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Planning the airport Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg Berlin Brandenburg International International Use of Statistics and Use of Statistics and Policy Making Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg by Berlin and Brandenburg Government Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School of Economics, oekonom@fhw- berlin.de and Leontief-Institute for Economic Analysis, [email protected] Paper presented to the International Forum of Metropolitan Statistics 20 - 21 October 2008 Beijing / China

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Page 1: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

Planning the airportPlanning the airportBerlin Brandenburg InternationalBerlin Brandenburg InternationalUse of Statistics and Policy MakingUse of Statistics and Policy Making

by Berlin and Brandenburg by Berlin and Brandenburg GovernmentGovernment

byHelmut Maier

Berlin School of Economics, [email protected] Leontief-Institute for Economic Analysis, [email protected] Professor at Centre for Applied Statistics Renmin University

Paper presented to theInternational Forum of Metropolitan Statistics

20 - 21 October 2008 Beijing / China

Page 2: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

Subject, Aim, and Approach

• Aim Aim of this paper is to describe the present status of of this paper is to describe the present status of using statistics by metropolitan and regional using statistics by metropolitan and regional governments in Germany.governments in Germany.

• The methodological The methodological approachapproach is based empirically: is based empirically: Exemplarily it is focused an actual planning procedure Exemplarily it is focused an actual planning procedure going over several years but now terminated where a going over several years but now terminated where a metropolitan and a regional government were involved metropolitan and a regional government were involved (besides the federal government). This procedure is (besides the federal government). This procedure is analysed in order to show how these governments use analysed in order to show how these governments use statistical data for different political purposes and statistical data for different political purposes and interests.interests.

• Subject Subject of this empiric example is the public planning of this empiric example is the public planning procedure for the location of the future metropolitan procedure for the location of the future metropolitan airport “Berlin Brandenburg International” (BBI).airport “Berlin Brandenburg International” (BBI).

Page 3: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

Brandenburg

Berlin

Baltic Sea

Poland

Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania

Czech Republic

GermanyResidents 82 mArea 357 Tsd km2

GDP/capita 28 Tsd EuroUnemployment 10.8 %

Saxony

Saxony-Anhalt

Thuringia

Lower Saxony

Bavaria

80 km

BrandenburgResidents 2.5 mArea 29.5 Tsd km2

GDP/capita 20 Tsd EuroUnemployment 17 %

BerlinResidents 3,4 mArea 0.89 Tsd km2

GDP/capita 23,7 Tsd EuroUnemployment 17,5 %

Data taken fromStatistical Yearbooks

of Berlin-Brandenburg, and Federal Statistical

Office

Page 4: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

Metropolis Berlin3.3 m residents

Electoral districts

Location of airportSchönefeld

Former boarder between West and East Berlin

Page 5: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

Intended opening of new airport Berlin Brandenburg BBI in year 2011

Page 6: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

Bibliography

• Ministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Raumordnung des Ministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Raumordnung des Landes Brandenburg (1994): Landesplanerische Beurteilung, Landes Brandenburg (1994): Landesplanerische Beurteilung, Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg International vom 16. Nov. Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg International vom 16. Nov. 1994.1994.

Translated: Ministry for environment and land use of province Translated: Ministry for environment and land use of province Brandenburg (1994): Evaluation of the intended land use Brandenburg (1994): Evaluation of the intended land use planning from 16 November 1994.)planning from 16 November 1994.)

• Maier, H. (1998): Der Einfluß von Sozialindikatoren bei der Maier, H. (1998): Der Einfluß von Sozialindikatoren bei der Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung, dargestellt am Beispiel der Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung, dargestellt am Beispiel der Standortplanung für den Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg Standortplanung für den Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg International, ISSN 1428-7110.International, ISSN 1428-7110.

Translated: The influence of social indicators within Translated: The influence of social indicators within environmental risk assessment shown in the case of planning environmental risk assessment shown in the case of planning the location of airport Berlin Brandenburg International.the location of airport Berlin Brandenburg International.

• Der Tagesspiegel, daily newspaper of Berlin, more than 150 Der Tagesspiegel, daily newspaper of Berlin, more than 150 articles of different issues and years.articles of different issues and years.

