placenta & uteroplacental circulation · the placenta •placenta is the site of exchange...

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Placenta & Uteroplacental Circulation

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Page 1: Placenta & Uteroplacental Circulation · The Placenta •Placenta is the site of exchange (nutrients and wastes) between the mother and the fetus •Placenta is composed from two

Placenta & Uteroplacental Circulation

Page 2: Placenta & Uteroplacental Circulation · The Placenta •Placenta is the site of exchange (nutrients and wastes) between the mother and the fetus •Placenta is composed from two

Uteroplacental circulation (2nd week)• By the 9th day, lacunae (small spaces) develop in the syncitiotrophoblast

• By the 12th day the dispersed lacunae form lacunar networks

• Meanwhile, endometrial capillaries form sinusoids

• Blood will flow between the sinusoids and the lacunar networks forming the uteroplacental circulation 

Abudayyeh
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#1 After 1 week of fertilization the process of implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium occurs, during which the trophoblasts lining the blastocyst differentiate into cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts.
Abudayyeh
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#2 Cytotrophoblasts form one layer as you can see in the picture and Syncytiotrophoblasts start invading the endometrium.
Abudayyeh
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#3 Inside we can see the developing bilaminar disc (or embryonic disc) composed of epiblast and hypoblast. The epiblast is found at the dorsal side of the embryo and above it you can see the amniotic cavity. The hypoblast is found at the ventral side of the embryo and below it you can see the primary umbilical vesicle (or the primitive yolk sac)
Abudayyeh
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#4 Cells of the yolk sac forms the extra-embryonic mesoderm
Abudayyeh
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Read the five notes as I ordered them before you start studying the slides. They explain some of the terms we are going to use in this lecture.
Abudayyeh
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#5 Inside the extra-embryonic mesoderm a space called extra-embryonic coelom develops and it divides the extra-embryonic mesoderm into: splanchnic layer and somatic layer. (you can see them in the pictures next slide)
Abudayyeh
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Page 3: Placenta & Uteroplacental Circulation · The Placenta •Placenta is the site of exchange (nutrients and wastes) between the mother and the fetus •Placenta is composed from two

Development of chorionic sac

• Primary chorionic villi begin to appear by the end of the second week, induced by the extraembryonic somatic mesoderm

• Extrembryonic somatic mesoderm + cytotrophoblast + syncytiotrophoblast = Chorion = walls of chorionic (gestational) sac

• The Extrembryonic coelom become chorionic cavity

Abudayyeh
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As the embryo grows we will need to develop a new system for it's nourishment.
Abudayyeh
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Extra-embryonic somatic mesoderm is found next to the cytotrophoblast
Abudayyeh
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The developing embryo is inside it
Abudayyeh
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They are formed by the proliferation of cytotrophoblast and they're found within the syncytiotrophoblast.
Abudayyeh
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They will form the chorion
Abudayyeh
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Page 4: Placenta & Uteroplacental Circulation · The Placenta •Placenta is the site of exchange (nutrients and wastes) between the mother and the fetus •Placenta is composed from two

Development of the chorionic villi

• Primary chorionic villi →secondary chorionic villi (with mesenchymal tissue inside) →tertiary chorionic villi(with blood vessels inside)

• Cytotrophoblastic cells proliferate and form cytotrophoblastic shell that surronds the chorion and attach it to the endometrium

• exchange occur between the embryonic blood in the BV of the tertiary chorionic villi and the maternal blood in the intervillous spaces

Abudayyeh
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Primary chorionic villi will develop into secondary and then into tertiary The difference between them is in their contents: *Primary chorionic villi -> cytotrophoblast only. *Secondary chorionic villi -> cytotrophoblast and mesoderm within it. *Tertiary chorionic villi -> cytotrophoblast, mesoderm, and blood vessels
Abudayyeh
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So the development of the chorionic villi made nutrient exchange easier as the maternal and embryonic vessels are closer now.
Abudayyeh
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previously were lacunar networks
Abudayyeh
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now the whole embryo is covered by cytotrophoblastic shell.
Abudayyeh
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At the tips of the chorionic villi
Page 5: Placenta & Uteroplacental Circulation · The Placenta •Placenta is the site of exchange (nutrients and wastes) between the mother and the fetus •Placenta is composed from two

The Placenta

• Placenta is the site of exchange (nutrients and wastes) between the mother and the fetus

• Placenta is composed from two parts:• Fetal portion, which is part of the chorion; the villous chorion• Maternal portion, which develop from the endometrium; the decidua basalis

Abudayyeh
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In the previous slide you can see that the chorionic villi surround the whole embryo but as the embryo develops the chorionic villi will only be limited to the portion facing the endometrium and this portion is called villous chorion
Abudayyeh
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The part of the endometrium facing the villous chorion
Page 6: Placenta & Uteroplacental Circulation · The Placenta •Placenta is the site of exchange (nutrients and wastes) between the mother and the fetus •Placenta is composed from two

The Placenta• Decidua is the functional part of endometrium that will be expelled after parturition

• The decidua composed of three regions:• Decidua basalis, which is the maternal portion of the placenta 

