pkp2__ understanding aid to ard and food security: vietnam

7/30/2019 PKP2__ Understanding aid to ARD and food security: Vietnam

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Fjeabj Iekeq ^jbyheqmheq Qpqbj I`x`je~m`ky

VEQGDKF ^B @Q

XD@YKBM


2/80

Yl` Fjeabj Iekeq ^jbyheqm heq Qpqbj I`x`je~m`ky cemmdssdekì ylq`` cem~q`l`ksdx` sypid`s ye cb~ypq` ^jby-

heqm m`ma`qs gkevjìf` ek g`t dssp`s bhh`cydkf yl` i`jdx`qt bki dm~bcy eh bdi dk BQI?

^G^ 2 êjdct cel`q`kc` heq bfqdcpjypq` bki qpqbj i`x`je~m`ky

^G^ 1 Bdi ye bfqdcpjypq`* qpqbj i`x`je~m`ky bki heei s`cpqdyt Pk~bcgdkf bdi hjevs heq `klbkcì

`hh`cydx`k`ss

^G^ 3 Yl` syqby`fdc qej` eh yl` ~qdxby` s`cyeq dk bfqdcpjypq` bki qpqbj i`x`je~m`ky

Yl` ^G^s bq` yl` ~qeipcys eh `|y`ksdx` spqx`ts eh ^jbyheqm m`ma`q l`bi ehhdc` bki hd`ji sybhh* xdsdys ye cepkyqtehhdc`s* veqgsle~s iìdcbyì ye slbqdkf hdkidkfs bki q`hdkdkf m`ssbf`s* bki spcc`ssdx` qepkis eh cemm`kys ek

iqbhys+

Ek yl` absds eh `bcl ^G^* s`~bqby` ~ejdct aqd`hs vdjj a` ~pajdslì+

Heq meq` dkheqmbydek ek yl` ^G^s xdsdy iekeq~jbyheqm+eqf

Ylds veqgdkf ~b~`q ds ekjt bxbdjbaj` `j`cyqekdcbjjt bki cbk a` ievkjebiì hqem yl` vàsdy` eh yl` Fjeabj Iekeq ^jbyheqm heq Qpqbj I`x`je~m ky by?

vvv+iekeq~jbyheqm+eqf%q`sepqc`s%~pajdcbydeks

S`cq`ybqdby eh yl` Fjeabj Iekeq jbyheqm heq Qpqbj I`x`je~m`ky*

Ibljmbkksyqbss` 9* 03223 Aekk* F`qmbkt

@mbdj? s`cq`ybqdbyNiekeq~jbyheqm+eqf

Yl` xd`vs |~q`ss i l`q`dk bq` yles` eh yl` bpyleqs bki ie key k`c`ssbqdjt q`~q s`ky yles` eh dkidxdipbj jbyheqm m`ma`qs+

Bjj qdflys q`s`qxì+ Q`~qeipcydek bki idss`mdkbydek eh mby`qdbj dk ylds dkheqmbydek ~qeipcy heq ipcbydekbj eq eyl`q kek-cemm`qcdbj ~pq~es`s ds

bpyleqdsì* vdylepy bkt ~qdeq vqdyy`k ~`qmdssdek hqem yl` ce~tqdfly leji`qs* ~qexdiì yl` sepqc` ds hpjjt bcgkevjìf i+ Q`~qeipcydek eh mby`qdbj dkylds dkheqmbydek ~qeipcy heq q`sbj` eq eyl`q cemm`qcdbj ~pq~es`s ds ~qeldadyì vdylepy vqdyy`k ~`qmdssdek eh yl` ce~tqdfly leji`qs+ B~~jdcbydeks heq

spcl ~`qmdssdek slepji a` biiq`ss i ye? Ceeqidkbyeq* S`cq`ybqdby eh yl` Fjeabj Iekeq jbyheqm heq Qpqbj I`x`je~m`ky* Ibljmbkksyqbss` 9* 03223

Aekk* F`qmbkt* eq xdb `mbdj ye? s`cq`ybqdbyNiekeq~jbyheqm+eqf+

Fjeabj Iekeq jbyheqm heq Qpqbj I`x`je~m`ky 1>22

Baepy yl`

^jbyheqm Gkevjìf` ^d`c` s`qd`s


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^jbyheqm Gkevj`if` ^d`c` 1?

Bdi ye bfqdcpj ypq `* qp qbj i`x`je~m `ky bki heei s`cpqdyt? Xd`ykbm v eqg dkf ~b~`q 2

Ceky`kys

Ceky`kys +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2

Jds y eh hdfp q `s* ae|`s bki yba j`s +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1

Bcgkevj`if`m`kys +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9

Jdsy eh bcq ektm s ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 0

@|`cpydx` spmmbqt +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -1>>- 1>>- 1>>

Hdfpq ` 8? Mbdk B^^M cby`f eq d`s dk y `q m s eh bdi h jev s ,244>-1>>

Hdfpq ` 6? Mbdk QS@I cby`f eq d`s dk y`q m s eh bdi hj evs ,244>- 1>>


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Ybaj` 8? Lbked Ceq` Syby`m `ky ek Bdi `hh`cydx`k`ss? S~`cdhdc `kfbf`m`k ys ye dm ~q ex` EIB mbkbf`m `ky bki

dkheqmbydek slbqdkf ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 92

Ybaj` 6? Slbq` eh bfqdcpjypq` dk yl` syby` apif`y ,2446-1>>1$ ,cpqq`ky XKI$ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 06

Ybaj`


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Bcgkevjìf`m`kys

Yl` y`bm v dsl`s ye ylbkg yl` fex`qkm `ky eh Xd`ykbm heq yl` e~~eqypkdyt ye pki`qybg` y lds sypit bki `x`qt

iekeq* fex`qkm `ky bki cdxdj secd`yt q`~q`s`kybydx` heq yl` y dm` y l`t iìdcbyì ye ylds sypit* bs v`jj bs yl `

xbjpbaj` dkheqm bydek bki dksdflys yl `t ~qexdiì ipqdkf dky`qxd`vs bki q`jbyì `m bdj ceqq `s~eki`kc`+

Yl` bpyleq vepji j dg ` ye ~bqydcpj bqjt `|y`ky l`q fqbydypi` ye Yqbk K fec Id`~* @cekemdsy bki F`k`qbj

Mbkbf`q by M`gekf @cekemdcs heq l`q veq g bki l`q iìdcbydek ye yl` hd`jiveqg bki ~q`~bqbydek eh ylds

q`~eqy+


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Bcqektms bki baaq`xdbydeks

BIA Bsdbk I`x`je~m `ky Abkg

BHI Bf`kc` Hq bkbds` i` Ix`je~~`m `ky ,Hqbkc`$

BHH bfqdcpjy pq`* heq`syq t bki hdsl`qd`s

BMH Bjdfkì Mekdyeqdkf Heqm by

BMY Bjdfkì Mekdy eqdk f Yeej

B^^M bfqdcpjy pqbj ~qeipcydek* ~qec`ssdkf bki m bqg`ydkf

BQI(HS bfqdcpjy pq`* qpq bj i`x`je~m`ky bki heei s`cpqdyt

CDIB Cbkbidbk Dky`q kbydekbj I`x`je~m `ky Bf`kct

C^QFS Cem~q `l`ksdx` êx`qyt Qìpcydek bki Fq evyl Syq by`ft

CQS Cqìdyeq Q`~eqydk f Stsy`m ,E@CI$

IBC Iekeq Bssdsybkc` Cemm dyy `` ,E@CI$

IBI I`x`je~m `ky Bssdsybkc` Ibybabs`

IBKDIB Ibkdsl Dky`q kbydekbj I`x`je~m `ky Bf`kct

IBQI I`~bqy m `ky eh Bfqdcpjypq ` bki Qpqbj I`x`je~m`ky ,~qexdkcdbj j`x`j$ ,Xd`ykbm$

IHDI I`~bqy m `ky heq Dky`qkbydekbj I`x`je~m`ky ,Pkdyì Gdkfiem$

@QV `m`q f`kct q`jd`h bki v`jhbq `

HID heq`dfk idq`cy dkx`sym `ky

HEMDS Heq`sy S`cyeq Mekdyeqdkf bki Dkheqm bydek Stsy`m

HSS^ Heq`sy S`cyeq Sp~~eqy ^bqyk`q sld~

FI^ fqess iem`sydc ~qeipcy

FD_ F`s`jjsclbhy hq Dky`qkbydekbj` _psbmm `kbqa`dy ,F`qm bkt$

FeX Fex`qkm `ky eh Xd`ykbm

FSE F`k`q bj Sybydsy dcs Ehhdc` ,Xd`ykbm $

LCS Lbked Ceq` Syby`m `ky ,ek bdi `hh`cydx`k`ss$

DCI Dky`qkbydekbj Cee~`qbydek I`~bqy m `ky ,MBQI* Xd`ykbm$

DIB Dky`qkbydekbj I`x`je~m`ky Bssecdbydek

DKFE dky`qk bydekbj kek-fex`qkm `kybj eqfbkdsbydek

DSF Dky`q kbydekbj Sp~~eqy Fq ep~ ,MBQI* Xd`ykbm $

OADC Ob~bk Abkg heq Dky`qkbydekbj Cee~`qbydek

GhV Gqìdybksybjy hq Vdì`qbphabp ,F`qm bkt$


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M( @ m ekdyeqdkf bki `xbjpbydek

MBQI Mdkdsyq t eh Bfqdcpjyp q` bki Qpqbj I`x`je~m`ky ,Xd`ykbm$

M@SMBQI Mekdyeqdkf bki @xbjpbydek dk Sp~~eqy eh Mbkbf`m`ky dk yl` Bfqdcpjypq ` bki Qpqbj

I`x`je~m`ky S`cyeq

MDC mdiij`-dkcem` cepkyqt

MeH Mdkdsyq t eh Hdkbkc` ,Xd`ykbm$

MeHB Mdkdsyq t eh Heq`dfk Bhhbdqs ,Xd`ykbm$

MeDY Mdkdsyq t eh Dkipsyqt bki Yqbi` ,Xd`ykbm$

MeO Mdkdsyq t eh Opsydc` ,Xd`ykbm$

MeKQ@ Mdkdsyq t eh Kbypq bj Q`sepqc`s bki @kxdqekm `ky ,Xd`ykbm$

M^D Mdkdsyq t eh ^jbkkdkf bki Dkx`sym `ky ,Xd`ykbm$

MSC^ MBQI-SDIB Cee~`qbydek ^qefqbm m `

KIM^ Kbypq bj Idsbsy`q Mdydfbydek ^bqyk`q sld~

KFE kek-fex`qkm `kybj eqfbkdsbydek

KMY Kbydekbj Mekdyeqdkf Yeej

EIB ehhdcdbj i`x`je~m `ky bssdsybkc`

EID Ex`qs`bs I`x`je~m`k y Dksydy py` ,Pkdyì Gdkfiem $

E@CI Eq fbkdsbydek heq @cekemdc Ce-e~`q bydek bki I`x`je~m `ky

EEF Ehhdc` eh Fex q km `ky

^BCCEM ,Xd`ykbm$

^@Q ^pajdc @|~`kidypq ` Q`xd`v

^MP ^qeo`cy Mekdyeqdkf Pkdy

^^C ,Xd`ykbm$

^QSC êx`q yt Qìpcydek bki Sp~~eqy Cqìdys ,Veq ji Abkg$

QS@I qpq bj secde-`cekemdc i`x`je~m`ky

QVSS^ Qpqbj Vby`q Sp~~jt bki Sbkdybydek ^bqy k`q sld~

SIC Svdss Bf`kct heq I`x`je~m`k y bki Cee~`qby dek

S@I^ Secde-@cekemdc I`x`je~m `ky ^jbk

SDIB Svìdsl Dky`q kbydekbj I`x`je~m `ky Bf`kct

SM@ sm bjj bki m ìdpm- sdzì `ky`q~q ds`s

YHH Yqpsy Hpki heq Heq`sys

PK Pkdyì Kbydeks

PKI^ Pkdyì Kbydeks I`x`je~m`ky ^qefqbm m `

PSBDI Pkdyì Syby`s Bf`kct heq Dky`q kbydekbj I`x`je~m `ky


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XPHE Xd`ykbm Pkdek eh Hq d`kisld~ Eq fbkdsbydeks

VYE Veqj i Yqbi` Eq fbkdzbydek


10/80


Bdi ye bfqdcpj ypq `* qp qbj i`x`je~m `ky bki heei s`cpqdyt? Xd`ykbm v eqg dkf ~b~`q s

bki ex`q 8>% eh yl `

jbaepq heq c` vbs `m ~jetì dk yl` s`cyeq+

Yl` Mdkdsyqt eh Bfqdcpj ypq ` bki Qpqbj I`x`je~m`ky ,MBQI$ ds yl` fex`qk m `ky bf`kct ex`qs``dkf

bfqdcpjyp q`* q pq bj i`x`je~m `ky bki heei s`cpqdyt ,BQI(HS$ dk Xd`ykbm+ Dy v bs `sybajdslì dk 2440 hejjevdkf

yl` m `qf`q eh yl ` Mdkdsyq t eh Bfqdcpjyp q` bki Heei Dkipsyqt* yl` Mdkdsyq t eh Heq`syq t bki yl` Mdkdsyq t eh

Dqq dfbydek+ Yl` i`hdkdydek eh BQI(HS psì at fex`qkm `ky ds ~q dmbq djt j dkgì vdyl y l` cpqq `ky sce~` eh MBQI+Lev`x`q* hq em b aqebi`q ~`qs~`cydx`* yl` i`hdkdydek eh BQI( HS ds bjse j dkgì vdy l yl ` `xejpydek eh yl`

BQI(HS

-

sphhdcd`ky bki ~qexdi` `|~eqys$ yevbqis yl ` k`ì ye `kspq` aqebi`q i`x`je~m `ky dk q pqbj bq`bs ye aqdif` yl`

fb~ a`yv``k pq abk bki qpq bj bq`bs* yl` sce~` eh ~pajdc bcydek dk yl` BQI(HS iembdk a`cbm` v di`q+ Bs b

q`spjy * aqebi`q q pqbj i`x`je~m`ky dssp`s* spcl bs dm ~qexì bcc`ss ye absdc secdbj s`q xdc`s ,l`bjyl*

ìpcbydek$* i`x`je~m`ky eh qp qbj dkhqbsyq pcypq `s ,qebis* `j`cyqdcdyt `yc+$* ~qey`cydek eh kbypqbj q`sepq c`s bki

jdx`jdleeis* sp~~eqy heq i`x`je~m`ky eh sm bjj bki m ìdpm- sdzì `ky`q~q ds`s ,`+f+ bcc`ss ye qpq bj hdkbkcdbj

s`qxdc`s$* bq` kev ~bqy eh syq by`ft x`k dh sem` eh yl`s` eao`cydx`s hbjj pki`q yl`

q`s~eksdadj d yt eh eyl`q j dk` m dkdsyqd`s* spcl bs Mdkdsyqd`s eh L`bjyl bki @ipcbydek* Mdkdsyq t eh Kbypqbj

Q`sepqc`s bki @kxdqekm `ky ,MeKQ@$ bki yl` Mdk dsyq t eh Dkipsyq t bki Yqbi`+ T y* ylds clbkf` eh y l` sce~` eh

BQI( HS ehhdcdbj i`x`je~m`ky bssdsybkc`

WEIB] mbkbf`m`ky stsy`m s$ vldcl syd j j ps` yl` dksydypydekbj s`cyeq cjbssdhdcbydek vl`qàt BQI(HS

s~`kidkf ds ekjt q`hj`cyì y lq epfl `|~`kidypq `s m bkbfì at MBQI+

Bkeyl`q dm ~eqybky clbkf` dk yl` ~ejdct ceky`|y q `jby`s ye yl` i`c`kyqbjdsbydek ~q ec`ss vldcl lbs bhh`cyì

sdfkdhdcbkyjt yl` dksydypy dekbj syqpcy pq` eh bfqdcpjy pqbj fex`qkbkc`+ I`c`kyqbj dsbydek ye ~qexdkc`s bki syby`

m bkbfì pkdys bcc`j`qbyì hq em 1>>0 bki MBQI ds ke jekf`q q`s~eksdaj` heq m bkt syby` ceq~eqbydeks* yl`

`|y`ksdek s`qxdc` bki q`s`bqcl c`kyq `s+ ^qexdkcdbj I`~bqy m `kys eh BQI(HS a`cbm` bccepkybaj` ye yl`

~qexdkcdbj bimdkdsy qbydek q byl`q y lbk MBQI vldj` spakbydekbj bpyleqdyd`s cpqq `kyjt q`~eqyìjt bccepky heq% eh BQI( HS `|~`kidypq`+ Bs b q`spjy* i`x`je~m`ky bssdsybkc` sp~~eqydkf jecbj fex`qk m `ky ~q efqbm m `s

ds bjse pkjdg`j t ye a` q`hj`cyì dk cbjcpj bydeks eh BQI( HS bdi+

Bs heq iekeq i`hdkdydeks eh BQI(HS bdi* yl` sce~` i`~`kis ek `bcl iekeq cepkyq t syq by`ft bki ~qdeqdyd`s+

Clbkf`s dk fex`qkm `ky syq by`fd`s bki dk k`v fj eabj dssp`s ,spcl bs cjdm by` clbkf` bki fjeabj ~bki`mdcs*

