planning and execution of ground mount solar projects ... · 01 basics of ground mount solar...
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prepared forgeneral audience
Planning and Execution of Ground Mount Solar Projects(“Solar 101”)
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intropurpose
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This presentation provides an overview of key concepts related to the planning, design and construction of ground mount solar projects intended for a non-technical audience.
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introoverview
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01 basics of a ground mount solar project 02 project planning
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01 basics of groundmount solar projects
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basicsunits of electricity
page05
• Voltage, V (measured in Volts, V)• potential difference between two
points
• Current, I (measured in Amps, A)• rate of flow of electrons
• Resistance, R (measured in Ohms, Ω)• resistance to electron flow of a
material
V = I x R
Image Source: https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/voltage-current-resistance-and-ohms-law
Water analogy:
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basicsunits of electricity
page06
• Voltage is either AC (Alternating Current) or DC (Direct Current).
• In a solar project, the inverters convert from the DC output of the solar panels to AC for use by the grid.
• AC can be single phase or 3 phase.
Image Source: https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/alternating-current-ac-vs-direct-current-dc
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basicsunits of electricity
page07
• Power, P (measured in Watts, W)• rate of transfer of electrical energy
• Power losses depend on the current and resistance of a circuit.
For DC systems:
P = I x V Ploss = I2 x R
• Losses can be decreased by using bigger cables (lower resistance) or higher voltage (lower current).
• Transformers change AC voltage for transmission of power over long distances.
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basicsunits of electricity
page08
• In AC systems, power can be • Apparent Power, S (measured in Volt-
Amperes, VA)• Real Power, P (measured in Watts, W)• Reactive Power, Q (measured in
reactive Volt-Amperes, VAR)
• Power (P) is what generates kWh ($$$).• But electrical equipment (inverters,
transformers) is rated for the Apparent Power (S), which determines current.
For 3-Phase AC Systems:
S = √3 I x V, Ploss = 3 I2 x R
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basicsunits of electricity
page09
• Power Factor, pf, is the ratio of Real Power to Apparent Power.
• Power Factor can be positive (“lagging”) or negative (“leading”) depending on the relationship between the current and voltage.
• Utilities typically specify the power factor for a solar generator while requiring capability to change power factor within a specified range, for example, from -0.95 to +0.95.
• Power factor control is done by the inverters or by power factor correction equipment installed at the substation.
Image By Wikieditor4321 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45518724
pf = P / Spf = cos (θ)
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basicssimple schematic
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RecombinerBox
CombinerBoxes
Intermediate Transformer
InverterStrings of Solar Panels
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. . .
. . .
DC Collector
AC Collector
MMain Step-Up Transformer
Protections, Controls, and Communications
Connection to Grid
Inverter Stations
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basicssimple schematic
page011
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RecombinerBox
CombinerBoxes
Intermediate Transformer
InverterStrings of Solar Panels
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. . .
. . .
DC Collector
AC Collector
MMain Step-Up Transformer
Protections, Controls, and Communications
Connection to Grid
Inverter Stations
Each panel generates ~40V, 8.5A. They are connected in series to form “strings”
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basicssimple schematic
page012
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RecombinerBox
CombinerBoxes
Intermediate Transformer
InverterStrings of Solar Panels
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. . .
. . .
DC Collector
AC Collector
MMain Step-Up Transformer
Protections, Controls, and Communications
Connection to Grid
Inverter Station
Output of strings is combined in parallel at combiner boxes and recombiner boxes.
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basicssimple schematic
page013
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.
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RecombinerBox
CombinerBoxes
Intermediate Transformer
InverterStrings of Solar Panels
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.
.
. . .
. . .
DC Collector
AC Collector
MMain Step-Up Transformer
Protections, Controls, and Communications
Connection to Grid
Inverter Station
Maximum Power Point Inverters have two functions
• Convert the dc power into ac.• Control the dc voltage from
the solar array to track the “maximum power point” or curtail the power.
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basicssimple schematic
page014
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.
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RecombinerBox
CombinerBoxes
Intermediate Transformer
InverterStrings of Solar Panels
.
.
.
. . .
. . .
DC Collector
AC Collector
MMain Step-Up Transformer
Protections, Controls, and Communications
Connection to Grid
Inverter Stations
Larger projects have multiple subarrays each connected to its own inverter station. Multiple inverter stations are connected to form a “collector system”.
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basicssimple schematic
page015
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RecombinerBox
CombinerBoxes
Intermediate Transformer
InverterStrings of Solar Panels
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.