Page 7: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

Basic Hypothesis

• Governments of different metropolitan and rural Governments of different metropolitan and rural provinces refer to and use the same indicators and provinces refer to and use the same indicators and statistical data.statistical data.

• But because of different political aims and interests, But because of different political aims and interests, in general they come to different conclusions within in general they come to different conclusions within decision-making.decision-making.

• The complicated process to balance different The complicated process to balance different arguments in case of competing aims and interests arguments in case of competing aims and interests leads to a considerable delay of the final decision.leads to a considerable delay of the final decision.

• In the end social indicators are inferior to economic In the end social indicators are inferior to economic and financial indicators (and restrictions).and financial indicators (and restrictions).

Page 8: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

Federal Republic of Germany prefers a location close to Berlin

to limit financial subsidies for public traffic lines etc.

Metropolis Berlinwould agree to a more costly

location far from Berlin in caseof unification with Brandenburg, only.

Rural province Brandenburguses social indicators within the

land use procedure to promote the locationof airport BBI far away from Berlin,

and hides economic and financial benefit

for its own developmentby this decision.

Empiric Substantiation:Airport Berlin Brandenburg International

Page 9: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

Substantiation Discussion of Location of Airport BBI

• First plans for a big international airport for metropolis Berlin and province First plans for a big international airport for metropolis Berlin and province Brandenburg arose shortly after fall of Berlin wall in 1989.Brandenburg arose shortly after fall of Berlin wall in 1989.

• In May 1991 a holding BBI was established with shareholders Federal In May 1991 a holding BBI was established with shareholders Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, 26%), Brandenburg (37,4%), and Berlin Republic of Germany (FRG, 26%), Brandenburg (37,4%), and Berlin (37,5%).(37,5%).

• In June 1993 the supervisory board of the holding BBI decided to apply for In June 1993 the supervisory board of the holding BBI decided to apply for a comparable land use planning procedure for the locations Jüterbog-Ost, a comparable land use planning procedure for the locations Jüterbog-Ost, Schönefeld-Süd, and Sperenberg.Schönefeld-Süd, and Sperenberg.

• In May 1994 the comparable land use planning procedure including an In May 1994 the comparable land use planning procedure including an environmental risk assessment starts under authority of Brandenburg (and environmental risk assessment starts under authority of Brandenburg (and not of Berlin) because the competing locations are situated on the not of Berlin) because the competing locations are situated on the sovereign territory of Brandenburg. This procedure is a forerunner of the sovereign territory of Brandenburg. This procedure is a forerunner of the ultimate authorisation procedure.ultimate authorisation procedure.

• At 16 November 1994 the result of this procedure was reported to public, At 16 November 1994 the result of this procedure was reported to public, mainly based on social indicators: The locations Sperenberg and Jüterbog-mainly based on social indicators: The locations Sperenberg and Jüterbog-Ost are compatible, and Schönefeld-Süd is not compatible (viewing land Ost are compatible, and Schönefeld-Süd is not compatible (viewing land use plans, aims and interests of Brandenburg).use plans, aims and interests of Brandenburg).

Page 10: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

Schönefeld-Südnot compatible

Sperenbergcompatible

Jüterbog-Ostcompatible

Airport Berlin Brandenburg InternationalLocations evaluated by the land use procedure

Potsdam

Berlin

Evaluationby

Brandenburg

Page 11: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

• However, the comparable evaluation of province Brandenburg from However, the comparable evaluation of province Brandenburg from November 1994 didn’t lead to an ultimate decision of the airport holding November 1994 didn’t lead to an ultimate decision of the airport holding BBI. BBI.

• The location Schönefeld-Süd came back mainly due to two developments:The location Schönefeld-Süd came back mainly due to two developments:• A delay of the ultimate decision by the shareholders Berlin (37,5%) and FRG A delay of the ultimate decision by the shareholders Berlin (37,5%) and FRG

(26%) within the holding BBI which were not convinced by this decision and (26%) within the holding BBI which were not convinced by this decision and listed additional cost not included in this land use procedure.listed additional cost not included in this land use procedure.

