planning tools & techniques final

8/3/2019 Planning Tools & Techniques Final

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Planning Tools &

Techniques

Muhammad FarhanAdeel Ur Rehman

Muhammad Anees

Zahid Ali Khan


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Objectives

Techniques for assessing the environment

Techniques for allocating resources

Contemporary planning techniques


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Assessing the Environment

Environmental scanning The screening of large amounts of information

to anticipate and interpret changes in theenvironment.

Used by both large and small organizations, andresearch has shown that companies withadvanced environmental scanning systemsincreased their profits and revenue growth


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SWOT analysis:

An analysis of an organizations strengths,weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. It bringstogether the internal and externalenvironmental analyses in order to identify astrategic niche the organization might exploit.


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Competitor intelligence:An environmental scanning activity that seeks to

identify who competitors are, what they aredoing, and how their actions will affect theorganization

Global Scanning:

Another type of environmental scanning is globalscanning in which managers assess the changesand trends in the global environment


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Methods of Forecasting1. Quantitative forecasting relies on numerical data and mathematical

model to predict future conditions.

2. Technological Or Qualitative aimed primarily at predicting long-term trends in

technology and other important aspects of theenvironment


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Benchmarking

the search for the best practices amongcompetitors or non-competitors that lead totheir superior performance.


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Steps in Benchmarking


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Allocating the Resources

ResourcesThe assets of the organization that includes financial,

physical, human, intangible, and structural.

Budgeting:

A numerical plan for allocating resources to specific

activitiesPopular because theyre applicable to a wide variety

of organizations and units within an organization


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Types of Budgets


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Scheduling:involves a list of necessary activities, their order of

completion, which is to do each, and time

needed to complete them

The Gantt chart

named after Henry Gantt, is a scheduling chartthat visually shows actual and planned outputover a period of time with time on the x-axis andoutput on the y-axis


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A Gantt Chart


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The Load ChartEvolved from Gantt chart, it list either entire

departments or specific resources. It schedulescapacity by work areas


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A Load Chart


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PERT, or Program Evaluation and Review TechniquePERT is a network planning method for managing and

controlling large one-time projects. It is atechnique for scheduling complicated projectscomprising many activities, some of which areinterdependent

is a flowchart like diagram that depicts thesequence of activities needed to complete aproject and the time or costs associated with

each activity


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Events & activities in constructing an OfficeBuilding


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A visual PERT Network for Constructing an OfficeBuilding

Critical Path: A - B - C - D - G - H - J - K


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Breakeven analysis

A technique for identifying the point at whichtotal revenue is just sufficient to cover totalcosts

The Formula

CostsVariableUnit-PriceUnit

CostsFixed:

Total Breakeven


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Breakeven Analysis


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Linear programming:A mathematical technique that can be used to solve resource

allocation problems.

LP is a quantitative tool for planning how to allocate limitedor scarce resources so that a single criterion or goal (oftenprofits) is optimized

It is the most widely used quantitative planning tools inbusiness

There are optimal conditions for using linear programming


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Production Data for Cinnamon-Scented Products


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Graphical Solution to LP Problem


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Contemporary Planning Techniques

Project:

One-time-only set of activities that has adefinite beginning and ending point in time.

Project Management:

The task of getting a projects activities done ontime, within budget, and according tospecifications


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Project Planning Process


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The role of the project manager

a. The only real influence project managershave is their communication skills and theirpower of persuasion

b. Team members seldom work on just oneproject; theyre usually assigned to two orthree at any given time.


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Scenario planning:A scenario is a consistent view of what the future is

likely to be

1. Developing scenarios also can be described ascontingency planning2. The intent of scenario planning is not to try to

predict the future but to reduce uncertaintyby playing out potential situations underdifferent specified conditions

3. Scenario planning is difficult to use whenforecasting random events


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Thank You

References

ManagementStephen P. Robbins, Mary Coulter

Principles of ManagementVirtual University of Pakistan

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