`+f+ bxdbk hjp$ lbx` a``k cekyqdapy dkf ye y l` vdi`kdkf eh sce~` eh ylds ~ejdct iembdk+ K`v q pqbj i`x`je~m`ky

syq by`fd`s ybgdkf xbjp`-clbdk b~~qebcl`s lbx` bjse cekyqdapyì ye `kjbq fdkf yl` sce~` eh qpq bj i`x`je~m`ky *

dky`fqbydkf s`qxdc` i`jdx`qt ,secdbj s`qxdc`s spcl bs l`bjyl bki ìpcbydek* hdkbkcdbj s`qxdc`s `yc+$*

~bqydcd~bydek eh yl` ~q dxby` s`cyeq ,jecbj bki dky`q kbydekbj ~qdxby` cem~bkd`s* leps`lejis `yc+$ dk q pq bj

bcydxdyd`s a`teki bfqdcpjy pq bj bcydxdyd`s bs spcl+


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Yl`q` bq` yv e mbdk cby`feqd`s eh bdi q`~eq ydkf stsy`ms? yl` hdqsy cem~q ds`s yl` fex`qkm `ky stsy`m s* vldcl

dkcjpi` aeyl kby dekbj bki s`cyeq - *

a``k mbi` ye bjdfk

fex`qkm `ky bki iekeq q `~eqydkf stsy`ms by ~qeo`cy eq ~q efqbm m ` j`x`j bki by yl` kbydekbj j`x`j+

MBQI lbs sp~~eqyì dkdydbydx`s ye syq `kfyl`k s`cyeq bki bdi m bkbf`m `ky cb~bcdyd`s bki yeejs+ Ylds dkcjpi`s

yl` i`x`je~m `ky eh `klbkcì stsy`m - t`bq

Secde-@cekem dc I`x`je~m `ky ^jbk+ Kpm `qeps `hheqy s lbx` a``k m bi` ye syq`kfyl`k m ekdyeqdkf bki

`xbjpbydek ,M( @$ stsy`ms by y l` ~qeo`cy bki spas`cyeq j`x`js* dkcjpidkf `hheqy s eh yl` Heq `sy S`cyeq Sp~~eqy

^bqyk`q sld~ bki Qpq bj Vby`q Sp~~jt bki Sbkdybydek ^bqy k`qsld~ ye `sybajdsl spas`cyeq ~`q heqm bkc`

m ekdyeqdkf stsy`ms+ Lev`x`q* yl `s` `hheqy s lbx` a``k ~pq spì dk yl` bas`kc` eh b cem~q `l`ksdx` M( @

hqbm`veqg heq yl` mdkdsyqt* q`spjy dkf dk hq bfm`kybydek bki cekhpsdek bs idhh`q`ky i`~bqym `kys mbdkybdk

yl`dq evk ibybabs`s bki stsy`ms+

sp~~eqy+ Yl` Svdss- hpkiì M( @ dk Sp~~eqy eh Mbkbf`m`ky dk yl` Bfqdcpjy pq` bki Qpqbj I`x`je~m`ky S`cyeq

-

`cekem dc i`x`je~m`ky ~jbk+ B ibybabs` eh dkx`sym`ky ~qeo`cys vbs i`xdsì heq y lds ~pq ~es`+ ^q eo`cy

m bkbf`qs bq ` bsgì ye q`~eqy m ekyljt ye MBQI ye p~iby` yl` ibybabs` vdyl i`ybdjì dkheqm bydek ek

idsapqs`m `kys+ Yl` ibybabs` kev dkcjpi`s m eq` yl bk 6>> ~qeo`cys* lbjh eh vl dcl bq` EIB-h pkiì+

Dk ~bqbjj`j* yl ` Dky`qkbydekbj Cee~`qbydek I`~bqym `ky* vldcl ds b f`k`qbj m bkbf`m `ky bf`kct eh yl` MBQI

dk clbqf` eh m bkbfdkf EIB bki heq`dfk idq `cy dkx`sym`ky ,HID$ dk yl` BQI(HS s`cyeq* g ``~s yqbcg eh EIB

,bki HID$ idsapqs`m `kys ek b ~qeo`cy absds+

By yl` kbydekbj j `x`j* yl` ~djeydkf eh y l` Mdkdsyq t eh ^jbkkdkf bki Dkx`sym `ky ,M^D$ lbs i`xdsì* vdyl iekeq

sp~~eqy* yl` Bjdfkì Mekdyeqdkf Yeej ,BMY$ vdyl y l` bdm eh m ekdyeqdkf ~q efq`ss ek EIB idsapqs`m `kys+ Yl`

BMY ds i`sdfkì ye mekdyeq ~qefq`ss eh idsapq s`m`ky ,xbqdbkc` a`yv``k bcypbj bki ~jbkkì qby`s eh

idsapqs`m `ky$* ~qec`ss ,xbqdbkc` a`yv``k bcypbj bki ~jbkkì ydm` ybg`k y e cem~j`y` q `rpdqì ~qec`ss`s

heq adiidkf* cekyqbcy dm ~j`m `kybydek* q`s`yyj `m`ky bki `kxdqekm`ky bj mbkbf`m`ky$ bki ~`qheqm bkc`

,xbqdbkc` a`yv``k bcypbj bki ~jbkkì dm ~j`m `kybydek eh bcydxdyd`s bki bcld`x`m `ky eh epy~pys$+ Vdyldk

MBQI* BMY qpks dk ~bqbjj`j vdyl yl` M( @ stsy`m i`x`je~ì at yl` M@SMBQI ~qeo`cy* bs BMY q`rpdq`s

s~`cdhdc i`ybdjs q`jbyì ye idsapqs`m `kys+

Sdkc` 1>2>* M^D bjse cem~dj `s ibyb ek sp~~eqy hq em dky`qk bydekbj kek- fex`qkm `kybj eq fbkdsbydeks ,KFEs$

ylepfl b sybkibqidsì q`~eqydkf heqm by+ Yl` eao`cydx` ds yl` sbm` bs heq adjby`q bj bki mpj yd jby`q bj bdi

m ekdyeqdkf? yq bcgdkf idsapqs`m`ky s bki di`kydhtdkf bkt ~ey`kydbj dm ~j`m `kybydek dssp`+ Yl` s`cyeq

cjbssdhdcbydek psì ds idhh`q`ky hq em y l` ek` psì at eyl`q fex`qkm `ky bf`kcd`s+ Bfqdcpj ypq `* heq`syqt* vby`q

bki dqq dfbydek bcydxdyd`s ,cex`qì at MBQI$ bq` pki`q b aq ebi s`cyeq kbmì K bypq bj Q`sepqc`s* v ldcl bjse

dkcjpi`s `kxdqekm `ky bki vdj ijdh` ~qey`cydek ,cex`qì at yl` MeKQ@$+ Dk biidydek* dky`fqbyì q pqbj

i`x`je~m`ky * ~qe-~eeq m bqg `y i`x`je~m`ky bki cemm pkdyt i`x`je~m `ky bcydxdyd`s bq` q`fdsy`qì pki`q bk

Dkcem` F`k`qbydek s`cyeq * vldcl bjse dkcj pi`s m dcqehdkbkc` bcydxdyd`s+ Hdkbjj t* cj dmby` clbkf` bki idsbsy`q

~q`~bqìk`ss bq` sybki-bj ek` cby`feqd`s ,pki`q * bjekf vdyl ceksyqpcy dek bki ~ltsdcbj

dkhqbsyqpcypq`s+

Hdkbjj t* yl`q ` psì ye a` b I`x`je~m `ky Bssdsy bkc` Ibybabs` ,IBI$ apy dy ds ke jekf`q dk ps`+ IBI vbs

jbpkclì at Stk`qft Dky`q kbydekbj Stsy`m s ylq epfl yl` M^D bki yl` Pkdy ì Kbydeks I`x`je~m `ky


12/80


Bdi ye bfqdcpj ypq `* qp qbj i`x`je~m `ky bki heei s`cpqdyt? Xd`ykbm v eqg dkf ~b~`q 2>

^qefqbm m `+ IBI vbs ~bqy eh yl` ex`qbjj EIB m bkbf`m `ky `hheqy y e q`bjds` yl` cemm dym `kys s`y heqyl dk

yl` ^bqds I`cjbqbydek bki y l` Lbked Ceq` Syby`m`ky ek Bdi @hh`cydx`k`ss* Lbqm ekdsbydek bki Bjdfkm`ky dk

1>>0 at sp~~eqy dkf EIB q`~eq ydkf* m ekdyeqdkf bki `xbjpbydek* bki lbqm ekdsbydek* bki at `klbkcdkf

fex qkm `ky bki i`x`je~m`ky-~bqyk`q bccepkybad j d yt bki yqbks~bq`kct+ Lev`x`q* IBI i`sdfk vbs key

y dm`-cekspmdkf ye m bdkybdk+

Bmekf iekeqs* yl`q` ds ke heqm bj m `clbkdsm dk ~jbc` ye slbq` dkheqm bydek ek bdi hjevs ye BQI(HS+ Dksy`bi*

`bcl iekeq bf`kct q`~eqy s ye dys l`birpbqy `qs psdkf dky`q kbj stsy`ms+ Ylds ds iek` ek b ~qeo`cy~q efqbm m `

absds qbyl`q ylbk by b ceksejdibyì s`cyeq j`x`j+ Ek` dm ~eqybky dkdydbydx` lbs a``k jbpkclì* bs ~bqy eh yl`

dm~j `m`kybydek eh yl` BMY* ye lbqm ekds` yl` q`~eqydkf heq m by eh hdx` abkgs ,Bf`kc` Hqbkbds` i`

Ix`je~~`m`ky* yl ` Bsdbk I`x`je~m `ky Abkg WBIA]* yl` Ob~bk Abkg heq Dky`qkbydekbj Cee~`qbydek WOADC]*

Gqìdybksybjy hq Vdì`qbphabp bki yl` Veqj i Abkg$+ Hpqyl`q m eq`* bk Dky`qkbydekbj Sp~~eqy Fqep~ ,DSF$ vbs

`sybajdslì dk 2446 vdyldk MBQI ye s`qx` bs b m `clbkdsm y e `sybajdsl bki `klbkc` yl` `hh`cydx`k`ss bki

cekipcyì dk 1>2> q`x`bjì lev`x`q y lby DSF ~qexì ye a` m eq` q `j`xbky heq m dkdsyq t-j`x`j ~ejdct idbjefp`

bki cepji key ~q exdi` bi`rpby` sp~~eqy ye dm ~qex` e~`qbydekbj idbjefp` bki ceeqidkbydek by yl` s`cyeq j`x`j+

Ke y`clkdcbj veq gdkf fq ep~ lbs a``k s`y p~ ye idscpss BQI( HS+ Dksy`bi* s`x`qbj spas`cyeqbj ~bq yk`q sld~s

lbx` a``k s`y p~* jì at iekeq bf`kcd`s dk cee~`qbydek v dyl MBQI* ek yl`m `s ylby byyq bcy yl` j bqf`sy bdi

hjevs+ Yl`s` ~bqyk`q sld~s lbx` s`y p~ spas`cyeq m ekdyeqdkf bki `xbjpbydek stsy`ms* spcl bs yl` Heq`syq t

S`cyeq M ekdyeqdkf Dkheqm bydek Stsy`m * vldcl yl` M@SMBQI ~qeo`cy ds cpqq `kyjt yq tdkf ye lbqm ekds`+

Bdi cem m dyyì ye BQI(HS ~qefqbm m `s dk Xd`ykbm bx`qbfì PS)12> mdjj dek ~`q t`bq ,dk ceksybky ~q dc`s$

ex`q yl ` ~`qdei 244> 1>>


13/80



Bs Xd`ykbm q`bcl`s mdiij`- dkcem` cepkyq t ,MDC$ sybyps yl` y`ki`kct vdj j a` heq adjby`qbj iekeq s ye dkcq`bs`

yl`dq fqbky hdkbkcdkf eh KFEs vldj` q `~jbcdkf fqbky hdkbkcdkf ye fex`qkm `kys v dyl jebks eh xbqtdkf i`fq``s

eh cekc`ssdekbjdyt+ Dk yl` m`bkydm `* yl` Fex`qkm `ky eh Xd`ykbm l bs bqydcpjbyì cemm dym `kys bki ybqf`ys

heq bdi `hh`cydx`k`ss ylqepfl yl` Lbked Ceq` Syby`m`ky* vldcl bib~ys yl` ^bqds I`cjbq bydek cemm dym `kys ye

jecbj cekidydeks+ Yl` Syby`m `ky m bg`s dy cj`bq y lby ~qefqbm m bydc sp~~eqy bki meq ` idx`qsdhdì hdkbkcdkf

,HID bki ~pajdc ~qdxby` ~bqy k`qsld~s$ bq` yl` i`sdqì m eibjdyd`s heq yl` hpypq `+ Lev`x`q* ~qeo`cys syd j j

bccepky heq yl` apjg eh bdi+ @|bm~j`s eh k`v m eibjdyd`s dkyqeipcì dkcjpi` f`k`qbj apif`y sp~~eqy * vdyl yl`

t`bqj t êx`qy t Qìpcydek Sp~~eqy Cqìdys bim dkdsy`qì at yl` Veqji Abkg* yl` Yq psy Hpki heq Heq`sys bki

yl` ~djey `|~`qd`kc` vdyl ~q exdkcdbj apif`y sp~~eqy+

Xd`ykbm ~qexdi`s bk dky`q `sydkf ~`qs~`cydx` ek yl ` `xejpydek eh y l` BQI(HS iembdk dk y l` ceky`|y eh dys

yq bksdydek yevbqis a`cem dkf bk MDC+ Bjylepfl bfqdcpjy pq` ds b g`t iqdx`q heq `cekem dc i`x`je~m`ky dk q pqbj

bq`bs* yl` k`ì ye `kspq` b abjbkcì i`x`je~m`ky heq yl` cepkyq t lbs jì ye bk dkcq`bsdkf hecps ek kek-bfqdcpjyp qbj bcydxdyd`s bki apsdk`ss i`x`je~m`ky q`jbyì y e yl` bfqdcpjy pqbj `cekem t+ Ylds yt~` eh sp~~eqy

m bt key a` q`ceqiì bs BQI(HS sp~~eqy apy q byl`q bs ~qdxby`-s`cyeq i`x`je~m `ky* yqbi` bki dkhq bsyqpcyp q`+

Bjse* sem` iekeq- hpkiì ~qeo`cys q `jbyì ye BQI( HS bq` idq `cyjt hpkiì bki dm~j`m `kyì by ~qexdkcdbj

j`x`j+ Yl`s` bq` `x`kypbjj t q`~eqyì ye M^D apy k ey bjvbts ye MBQI* vldcl ylps cbkkey dkcjpi` yl `m dk dys

ylby psì ye a` dk ~jbc` bki bcpy` ~ex`qyt ~`qsdsys dk q pq bj bq`bs* ~bqydcpj bqjt bmekf `ylkdc m dkeqdyt fq ep~s+

Ylds jì qp qbj i`x`je~m`ky ~q efqbm m `s yevbqis ybq f`ydkf s~`cdhdc fqep~s ye dkcjpi` ~qexdsdek eh absdc

secdbj s`q xdc`s spcl bs l`bjyl bki ìpcbydek dk biidydek ye veqg dkf ek dm ~qexdkf yl`dq j dx`jdleeis+ Sdm djbqj t*

yl`s` bcydxdyd`s mbt a` meq ` ehy`k q `~eqyì pki`q y l` l`bjyl bki ìpcbydek s`cyeq y lbk pki`q BQI(HS+ Dk

spm * vl`q`bs sem` q ìpcydek dk sp~~eqy y e BQI( HS mbt a` ybgdkf ~jbc`* b fq`by i`bj eh q`jba`jdkf ehi`x`je~m`ky bssdsybkc` ,bki ~pajdc `|~`kidypq`$ ds bjse lb~~`kdkf ,`+f+ apsdk`ss i`x`je~m`ky bki jecbj

i`x`je~m`ky $ bki ylds m bt key a` bi`rpby`jt cb~ypqì at `|dsydkf ibyb stsy`ms+

Ek` `|~jbkbydek heq y l` b~~bq`ky j bcg eh stkclqekdsbydek a`yv``k bdi m`bspq`m `ky bki ~ejdct yq`kis ds ylby

bdi ds m `bspqì mbdkjt heq apif`y ~jbkkdkf bki hdkbkcdbj m bkbf`m `ky ~pq~es`s qbyl`q ylbk ~ejdct bkbjtsds

eq bss`ssm`kys eh q `j`xbkc` bki cel`q`kc` eh bdi ~qefqbm m `s+ T y* bs hecps ek q`spjy s a`cem`s `x`q m eq`

c`kyqbj y e bdi ~qefqbm m `s* yl` clbdk j dkgdkf ~ejdcd`s bki yl`dq eao`cydx`s ye hdkbkcdbj q`sepqc`s bki yl`dq ps`

lbs ye a` meq ` qdfeqepsjt i`hdkì+ Yl` clbjj`kf` heq BQI(HS ds ye j dkg q`spjy s ye ~ejdcd`s bki q`sepqc`s

vldj` m pcl eh vlby lb~~`ks dk yl` bfqdcpjy pq bj iembdk ds bhh`cyì at `|ef`keps hbcyeqs y lby bq` ehy`k key

pki`q yl` cekyqej eh fex`qkm `kys eq yl`dq i`x`je~m`ky ~bqy k`qs+


14/80



Dkyqeipcydek

Yl` s`ceki ^jbyheqm Gkevjìf` ^d`c` ds hecpsì ek bdi ye bfqdcpjy pq `* qpq bj i`x`je~m`ky bki heei s`cpqdyt,BQI(HS$+ At bkbjtsdkf ~bsy bki ~q`s`ky cem ~esdydek bki yq `kis dk BQI( HS ~ejdct yl` syp it jeegs

s~`cdhdcbjjt by yl` rpbjdy t eh bdi m `bspq`m`ky bki dkx`sydfby`s yl` `|y`ky y e vldcl bdi ibyb ~q exdi` bk

bccpqby` dkidcbydek eh ~ejdct ~qdeq dyd`s bki b ps`hpj absds heq ~jbkkdkf* bccepkybadj d yt

bki bkbjtsds+ Ylds sypit byy`m~y s m eq` s~`cdhdcbjjt ye bksv`q yl` hejj evdkf rp`sydeks?