• A negative vote in May 1996 of Brandenburg people in a public poll against A negative vote in May 1996 of Brandenburg people in a public poll against a contract of Berlin and Brandenburg governments to unify both provinces.a contract of Berlin and Brandenburg governments to unify both provinces.

• End of May 1996 the three shareholders Berlin, Brandenburg, and FRG End of May 1996 the three shareholders Berlin, Brandenburg, and FRG agreed to adapt the existing airport Schönefeld to the requirements of the agreed to adapt the existing airport Schönefeld to the requirements of the planned airport BBI in 2010, with a capacity of 20 million passengers per planned airport BBI in 2010, with a capacity of 20 million passengers per year. This airport should replace the existing airports in Tempelhof and Tegel year. This airport should replace the existing airports in Tempelhof and Tegel of Berlin.of Berlin.

• Future conflicts arose which are not focused. In February 2007 the higher Future conflicts arose which are not focused. In February 2007 the higher administrative court of Brandenburg and Berlin rejected a claim of airlines administrative court of Brandenburg and Berlin rejected a claim of airlines against the close-down of airport Tegel in 2008, and a petition for a against the close-down of airport Tegel in 2008, and a petition for a referendum in Berlin aiming the future use of airport Tempelhof didn’t reach referendum in Berlin aiming the future use of airport Tempelhof didn’t reach the required quorum.the required quorum.

Substantiation Discussion of Location of Airport BBI

Page 12: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

• Translation of headlines:Translation of headlines:• After finishing the regional After finishing the regional

land use procedure: land use procedure: Advantages and Advantages and disadvantages of the three disadvantages of the three locationslocations

• Also FRG doesn‘t make a Also FRG doesn‘t make a commitmentcommitment

• Decision for the airport still Decision for the airport still open / Schönefeld with open / Schönefeld with advantages on first glanceadvantages on first glance

• Definitely the federal Definitely the federal authority will take part in authority will take part in financing traffic waysfinancing traffic ways

• Viewing profitability the Viewing profitability the expected higher number of expected higher number of passengers favours passengers favours SchönefeldSchönefeld

• Picture: Do we have enough Picture: Do we have enough fuel until they have made a fuel until they have made a decision? Here a big airport decision? Here a big airport will be built. No, here!will be built. No, here!

Page 13: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

Translation of Translation of headlines:headlines:

• Schönefeld-Süd: Schönefeld-Süd: Strongest burden for Strongest burden for the peoplethe people

• Jüterbog-Ost: Total Jüterbog-Ost: Total change of landscapechange of landscape

• Sperenberg: Forest Sperenberg: Forest area must be cut downarea must be cut down

Source: Source: Der TagesspiegelDer Tagesspiegel 19 November 1994 19 November 1994

Page 14: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

Substantiation Remarks on Used Indicators

• Overall 60 indicators could be extracted from the Overall 60 indicators could be extracted from the report from 16 Nov. 1994 used for decision-making.report from 16 Nov. 1994 used for decision-making.

• 34 of 60 refer to the properly land use procedure, 34 of 60 refer to the properly land use procedure, denoted S1 to S34, and 26 refer to the estimation of denoted S1 to S34, and 26 refer to the estimation of environmental risk assessment, denoted E1 to E26.environmental risk assessment, denoted E1 to E26.

• Applying the rough definition for a social indicator Applying the rough definition for a social indicator that it describes social characteristics of a single that it describes social characteristics of a single person, of groups, or of the entire society, relatively person, of groups, or of the entire society, relatively unproblematic 17 social indicators can be extracted. unproblematic 17 social indicators can be extracted. Some more might be added.Some more might be added.

• In a scenario we focus the estimated characteristics In a scenario we focus the estimated characteristics for these social indicators in year 2010.for these social indicators in year 2010.