• Decidua capsularis; part of the endometrium surrounding the chorion (smooth chorion by the 8th week) and facing the uterine cavity

• Decidua parietalis (decidua vera); the remaining part of decidua lining the uterus

Page 7: Placenta & Uteroplacental Circulation · The Placenta •Placenta is the site of exchange (nutrients and wastes) between the mother and the fetus •Placenta is composed from two

The placenta• At the end of the 20th week, 

• the placenta is enlarged• The amnion fuse with the chorionic sac forming amniochorionic membrane

• The decidua capsularis degenerate and the amniochorionic membrane adhere to the decidua parietalis 

Page 8: Placenta & Uteroplacental Circulation · The Placenta •Placenta is the site of exchange (nutrients and wastes) between the mother and the fetus •Placenta is composed from two

• In the full term placenta:• Cytotrophoblastic shell will anchor the fetal placenta to the decidua basalis

• Placental septa will develop from the decidua basalis toward the chorionic plate dividing the fetal placenta into cotyledons

• Each cotyledon contains two or three stem villi (anchoring villi), which are surrounded by the intervillous spaces that develop from the lacunar networks

Full term placenta

Abudayyeh
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and also for fixation of the embryo
Abudayyeh
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Tertiary villi will form stem villi
Abudayyeh
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At the tip of the stem villus
Page 9: Placenta & Uteroplacental Circulation · The Placenta •Placenta is the site of exchange (nutrients and wastes) between the mother and the fetus •Placenta is composed from two

Full term placenta• Each stem chorionic villus contain many branch villi

• Chorionic villi contain fetal blood vessels that is branched from BV in the chorionic plate, which are branched from the umbilical BVs

• Exchange happen through the placental membrane, which consists from:• Syncytiotrophoblast• Cytotrophoblast• Connective tissue• Capillaries endothelium

• Cytotrophoplastic cells begin to disappear and then capillaries come in direct contact with syncytiotrophoblast

Abudayyeh
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extra-embryonic somatic mesoderm
Abudayyeh
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For easier exchange
Page 10: Placenta & Uteroplacental Circulation · The Placenta •Placenta is the site of exchange (nutrients and wastes) between the mother and the fetus •Placenta is composed from two

Full term placenta

• The maternal blood in the intervillous spaces come from the spiral endometrial arteries, which discharge blood through the cytotrophoblastic shell

• The deoxygenated blood in the intervillous spaces drained by the endometrial veins

Page 11: Placenta & Uteroplacental Circulation · The Placenta •Placenta is the site of exchange (nutrients and wastes) between the mother and the fetus •Placenta is composed from two
Abudayyeh
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Notice the cotyledons and how they appear from the outside
Page 12: Placenta & Uteroplacental Circulation · The Placenta •Placenta is the site of exchange (nutrients and wastes) between the mother and the fetus •Placenta is composed from two

Amnion

• The amnion consists of the amniotic sac that is filled with amniotic fluid

• The amniotic sac attached to the embryonic disc and with the folding of the embryo it surrounds the embryo attaching to it ventrally and covering the umbilical cord

• The amnion enlarges obliterating the chorionic cavity and come in contact with the chorionic sac

Page 13: Placenta & Uteroplacental Circulation · The Placenta •Placenta is the site of exchange (nutrients and wastes) between the mother and the fetus •Placenta is composed from two

Amniotic fluid• Source of amniotic fluid:

• Secreted from the amniotic cells• From maternal tissue, through fetal membranes

• From decidua parietalis through amniochorionic membrane• From blood in the intervillous space through chorionic plate

• From the fetus• Through the skin before skin keratinization• From fetal respiratory tract• Fetal urine by 11th week

• Amniotic fluid diffuse back to maternal tissue• Directly through the fetal membranes• Indirectly by fetal blood stream; fetal swallow the amniotic fluid which is absorbed into the blood stream and then either return to mother blood through placenta or execrated as fetal urine

Page 14: Placenta & Uteroplacental Circulation · The Placenta •Placenta is the site of exchange (nutrients and wastes) between the mother and the fetus •Placenta is composed from two

Amniotic fluid

• Amniotic fluid functions• Protection of the fetus• Helps control fetal temperature• Fetal fluid and electrolytes homeostasis• Aids in fetal development

• Symmetrical external growth • Muscular development through movement• Lung development

Abudayyeh
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absorbs shocks
Page 15: Placenta & Uteroplacental Circulation · The Placenta •Placenta is the site of exchange (nutrients and wastes) between the mother and the fetus •Placenta is composed from two

The umbilical vesicle (yolk sac)• Yolk sac forms in the 2nd week ventral to the embryonic disk

• When the embryo begins folding the yolk sac will be incorporated with the umbilical cord and connected to the midgut with yolk stalk

• By the end of the 6th week the yolk stalk detaches from the midgut loop

• By the 20th week , yolk sac is very small and usually not visible

• Yolk sac significance• Nutrition to embryo in the 2nd And 3rd weeks• Blood vessels development• Participate in forming the respiratory and GI tracts

• Origin of the germ cells

Abudayyeh
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By extra-embryonic mesoderm