Ie bxbdjbaj` bdi ibyb y`jj ps `kepfl baepy y l` ~ejdct ~qdeqdyd`s eh iekeqs bki q `cd~d`kys dk BQI(HS5 Ieyl`t y`jj ps `kepfl baepy clbkfdkf s~`kidkf ~byy`qks vdyldk y l` s`cyeq5

Ds yl`q` `xdi`kc` eh feei ~qbcydc` dk m `bspqdkf* yq bcgdkf bki bccepkydkf heq bdi hjevs ye BQI( HS* dkvbts ylby sy q`kfyl `k cel`q`kc` a`yv``k ~ejdct* ~jbkkdkf bki q `sepqc` bjjecbydek* bki* bs b

ceks`rp`kc`* `klbkc` i`x`je~m`ky `hh`cydx`k`ss5

Yl` cepkyq t sypid`s bq` ~bq y eh y lds jbq f`q sypit bki yl`dq m bdk ~pq~es` ds ye bss`ss yl` rpbjdyt eh bdi ibyb

bki di`kydht a`sy ~q bcydc`s dk m `bspqdkf bki bccepkydkf heq bdi ye BQI(HS+ Yl` rpbjdyt eh bdi ibyb ds

bss`ssì bfbdksy y l` m bdk ~pq~es`s eh bdi m`bspq`m `ky* vldcl dkcjpi`? ,d$ yqbks~bq`kct bki bccepkybadj d yt

,xds-- xds dky`qk bydekbj* iekeq- cepkyq t eq q `cd~d`ky- cepkyq t ceksydyp`kcd`s$* ,d d$ dky`qkbj m bkbf`m `ky by yl`

iekeq-bf`kct j`x`j* ,ddd$ cepkyqt ~jbkkdkf bki hdkbkcdbj mbkbf`m`ky* bki ,xd$ bkbjtydcbj ~pq~es`s ,dkcjpidkf

bss`ssdkf `hhdcd`kct bki `hh`cy dx`k`ss eh bdi$+ Yl` sypid `s lbx` a``k pki`q ybg`k dk ylq`` cepkyq d`s Mbj bvd*

Kdcbqbfpb bki Xd`ykbm s`j`cyì heq y l` sdfkdhdcbkc` eh bdi bjjecbyì ye BQI(HS bki heq yl` xbqd`yt eh

bccepkys y l`t bq` `|~`cyì ye ~qexdi` ek yl` yl`m ` dk lbki+

Ylds q`~eqy ~q`s`kys y l` m bdk hdkidkfs eh yl` cbs` sypit ek Xd`ykbm absì ek dky`q xd`vs 2 cekipcyì dk Lbked

a`yv``k 20 bki 10 Mbqcl 1>22 at F`q bjidk` Abpid`k xdjj`* Q`s`bq cl Bssecdby` by yl` Ex`qs`bs I`x`je~m `ky

Dksydypy`* bki Yqbk Kfec Id`~* @cekemdsy bki F`k`qbj M bkbf`q by M`gekf @cekemdcs * bki b q `xd`v eh

iecpm`kybydek ek BQI(HS* dky`qkbydekbj sp~~eqy ye Xd`ykbm bki ehhdcdbj i`x`je~m `ky bssdsybkc` ,EIB$

m bkbf`m `ky stsy`ms i`x`je~ì by cepkyq t bki s`cyeq j`x`j at yl` fex`qkm `ky bki dys y`clkdcbj bki

hdkbkcdbj ~bqyk`qs+1 Vldj` g`t dkheqm bkys ~qexdiì dkxbjpbaj` rpbjdybydx` dkheqm bydek* dy lbs ~q exì meq `

idhhdcpjy ye fbyl`q `xdi`kc` bki rpbkydyby dx` ibyb ek EIB hjevs ye BQI( HS ex`q y l` ~`qdei sypidì* m bdkjt

ip` ye ydm` ceksyq bdkys bkieq dkbadj d yt eh `|dsydkf dkheqm bydek stsy`m s ye ~qeipc` bffq`fby` ibyb+ Dk

biidydek* yl` dksydypy dekbj m`m eqt ex`q y l` jbsy 1> t`bqs ds jbcgdkf* `s~`cdbjjt vdyldk iekeq dksy dypydeks ip` ye

sybhh ypqkex`q+

Yl` ~b~`q ds eqfbkdsì bs hejjevs?

yl` Dkyq eipcydek s`ys epy yl` q bydekbj` heq yl` sypit bki ~qexdi`s bk dkyqeipcydek ye yl` q `~eqy+ Yl` s`ceki s`cydek ,Bdi m`bspq`m `ky bki q `~eqydkf stsy`ms bki i`hdkdydek eh bdi ye BQI(HS$ i`scqda`s

`|dsydkf stsy`m s bki m`clbkdsm s dk ~jbc` heq cejj `cydkf bki bccepkydkf heq bdi ibyb dk Xd`ykbm bki

q`xd`vs meq ` s~`cdhdcbjjt yl` ~qbcydc`s eh yl` hepq iekeq bf`kcd`s s`j`cyì heq y lds sypit* kbm `jt yl`

IHDI$* F`s`jj sclbhy hq

Dky`qkbydekbj` _psbmm`kbqa`dy ,FD_$* yl` Pkdyì Syby`s Bf`kct heq Dky`qkbydekbj I`x`je~m`ky ,PSBDI$

2 S`` jdsy eh g`t dkheqm bkys dky`q xd`vì dk Bkk`| 9+1 S`` jdsy eh iecpm `kys cekspjyì dk yl` Q`h`q`kc`s+


15/80



bki yl` Veqj i Abkg+ Ylds s`cydek hejjevs ek at ~q`s`kydkf yl` i`hdkdydeks eh bdi ye BQI( HS psì at yl`

Fex`qkm `ky eh Xd`ykbm ,FeX$ bki dys dky`qk bydekbj ~bqyk`q s* hecpsdkf ek yl` hepq iekeqs m `kydekì

baex`+

Yl` yldq i s`cydek ,Ex`qxd`v eh bdi hjevs y e BQI( HS$ ~q `s`kys bk ex`qxd`v eh bdi hjev s ye BQI(HS absìek ibyb hq em yl` Eq fbkdsby dek heq @cekem dc Ce- IBC$

Cqìdyeq Q`~eqyd kf Stsy`m ,CQS$* di`kydh d`s yq `kis bki bkbjts`s vlby yl`t q`x`bj ek* bki yl` `|y`ky y e

vldcl yl`t bq` q `jbyì ye* iekeq ~ejdct ~qdeqdy d`s

Yl` hepqyl s`cydek ,Bss`ssm `ky eh y l` rpbjdyt eh bdi dkheqm bydek$ bss`ss`s yl` rpbjdyt eh bdi dkheqm bydekabsì ek dys bxbdjbadj d yt* cem ~q`l`ksdx`k`ss bki bccpqbct* bki yl` `|y`ky ye v ldcl dy `kbaj`s dm~q exì

m bkbf`m `ky heq q `spjys bki bdi `hh`cydx`k`ss keybajt ylq epfl dkcq`bsì bjdfkm`ky eh bdi hjevs vdyl

sybyì ~qdeqdyd`s bki cepkyq t stsy`ms* dm~q exì iekeq lbq m ekdsbydek bki syq`kfyl`kì mp ypbj

bccepkybadj d yt a`yv``k iekeqs bki yl ` Fex`qkm `ky bki bm ekf iekeqs+

Yl` hdkbj s`cydek ,Cekcjpsdeks$ spm m bqds`s g`t hdkidkfs bki mbdk ~ejdct dm~jdcbydeks i`qdxì hqem yl`BQI(HS+


16/80



Bdi m`bspq`m`ky bki q`~eq ydkf stsy`ms

bki i`hdkdydek eh bdi ye BQI(HS

Yl`q` bq` yv e mbdk cby`feqd`s eh bdi q`~eqy dkf stsy`m s? yl` hdqsy cem ~qds`s yl` fex`qkm `ky stsy`m s* vldcl

dkcjpi` aeyl kby dekbj bki s`cyeq - *

vldcl bq` pki`q~dkkì

fex`qkm `ky bki iekeq q `~eqydkf stsy`ms by ~qeo`cy~q efqbm m ` j`x`j bki by kbydekbj j`x`j7 yl `s` bq`

~q`s`kyì dk ylds s`cydek bjekf vdyl y l`dq g `t bcld`x`m`ky s bs eh yeibt+

Yl` Mdkdsyqt eh Bfqdcpjypq ` bki Qpqbj I`x`je~m`ky ,MBQI$ ds sp~~eqydkf dkdydbydx`s ye syq`kfyl`k s`cyeq -

bki bdi-m bkbf`m `ky cb~bcdyd`s bki yeejs+ Ylds dkcjpi`s yl` i`x`je~m `ky eh `klbkcì stsy`m s heq

m ekdyeq dkf EIB dkhj evs hdx`-t`bq Secde-@cekem dc I`x`je~m `ky ^jbk ,S@I^$+

Kpm `qeps `hheqys lbx` a``k m bi` ye syq `kfyl`k m ekdyeqdkf bki `xbjpbydek ,M(@$ stsy`m s by yl` ~qeo`cy

bki spas`cyeq j`x`js* dkcjpidkf `hheqys eh yl` Heq`sy S`cyeq Sp~~eqy ^bqyk`q sld~ ,HSS^$ bki Qpq bj Vby`q

Sp~~jt bki Sbkdybydek ^bqyk`q sld~ ,QVSS^$ ye `sybajdsl ~`qheq m bkc` mekdyeq dkf stsy`ms dk yl`dq

spas`cyeqs+ Lev`x`q* yl`s` `hheqy s lbx` a``k ~pq spì dk yl` bas`kc` eh b cem~q `l`ksdx` M( @ hqbm `veqg

heq yl` m dkdsyq t* q`spj ydkf dk hqbfm `kybydek bki cekhpsdek bs idhh`q`ky i`~bqym `kys mbdky bdk yl`dq evk

ibybabs`s bki stsy`ms+

Dkdydbj `hheqys ye biiq`ss ylds sdypbydek v`q ` sp~~eqyì at yl` MBQI-Svìdsl Dky`qkbydekbj I`x`je~m `ky

Bf`kct ,SDIB$ Cee~`qby dek ^qefq bm m ` ,MSC^$ dm ~j`m `kyì ipq dkf yl` ~`q dei Opjt 1>>0 ye I`c`m a`q 1>>


17/80



sepq c` ,syby` apif`y* EIB* fex`qkm `ky aekis$* at ~qexdkc` bki at ~q eo`cy syby ps+ Ylds ibybabs` lbs a``k

m bkbf`m `ky* syeqbf`* ~qec`ssdkf* |yqbcydek bki q`~eqydkf eh dkheqm bydek ek dkx`sym `ky ~qeo`cys+ Yl`

ibybabs` dkcjpi`s m eq` y lbk 6>> ~qeo`cys dk y eybj* dkcjpidkf 314 EIB-hpkiì ~q eo`cys+9

Dk ~bqbjj`j * DCI* vldcl ds b f`k`qbj m bkbf`m `ky bf`kct eh yl ` MBQI dk clbqf` eh m bkbfdkf EIB bki heq`dfk

idq`cy dkx`sym `ky ,HID$ dk yl ` BQI(HS s`cyeq * g``~s yq bcg eh EIB ,bki HID$ idsapqs`m`kys ek b ~q eo`cy

absds+ Yl` EIB ibybabs` ek BQI(HS ~q eo`cys 0 ds m bkbfì at yl` DSF* vldcl ds pki`q yl` DCI bki ds dk ylèq t

p~ibyì rpbqy`q jt+

Yl`s` `hheqys bq` cem ~j`m `kyì at yl` ~djeydkf eh yl` Bjdfkì M ekdyeqdkf Yeej ,BMY$ heq EIB mbkbf`m`ky

dk MBQI bs ~bqy eh b kbydekbj dkdydbydx` sp~~eqyì at yl` M dkdsyqt eh ^jbkkdkf bki Dkx`sym `ky ,M^D$ bki

s`x`qbj dky`q kbydekbj bf`kcd`s+ Dk 1>>9* hdqsy sy`~s v`q` ybg`k ye lbq m ekds` yl` mekdyeqdkf heq m by psì at

hdx` i`x`je~m`ky abkgs ,Bf`kc` Hqbkbds` i` Ix`je~~`m`ky WBHI]* yl` Bsdbk I`x`je~m`ky Abkg WBIA]* yl`

Ob~bk Abkg heq Dky`qkbydekbj Cee~`qbydek WOADC]* Gqìdybksybjy hq Vdì`qbphabp WGhV] bki yl ` Veqji Abkg$+

Dk jby` 1>>0 bki `bqj t 1>>8* M^D bki yl` hdx` i`x`je~m `ky ~bqy k`qs v dyl sp~~eqy hqem yl` Xd`ykbm Bpsyqbjdb

Mekdyeqdkf bki @xbjpbydek Syq `kfyl`kdkf ^qeo`cy ^lbs` DD i`x`je~ì bki yq dbjjì yl` Bjdfkì Mekdyeqdkf

Heqm by ,BMH$+ B ceq` y `bm vbs `sybajdslì vdyl q `~q`s`kybydx`s hqem M^D* yl` Mdkdsyq t eh Hdkbkc` ,MeH$*

Mdkdsyq t eh Ceksyqpcydek bki Mdkdsyq t eh Kbypq bj Q`sepq c`s bki @kxdqekm`ky ,MeKQ@$ bs v`jj bs yl ` hdx`

i`x`je~m`ky abkgs ye bfq`` ek yl` heqm bys q`rpdqì ye m ekdyeq EIB idsapqs`m `ky* ~qec`ss`s bki

~`qheqm bkc`+ Yl` ~pq~es` vbs y e dm~q ex` bdi `hh`cydx`k`ss at ~qexdidkf mekdyeq dkf ibyb ylby sp~~eqy ì

m bkbf`m `ky heq i`x`je~m`ky q `spjys+ Yl` ceq` y `bm bjse biiq`ssì yl` yqbksbcydek cesys di`kydhdì

`s~`cdbjjt at MPs ,vldcl psì ye lbx` ye ~q`s`ky ~q efq`ss q`~eq ys dk idhh`q `ky heqm bys ye iekeqs bki

xbqdeps fex`qkm `ky bf`kcd`s$+ Yl` BMH vbs hdkbj dsì dk 1>>8 bki q`sp jy ì dk yl` BMY8 ylby vbs hdqsy psì

heq m ekdyeqdkf ~`qheq m bkc` dk yl` yldqi rpbq y`q eh 1>>8 bki dksydypydekbjdsì by yl` sbm` y dm`+ Yl` BMH ds

i`sdfkì ye m ekdyeq ~q efq`ss eh idsapqs`m `ky ,xbqdbkc` a`yv``k bcypbj bki ~jbkkì qby`s eh idsapqs`m `ky$*

~qec`ss ,xbqdbkc` a`yv``k bcypbj bki ~jbkkì ydm ` ybg`k ye cem~j `y` q `rpdqì ~qec`ss`s heq adiidkf*

cekyqbcy dm ~j`m`ky bydek* q`s`yyj `m`ky bki `kxdqekm `kybj mbkbf`m`ky $ bki ~`qheq m bkc` ,xbqdbkc`

a`yv``k bcypbj bki ~jbkkì dm~j`m `kybydek eh bcydxdyd`s bki bcld`x`m`ky eh epy~pys$ ipqdkf yl` ~bsy m ekyl

eq rpbqy `q+ Bs b q`spjy * ibyb bxbdjbaj` hqem y l` ~eqyhejde mekdyeq dkf stsy`m cem ~djdkf dkheqm bydek ek

~qeo`cys hq em yl` BMY dkcjpi` idsapq s`m`ky qby `* bcld`x`m`ky qby `* adiidkf ~q ec`ss ,i`jbt* `hhdcd`kct$*

cekyqbcy ~`qheq m bkc`* q`s`yyj `m`ky ~q ec`ss ,heq dkhq bsyqpcy pq` ~qeo`cys$ bki jefdcbj hqbm `veqg + Vdyldk

MBQI* yl` BMY stsy`m qp ks dk ~bqbjj `j ye yl ` s`cyeq M( @ stsy`m a`dkf dm~j`m `kyì at yl` M@SMBQI