Page 15: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

List of indicators used to estimate impact on land use within the planning procedure S1 Improving the external development area of Brandenburg (non-quantitative)S2 Improving the system of peripheral cities (non-quantitative)S3 Growth of population induced by airport BBI (in 1000 people)S4 Growth of population in Berlin induced by airport BBI (in 1000 people)S5 Growth of population in Brandenburg induced by airport BBI (in 1000 people)S6 Additional workplaces induced by airport BBI in total, directly and indirectly (in 1000)S7 Additional workplaces induced by airport BBI in Berlin, directly and indirectly (in 1000)S8 Additional workplaces induced by airport BBI in Brandenburg, directly and indirectly (in 1000)S9 Total number of workplaces in the airport area in Berlin and Brandenburg (in 1000)S10 Number of directly induced workplaces by airport BBI (in 1000)S11 Number of indirectly induced workplaces by airport BBI (in 1000)S12 Elongation of travel time of car drivers to airport BBI (after close-down of airports in Berlin- Tegel, Berlin-Tempelhof, and the old one in Schönefeld) in minutesS13 Travel time by express from station Lehrter Stadtbahnhof in Berlin to airport BBI in minutesS14 Travel time by express from station Potsdam to airport BBI in minutesS15 Additional area for streets and train to airport BBI (hectar)S16 Additional area for streets to airport BBI (hectar)S17 Additional area for railroad to airport BBI (hectar)S18 Additional number of kilometres of existing streets to be extended for airport BBI (km)S19 Additional number of kilometres of new streets for airport BBI (km)S20 Additional number of kilometres of existing railroads to be extended for airport BBI (km)S21 Number of kilometres of new railroads to airport BBI (km)S22 Additional waste in tons per year induced by airport BBI (t/a)S23 Concerned social institutions (kindergartens, senior housing, hospitals, and schools) by BBIS24 Fraction of the area to be converted (from former military area) for BBI in percentS25 Noise burden of housing and settlement structure induced by airport BBI (non-quantitative)S26 Number of residents to be resettled induced by airport BBI (people)S27 Impact on agriculture and forestry of airport BBI (non-quantitative)S28 Impact on recreation and tourism of airport BBI (non-quantitative)S29 Impact on retrieval of raw materials and on landfill site of airport BBI (non-quantitative)S30 Use of areas for settlement and free space for airport BBI (non-quantitative)S31 Area of security zone of airport BBI in square kilometres (km2)S32 Fraction of settlement area within the security zone of airport BBI (in percent)S33 Important firms within the security zone of airport BBI (non-quantitative)S34 Impact on area used for military induced by airport BBI (non-quantitative)

Page 16: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

List of indicators used to estimate impact on environment within the planning procedureE1 Number of residents concerned by day by aircraft noise with permanent level over 57 decibels E2 Number of residents concerned by night by aircraft noise with top level over 70 decibels E3 Number of residents concerned by day by street noise with permanent level over 59 decibels E4 Number of residents concerned by night by street noise with top level over 49 decibels E5 Number of residents concerned by day by railway noise with permanent level over 59 decibels E6 Number of residents concerned by night by railway noise with top level over 49 decibelsE7 Number of residents concerned by carbon blackE8 Assumed number of residents concerned by a catastrophe in security zone twoE9 Protected biotope area concerned by airport BBI in hectaresE10 Protected biotope area concerned by airport BBI in percentE11 Protected landscape area concerned by airport BBI in hectaresE12 Protected landscape area concerned by airport BBI in percentE13 Forest area concerned by airport BBI in hectaresE14 Ground area required for airport BBI in hectaresE15 Total length of link-roads to airport BBI in kilometresE16 Total length of link-railroads to airport BBI in kilometresE17 Level of utilisation of reserves of ground-water with/without airport BBI in percentE18 Drawdown of the ground-water level measured from surface in metersE19 Impairment of water quality (non-quantitative)E20 Mean immission of nitrogen oxides in percent of the so-called IWI values with/without airport BBI on this areaE21 Mean burden by carbon black in percent of the so-called TA-air value with/without airport BBIE22 Fuel consumption by motorized individual traffic in kilotons per yearE23 Fraction of the area with creation of fresh air with/without airport BBI in percentE24 Fraction of the area with creation of cold air with/without airport BBI in percentE25 Number of area units threatened with fragmentation by airport BBIE26 Number of cultural monuments threatened by airport BBI

Page 17: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

E1 Number of residents concerned by day by aircraft noise with permanent level over 57 decibel

E2 Number of residents concerned by night by aircraft noise with top level over 70 decibels

E3 Number of residents concerned by day by street noise with permanent level over 59 decibels

