
fertilization adult 4th molting
3rd molting
2nd molting
4th juvenile
3rd juvenile
Inside egg outside egg
2nd juvenile
![Page 18: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Taxonomy of nematodes by Chitwood (1950)
Kingdom AnimaliaPlylum Nematoda : 2 class
1. Class Secernentea : phasmid present (phasmid is sensory organs at posterior)
2. Class Adenophorea : phasmid absent
Plant nematode- 95% in Class Secernentea
Order Tylenchida- 5% in Class Adenophorea
Order Dorylaimida
![Page 19: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Classification of nematodes based on behavior
- classification of nematodes by host- classification of nematodes by feeding habits- classification of nematodes by movement
![Page 20: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Classification of nematodes by host
1. Phytophages : plant2. Microbivore : bacteria3. Fungivore : fungi4. Omnivore : vertebrates, invertebrates5. Predators : other nematode6. Animal parasite : vertebrates, invertebrates7. Saprophyte
![Page 21: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Classification of nematodes by feeding habits
1. Ectoparasitic nematode 2. Endoparasitic nematode3. Semi-endoparasitic nematode
![Page 22: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Classification of nematodes by movement
1. Migratory parasitic nematode2. Sedentary parasitic nematode
![Page 23: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Ectoparasitic nematode
Hoplolaimus
Criconemella
Helicotylenchus
Ditylenchus
![Page 24: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Helicotylenchus spp. (Spiral nematode)
![Page 25: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Hoplolaimus spp. (Lance nematode)
![Page 26: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Criconemella spp. (Ring nematode)
![Page 27: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Maize
Xiphinema spp. (Dagger nematode)
![Page 28: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Endoparasitic nematode
Meloidogyne
Heterodera
Rotylenchulus
![Page 29: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Male
Female
Meloidogyne spp. (Root knot nematode)
![Page 30: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Female
Egg mass
Meloidogyne spp. (Root knot nematode)
![Page 31: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Rotylenchulus reniformis (Reniform nematode)
![Page 32: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Maize
Heterodera zeae (Cyst Nematode)
![Page 33: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Soybean
Heterodera glycines (Cyst Nematode)
cyst
![Page 34: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Potatocyst
Globodera rostochiensis (Gloden nematode)
![Page 35: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Classification of nematodes by feeding habits movement and position
- Below ground migratory ectoparasites : Helicotylenchus spp., Hoplolaimus spp., Criconemella spp.,
Xiphinema spp., Longidorus spp., Trichodorus spp., Paratylenchus spp.- Below ground migratory endoparasites :
Pratylenchus spp., Radopholus spp.- Below ground sedmentary semi-endoparasites and endoparasites :
Rotylenchulus spp., Tylenchulus spp., Heterodera spp., Globodera spp., Meloidogyne sp., Nacobbus spp.
- Above ground endoparasites : Anguina spp., Ditylenchus spp., Aphelenchoides sp.
![Page 36: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Pratylenchus penetrans
Trichodorus christiciHemicycliophora arenaria
Heterodera spp.Meloidogyne spp.
![Page 37: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Nematode parasitism
1. Direct- wound- lack water and mineral- change plant physiology
2. Indirect- open the way for other microorganisms- nematode vectors of plant viruses
![Page 38: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Mechanical for plant cell damage
1. Removal of cell contents2. Cell lysis3. Iduction of specialized feeding cells4. Systemic effects
![Page 39: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Mechanisms for host disturbance by nematodes
1.1. No visible destructive effect
Migratory ectoparasites (short stylet): Root hair- Tylenchorhynchus spp.- Paratylenchus spp.
![Page 41: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
1.2. Immediate removal of cell contents
Migratory ectoparasites: Epidermis- Aphelenchoides spp.
![Page 42: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
1.3. Delayed removal of cell contents
Migratory and sedentary ectoparasites.: Cortex & Endodermis- Helicotylenchus spp.- Trichodorus spp.- Paratrichodorus spp.-Hemicycliophora spp.- Belonolaimus spp.- Ditylenchus myceliophagus
![Page 43: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
2.1. Progressive penetration
Migratory endoparasites: Cortex- Pratylenchus spp.- Radopholus spp.
![Page 44: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
2.2. Cell lysis
: Root tip & Meristem- Ditylenchus spp.
