planning
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:)TRANSCRIPT
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Planning is the systematic development of action programs aimed at reaching agreed business objectives by the process of analyzing, evaluating and selecting among the opportunities which are foreseen.
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Planning
ORGANIZING
Achieving Objectives
CONTROLLING
LEADING
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Planning is goal-oriented
Planning is an intellectual or rational process.
Planning is a primary function.
Planning is all-pervasive Planning function extends throughout the
organization.
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Planning is forward looking.
Planning is a perpetual process. It is a continuous activity.
Planning is an integrating process.
Planning involves choice.
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Planning is a prerequisite not only for achieving success but also for surviving in a competitive environment.
Organizations that plan in advance are more likely to succeed.
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Focuses attention on objectives
Offsets uncertainty and riskPrimary and contingent plans
Provides sense of direction
Provides guidelines for decision-making
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Increases organizational effectiveness
Provides efficiency in operations
Ensures better coordination
Facilitates control
Encourages innovation and creativity
Facilitates delegation
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LEVELS TIME SCOPE
Top-level Long-term plans
Strategic plans
Middle-level Intermediate-term plans
Tactical plans
First-level Short-term plans
Operational plans
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1. Analyzing opportunities
2. Establishing objectives
3.Identifying alternatives
4. Evaluating available alternatives
5. Selecting the most appropriate alternative
6.Implementing the plan
7. Reviewing the plan
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Establishing the right climate for planning
Clear and specific objectives
Planning premises
Initiative at top level
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Participation in planning process
Communication of planning elements
Integration of long-term and short-term plans
An open systems approach
Management information system
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Lack of accurate information
Time consuming process
Expensive
Inflexibility
Resistance to change
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Environmental constraints
Lack of ability and commitment
False sense of security
Reluctance to establish goals