E4 Number of residents concerned by night by street noise with top level over 49 decibels

E5 Number residents concerned by day by railway noise with permanent level over 59 decibels E6 Number of residents concerned by night by railway noise with top level over 49 decibels

E7 Number of residents concerned by carbon black

E8 Assumed number of residents concerned by a catastrophe in security zone two

S12 Elongation of travel time of car driver to airport BBI (after close-down of airports in Berlin- Tegel, Berlin-Tempelhof, and the old one in Schönefeld) in minutes

S13 Travel time by express from station Lehrter Stadtbahnhof in Berlin to airport BBI in minutes

S14 Travel time by express from station Potsdam to airport BBI in minutes

S23 Concerned social institutions (kindergartens, senior housing, hospitals, schools)

S25 Noise burden of housing and settlement structure

S26 Number of residents to be resettled

S31 Area of security zone in square kilometres

S32 Fraction of settlement area within the security zone

S33 Important firms within the security zone

Social Indicators

Page 18: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

Selected items of the comparison of impacts on the three potential locations in year 2010

Social indicators Airport location

Characteristics in 2010

Page 19: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

Substantiation Overall Result Based on Used Indicators

• The location The location Schönefeld-SüdSchönefeld-Süd impairs population and impairs population and settlement in a region with high density of population settlement in a region with high density of population considerably stronger. Thus it avoids quite a few considerably stronger. Thus it avoids quite a few costly and economic programs and activities which costly and economic programs and activities which impair environment.impair environment.

• The location The location SperenbergSperenberg impairs environment in a impairs environment in a region with low density of population. To balance the region with low density of population. To balance the disadvantage of the considerable longer distance from disadvantage of the considerable longer distance from Berlin it needs and includes many costly programs to Berlin it needs and includes many costly programs to improve the infrastructure.improve the infrastructure.

• The location Jüterbog-Ost shows similar The location Jüterbog-Ost shows similar characteristics like location Sperenbergcharacteristics like location Sperenberg (we pass it)(we pass it)

Page 20: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

Substantiation Details for Location Schönefeld

• - Highest impair of population by noise, E1 to E8,- Highest impair of population by noise, E1 to E8,• - Strongest impair of social institutions, S23,- Strongest impair of social institutions, S23,• - Highest impair in case of a catastrophe, S32 and S33,- Highest impair in case of a catastrophe, S32 and S33,• - - Highest impair of cultural monuments, E26,Highest impair of cultural monuments, E26,• - - Not compatible with the overall concept of land use of province Not compatible with the overall concept of land use of province Brandenburg, S1,Brandenburg, S1,• - - Least support of the overall concept of decentralized concentration Least support of the overall concept of decentralized concentration

of of province Brandenburg, S2,province Brandenburg, S2,• - - Least impair of fauna and flora, E9 to E13,Least impair of fauna and flora, E9 to E13,• - - Least impair of soil and ground, E14 to E16,Least impair of soil and ground, E14 to E16,• - - Least impair of air, E20 to E22Least impair of air, E20 to E22,,• - - Least impair of climate, E23 to E24,Least impair of climate, E23 to E24,• - - Least impair of landscape, E25,Least impair of landscape, E25,• - - No problems with former military areas, S24,No problems with former military areas, S24,• - - Highest values for growth of population, S3 to S5,Highest values for growth of population, S3 to S5,• - - Least expenses for traffic infrastructureLeast expenses for traffic infrastructure, S13 to , S13 to S16, and S18 to S21.S16, and S18 to S21.

White: socialYellow: may be social Red: non-social

Page 21: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

Substantiation Details for Location Sperenberg

• - Least or little impair of population by noise, E1 to E8,- Least or little impair of population by noise, E1 to E8,• - No impair of social institutions, S23,- No impair of social institutions, S23,• - Limited impair of development of settlement and housing, S25, S26,- Limited impair of development of settlement and housing, S25, S26,• - - Compatible with the overall concept of land use of province Compatible with the overall concept of land use of province Brandenburg, S1,Brandenburg, S1,• - - High support of the overall concept of decentralized concentration of High support of the overall concept of decentralized concentration of province Brandenburg, S2,province Brandenburg, S2,• - - Highest or high impair of fauna and flora, E9 to E13,Highest or high impair of fauna and flora, E9 to E13,• - Highest impair of soil, E14 to E16,- Highest impair of soil, E14 to E16,• - Strong impair of water balance, E17 to E19,- Strong impair of water balance, E17 to E19,• - Strongest impair of housing and settlement structure, E25,- Strongest impair of housing and settlement structure, E25,• - - Biggest or big problems with conversation of former military areas, Biggest or big problems with conversation of former military areas,