![Page 45: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
3.1. Nurse cells of Tylenchulus
![Page 46: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
3.2. Syncytium of Nacobbus
![Page 47: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
3.3. Syncytium of Heterodera
![Page 48: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
3.4. Giant cells of Meloidogyne
![Page 49: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Sedentary parasites : feeding cells
Nurse cell Syncytium Giant cell
![Page 50: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Interaction of nematodes with other microorganisms
1. Be vector of the other microorganisms.2. Make physical wound that the way for the other microorganisms.3. Make the leakage of attractants or nutrients that attract other plant pathogens to infect the plant.4. When plant cells die, the other microorganisms attack them repeatedly.5. Change plant physiology/biochemistry then plant is weak.
synergism = เสริมกนัantagonism = หักล้างกนั
![Page 51: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Interaction of nematodes with virus
Virus can be transmitted by nematodes must# be seed borne and pollen borne# transmit by mechanical method
![Page 52: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Types of nematode transmitted viruss
1. NEPO Viruses = Nematode Transmitted Polyhedral Shaped Viruses => # arabis mosaic virus
# strawberry latent ring spot virus transmitted by juvenile+adult of Xiphinema sp. &
Longidorus sp.2. NETU Viruses = Nematode Transmitted Tubular Shaped
Virus => # tobacco rattle virus# pea early browning virustransmitted by juvenile+adult of Trichodorus sp.
![Page 53: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Nematode vectors of plant viruses
- Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.- virus don’t transmit to the nematode eggs.- No increase the amount of virus in the nematode.- After the molting, the virus will come out of the cuticle or in the small intestine.
![Page 54: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Plant nematode diseases
1. Root galls or Root knots : Meloidogyne sp. induces root cells to begiant cells by hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
![Page 55: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
2. Root lesion : Pratylenchus sp. penetrates and migrates inside root tissue.
3. Stubby roots : Trichodorus sp. penetrates meristematic tissue of corn root then root is necrosis and stubby
![Page 56: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
4. Spring dwarf or Crimp : Aphelenchoides fragariae makes strawberry has many shoots; make lychee stunts; begonia leaf is brown and necrosis.5. White tip : Aphelenchoides besseyiinfects rice leaf tip.
![Page 57: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
6. Seed gall : ของขา้วสาลีและขา้วไรย์ เกิดจากไสเ้ดือนฝอย Anguina tritici infect wheat and rye seeds and live in infected seed for many year. One seed can have 800-32,400 nematodes.
![Page 58: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
7. Chrysanthemum leaf blight : Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi is endoparasitic nematode, infect plant through guard cell.
![Page 59: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Important plant nematode
![Page 60: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Disease cycle of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne sp.
Life cycle 25 days
![Page 61: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Disease cycle of the lesion nematode Pratylenchus sp.
![Page 63: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Nematodes in root cortex
![Page 64: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Lesions on peanut pods, Florida.
![Page 65: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Disease cycle of the stem and bulb nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci
Life cycle 19-25 days
![Page 66: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Ditylenchus dipsaci (Stem and bulb nematode)
![Page 67: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Ditylenchus angustus
Rice Stem nematode
![Page 68: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Disease cycle of the foliar (chrysanthemum) nematode Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi
Life cycle 2weeks
![Page 69: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Disease cycle of the stubby-root nematode Trichodorus christii
Life cycle 20 days
![Page 70: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Nematode damage to corn roots
![Page 71: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Plant nematode control
1. Cultural control- release flooding- soil solarization - leave the fields fallow- sanitation- crop rotation- applying manure, compost or green manure- using sterile seeds and seedlings- using resistant or tolerant varieties and rootstocks
![Page 72: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
2. Biological control- using nematode-toxic plants- using natural predators or pathogens of nematodes • antagonistic fungi : Purpureocillium lilacinum
(Paecilomyces lilacinus)• antagonistic bacteria : Pasteuria penetrans
![Page 73: Plant Disease Caused by Nematode · Nematode vectors of plant viruses-Viral transmission occurs after the release of enzymes while the nematodes feed nutrients from plants.-virus](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051810/601b1a01da5f4a41b758bb5e/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
3. Chemical control
Fumigants Non-fumigants
Methyl bromide Furadan
Dazomet Vydate
Mocap
Rubby
Nemacur