~qeo`cy+ @x`k dh ~bqy eh y l` dkheqm bydek q`rp`syì hqem ^MPs bki ~qeo`cy evk`qs ds ex`qjb~~dkf* dy s``ms

ylby yl ` dm~j `m`kyby dek eh yl` BMY yeej q`rpdq`s yl ` ~qeipcydek eh s~`cdhdc ibyb q`jbyì ye EIB

idsapqs`m `kys+ Dk biidydek* s`x`qbj dky`qxd`v``s m `kydekì ylby yl` BMY q`~eqy dkf ~qec`ss ds cpma`qsem `

bki key bjj ^MPs hpjjt cem ~jt vdyl dys q`rpdq `m`ky s ,dkcem~j`y` ibyb bkieq dqq `fpjbq q `~eqydkf$+ Ylds dssp`

ds hpqy l`q idscpssì dk yl` hdkbj s`cydek eh yl` q`~eqy +

9 Sepqc` ? Dky`qxd`v vdyl I`~bqy m `ky eh ^jbkkdkf ,MBQI$ dk Mbqcl 1>2>0 lyy~?dci+mbqi+fex+xk`kybadi68I`hbpjy+bs~|8 I`cq`` K 2321>>8KI-C^ ek yl` m bkbf`m`ky bki pydj dsbydek eh EIB+
http://icd.mard.gov.vn/en/tabid/76/Default.aspxhttp://icd.mard.gov.vn/en/tabid/76/Default.aspx


18/80



M^D bjse q`c`dx`s dkheqm bydek ek sp~~eqy h qem dky`qk bydekbj kek-fex`qkm `kybj eq fbkdsbydeks ,DKFEs$+ B

sybkibqidsì q`~eqydkf heq m by lbs a``k i`x`je~ì6 bki ds dm~j`m `kyì sdkc` 1>2> heq DKFEs vldcl q `~eqy ye

ek b adbkkp bj bki bkk pbj absds+ Yl` ^BCCEM v bs

`sybajdslì dk 242> m eq` y lbk PS)1

m djj dek v`q` idsapqsì at DKFEs* dkcjpidkf m eq` ylbk PS)9< m djj dek heq bfq dcpjypq ` bki qpq bj i`x`je~m`ky+

Yl` s`cyeq cjbssdhdcbydek psì at ^BCCEM ds idhh`q`ky hqem yl` ek` psì at eyl`q fex`qkm `ky bf`kcd`s+

Bfqdcpjypq `* heq`syqt* vby`q bki dqq dfbydek bcydxdyd`s ,cex`qì at MBQI$ bq` pki`q b aqebi s`cyeq kbm ì

Kbypq bj Q`sepqc`s* vldcl bjse dkcjpi`s `kxdqekm `ky bki v djijdh` ~q ey`cydek ,cex`qì at MeKQ@$+ Dk biidydek*

dky`fqbyì qpq bj i`x`je~m`ky * ~qe-~eeq m bqg `y i`x`je~m`ky bki cemm pkdyt i`x`je~m`ky y t~`s eh bcydxdyd`s

bq` q `fdsy`qì pki`q bk Dkcem ` F`k`qbydek s`cyeq* v ldcl bjse dkcjpi`s m dcqehdkbkc` bcydxdyd`s+ Hdkbjjt*

cjdm by` clbkf` bki idsbsy`q ~q`~bqìk`ss bq` sybki-

ceksyqpcy dek bki ~ltsdcbj dkhq bsyqpcy pq`s+>4K I-C^ ek yl` mbkbf`m `ky bki pydj dsbydek eh bdi hqem DKFEs+*Bkk`| 6 eh ylds q`~eq y ~q`s`kys y l`bkkpbj q `~eqy dkf heqm by psì at DKFEs ye q`~eq y ye ^BCCEM+< Absì ek yl` key` eh s`cyeq cjbssdhdcbydek ~q `s`kyì d4 Sepqc`? -e~`q bydek bki I`x je~m `ky* 1>2>+

^MP^qeo`cy

Evk`q

Jdk` Bf`kcd`s

,S`cyeq mdkdsyqd`s*~qexdkc`s$

Kbydekbj Bf`kcd`s

,MeH* M^D* MeHB*

MeO* EEF$

BMY

^MY KMY

Iekeq Bf`kcd`s

,adjby`qbj bki

mpjydjby`qbjdksydypydeks

BMY

BMY

^qdm` Mdkdsy q

Kbydekbj

Bss`majt

Dky`qkbydekbj

KFEs

^BCCEM


19/80



Yl`q` psì ye a` b I`x`je~m `ky Bssdsy bkc` Ibybabs` ,IBI$ dk Xd`ykbm apy dy ds k ey jekf`q psì+ IBI vbs

jbpkclì at Stk`qft Dky`q kbydekbj Stsy`m s ylq epfl M^D bki yl` Xd`ykbm ehhdc` eh yl` Pkdyì Kbydeks

I`x`je~m`ky ^qefq bmm ` ,PKI^$+ IBI vbs ~bqy eh yl` ex`qbjj EIB mbkbf`m`ky `hheqy y e q`bjds` yl`

cemm dym `kys s`y heq yl dk y l` ^bqds I`cjbqbydek bki yl` Lbked Ceq` Syby`m`ky ek Bdi @hh`cydx`k`ss*

Lbqm ekdsbydek bki Bjdfkm`ky ,LCS$ dk 1>>0 at sp~~eqydkf EIB q`~eqydkf* m ekdyeqdkf bki `xbjpbydek* bki

lbqm ekdsbydek* bki at klbkcdkf fex`qkm `ky bki i`x`je~m`ky -~bq yk`q bccepkybadj d yt bki yq bks~bq`kct+

hqbm `veqg bki ~qexì x`qt `|~`ksdx bki ydm `-cekspm dkf ye m bdkybdk+ Dki`ì* dkheqm bydek lbi ye a`

cejj`cyì hqem `bcl iekeq bf`kct dk biidydek ye `|dsydkf EIB yqbcgdkf stsy`m s* q`rpdq dkf hpjj -y dm` sybhh y e

g``~ yl` ibybabs` p~ ye iby`+ Hpqyl`q m eq`

M^D ds ehy`k yl` c`kyq bj q `cd~d`ky eh EIB bki IBI ceksdi`qì M^D bs yl` m bdk a`k`hdcdbqt* vl`q`bs dk q `bjdyt

hpkis bq` q ìdsyqdapyì at M^D ye j dk` bf`kcd`s+ Bs b q `spjy* yl` IBI i`sdfk v bs key baj` ye q `hj`cy EIB hjevs

at hdkbj a`k`hdc dbqt+

@bcl iekeq bf`kct q`~eqy s ye dys l`birpbqy`q s psdkf dky`qkbj stsy`m s+ Ylds q `~eqydkf ds iek` ek b

~qeo`cy~q efqbm m ` absds bki yl`q ` ie`s key s``m y e a` bkt ceksejdibydek veq g iek` by s`cyeq j `x`j+ Bs

m `kydekì baex`* ek` dm~eq ybky dkdy dbydx` lbs a``k jbpkclì* bs ~bqy eh yl` dm ~j`m `kybydek eh yl` BMY* ye

lbqm ekds` yl` q`~eqy dkf heqm by eh yl` h dx` i`x`je~m `ky abkgs ,BIA* BHI* OADC* GHV bki yl` Veqji A bkg$+

Dk biidydek* Pkdyì K bydeks ,PK$ bf`kcd`s bq` ~djey dkf yl` Ek` PK dkdydby dx` sdkc` 1>>8+ Ylds hecps `s ek yl`

hdx` ~djjbq s eh PK q`heq m ? Ek` ^jbk* Ek` Apif`y* Ek` J`bi`q* Ek` S`y eh Mbkbf`m `ky ^q bcydc`s bki Ek`

Fq``k PK Leps`+ Xd`ykbm jby `q biiì Ek` Xedc`+ Lev`x`q * bcceqidkf y e yl` `xbjpbydek eh yl ` Ek` PK

Xd`ykbm ~djey cekipcyì dk 1>2> yl`q` q `mbdk bq`bs vl`q ` ~qefq`ss ds l`ji abcg at yl` bcydeks eh yl`

l`birpbqy `qs eh PK bf`kcd`s* yl` mesy sdfkdhdcbky eh vldcl ds ylby b sdkfj` heqm by heq q `~eqydkf lbs key t`ya``k b~~q exì ,DYBI* 1>2>$+

Bmekf iekeqs* yl`q` ds ke heqm bj m `clbkdsm dk ~jbc` ye slbq` dkheqm bydek ek bdi hjevs ye BQI( HS+

Lev`x`q* DSF vbs `sybajdsl ì dk 2446 vdyldk MBQI ye s`qx` bs b m`clbk dsm ye `sybajds l bki `klbkc` yl`

`hh`cydx`k`ss bki `hhdcd`kct eh cee~`qby dek a`yv``k MBQI bki dky`q kbydekbj iek eqs bki KFEs+ Dys

ex`qbq cldkf febj vbs jby`q clbkfì dk 1>>0 ye bjdfk vdyl yl` k`v ceky`|y eh y l` s`cyeq* `s~`cdbjj t ye sp~~eqy

MBQI dk yl` dm ~j`m `kyby dek eh yl` Hdx` T`bq ^jbk 1>>8

d~ bki cb~bcdyt bki apdji ~bqyk`q sld~s heq yl` `hh`cydx` bki `hhdcd`ky pyd j dsbydek eh EIB dk

bki ceeqidkby ` HID7 ,dd$ bcld`x` ylds m dssdek dk ylq `` ceq` bq`bs* kbm `jt ~ejdct idbjefp`* iekeq bki HID

ceeqidkbydek* bki cejj`cydek bki idss`mdkbydek eh dkheq m bydek+ Lev`x`q

cekipcyì dk 1>2> q`x`bjì ylby DSF ~qexì ye a` meq ` q `j`xbky heq m dkdsyqt- j`x`j ~ejdct idbjefp` bki cepji

key ~q exdi` bi`rpby` sp~~eqy y e dm~q ex` e~`qbydekbj idbjefp` bki ceeqidkbydek by s`cyeq j`x`j+ Ke y`clkdcbj

veqg dkf fqep~ lbs a``k s`y p~ ye idscpss BQI(HS meq` ~bqy dcpjbqj t+

Dksy`bi* s`x`qbj spas`cyeqbj ~bq yk`q sld~s lbx` a``k s`y p~ * jì at iekeq bf`kcd`s dk cee~`qbydek vdyl

MBQI* ek yl`m `s ylby byy qbcy yl` jbq f`sy bmepky s eh bdi hjevs+ Yl`s` dkcjpi` KIM^* QVSS^* yl`

^bqyk`q sld~ heq Bxdbk bki Lpm bk Dkhjp`kzb bki HSS^+ Yl`s` ~bqyk`q sld~s lbx` s`y p~ spas`cyeq m ekdyeqdkf

bki `xbjpbydek stsy`ms* vldcl M @SMBQI ds cpqq `kyjt yq tdkf ye lbq m ekds`+ Yl` `|bm~j ` eh yl` HSS^

dkheqm bydek stsy`m ds hpq yl`q i`ybdjì dk Ae| 2+


20/80


Bdi ye bfqdcpj ypq `* qp qbj i`x`je~m `ky bki heei s`cpqdyt? Xd`ykbm v eqg dkf ~b~`q 2<

Ae| 2+ Yl` heq`sy s`cyeq mekdyeqdkf bki dkheqmbydek stsy`m+

Dk j dk` vdyl yl` f syq `kfyl`kdkf m ekdyeq dkf bki `xbjpby dek* dkheq m by dek slbq dkf bki

q`~eqydkf* bki dm~qexdkf s`cyeq mbkbf`m`ky* sdkc` jby` 1>>3 HSS^ bki dys ceeqidkbydek ehhdc` lbx`

sp~~eqyì MBQI dk dkdydbydkf i`x`je~m`ky eh yl` dkdydbj meipj`s eh yl` Heq`sy S`cyeq Mekdyeqdkf bki

Dkheqm bydek Stsy`m s ,HEMDS$+ Ylds stsy`m ds i`sdfkì heq fqbipbj i`x`je~m `ky* vdyl xbqdeps m ekdyeqdkf bki

dkheqm bydek meipj `s* eq ibyb s`ys* ye a` biiì ex`q y dm `+ Dk 1>>8* yl` Heq`sy S`cyeq Dkheq m bydek Y`clkejeft

^qeo`cy vbs j

hqem c`kyqbj ye jecbj j`x`j* ye m``y spcc`sshpjjt q`rpdq`m`kys ek syby` bimdkdsyqbydek bs v`jj bs ~qeipcydek

Ylds stsy`m ds dky`kiì ye a` b cem ~q`l`ksdx` ek`* key ekjt e~`qbydkf

by c`kyqbj j`x`j apy bjse j dkgdkf MBQI ye yl` ~qexdkcdbj I`~bqym`kys eh Bfqdcpjypq` bki Qpqbj I`x`je~m`ky

,IBQIs$+

Ek` eh yl` g`t meipj`s eh HEMDS ds yl` heq`syqt EIB ibybabs`* vldcl vbs dm~j`m`kyì dk 1>>< ye cejj`cy

bki p~iby` dkheqmbydek ek bcydxdyd`s eh ~bqyk`qs dk yl` heq`sy s`cyeq ,vle ds iedkf vlby bki vl`q`$ bki yeslbq` ylds dkheqmbydek vdyl kbydekbj bki dky`qkbydekbj ~bqyk`qs+ Dkheqmbydek ds ~qexdiì at ~bqyk`qs

yl`ms`jx`s* MBQI bki YHH+ Yl` idsyq dapy dek eh hpkis at spas`cyeqs ds q`ceqiì? ,d $ spsyb dkbaj` heq`sy

m bkbf`m `ky bki i`x`je~m `ky7 ,d d$ heq`sy ~qey`cydek* adeidx`qsdyt ceks`qxbydek bki `kxdqekm `kybj s`q xdc`s7

,d d d$ heq`sy ~qeipcys ~qec`ssdkf bki yqbi`7 ,dx$ q`s`bqcl* ìpcbydek* yqbdkdkf bki heq`syqt `|y`ksdek7 ,x$

q`kexbydek eh heq`sy s`cyeq dksydypy deks* ~ejdct* ~jbkkdkf bki mekdyeq dkf+

Ae| 1+ EID veqg dkf i`hdkd ydek eh bdi ye BQI(HS+

Ylds veqgdkf i`hdkdydek eh bdi ye BQI(HS cem~q ds`s bjj EIB hjevs hbjj dkf pki`q ylq `` ~ejdct iembdks?

2+ Ylds dkcjpi`s bjj bdihjevs ~qexdiì idq`cyjt ye bfqdcpjypqbj 2> ~qeipcydx` bcydxdyd`s* q`ceqiì at yl` CQS ~pq~es` cei` bs

S`cyeq Bjjecbaj` Bdi ye Bfqdcpjypq `* Heq`syq t bki Hdsldkf+ Ylds cem~q ds`s bdi ye ~ejdct i`x`je~m `ky bki

q`fpjbydek* q `s`bqcl* `|y`ksdek bki yq bdkdkf* dk~py ~q eipcydek bki idsyqdapydek* cqe~ ~q eipcydek `yc+ Ylds

~ejdct iembdk bjse dkcjpi`s b q`j`xbky ~qe~eqydek eh bdi hjevs ~qexdiì ye bq`bs sp~~eqydx` eh yl`s`

~qeipcydx` bcydxdyd`s bjylepfl key idq`cyjt dm~pybaj` ye yl` s`cyeq* spcl bs? abkgdkf bki hdkbkcdbj

s`qxdc`s* apsdk`ss sp~~eqy s`qxdc`s bki yq bi` ~ejdct bki hbcdj d ybydek+ Heq yl` ~pq ~es` eh cbjcpjbydkf yl`

xejpm ` eh bdi ye yl`s` ~qeipcydx` bcydxdyd`s* b slbq` eh f`k`qbj apif`y sp~~eqy bki KFE sp~~eqy bq ` bjse

dkcjpiì pki`q y lds ~ejdct iembdk+

1+ Ylds dkcjpi`s qpqbj i`x`je~m`ky* kek-bfqdcpjypqbj bjy`qkbydxì`x`je~m`ky* vem`k&s `rpbjdyt eqfbkdsbydeks bki dksydypydeks* bki ,i`x`je~m`kybj$ heei bdi eq heei

s`cpqdyt ~qefqbmm`s+ Bdi ye ~qeo`cys hbxepqdkf yl` ~esdydek eh vem`k dk i`x`je~m`ky ds ~bqydcpjbqjt

dm~eqybky bs vem`k ~jbt b c`kyqbj ~bqy dk bfqdcpjypqbj ~qeipcydx` bcydxdyd`s+ Yqbks~eqy bki syeqbf` mbt

bjse a` aqepfly dkye yl ` i`hdkdydek* ~qexdiì yl` iekeq sypid`s i`meksyq by` ylds ye a` bk dm~eq ybky ~ejdct

dssp` vdyldk y l` BQI(HS s~l`q`+

2> * heq`syq t bki hdsldkf+


21/80



3+ Ylds dkcjpi`s `m`qf`kct heei bdi bki b slbq` eh mby`qdbj q`jd`hbyyqdapybaj` ye yl` bfqdcpjypqbj iembdk+ Dy bjse dkcjpi`s secdbj v`jhbq` bcydxdyd`s q`jbyì ye yl`

bfqdcpjy pqbj bki heei s`cyeq? absdc kpyqdy dek bki secdbj m dydfbydek eh LDXBDIS* bk dm~eq ybky cem ~ek`ky

fdx`k yl` i`xbsybydkf dm ~bcy eh yl ` ids`bs` dk yl ds ~qeipcydx` s`cyeq+

Yl` BQI(HS s`cyeq ds m bkbfì dk Xd`ykbm at MBQI* se yl` i`hdkdydek eh yl` s`cyeq psì at yl` fex`qkm `ky