.
. . .
. . .
DC Collector
AC Collector
MMain Step-Up Transformer
Protections, Controls, and Communications
Connection to Grid
Inverter Stations
One or more transformers step up the voltage to grid level.
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basicssimple schematic
page016
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RecombinerBox
CombinerBoxes
Intermediate Transformer
InverterStrings of Solar Panels
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.
.
. . .
. . .
DC Collector
AC Collector
MMain Step-Up Transformer
Protections, Controls, and Communications
Connection to Grid
Inverter Station
A substation contains the main transformer together with protections and controls equipment required to connect the project safely to the grid.
A substation without a transformer is called a “switching station”.
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basicspiles
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• Different types• Driven piles• Helical piles (1 or more helixes)• Ground screws• Caisson piles• Rock anchors• Or none at all (ballasted system)
• Selection depends on• Frost depth• Presence of boulders• Type of soil / presence of bedrock
• Subsurface risk can impact project cost and schedule.
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basicsgrid interconnection
page018
• Point of Common Coupling (PCC) is where the ownership changes from customer to utility. • Point of Interconnection (POI) is where the project connects to the existing grid.• PCC and POI can be in different locations if a new utility-owned line is required to connect the project.
Image Source: Hydro One, Form B, Connection Impact Study Application
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02 project planning
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planning key principles
page020
• The best practice for engineering of large capital projects involves a phased approach that begins with Front End Engineering Design or FEED, also called Front End Loading.
• The work completed in each phase is just enough to allow decisions to be made and the project advanced.
FEL1Conceptual
Gate Review
FEL2Pre-
FeasibilityGate
ReviewFEL3
FeasibilityGate
ReviewFEL4
ExecutionStart Up and Operations
Value Identification Value Realization
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planningkey principles
page021
• In each phase, uncertainty decreases and so does project risk.
• As uncertainty decreases, precision of estimates improves (project yield, CAPEX, OPEX)
Image source: http://wiki.iploca.com/display/rtswiki/2.2+Key+points+to+address+during+FEL
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planningkey principles
page022
• A gate review is completed after each phase to determine whether to move forward to the next phase.
• The gate review is linked to a spending decision.
Image source: http://www.chem.info/article/2013/12/right-tools-job-front-end-loading
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planningFEL 1 - concept
page023
Typical tasks:
• Land constraints → Environmental constraints → Available Area→ Estimate DC capacity
• Off-taker constraints• Interconnection availability→ Estimate maximum AC capacity
→ Ballpark energy production→ Ballpark CAPEX, OPEX estimates
→ Preliminary financial analysis
Go / No Go Decision
CAPEX~ $/W
Capacity ~MW/ha
Yield ~kWh/kW
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planningFEL 2 – pre-feasibility
page024
Typical tasks:
• Environmental site investigation(s)• Desktop geotechnical• Develop layout• Develop single line diagram• Choice and budgetary quotations for
major equipment• PV Modules• Racking• Inverters
→ More precise energy yield and cost estimates
→ More precise financial analysis
Go / No Go Decision
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planningFEL 3 - feasibility
page025
Typical tasks:
• Off-take agreements awarded / final.• Interconnection studies.→ Interconnection agreement• Site work, studies and consultations.→ Environmental & regulatory permits.• Geotechnical investigation.
• Prepare EPC contract designs and specifications.
→ Request for proposals.→ Bid analysis and selection.
→ More precise energy yield and cost estimates
→ More precise financial analysis
Go / No Go Decision
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planningFEL 4 - execution
page026
Typical tasks:
• Project finance review and credit agreement execution.
• Kick-off with EPC Contractor.• Construction planning (safety, quality,
staffing).• Detailed design & engineering (50%,
90%, Issued for Construction).→ Building permits.
• Procurement.• Construction.• Testing & commissioning.• Project start-up.
Operations.
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planninga brief word on energy storage…
page027
• An energy storage system has both a Power rating (Watts) and Energy rating (Watt-hours or Wh)
• Multiples types of energy storage might be appropriate for the same application.
• To select and optimize the energy storage device, first you need to develop specifications.
Image source: http://www.sandia.gov/ess/publications/SAND2013-5131.pdf
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• Consider:• Stakeholder objectives• System requirements• Load/generation profile• Costs (capital + operational)
vs benefits• Operational requirements• Replacement frequency• Technology risk• Environmental risk• And more
planninga brief word on energy storage…
page028Image source: http://www.sandia.gov/ess/publications/SAND2013-5131.pdf
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thank you.