S24,S24,• - - High growth of population, S3 to S5,High growth of population, S3 to S5,• - - Highest or high number of newly created working places, S6 to S11,Highest or high number of newly created working places, S6 to S11,• - - Highest or high need of expenses for traffic infrastructureHighest or high need of expenses for traffic infrastructure, S13 to , S13 to S16,S16, and S18 to S21and S18 to S21..

White: socialYellow: may be social Red: non-social

Page 22: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

Substantiation Conclusion from the Detailed Evaluation

• The expert opinion of Brandenburg’s ministry from The expert opinion of Brandenburg’s ministry from November 1994 weights and evaluates the overall November 1994 weights and evaluates the overall concepts of land use and decentralized concentration concepts of land use and decentralized concentration of province Brandenburg very strong (S1 and S2). of province Brandenburg very strong (S1 and S2).

• Moreover it weights and evaluates impair of Moreover it weights and evaluates impair of population (of Berlin) measured by social indicators population (of Berlin) measured by social indicators stronger than the additional burden of environment stronger than the additional burden of environment and additional expenses for traffic infrastructure in and additional expenses for traffic infrastructure in Brandenburg. Brandenburg.

• Hence it concludes the locations Sperenberg and Hence it concludes the locations Sperenberg and Jüterbog-Ost are compatible with the requirements of Jüterbog-Ost are compatible with the requirements of land use planning and environment, and the location land use planning and environment, and the location Schönefeld-Süd is not compatible.Schönefeld-Süd is not compatible.

Page 23: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

Substantiation Conclusion from the detailed evaluation

• It substantiates the necessity to improve the infrastructure and It substantiates the necessity to improve the infrastructure and the economic development of the mostly rural province the economic development of the mostly rural province Brandenburg – using social indicators mostly. Brandenburg – using social indicators mostly.

• It hides expenses for costly additional programmes to convert It hides expenses for costly additional programmes to convert military areas (of former Russian troops) at locations military areas (of former Russian troops) at locations Sperenberg and Jüterbog-Ost (indicator S24), as well as it Sperenberg and Jüterbog-Ost (indicator S24), as well as it hides additional and high expenses for the extension of traffic hides additional and high expenses for the extension of traffic infrastructure to a great extent will fall to the shareholder FRG infrastructure to a great extent will fall to the shareholder FRG (S18-S21). (S18-S21).

• Hence the high weighting and evaluation of social indicators Hence the high weighting and evaluation of social indicators could be and was used as an excuse to hide additional cost for could be and was used as an excuse to hide additional cost for the locations Sperenberg and Jüterbog-Ost which bring the locations Sperenberg and Jüterbog-Ost which bring economic benefit primary for Brandenburg.economic benefit primary for Brandenburg.

• As the shareholders Berlin (34,5%) and FRG (26%) of holding As the shareholders Berlin (34,5%) and FRG (26%) of holding BBI finally could escape from this evaluation, finally, BBI finally could escape from this evaluation, finally, arguments based on social indicators are inferior.arguments based on social indicators are inferior.

Page 24: Planning the airport Berlin Brandenburg International Use of Statistics and Policy Making by Berlin and Brandenburg Government by Helmut Maier Berlin School

Federal Republic of Germany prefers a location close to Berlin

to limit financial subsidies for public traffic lines.

Metropolis Berlinwould agree to a more costly

location far from Berlin in caseof unification with Brandenburg, only.

Rural province Brandenburguses social indicators within the

land use procedure to promote the locationof airport BBI far away from Berlin,

and hideseconomic and financial benefit

for its own devolopment by this decision.

Empiric Substantiation:Airport Berlin Brandenburg International