MBQI ds x`qt jbq f` mdkdsyq t vldcl vbs

`sybajdslì dk 2440 ek yl` m`qf`q eh yl` Mdkdsyq t eh Bfqdcpjyp q` bki Heei Dkipsyqt* yl` Mdkdsyq t eh Heq`syq t

bki yl` Mdkdsyq t eh Dqq dfbydek+ Dy ~`qheqm s syby` mbkbf`m`ky hpkcydeks dk yl` hd`jis eh bfqdcpjyp q`* heq`syq t*

sbjy ~q eipcydek* hdsl`qd`s* dqq dfbydekvby`q s`q xdc`s bki qpq bj i`x`je~m`ky kby dekvdi`* dkcjpidkf syby`

m bkbf`m `ky hpkcydeks vdyl q`fbqi y e i`jdx`qt eh ~pajdc s`qxdc`s+ MBQI ds q`~q`s`kyì by ~qexdkcdbj j `x`j at

IBQIs bki by idsyqdcy j`x`j at Bfqdcpjy pq ` bki Qpqbj I`x`je~m `ky Pkdys ,Hdfpq` 1$+

Hdfpq` 1+ Eqfbkdsbydekbj syqpcypq` eh mbdk ~paj dc bcyeqs dkxejxì dk yl` BQI(HS s`cyeq dk Xd`ykbm+

Lev`x`q* hq em b aqebi`q fex`qkm `ky ~`qs~`cydx`* yl` i`hdkdydek eh BQI( HS ds bjse cjes`jt j dkgì vdyl y l`

`xejpydek eh kbydekbj syq by`ft ek bfqdcpjypq bj bki qp qbj i`x`je~m`ky * vldcl dkcjpi`s syq by`ft

hecps`s ylby y`ki`kct yevbqis bie~ydkf b

vdi`q sce~` heq BQI(HS bs yl` cepkyqt syqby`ft m exì hqem b hecps ek bfqdcpj ypq bj ~qeipcydek , dkcq`bsì

~qeipcydek ye a`cem` s`jh- sphhdcd`ky bki ~qexdi` `|~eqys$ yevbqis y l` k`ì ye `kspq` aqebi`q i`x`je~m `ky

dk qpq bj bq`bs ye aqdif` yl` ~ex`qyt fb~ a`yv``k pqabk bki qpq bj bq`bs+ Bs b q`spjy* aq ebi`q q pq bj

i`x`je~m`ky dssp`s spcl bs dm~qexì bcc`ss ye absdc secdbj s`qxdc`s ,l`bjyl* ìpcbydek$* i`x`je~m`ky ehqpq bj dkhq bsyqpcy pq `s ,qebis* `j`cyq dcdyt `yc+$* ~qey`cydek eh kbypq bj q`sepqc`s bki j dx`jdleeis* sp~~eqy y e

i`x`je~m`ky eh sm bjj bki m ìdpm- sdzì `ky`q~q ds`s ,`+f+ bcc`ss ye q pq bj hdkbkcdbj s`qxdc`s$ bq` kev ~bq y eh

Mdkdsyqt eh Bfqdcpjypq` bki Qpqbj

I`x`je~m`ky

,MBQI$

Yl` Fex`qkm`ky

^qexdkcdbj ^è~j`s Cemmdyy``s

,^^Cs$

I`~bqym`kys eh Bfqdcpjypq` bki

Qpqbj I`x`je~m`ky ,IBQIs$

Kbydekbjj`x`j

Spa-kbydekbjj`x`j

Idsyqdcy ^è~j`s Cemmdyy``s

,I^Cs$

Cemmpkbj ^è~j`s Cemmdyy``s

,C^Cs$

Bfqdcpjypq` bki Qpqbj

I`x`je~m`kyPkdys ,BQIPs$

Mdkdsyqt eh Dkipsyqt bki Yqbi` ,MeDY$

Mdkdsyqt eh Kbypqbj Q`sepqc`sbki @kxdqekm`ky ,MeKQ@$

Mdkdsyqt eh @ipcbydek

Mdkdsyqt eh L`bjyl

BQI(HS


22/80



BQI( HS syqby`ft `x`k dh sem ` eh yl`s` eao`cydx`s hbjj p ki`q y l` q`s~eksdadj d yt eh j dk`

m dkdsyqd`s eyl`q ylbk MBQI* spcl bs yl` Mdkdsyq d`s eh L`bjyl bki @ipcbydek* MeKQ@ bki yl` Mdkdsy qt eh

Dkipsyq t bki Yq bi` ,MeDY$+ T y* ylds c lbkf` eh BQI(HS

yq bcgdkf stsy`m ,dkcjpidkf EIB mbkbf`m`ky stsy`ms$* vldcl syd j j ps` yl` dksydy pydekbj s`cyeq cj bssdhdcbydek

vl`qàt s~`kidkf ek BQI( HS ds q`hj `cyì ekjt ylq epfl `|~`kidypq `s m bkbfì at MBQI+

Ybaj` 2+ (HS syq by`ft+

24? Ied Med q`heqm

~qefqbmm`

Hdx`-t`bq ~jbk ^qdm bqt dm ~eqybkc` fdx`k ye

dkcq`bsdkf heei ~qeipcydek

Qb~di `cekemdc

i`x`je~m`ky * jbki j`bs`

qdflys ye hbqm `qs

2442 40? Mbqg`y-eq d`kyì`cekemdc q`heqm

2>-t`bq Secde-@cekemdc

Sybadjdsbydek

bki

I`x`je~m`ky

Syqby `ft ,2442

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bki I`x`je~m`ky ^jbk

2442 40

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~qem eydek ,hecps ek

rpbkydyt$

2448 1>>>? Hecps ek

qpqbj i`x`je~m`ky

Hdx`-t`bq Secde-

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bki I`x`je~m`ky ^jbk

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Bixbkcdkf Qpq bj

I`x`je~m`ky? Hqem

Xdsdek ye Bcydek ,Veqj iAbkg * 244>2 >0? ex`q yt

qìpcydek ~ejdct* heei

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Bcc`j`qbydkf Xd`ykbm

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Fq evyl * @rpdyt bki

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Abkg * 1>>0$

Dkcq`bs` dk ~qeipcydek eh

dkipsyq dbj cq e~s ,cehh``*

s`sbm`* qpaa`q* y `b `yc+$

Dkx`sym `ky dk dqqdfbydek

hbcdj d yd`s

^qemeydek eh bfqdcpj ypq `

y`clkdrp`s

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1>>8 2>$

Bib~ybydek ye dky`qk bydekbjsybkibqis heq heei rpbjdyt

Dky`ksdhdcbydek eh

dky`qkbydekbj cem~`ydydek

1>22 20? Dm~qexdkf

jdx`jdleeis

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Idsbsy`q m bkbf`m `ky dk

qp qbj bq `bs ,dk q`jbydek vdyl

cjdm by` clbkf`$

Heei sbh`yt* sbkdybq t

dm~qex`m`ky

1>28 1>? kb kb kb


23/80



Dy ds bjse dky`q`sydkf y e ceksdi`q y l` cjbssdhdcbydeks psì at idhh`q`ky fex`qkm `ky bf`kcd`s ye q `~eqy ek

BQI(HS ~q eo`cys+ By y l` kbydekbj j `x`j* vdyldk MeH bki M^D* BQI( HS-q`jby ì bcydxdyd`s bq` cj bssdhdì pki`q

b aqebi cby`feqt jba`jj ì Bfqdcpj ypq ` bki êx`qyt Qìpcydek+ By MBQI j`x`j* DCI q`~eq ys ek EIB hjevs psdkfhepq m bdk spas`cyeq cby`feqd`s? Bfqdcpjyp q`* Heq`syqt* Dky`fqbyì Qpqbj I`x`je~m`ky * bki Dqq dfbydek+ Yl`

^jbkkdkf I`~bqym `ky psì b m eq` q `hdkì cjbssdhdcbydek bs slevk dk Ybaj` 1+ Yl` eqfbkdsbydekbj syqp cypq ` eh

MBQI q`hj `cys t`y bkeyl`q cjbssdhdcbydek* vdyl 22 y`clkdcbj i`~bqy m `kys22 vldcl ie key hpj jt mbycl yl` ek`

a`jev+

Ybaj` 1+ MBQI jbkkdkf I`~bqym`ky spas`cyeq cjbssdhdcbydek+

2+ Dqq dfbydek* Itg` 8+ @ipcbydek bki Yqbdkdkf

2+2 Dqq dfbydek 8+2 Pkdx`qsdy t

2+1 Itg` 8+1 Cejj `f`s

1+ Bfqdcp jy pq ` 8+3 Xecbydekbj cejj `f`s

1+2 Cpjydxbydek 8+9 Dky`q m ìdby`

1+1 Jdx`syecg 8+0 Dky`q m ìdby` eccp~bydeks

1+3 ^jbky ~qey`cydek 6+ Eyl`q s

1+9 X`y`q dkbq t m ìdcdk` 6+2 Yqbhhdc

1+0 Dkx`sym `kys 6+1 Vbq`leps` cemm `qcdbj

1+8 Bfqdcpjypq ` 6+3 Vby`q sp~~jt

3+ Heq`syqt* Heq`sy 6+9 Kbypq bj q`sepq c`s* kxdqekm `ky

3+2 Heq`sy qt 6+0 L`bjy l secdbj

3+1 Qbkf`q 6+8 Hdyk`ss* s~eqy s

9+ Hdsl`q d`s 6+6 Syby` m bkbf`m `ky ,L`bi Ehhdc`$

9+2 Fqevdkf 6+< ^pajdc dkhqbsyq pcypq `

9+1 Mdkdkf 6+4 Dkheqm bydek y`clkejeft

9+3 Cem m ek hdsl`qd`s 6+2> Dkheqm bydek

22 Cpjydxbydek* Bkdmbj Lpsabkiq t* jbky ^q ey`cydek* X`y`qdk bqt* ^qec`ssdkf bki Sbjy ^q eipc`* Heq`syq t* Heq`sy Qbkf`qs*

Dqq dfbydek bki Vby`qdkf* Itg` Mbkbf`m `ky* Hjeei bki Yt~leek Cekyq ej* Ceksyqpcydek m bkbf`m`ky * bki Cee~`qbydx`s+


24/80



0+ Scd`kc` bki Y`clkejeft

0+2 Scd`kc`

0+1 Y`clkejeft

By yl` cepky q t j`x`j* iekeq bf`kcd`s ie key ps` bkt heq m bj i`hdkdy dek eh BQI( HS+ Yl` sce~` eh yl` s`cyeq

xbqd`s hq em iekeq y e iekeq

bki ex`q ydm ` bs iekeqs ~qdeq dyd`s bki b~~qebcl`s clbkf`+ Yl`q` bq` yv e mbdk iq dx`qs* hq em b iekeq

~`qs~`cydx`* heq y l` clbkf` eh sce~` eh yl` BQI(HS s`cyeq dk Xd`ykbm+ Yl` hdqsy ds yl` `xejpydek eh yl`f

~q`h`qq ì b~~qebcl`s ye qpq bj i`x`je~m`ky+ Yl`s` yve iq dx`qs cbk j`bi yevbqis hecpsdkf ek sdmdjbq

spas`cyeqs vdyldk yl` BQI(HS s`cyeq apy cbk bjse cekyqdapy` y e vdi`kdkf yl` sce~` eh BQI(HS+ Dki`ì* dk

q`c`ky t`bqs m boeq fjeabj ylq `bys ,spcl bs dm~bcy eh cj dm by` clbkf`* idsbsy`q m bkbf`m `ky bki epyaq `bg eh

s dk yl` BQI(HS s`cyeq+ K`v qp qbj

i`x`je~m`ky syq by`fd`s ybgdkf xbjp`- clbdk b~~qebcl`s lbx` bjse cekyqdapyì ye `kjbq fdkf yl` sce~` eh q pq bj

i`x`je~m`ky * dky`fq bydkf s`q xdc` i`jdx`qt ,secdbj s`q xdc`s spcl bs l`bjyl bki ipcbydek* hdkbkcdbj s`qxdc`s

`yc+$ bki ~bqy dcd~bydek eh y l` ~qdxby` s`cyeq ,jecbj bki dky `qkbydekbj ~qdxby` cem~bkd`s* leps`lejis `yc+$ dk

qpq bj bcydxdyd`s a`teki bfqdcpjypq bj bcydxdyd`s bs spcl+ Dk ~bqbjj`j* dk yl` ceky`|y eh Xd`ykbm ypq kdkf dkye b

m diij`-dkcem ` cepkyqt ,MDC$* sem` iekeqs lbx` i`cdiì ye ybqf`y y l`dq ~q efqbm m `s meq ` s~`cdhdcbjjt ek

yl` ~eeq`sy bki mesy xpjk`q baj` ~e~pjbydeks dk Xd`ykbm * vldcl bq` ehy`k `ylkdc mdkeq dyd`s j dxdkf dk q`m ey`*

qpq bj bq`bs+

Ybaj` 3+ G`t ~qdeqd yd`s eh ekfedkf sp~~eqy hqem mbdk iekeqs ye y l` BQI(HS s`cyeq+

BIA Dkhqbsyqpcypq` ,yq bks~eqybki dkheqm bydek bki

cemmpkdcbydek

y`clkejeft* `k`qft*

vby`q sp~~jt$

^qdxby` s`cyeqi`x`je~m`ky ,hdkbkcdbj

s`cyeq$

Bfqdcpjypq` bki kbypqbjq`sepqc`s

Secdbj s`q xdc`s ,l`bjy lbki ìpcbydek$

BIA bssdsybkc` dk qpq bj

i`x`je~m`ky bki

dqq dfbydek lbs hecpsì ek

qbdsdkf bfqdcpj ypqbj

dkcem`s ylqepfl

dm ~qexì bcc`ss ye

mbq g`ys bki dk~pys*

idx`qsdhdcbydek eh l dfl-

xbjp` cqe~s* bki

dm~qexì vby`q-

q`sepqc`s mbkbf`m`ky

~qbcydc`s

Bs Xd`ykbm ds bmekf yl`

cepkyq d`s mesy

xpjk`qbaj` ye yl` `hh`cys

eh cjdm by` clbkf`* BIA ds

~q`~bqdkf ye sp~~eqy

dm~j`m `kybydek eh yl`

~qefqbmm ` ye biiq`ss d ys

dm ~bcys7 dk biidydek BIA

ds hecpsdkf fjeabjjt ek

dkx`sym `ky dk

dkhqbsyqpcypq` hbcd j d y d`s

dkcjpidkf dk BQI( HS*

vl`q` dy hpkis dqqdfbydek

~qeo`cys

IHDI Cjdmby` clbkf` V`bjyl cq`bydek Fex`q kbkc` bki

Mesy bfqdcpj ypqbj ~qeo`cyshbj j pki`q `bjyl

cq`bydek ? hecps ek

IHDI lbs i`x`je~ì b~qe- ~eeq* xbjp`- clbdk

b~~qebcl ye i`x`je~dkf


25/80



bccepkybadj d yt dkcq`bsì dkxejx`m`ky eh

~qdxby` s`cyeq* `|~bksdek

eh SM@ bcydxdyd`s dk

bfqdcpj ypq` bki qpqbj

i`x`je~m`ky? Qpqbj yqbks~eqy

~qeo`cy ye qìpc`

yq bx`j cesy bki

dm~q ex` bcc`ss ye

mbqg`ys

Mbgdkf mbqg`ys heqyl` ~eeq v eqg a`yy`q?

ye dkcq`bs` yl`

~bqydcd~bydek eh ~eeq

~è~j` ,qpq bj$ dk yl`

mbq g`ys heq

dkhqbsyqpcypq`

s`qxdc`s* xbjp ` clbdk

bki ~qdxby` s`cyeq

`m~jetm`ky

bfqdcpjypqbj bcydxdyd`s*

vldcl q`spjys dk yl`

dkcjpsdek eh b aqebi qbkf`

eh bcydxdyd`s bki s`q xdc`s

dk BQI( HS ,dkcjpidkfapsdk`ss bki hdkbkcdbj

s`qxdc`s* i`x`je~m`ky eh

dkhqbsyqpcypq` `yc+$

Hqbkc` Smbjj ~q dxby` `ky`q~q ds`sbki yl` hdkbkcdbj s`cyeq

Smbjj dkhqbsyqpcypq`s dk`kxdqekm`ky s`cyeq*

`k`qft bki

yq bks~eqybydek ,dkcjpidkf

qpq bj `j`cyq d h dcbydek$

Bfqdcpjypq ` bki heeis`cpqdyt

S`x`qbj hdkbkcdkfs bdm y e

dm ~qex` rpbjdyt bki

cem~`ydydx`k`ss dk

bfqdcpj ypqbj s`cyeqs

,cehh``* y`b* spfbq* ceyy ek

bki qpaa`q s`cyeqs dk

~bqydcpj bq$+ BHI sp~~eqy s

yl` dm ~j`m`kybydek ehk`v ~pajdc ~ejdcd`s mbi`

k`c`ssbqt at yl`

jda`qbjdsbydek eh

~qeipcydek bki

cemm`qcdbjdsbydek+

^qefqbmm `s bjse dkcjpi`

dkhqbsyqpcypq` heq ~eeq

qpq bj cem mpkdyd`s ,yqbcgs

bki qpq bj mbqg`ys*

bcc`ss ye iqdkgdkf vby`q *

hjeei ~qey`cydek* vby`q

dm~epkim`ky bkidqq dfbydek k`yveqgs$

FD_ Spsybdkbaj` `cekem dci`x`je~m`ky

L`bjyl cbq` @kxdqekm`ky

Mesy BQI(HS-q `jbyì

bcydxdyd`s hbjj pki`q

kxd qekm`ky vl dcl

cex`qs heq `syqt bs v`jj bs

cjdm by` clbkf` bki

cebsybj zek` ~qey`cydek

FD_ ds ~bqy eh yl ` HSS^

bki cekyqdapyeq ye YHH

FD_ psì ye m bkbf`

~qeo`cys q`jbyì ye

bfqdcpj ypqbj ~qeipcydek

,~eybye`s$* kbypqbj

q`sepqc` mbkbf`m`ky

,jbki ~jbkkdkf bki ps`$

bki ~qexdsdek eh y`clkdcbj

sp~~eqy ye i`x`je~ xbjp`

clbdks heq bfqdcpjypqbj

~qeipcys ,lek`t* sdjg yc+$

Ob~bk Fqevy l bkicem~`ydydx`k`ss

Jdx`jdleei dm~q ex`m `ky

bki kbqqevdkf ids~bqdyd`s

Ekfedkf sp~~eqy dk

BQI(HS m esyjt dkcjpi`s


26/80



Jdx`jdleeis bkiids~bqdyd`s

@kxdqekm`ky Fex`qkbkc`

~qefqbmm ` ybqf`ys?

bfqdcpj ypq` bki qpqbj

i`x`je~m`ky*

dm ~qex`m`ky eh absdc

secdbj s`q xdc`s bki`kxdqekm`ky

y`clkdcbj cee~`qbydek

,i`x`je~m `ky eh BQI(HS

syqby`fd`s* mbqg`y

b~~qebcl`s* idsbsy`q

mbkbf`m`ky*idss`mdkbydek eh

bfqdcpjypqbj y`clkejeft*

qpq bj dkhqbsyqpcypq` `yc+$

bs v`jj bs jebks bki

fqbkys heq d q q dfbydek

dkhqbsyqpcypq`* vby`q

m bkbf`m`ky yc+

PSBDI @cekemdc fqevy l @ipcbydek L`bjyl Xpjk`q baj` ~e~pjbydeks

BQI(HS hbjj s pki`qyl` q`mdy eh yl`

cekemdc fqevyl

y`bm+ Lev`x`q*

PSBDI Xd`yk bm

@cekemdc Fqevy l

^qefqbm hecps`s ek

yq bi` bki `cekem dc

cem~`ydydx`k`ss

Yl`q` ds ekjt ek`smbj j bfqdcpj ypqbj

~qeo`cy ,PS)2 m djj dek$

bdmdkf by dm~q exdkf

dkcem `s? PSBDI

~qexdi`s cb~bcdyti`x`je~m`ky sp~~eqy

ye smbj j hbqm`qs

~qeip cdkf ceceb dk

yve ~q exdkc`s eh yl`

c`kyqbj ldfljbkis

Sp~~eqy hqem PSBDI dk

yl` bq`bs eh xpjk`q baj`

~e~pjbydeks bki

`kxdqekm `ky cepji bjse

a` cby`feqdsì pki`q

BQI(HS* sdkc` ylq epfl

yl`s` ~qefqbm m `s PSBDI

l`j~s cq`by` k`v

e~~eqy pkdyd`s heq `ylkdc

m dkeqdyd`s ,j dxdkf dk qpq bj

bq`bs$ bki bssdsys

iqepfly-bhh`cyì cldjiq`k

bki hbm djd`s

Veqji Abkg Apsdk`ss i`x`je~m`ky Syq`kfyl`k secdbj

dkcjpsdek

Syq`kfyl`k kbypqbjq`sepqc` bki

`kxdqekm`ky

mbkbf`m`ky Dm~q ex` fex`qkbkc`

Qpqbj ~eqyhej de dkcjpi`s

~qefqbmm `s q`jbyì ye?

Bfqdcpj ypq` Cemmpkdyt

i`x`je~m`ky

Qpqbj hdkbkc` Idsbsy`q q dsg

mbkbf`m`ky

Aq ebi syq by`fdc eao`cydx`s

fdx`k ye yl` Veqj i Abkg

qp qbj i`x`je~m `ky y`bm

dk Xd`ykbm q bkf` hqem

yq bidydekbj ek`s `+f+

cem~`ydydx`k`ss eh

bfqdcpj ypqbj s`cyeq*kbypqbj q `sepqc`

m bkbf`m`ky ye eyl`qs

ylby bq ` pspbjj t mbkbfì

at eyl`q y`bms `+f+

cemmpkdyt i`x`je~m`ky

bki e~~eqy pkdyd`s heq

mdkeqdyd`s* vldcl bq`

pspbjjt pki`q y l` secdbj

y`bm* bki idsbsy`q q dsg

m bkbf`m `ky* vldcl ds

pspbjjt pki`q pqabk yl`

y`bm ,bkdm bj ids`bs`

cekyqej * heei sbh`yt yc+$


27/80



Xd`ykbm ~qexdi`s bk dky `q`sydkf ~`q s~`cydx` ek yl ` ~ey`kydbj `xejpydek eh BQI(HS s`cyeq hecps dk yl` ceky`|y

eh dys yq bksdydek yevbqis a`cem dkf bk MDC+

Dk b ceky`|y eh ldfl `cekemdc fq evyl m bdkjt cekc`kyq byì bqepki pqabk c`kyq `s ,Lbked bki Le Cld Mdkl

~ex`qyt fb~ a`yv``k pqabk bki qp qbj bq`bs+

Bs b q`spj y* qpq bj i`x`je~m`ky sy qby`fd`s bq` ~qdm bqdjt hecpsdkf ek `cekemdc i`x`je~m`ky dk yles` bq`bs?

bfqdcpjyp q` ds kbypqbjj t b g`t iqdx`q heq `cekemdc fqevyl dk q pqbj bq `bs apy qp qbj i`x`je~m `ky syqby`fd`s bq`

bjse bdmdkf by ~qemeydkf kek- bfqdcpjy pqbj bcydxdyd`s ylq epfl yl` sybajdslm`ky eh smbjj bki mìdpm -sdzì

dkipsyqdbj bki s`qxdc` `ky`q~qds`s+ Yl` dm~q ex`m`ky eh q pq bj dkhq bsyqpcyp q` ,qebis* `j`cyq dcdyt$ bki bcc`ss ye

apsdk`ss i`x`je~m `ky s`qxdc`s ,spcl bs hdkbkcdbj s`q xdc`s* dkheqm bydek ek mbq g`ys bki ~q dc`s ylqepfl

dkheqm bydek y`clkejeft `yc+$ bq` bk dm ~eqybky ~dj jbq eh qpq bj i`x`je~m`ky dky`qx`kydeks+ Lev`x`q* yl ds yt~` eh

sp~~eqy m bt key a` q`ceqiì bs BQI(HS sp~~eqy apy q byl`q bs ~qdxby`-s`cyeq i`x`je~m`ky* yq bi` eq

dkhqbsyq pcypq ` bki m bt key hbjj pki`q yl` q`m dy eh yl` mdkdsyq t bki eyl`q fex`qkm `ky bf`kcd`s dk clbqf` eh

BQI(HS+ Dk Xd`ykbm heq `|bm ~j`* sp~~eqy y e ~qdxby`-s`cyeq i`x`je~m`ky ds j dg`jt ye a` ex`qjeegì at MeDY+

ey`cydek stsy`m s ylby psì ye a` dk

~jbc`* bki bcpy` ~ex`qyt ~`qsdsys dk q pq bj bq`bs* ~bqy dcpjbqj t bm ekf `ylkdc mdkeq dyt fqep~s+ Ylds jì qpq bj

i`x`je~m`ky ~qefqbm m `s ybqf`ydkf s~`cdhdc fqep~s ye dkcjpi` ~qexdsdek eh absdc secdbj s`q xdc`s spcl bs

l`bjyl bki ìpcbydek* dk biidydek ye veq gdkf ek dm ~qexdkf yl`dq j dx`jdleeis+ Sdm djbqj t* yl`s` bcydxdyd`s mbt a`

m eq` ehy`k q`~eqy ì pki`q yl` l`bjyl bki ìpcbydek s`cyeqs y lbk pki`q BQI( HS+

Bs bkt eyl`q cepkyq t* Xd`ykbm ds h bcdkf mboeq fjeabj clbjj `kf`s bki ~qexì rpdy` xpjk`qbaj` ye sem ` s~`cdhdc

ylq `bys dk yl` ~bsy+ Yl`s` fjeabj clbjj`kf`s ~qdm bqdjt dkcjpi` cjdm by` clbkf` bki mbkbf`m`ky eh idsbsy`qs

ylby bq` j dg`j t ye a`cem ` meq ` q`fpjbq bki m eq` dky`ks` bs b q`spjy eh cj dm by` clbkf` ,`+f+ iqepflys*

hjeeis$+ Yl` i`sdfk bki dm ~j`m `kybydek eh cj dm by` clbkf` bib~ybydek bki m dydfbydek syqby`fd`s bq` idq`cyj t

j dkgì vdyl BQI(HS aeyl dk y`q m s eh eao`cydx`s ,bfqdcpj ypq bj bcydxdyd`s bki ~è~j` j dxdkf dk qpq bj bq`bs bq`

jdg`jt ye a` yl` m esy bhh`cyì at cjdm by` clbkf` bki kbypq bj idsbsy`qs$ bki bcydxdyd`s+ Heq `|bm ~j`* yl` veqg

cekipcyì dk yl` heq`sy s`cyeq dk Xd`ykbm bdm s by `kspqdkf spsybdkbaj` i`x`je~m`ky bki `|~jedybydek eh

heq`sys bfbdksy j bki i`fqbibydek apy bjse by dkcq `bsdkf cbqaek s`rp`syq bydek cb~bcdyd`s+ Biidydekbjj t*

m dydfbydek syqby`fd`s vdj j k`ì ye ceksdi`q bfq dcpjypq ` vldcl q`~q `s`kys 90% eh fq``kleps` fbs `mdssdeks dk

Xd`ykbm* 06% eh vldcl cem` hq em q dc` cpjydxbydek+ BQI(HS ds ylps by y l` c`kyq` eh cj dm by` clbkf` bki

idsbsy`q m bkbf`m `ky* bki bib~ybydek bki m dydfbydek bcydxdyd`s m bt k`ì ye a` dkcjpiì dk yl` i`hdkdydek eh

BQI(HS vl`k`x`q yl`t ~qey`cy eq ps` aqebi`q bfqdcpjy pqbj bcydxdyd`s+ Dk Xd`ykbm* yl` v eqg ek h eq`syq t hbjjs

vdyldk yl ` q`m dy eh MBQI apy eyl`q bcydxdyd`s mbt hbjj pki`q MeKQ@+

Bkeyl`q fjeabj ylq `by Xd`ykbm l bi ye ce~` vdyl q `c`kyjt ds bxdbk hjp * vldcl bhh`cyì aeyl dy s ~epjyq t s`cyeq

bki lpm bk l`bjyl by k bydekbj ,bki fjeabj$ j`x`j+ Sp~~eqy ~qexdiì ye Xd`ykbm ds by yl` cq essqebis a`yv``k

bfqdcpjyp q` bki l`bjyl bki ~bqy eh dy m bt k`ì ye a` q`ceqiì bs BQI(HS bdi+


28/80



Dki`ì* heei s`cpq dyt psì ye a` `|cjpsdx`jt pki`qsyeei dk rpbkydybydx` y`q m s bs cex`qbf` eh cbjeq d` k`ìs+

Dkcq`bsdkfjt* heei s`cpq dyt ds b~~qebclì dk rpbjdybydx` y`qm s dk q `jbydek vdyl feei kpyqdy dek ,abjbkcì id`ys`yc+$+ Heei s`cpqdyt ds ke j ekf`q bk dssp` eh sp~~jt by yl` kby dekbj j`x`j apy qbyl`q eh

dkbadj d yt ye bhheqi bi`rpby` heei cekspm~y dek+ Yl` dkcq`bs` dk ~`q cb~dyb cekspm ~ydek eh heeis lbs eccpqqì

key ekjt dk yl` cbs` eh q dc`* apy ds k ev `|y`kidkf ye idx`qsdhdcbydek dk heeis vdyl ldfl`q kpyq dydekbj xbjp`+ Ylps*

heei s`cpqdy t lbs dm ~qexì by yl` kbydekbj j`x`j bki Xd`ykbm lbs ypq kì hqem b k`y heei dm~eqy `q dky e ek` eh

adff`sy `|~eqy`q s eh b kpm a`q eh bfqdcpjy pqbj ~qeipcys* spcl bs qdc`* cehh``* ~`~~`q* cbsl`v kpys bki

brpbydc ~qeipcys+ Yl`q` q `mbdk dm ~eqybky ~ecg`ys eh ~eeq bki xpjk`qbaj` fqep~s* lev`x`q* ylby q `mbdk

a`s`y at mbj kpyq dydek* bki ylds ds jbqf`jt b ~qeaj`m eh ~ex`qy t+ B ldfl ~qe~eqy dek eh tepkf cldjiq`k bq `

m bjkepqdslì+ Vem`k* yee* bq` m eq` j dg`jt ye a` pki`qv `dfly ylbk m `k* ~bqydcpj bqjt dk cldji-a`bqdkf t`bqs

,Veqji Abkg* 1>>8$+ Heei s`cpq dyt a`cem `s j`ss yl` q `s~eksdadj d yt eh MBQI bki meq ` ylby eh yl` Mdkdsyq t eh

L`bjyl bki @ipcbydek+

Dk j dk` vdyl ylds hecps ek rpbjdyt* heei-s`cpqdy t ~qefq bmm `s lbx bjse yq bksheqm ì dkye heei-sbh`yt

~qefqbm m `s ye `kspq` b feei rpbjdyt eh ~qeipcys bjekf yl` clbdk hq em hbq m ye ybaj`+ Yl` eao`cydx`

iem`sydcbjjt ds ye dm ~qex` heei sbh`yt dk Xd`ykbm ,vl`q` heei ~edsekdkf dk yl ` yldq i ldfl`sy cbps` eh

m eqybj dyt$ bki ds q`jbyì ye yl` l`bjyl s`cyeq+ By yl` dky`qkbydekbj j`x`j* Xd`ykbm bjse ~py b jey eh `h heqy dkye

heei sbh`yt dk yl` hqbm `veq g eh dys bcc`ssdek ye yl` Veq ji Yqbi` Eq fbkdzbydek ,VYE$ dk 1>>6 bki b kpm a`q eh

heei-sbh`yt ~qefq bmm `s sp~~eqyì at iekeqs bq` cjbssdhdì dk yl` Yqbi` s`cyeq+


29/80



Ex`qxd`v eh bdi hjevs ye BQI(HS

Ylds s`cydek ds jbqf`jt absì ek dkheqm bydek cejj`cyì ylq epfl yl` BdiIbyb stsy`m+21 Vl`q` dkheqm bydek hq em

yl` FeX eq eyl`q sepqc`s ds psì* dy ds dkidcbyì eyl`qvds`+

Ae| 3+ Ex`qxd`v eh cpqq`ky EIB hjevs ye Xd`ykbm+

EIB cemmdym`kys ye Xd`ykbm lbx` fqevk x`qt sdfkdhdcbkyjt dk q`c`ky t`bqs* fq`byjt `|c`ìdkf yl`

ybqf`ys dk yl` 1>>8 2> ~`qdei+ By yl` I`c`ma`q 1>>4 Cekspjy bydx` Fqep~ m ``ydkf b q`ceqi

PS)8 adjjdek eh EIB vbs cemmdyyì heq 1>2>* 23 `kspqdkf ylby ex`q yl` sleqy- ye mìdpm-y`qm EIB

hdkbkcdkf vdj j q`mbdk bk dm~eqybky sepqc` eh fex`qkm`ky i`x`je~m`ky hdkbkcdkf+ Vldj` Xd`ykbm ds key bdi

i`~`ki`ky*29 EIB hpkis 33% eh bjj ~pajdc-s`cyeq dkx`sym`kys bki ds q`fbqiì at yl` fex`qkm`ky bs bk

dm~eq ybky cbybjtsy heq eyl`q dkx`sym `ky hjevs bki b g`t sepqc` eh hdkbkc` heq y l` i`x`je~m`ky eh secdbj bki

`cekem dc dkhqbsyq pcypq `+ Bs Xd`ykbm fq bipby`s ye MDC sybyps yl` `|~`cybydek vdj j a` ylby dy v dj j hdkbkc` m bkt

eh yl` yt~`s eh ~qeipcydx`* ~ex`qyt bki Mdjj`kkdpm-I`x`je~m`ky-Febj-q`jbyì dkx`sym`kys ylby dk yl` ~bsy

lbx` q`c`dxì sdfkdhdcbky sp~~eqy hqem fqbky bkieq cekc`ssdekbj EIB hdkbkcdkf+ 20 Yl` bmepky eh EIB

cemm dyyì cepji a` bhh`cyì bs sem` iekeqs ,`s~`cdbjjt @pqe~`bk adjby`qbj iekeqs$ bq` j dg `jt ye bm`ki y l`dq

* vdyl kek-q`hpkibaj` bdi

i`cq`bsdkf bki yl` hecps sldhydkf meq` ye y`clkdcbj sp~~eqy bki yqbiàpsdk`ss ~qemeydek+ B qìpcydek dk

cekc`ssdekbj hdkbkcdkf dk hbxepq eh lbq i jebks ,hq em aeyl adjby`qbj iekeqs bki m pjy d jby`q bj sepqc`s$ mbt bjse

a` `|~`cyì+

I`~`kidkf ek yl` i`hdkdydek eh BQI(HS psì*28 Xd`ykbm q `c`dxì ek bx`qbf` a`yv ``k PS)231 m djj dek ,IBC

BHH CCeksy$ bki PS)136 m djj dek ,BQI(HS CCeksy$ ~`q t`bq heq ylds s`cyeq ex`q y l` ~`qdei 244> 1>>< ,bki

PS)12> m djj dek dh yl` IBC BHH' CCeksy i`hdk dydek ds psì$ ,Ybaj` 9$+ Ex q y l` ~`qdei 244> 1>> adjj dek

bcceq idkf ye IBC BHH' i`hdkdy dek bki PS) +

Psdkf yl` aqebi`q i`hdkdydek eh BQI(HS* hpkis cemm dyyì y e yl` s`cyeq ,dk ceksybky 1>>> ~qdc`s$ q`~q`s`kyì

ek bx`qbf` 21% eh yeybj bdi cemm dyyì ye y l` cepkyqt ex`q 244> 1>> 49 ye 4% dk 1>>0 >< ,Hdfpq` 3$+

21 vvv +bdiibyb+eqf* i`x`je~ì at Aqdflbm Tepkf Pkdx`qsdyt* yl` Cejj`f` eh Vdjjdbm bki Mbqt bki I`x`je~m`ky Fby`vbt+23 B 33% dkcq`bs` ex`q 1>>


30/80


Bdi ye bfqdcpj ypq `* qp qbj i`x`je~m `ky bki heei s`cpqdyt? Xd`ykbm v eqg dkf ~b~`q 1<

Hdfpq` 3+ Slbq` eh h jevs ye BQI(HS dk Xd`ykbm dk yeybj bdi h jevs ,244> 1>> 1>>< bs slevk dk Ybaj` 9 bki Hdfpq`

9+ Psdkf yl ` aqebi`q BQI(HS i`hdkdydek* bdi hjev s lbx` dkcq`bsì at bqep ki 4>% ~`q t`bq ek bx`qbf`* apy

absì ek BdiIbyb hdfpq `s sdkc` 1>>8 sp~~eq y y e BQI( HS s``m s ye lbx` a``k i`cq `bsdkf at 3>% ~`q t`bq ek

bx`q bf`+ Sdmdj bq y q`k is bq` eas`qxì vl`k psdk f yl` BHH' i`hdkdy dek eh BQI( HS+ Vl`k psdkf yl ` IBC BHH

i`hdkdydek ylepfl* yl` dkcq`bs` eh bdi hjevs ye y l` s`cyeq ds sdfkdhdcbkyjt j`ss bki yl` 1>>2 bki 1>>8 ~`bgs bq `

key q `ceqiì bs ylds slbq~ dkcq`bs` eh hjevs idi key eccpq dk BHH s`cyeqs+

Ybaj` 9+ Bdi h jevs ye BQI(HS at yt~` eh s`cyeq i`hdkdy dek ,244> 1>> 1>>%

0%

2>%

20%

1>%

10%

244>-2449 2440-2444 1>>>-1>>9 1>>0-1>>-2449 2440-2444 1>>>-1>>9 1>>0-1>>< 244>-1>> 188 14> 136

IBC BHH' Cceksy 228 108 114 19< 12>

IBC BHH Cceksy 222 280 229 29> 231

^C BQI(HS CCpq Xbjp` 222 10> 1 399 192

IBC BHH' Ccpq 46 136 192 149 123

IBC BHH Ccpq 43 201 21> 288 232

>

2>>

1>>

3>>

9>>

0>>

244> 2442 2441 2443 2449 2440 2448 2446 244< 2444 1>>> 1>>2 1>>1 1>>3 1>>9 1>>0 1>>8 1>>6 1>>s

B~~qebcl ybg`k ye qpq bji`x je~m`ky m eq`

aqebijt dkcjpi`s

i`x`je~m`ky eh q pqbjdkhqbsyqpcypq` ,`j`cyqdcdyt*

qebis$ bs v`jj bs

~qey`cydek eh qpq bj bq`bs*

jdx`jdleeis pki`q

bcydxdyd`s q`j byì ye

cjdm by` clbkf`

bib~ybydek bcydxdyd`s*

idsbsy`q qdsg

mbkbf`m`ky vldcl bq`

key cex`qì

@QV Dkcjpi`s bcydxdyd`s q`jbyì y eheei s`cpqdyt7 Xd`ykbm lbs

a``k clqekdcbjjt heei

dks`cpq`* `s~`cdbjjt dk y l`

~eeq`sy bq`bs ,q`m ey` qpq bj

bq`bs$ eh yl` cepkyq t

Heei s`cpqdy t dssp`s bq`dkcq`bsdkfjt cbpsì at

~qdc`s eh heei ~qeipcys

qbyl `q ylbk sp~~jt7 yl`s`

q`rpdq` idhh`q`ky

sejpydeks ye heei

idsyqdapydek ,vldcl mdfly

a` cjbssdhdì idhh`q`kyj t

bki bhh`cy key opsy qpq bj

~e~pjbydeks$

BQI(HS

B^^M Pkjdg` BHH* B^^M dkcjpi`sbcydxdyd`s ylby ie key`|cjpsdx`jt hecps ek

bfqdcpj ypqbj dk~pys bki

epy~pys+ Dk ~bqydcpjbq * dy

cex`qs sp~~eqy ye bfqe- bki

heq`sy dkipsyq d`s vldcl lbx`

q`c`dxì b sdfkdhdcbky slbq`

eh EIB dk jdk` vdy l xbjp`-

clbdk b~~qebcl`s bki

eao`cydx` ye dkcq`bs`

cem~`ydydx`k`ss eh

bfqdcpj ypqbj s`cyeq

Qpqbj h dkbkcdbj s`qxdc`s,a`teki bfq dcpjypq bj

hdkbkcdbj s`qxdc`s$ bq` ybg`k

dkye bccepky* dkcjpidkf

heqm bj s`cyeq

dky`qmìdbqd`s ,sp~~eqy ye

Xd`ykbm Abkg heq

Bfqdcpjyp q` bki Qpqbj

I`x`je~m`ky$ bki

dkheqmbj s`md- heqmbj

dky`qmìdbqd`s ,mdcqe-

cqìdy scl`m`s$ Apsdk`ss sp~~eqy s`qxdc`s

bq` bj se cex`qì ,a`teki

Yqbi` ~ejdct bkihbcdj d ybydek bq` ybg`k dkyebccepky apy sp~~eqy y e

Xd`ykbm dk ylds bq`b bjse

hecps`s ek heei-sbh`yt

dssp`s* cem~j dbkc` vdyl

dky`qkbydekbj heei-rpbjdyt

sybkibqis `yc+* vldcl bq`

key q `hj`cyì l`q`

Yl` m`y leiejeft fdx`sdm~eq ybkc` ye f`k`qbj

apif`y sp~~eqy* vldcl ds

key dk j dk` vdyl yl` q`bjdyt

bs ,d$ mesy fj eabj apif`ysp~~eqy q`c`dxì at

Xd`ykbm ylq epfl yl`

^QFC hecpsì ek secdbj

s`cyeq s7 ,dd$ b qby de eh 2>%

eh f`k`qbj apif`y ye

BQI( HS ds baex` yl`

slbq` eh ~pajdc

`|~`kidypq `s dk BQI(HS

,c jes`q ye 0 8%$


41/80



sp~~eqy ye cee~`qbydx`s$

vldcl ds dk j dk` vdyl

~qem eydek eh ~qdxby`

s`cyeqSM@ i`x`je~m`ky dk

qpq bj bq`bsQS@I Kek-bfqdcpj ypqbj

bjy`q kbydx` i`x`je~m`ky

ds dkcjpiì apy ibyb heq

Xd`ykbm ie key q`hj`cy y l`

dm~eq ybkc` fdx`k ye

aqebi `cekem dc

i`x`je~m`ky dk qpq bj

bq`bs* bki i`x`je~m`ky

eh dkipsyqdbj bki s`qxdc`

bcydxdyd`s

@QV Absdc kpyqdy dek ds b g`t`j`m`ky eh iekeq sp~~eqy ye

heei s`cpq dyt bs dy ds ke

jekf`q bk dssp` eh sp~~jt by

yl` kbydekbj j`x`j apy qbyl`q

bhheqi bi`rpby` heei

cekspm~ydek

Yl` m`y leiejeft i`x`je~ì at EID ye cbjcpj by` EIB hjevs y e BQI( HS ~qexdi`s b aqebi`q i`hdkdy dek eh

BQI(HS ylby cex`qs bcydxdyd`s ylby bq ` ~bqydcpjbq jt q`j `xbky dk y l` ceky`|y eh Xd`ykbm bki sp~~eqy ~q exdiì

at iekeq s* `s~`cdbjjt dk yl` 1>>>s+ Dki`ì* vldj` y l` IBC i`hdkdyd ek BHH' cex`qs yl ` mbdk bq `bs q`c`dxdkf bdi,qpqbj i`x`je~m`ky* bfqdcpjy pq bj bki heq`syq t i`x`je~m `ky* bki kbypq bj q`sepqc`s m bkbf`m `ky$* yl` EID

i`hdkdy dek kbaj`s g ye a` cb~ypq ì* dk ~bq y dcpjbq xbjp`- clbdk

b~~qebcl`s ye dkcq`bs` xbjp`- biiì at bki cem ~`ydydx`k`ss eh bfqdcpj ypq bj ~q eipcydek* bki clbkf` eh hecps

ek heei s`cpqdy t hqem sp~~jt eh feeis ye ybcgjdkf kp yq dydek dssp`s+ Lev`x`q* y lds i`hdkdydek hbdjs ye dky`fqby`

eyl`q g`t `j`m`kys eh iekeqs sp~~eqy ye BQI( HS* bki dk ~bqydcpj bq? ,d$ i`x`je~m`ky eh absdc dkhqbsyq pcypq `

dk qpq bj bq`bs ,`j`cyqdcdyt* qebis$ vldcl ds g`t heq y l`dq `cekemdc i`x`je~m `ky bs v`jj bs ~qey`cydek eh q pq bj

bq`bs keybajt bfbdksy cj dm by` clbkf` dm~bcy7 ,d d$ dm~qex`m`ky eh heei sbh`yt bki rpbjdyt sybkibqis* dk yl`

hqbm `veqg eh dm ~qexì kpyq dydek bki l`bjyl cekidydeks apy bjse dky`fqbydek eh Xd`ykbm dk fjeabj m bqg`y s

,VYE m `ma`q sld~* adjby`qbj yq bi` bfq``m`ky `yc+$ ,s`` Ybaj` 0$+

B idsydkcydek slepji a` mbi` a`yv``k dkheqm bydek ~qexdiì at ^MPs eq ~q eo`cy evk`qs bki iekeqs

yl`m s`jx`s+ Dki`ì* bs i`scq daì * yl` FeX ds cpq q `kyj t i`x`je~dkf

bki dm~j`m `kydkf bk dky`fqbyì M( @ stsy`m v l`q` dkheqm bydek ds m bdkjt ~qexdiì at MPs~q eo`cy evk`qs

ye yl`dq j dk` bf`kct* yl` M^DMeH bki iekeqs+ Ylds q`~eqydkf hq em ^MPs ds ylèq`y dcbjjt iek` ek b mekylj t*

rpbqy`q jt bki bkkpbj absds* bjylepfl sem ` dky`qxd`v``s m `kydekì ylby yl` q`~eqy dkf heqm by ds j`kfylt bki

cem~j`| bki spff`syì ylby key bjj ^MPs bki ~qeo`cy evk`qs hd j j ylds q `~eqydkf heqm by ek b q`fpjbq absds+ Dk

biidydek* MBQI cejj`cys dkheqm bydek ek ~qeo`cys~q efqbm m `s dy mbkbf`s* vldcl ie`s key dkcjpi` BQI( HS-

q`jbyì ~qeo`cys~q efqbm m `s dm~j`m `kyì idq`cyjt by ~qexdkcdbj j`x`j bs MBQI mbt key a` dkheqm ì+ Bs b


42/80



q`spjy * dkheqm bydek cejj`cyì at M^D slepji* dk ylèqt* a` meq` cem ~q`l`ksdx` bs ^^Cs lbx` ye q`~eq y ye M ^D

ek EIB ~qeo`cys idq`cyjt dm~j`m `kyì ylqepfl yl`m +13

Dk biidydek* ~qeo`cy evk`qs q `~eqy ek b sd|- m ekyljt bki bkkpbj absds ye MeH s~`cdhdcbjjt ek bdi q`c`d~ys ek b

~qeo`cy absds bki ylds dkheq m bydek ds bjse ceksejdibyì ek b sd|- m ekyljt bki bkkpbj absds at j dk` bf`kcd`s+Bkk`| 0 ~q`s`kys yl` q `~eqydkf heqm by psì at ~qeo`cy evk`qs bki j dk` bf`kcd`s `|yqbcyì hqem Cdqcpj bq K

1101>2>YY- AYC dsspì ek 32 I`c`m a`q 1>2> at yl` MeH+

Ae| 0+ I`cq`` 2321>>8KI-C^ ek yl` mbkbf`m`ky bki pydjdsbydek eh EIB? Bqydcj` 38 ek Q`~eqy ek yl`

Dm~j`m`kybydek eh ^qefqbmm`s bki ^qeo`cys ,FeX* 1>>8b$

2+ Ipqdkf yl` dm~j`m`kybydek eh b ~qefqbm eq ~qeo`cy* yl` ^MP slbjj ~q`~bq` bki spamdy yl` hejjevdkfq`~eqys ye yl` ^qeo`cy Evk`q heq q`~eqydkf ye yl` Jdk` Bf`kct* yl` M^D* yl` MeH bki ^^C vl`q` yl`

~qefqbm eq ~qeo`cy ds dm~j`m `kyì?

b$ Mekylj t q`~eqy s slbjj a` spam dyyì ke jby`q y lbk y`k ,2>$ ibts bhy`q y l` `ki eh `bcl mekyl

,b~~jdcbaj` ekjt ye EIB-hpkiì dkx`sym `ky ~q efqbms bki ~qeo`cys b~~qexì at yl` ^q dm` M dkdsy`q$7

a$ Rpbqy `qjt q`~eqys slbjj a` spamdy yì ke jby`q ylbk hdhy``k ,20$ ibts bhy`q yl` `ki eh `bcl rpbqy`q 7

c$ Bkkpbj q`~eqys slbjj a` spamdy yì ke jby`q ylbk yl` 32sy ibt eh Obkpbqt eh yl` spas`rp`ky t`bq7

i$ Cem ~j`ydek q`~eqys slbjj a` spam dyyì ke jby`q ylbk sd| ,8$ m ekyls bhy`q yl` cem~j`y dek eh yl`

~qefqbm eq ~qeo`cy7

`$ Q`~eqys ek clbkf`s ,dh bkt$ bfbdksy yl` ceky`ky s eh yl` sdfkì s~`cdhdc dky`qk bydekbj yq `byd`s ek EIB+

Q`~eqys ye yl` iekeqs slbjj m bg` dk bcceqibkc` vdyl yl` bfq``m`kys dk yl` q`j byì dky`qkbydekbj yq `byd`s ek

EIB+

1+ Ke jby`q ylbk yv `kyt ,1>$ ibts bhy`q yl` `ki eh yl` rpbq y`q * yl` Jdk` Bf`kct slbjj spam dy y e yl` M^D bkiyl` MeH b ceksejdibyì q`~eqy ek EIB meadj dzbydek q `spjys bki bss`ssm `ky eh yl` dm ~j`m`ky bydek sybyps

eh yl` ~qefqbms bki ~qeo`cys pki`q dys bim dkdsyqby dek bpyleq dyt+

3+ Yl` M^D slbjj spamdy ye yl` ^qdm` Mdkdsy`q 8-mekyl bki bkkpbj cem~q`l`ksdx` q`~eqys ek yl` kbydekbjEIB byyq bcydek bki py d j dzbydek+

9+ Yl` M^D slbjj ybg` y l` ~q`sdidkf qej` dk ceeqidkbydek vdyl y l` q`j `xbky bf`kcd`s ye ~q exdi` fpdi`jdk`s ekq`~eqydkf q`fdm` bs v`jj bs pkdhdì q`~eqydkf heqmbys heq EIB7 ye fqbipbjjt lbqmekdz` yl` q`~eqydkf

heqmbys vdyl iekeqs7 ye sp~`qxds` yl` `kheqc`m`ky eh q`~eqydkf q`fdm` by bjj j`x`js bki ye ~`qdeidcbjjt

q`~eqy y e yl` ^qdm` M dkdsy`q ek y l` sybyps eh q`~eqydkf `kheqc`m`ky+

Dk ~bqbjj`j* iekeqs dky`qbcy v dyl M^D* yl`dq m bdk cepky`q~bqy v dyldk yl` FeX* eh bkt k`v ~q eo`cys+ Dkheqm bydek

ds idq`cyjt cejj`cyì at yl` M^D hq em iekeqs ipq dkf yl` ~q eo`cy b~~qexbj ~qec`ss ,s`` Bkk`| 8$+

13 Yl` y`bm vbs key baj` ye cejj`cy `xdi`kc` ylepfl bs M^D q`~q`s`ky bydx`s v`q ` q`jpcybky ye idscjes` dkheq m bydek


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Q`~eqydkf q `rpdq`m `kys bq ` ylps i`hdkì at yl` FeX bcceqidkf ye dys dkheq m bydek k`ìs* yl` m bdk eao`cydx`

a`dkf ye a` baj` ye yq bcg EIB meadj dsbydek bki pyd j dsbydek dk Xd`ykbm + Yl` dkheqm bydek ds ~q `s`kyì ek b

~qeo`cy absds qbyl`q ylbk spas`cyeq bcydxdyt absds apy ds key bffq `fbyì dk bkt ps`hpj v bt t`y heq ~jbkkdkf eq

bkbjtydcbj ~pq~es`s+

Dkheqm bydek slbqdkf bmekf iekeqs ds jbq f`jt bi lec bs yl`q ` ds ke ehhdcdbj heqpm ye s~`cdhdcbjjt idscpss

~qdeqdy d`s bki mbkbf`m`ky heq BQI(HS sp~~eqy+ Yl` Bkkpbj Cekspjybydx` Fqep~ M``ydkfs bq ` yl` m bdk

heqpm heq ~ejdct idscpssdeks apy yl`s` ie key s``m ye a` stsy`mbydcbjjt pki`q ~dkkì at rpbkydybydx` ibyb ek

bdi cem m dym `kys bki idsapqs`m `kys+ Dk biidydek* idscpssdeks bq` ek f`k`qbj ~ejdct idq`cydeks bki bq` key

s`cyeq- s~`cdhdc+ Yl` ~bqyk `qsld~s dm ~j`m `kyì by spas`cyeq j `x`j spcl bs HSS^ bdm by dkcq `bsdkf

dkheqm bydek slbqdkf apy hecps ek s~`cdhdc spas`cyeq bq`bs+

Yl` Lbked Ceq` Syby `m `ky ek Bdi @hh`cy dx`k`ss ,1>>0$ sybajds l`s b kpm a`q eh oedky y bqf`y s dk yl` bq`bs eh

evk`qsld~* bjdfkm`ky* lbq m ekdsbydek* m bkbfdkf heq q `spjys bki m pypbj bccepkybadj d yt ye a` bcld`xì at

1>2>+ Yl` FeX bki iekeqs cem m dy y e pki`qybg` q `heqm s ye `kspq ` `hh`cydx`* bccepkybaj` bki yq bks~bq`kystsy`m s heq m bkbfdkf bdi bki eyl`q i`x`je~m`ky q`sepq c`s bki b ybqf`y eh by j`bsy 0>% eh iekeqs psdkf

cemm ek ~qeo`cy ctcj` yeej at 1>2> ds s`y ,Dkidcbyeq 2>? By j `bsy 0>% eh iekeqs psdkf cem m ek

~qeo`cy~q efqbm m ` ctcj` yeejs at 1>2>$+ T y* d y ie`s key dkcjpi` bkt s~`cdhdc cemm dym `kys ye dm ~qex`

dkheqm bydek slbqdkf bki yq bcgdkf eh bdi hjevs ,Ybaj` 8$+

Ybaj` 8+ Lbked Ceq` Syby`m`ky ek Bdi @hh`cydx`k`ss? s~`cdh dc `kfbf`m`kys ye dm~q ex` EIB mbkbf`m`ky

bki dkheqmbydek slbqdkf+

Evk`qsld~

Xd`ykbm i`hdk`s e~`qbydekbj i`x`je~m`ky

~ejdcd`s

FeX hpq yl`q syq `kfyl`ks dys j`bi`qsld~ qej` dk

ceeqidkbydkf bdi by bjj j `x`js

Bjdfkm`ky

Iekeqs bj dfk vdyl Xd`ykbm s syq by`fd`s bki

cemm dy ye ps` syq `kfyl`kì cepkyqt stsy`m s

Xd`ykbm sy q`kfyl`ks dksy dypydekbj cb~bcdyt vdyl

sp~~eqy hq em iekeqs7 iekeqs dkcq`bsdkfjt ps`

fex`qkm`ky stsy`ms

FeX pki`qybg`s q `heqm s ye `kspq` ylby y l` j`fbj

hq bm`veq g* kbydekbj stsy`ms* dksydypydeks bki

~qecìpq`s heq m bkbfdkf bdi bki eyl`q

i`x`je~m`ky q`sepq c`s bq` `hh`cydx`*

bccepkybaj` bki yq bks~bq`ky

Lbqm ekdsbydek bki sdm ~jdhdcbydek

Iekeqs dm~j`m `ky cemm ek bqqbkf`m`kys bki

sdm~jdht ~qecìpq`s

Iekeqs qbydekbjds` yl`dq stsy`ms bki ~q ecìpq`s

at dm~j`m `kydkf cemm ek bqqbkf`m`kys heq

~jbkkdkf* i`sdfk* dm ~j`m `kybydek* M(@ bki

q `~eqy dkf ye FeX ek iekeq bcydxdyd`s bki bdi hjevs

,Dkidcbyeq 2>? By j`bsy 0>% eh iekeqs psd kf

cemm ek ~qeo`cy~q efqbm m ` ctcj` yeejs at 1>2>$

Cem ~j`m `kybqdyt? m eq` `hh`cydx` idxdsdek eh

jbaepqDkc`kydx`s heq cejjbaeqbydx` a`lbxdepq

Mbkbfdkf heq q `spjys


44/80



Mbkbfdkf q`sepqc`s bki dm ~qexdkf i`cdsdek-

mbgdkf heq q`spjys

Mpypbj bccepkybadj d yt

Fex`qkm `ky bki iekeqs bq ` bccepkybaj` heq

i`x`je~m`ky q`spjys

Iekeqs ~qexdi` ydm `jt* yq bks~bq`ky bki

cem~q `l`ksdx` dkheqm bydek ek bdi hjevs bki~qefq bmm ` dky`kydeks ye `kbaj` FeX ye ~q`s`ky

cem~q `l`ksdx` apif`y q`~eqy s ye j`fdsjbypq `s

bki cdydz`ks* bki ceeqidkby` bdi m eq` `hh`cydx`jt


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Cekcjpsdek

@|~`qd`kc`s eh m`bspqdkf bdi hjevs y e bfqdcpjypq `* qpq bj i`x`je~m`ky bki heei s`cpqdyt dk Xd`ykbm ~qexdi`

ps`hpj dksdflys ek aeyl y l` clbkfdkf kbypq ` eh yl` s`cyeq bki yl` ps`s m bi` eh bdi ibyb iem`sydcbjjt*

~bqydcpj bqjt bs Xd`ykbm ds yq bksdydekdkf yevbqis a`cemdkf b mdiij`- dkcem` cepkyq t+

Bjylepfl bfqdcpjyp q` ds b g`t iqdx`q heq `cekem dc i`x`je~m`ky dk qpq bj bq`bs* yl` k`ì ye `kspq` b abjbkcì

i`x`je~m`ky heq y l` cepkyqt lbs jì ye bk dkcq`bsdkf hecps ek kek-bfq dcpjypq bj bcydxdyd`s bki apsdk`ss

i`x`je~m`ky q`jby ì ye yl` bfqdcpj ypq bj `cekemt+ Ylds yt~` eh sp~~eqy m bt key a` q`ceqiì bs sp~~eqy heq

BQI(HS apy qbyl `q bs sp~~eqy ye ~qdxby`-s`cyeq i`x`je~m `ky* yqbi` bki dkhq bsyqpcy pq `+ Bjse* sem` iekeq-

hpkiì ~qeo`cys q`jby ì ye BQI( HS bq` idq `cyjt hpkiì bki dm~j`m `kyì by ~qexdkcdbj j`x`j+ Yl`s` bq`

`x`kypbjjt q `~eqyì ye M^D apy key bjvbts ye MBQI* vldcl ylps cbkkey dkcjpi` y l`m dk dys ~qeo`cy ibybabs`+

~jbc` bki bcpy` ~ex qy t ~`qsdsys dk q pqbj bq`bs* ~bqydcpj bqjt bmekf `ylkdc m dkeqdyt fqep~s+ Ylds jì qpq bji`x`je~m`ky ~qefqbm m `s ye ybqf`y s~`cdhdc fqep~s ye dkcjpi` ~q exdsdek eh absdc secdbj s`q xdc`s spcl bs

l`bjyl bki ìpcbydek* dk biidydek ye veq gdkf ek dm ~qexdkf yl`dq j dx`jdleeis+ Sdm djbqj t* yl`s` bcydxdyd`s mbt a`

m eq` ehy`k q`~eqy ì pki`q l`bjyl bki ìpcbydek ylbk BQI(HS+ Dk spm* vl`q `bs sem ` qìpcydek dk sp~~eqy

ye BQI(HS mbt a` ybgdkf ~jbc`* b fq`by i`bj eh q`jba`jdkf eh i`x`je~m`ky bssdsybkc` ,bki ~pajdc

`|~`kidypq `$ ds bjse lb~~`kdkf ,`+f+ apsdk`ss i`x`je~m `ky bki j ecbj i`x`je~m`ky$ bki ylds m bt key a`

bi`rpby`jt cb~ypqì at |dsydkf ibyb stsy`ms+

Dk Xd`ykbm* bdi-hjev yq bcgdkf stsy`ms bq ` ~qdm bqdjt dky`kiì ye dm~q ex` bdi idsapqs`m `ky mekdyeq dkf ye

`kspq` cemm dym `kys bq` m`y bki ye di`kydht ~essdaj` dm ~j`m`ky bydek dssp`s bki ceksyqbdk ys+ Yl`q`heq`* bdi

yq bcgdkf stsy`m s vdi`jt hecps ek ~qeo`cy- j`x`j dkheq m bydek bki bdm ye dkcq`bs` bdi hh`cydx`k`ss ylqepflydm `jt ~qeo`cy dm ~j`m`ky bydek at qìpcdkf yl` kpm a`q eh ~qeo`cys ylby lbx` ex`qq pk yl`dq `ki iby`s eq bq`

pki`q~`qh eqm dkf+ Lev`x`q* ylds q `spjyì dk yl` dm~j`m `kybydek eh xbqdeps ibyb stsy`ms by ~qeo`cy bki

spas`cyeq j`x`js+ @hheqys ye i`x`je~ b cem ~q`l`ksdx` M( @ hqbm `veqg h eq M BQI bki ye biiq`ss ylds

sdypbydek lbx` a``k ybg`k ex`q at yl` M@SMBQI ~qeo`cy* vldcl ~q exdi`s sp~~eqy ye i`x`je~ b hqbm `veqg heq

s`cyeq- j`x`j mekdyeq dkf eh yl` dm~j `m`kyby dek eh yl` MBQI hdx`- t`bq S@I^+

Vldj` yl` i`x`je~m`ky eh mesy bdi yqbcgdkf y eejs ds sp~~eqyì at iekeqs* yl `s` stsy`m s s``m y e lbx` hbdjì

ye dm~q ex` bccepkybadj d yt m`clbkdsms a`yv``k iekeqs bki ~bqy k`q cepkyq d`s apy bjse vdyldk q`cd~d`ky

cepkyqd`s+ Dk ~bqy dcpjbq* bdi ibyb bq ` key stsy`m bydcbjjt psì ye q `xd`v ~ejdct eq bkbjts` `hh`cydx`k`ss eh bdi

s~`kidkf* `dyl`q at ~qexdi`qs eq q`cd~d`kys+ @hheqy s ye i`x`je~ yl` BMY heq EIB m bkbf`m `ky b kbydekbj

dkdydby dx` sp~~eq yì at yl` M^D bki s`x`qbj dk y`q kbydekbj bf`kcd`s ,dkcjpidk f BIA* BHI* OADC* GhV bki yl`

Veqji Abkg$ ye lbqm ekds` yl` mekdyeqdkf heqm by psì m bt cekyqdapy ` ye dkcq`bsì q`spjy s- absì ~ejdct

idbjefp` psdkf mekdyeq dkf ibyb ~qeipcì at ylds k`v cemm ek mekdyeq dkf yeej+

T`y* bs hecps ek q`spjy s a`cem `s `x`q m eq` c`kyq bj ye bdi ~qefqbm m `s* yl` clbdk j dkgdkf ~ejdcd`s bki yl`dq

eao`cydx`s ye hdkbkcdbj q `sepqc`s bki yl`dq ps` lbs ye a` m eq` q dfeqepsjt i`hdkì+ Yl` clbjj`kf` heq BQI(HS

ds ye j dkg abcg q`spjys ye ~ejdcd`s bki q`sepqc`s vldj` m pcl eh vlby lb~~`ks dk yl` bfqdcpj ypq bj iembdk ds

bhh`cyì at `|ef`keps hbcyeqs yl by bq` ehy`k key pki`q y l` cekyqej eh y l` fex`qkm `ky eq dys i`x`je~m`ky

~bqyk`qs+


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^jbyheqm Gkevj`if` d`c` 1?

Bdi ye bfqdcpjypq `* qpqbj i`x`je~m`ky bki heei s`cpqdyt? Xd`ykbm veq gdkf ~b~`q 99

Q`h`q`kc`s

Cjbqg `* O+* Fbth`q* O+* Jbkitmeq `* ^+ bki Jpy yq`j j* C+ ,1>>6$ IHDI Cepkyq t ^qefq bmm ` Q`xd`v? Xd`ykbm+ @xbjpbydekQ`~eqy @X863+ Jekiek? I`~bqym `ky heq Dky`q kbydekbj I`x je~m `ky+

IBKDIB ,1>>4$ Dkyq eipcydek eh S`cyeq A pif`y Sp~~eqy dk yl ` ^qexdkcdbj Cem~ek`ky eh yl` BQI qefq bmm `+

Mdssdek hq em y l` Y`clkdcbj Bixdseqt S`qxdc` ye yl` @mabsst dk Lbked dk B~qdj 1>>4+

IBKDIB ,1>>6$ Bfqdcpjypq ` bki Qpqbj I`x`je~m`ky S`cyeq ^qefqbmm ` Sp~~eqy 1>>6 1>21+ ^qefq bmm `

Iecpm`ky + Ce~`klbf`k? Ibkdsl Dky`qkbydekbj I`x`je~m `ky Bf`kct+

FI^QI ,Fjeabj Iekeq ^jbyh eqm heq Qpqbj I`x`je~m `ky$ ,1>>6$ Heqm pjbydk f bki Dm~j `m`k ydkf S`cyeq -v di`

B~~qebcl`s dk Bfqdcp jyp q` bki Qpq bj I`x`je~m`ky ? B Stkyl`sds Q`~eqy+ @sclaeqk* F`qm bkt? FI^QI+

FI^QI ,Fjeabj Iekeq ^jbyheq m heq Qpq bj I`x`je~m`ky $ ,1>>>2b$ Syq by`fd`s* ^jbks* ^qefq bmm `s eh Xd`ykbm Secde-@cekem dc

I`x je~m `ky Dkx`sym `ky ye y l` t`bq 1>2> ,S@I^ 1>>2 1>2>$+ Lbked? FeX+

FeX ,Secdbjdsy Q`~pajdc eh Xd`ykbm $ ,1>>2a$ Hdx`-T`bq ^jbk heq Secde-@cekemdc I`x`je~m`k y hq em 1>>2 ye 1>>0+

Lbked? FeX+

FeX ,Secdbjdsy Q`~pajdc eh Xd`ykbm $ ,1>>8b$* I`cq`` K2321>>8K I-C^ ek yl` Mbkbf`m`k y bki Pydjdsbydek ehEhhdcdbj I`x`je~m `ky Bssdsybkc`+ Lbked? FeX+

FeX ,Secdbjdsy Q`~pajdc eh Xd`ykbm $ ,1>>8a$ Kbydekbj ^q efqbm m ` heq yl` ^q emeyd ek eh Heq`dfk Kek- Fex qk m `kybj

Eq fbkdsbydek Bssdsybkc` 1>>8 1>2>+ Lbked? FeX+

FeX ,Fex`qk m `ky eh Xd`ykbm $ ,1>>8c$ Cbs` Sypit ^bqyk`q sld~s heq M( @ Yeejs dk Xd`ykbm + Lbked? Xd`ykbm

Bpsyqbj db Mekdyeq dkf bki @xbjpbydek Syq `kfyl`kdk f ^qeo`cy ,^lbs` DD$+

FeX ,Secdbjdsy Q`~pajdc eh Xd`ykbm $ ,1>>4$* I`cq`` K 431>>4K I-C^ ek yl` M bkbf`m`ky bki Pydj dsbydek eh Bdihq em Dky`q kbydekbj Kek -Fex`qkm `kybj Eqfbkdsbydeks+ Lbked? FeX+

DSFMBQI ,Dky`qk bydekbj Sp~~eqy Fqep ~Md kdsyq t eh Bfqdcp jypq ` bki Qpqbj I`x`je~m`ky * Xd`ykbm $ ,1>2>$* Mekyljt

Aq d`hdkf ek Dky`qkbydekbj Cee~`qbydek dk Bfqdcpjy pq ` bki Qpqbj I`x`je~m`ky ? Kex`m a`q 1>2>+ Lbked? MBQI+

DYBI ,1>2>$ Cepkyq t-j`i @xbjpbydek I`jdx`qdkf bs EK@ PK ^djey Dkdydbydx` dk Xd`ykbm + Lex`* PG? DYBI+

DYBI ,1>22$ Idscpssdek ^b~`q ek SDIB Sp~~eqy ye Qpq bj I`x`je~m`k y dk Xd`ykbm WIqbhy]+ Lex`* PG? DYBI* dk

bssecdbydek vdyl VS^ Dky`qkbydekbj bki M`gek f

pkp2__ understanding aid to ard and food security: vietnam

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