pistachio production and industry in turkey: current...
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Prof. Dr. Bekir Erol AK and
Serpil KARADAG University of Harran Faculty of Agriculture
Department of Horticulture 63200 Sanliurfa
TURKEY E-mail: [email protected]
Pistachio production and industry in Turkey: current status and future
perspective
GREMPA Meeting, Meknes (Morocco), 12-14 May 2015
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Pistachio Pistacia vera is native to north Afghanistan, northeast Iran
and central Asian republics. The largest concentration of Pistacia species is found in West Asia and in Mediterranean region. Except Pistacia vera, the other genus called as wild. The wild Pistacia widely distributed from the Eastern Mediterranean through the Southeast Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan to the whole area of Northern and western Pakistan.
In these part of world wild pistachio such as P. terebinthus, P. atlantica, P. khinjuk, etc. Pistachio trees are like forest in Afghanistan. These suitable source to use as source of germplasm.
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Pistachio grows 30-45 latitude
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World Pistachio production (ton)
COUNTRY 2010 2011 2012 2013 Average Rate %
IRAN 446.647 472.097 472.097 478.600 467.360 48,86
USA 236.775 201.395 249.930 196.930 221.258 23,13
TURKEY 128.000 112.000 150.000 88.600 119.650 12,51
SYRIA 57.471 55.610 57.195 54.516 56.198 5,88
Greece 8.998 9.580 10.000 11.000 9.895 1,03
Italy 3.115 3.079 2.850 3.202 3.062 0,32
Afganistan 2.000 2.000 2.100 2.100 2.050 0,21
Tunusia 2.300 2.100 1.400 1.200 1.750 0,18
Australia 1.000 1.792 1.800 1.850 1.611 0,17
Madagascar 187 1.000 1.900 1.900 1.247 0,13
Krygyzystan 800 888 888 948 881 0,09
Jordan 623 630 675 732 665 0,07
Pakistan 663 659 655 659 659 0,07
Uzbekistan 200 222 225 233 220 0,02
Morocco 78 75 80 80 78 0,01
DÜNYA 947.197 937.517 1.024.149 916.921 956.446 100,00
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The rate of Pistachio Producer Countries
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PISTACHIO PRODUCIR CITIES IN TURKEY
ORDER CITIES AREA
(da) PRODUCTION (tonnnes)
2011 2012 2013 2014 Average 1 Şanlıurfa 885.071 36.619 49.236 30.574 21.494 34.481
2 Gaziantep 1.298.452 36.853 56.233 9.936 17.231 30.063
3 Siirt 190.663 12.617 17.478 18.831 15.228 16.039
4 Adıyaman 248.538 9.263 7.135 8.460 9.704 8.641
5 K.Maraş 66.603 4.892 4.914 5.245 2.438 4.372
6 Kilis 59.477 1.331 1.786 3.115 2.349 2.145
7 Manisa 10.490 1.326 1.674 1.677 2.045 1.681
8 Diyarbakır 4.442 702 1.999 1.978 1.511 1.548
9 Mardin 10.141 1.319 1.576 1.661 1.213 1.442
10 Mersin 4.990 1.371 1.365 1.310 1.232 1.320
11 İzmir 6.680 1.145 1.173 1.255 1.281 1.214 12 Çanakkale 4.704 780 787 783 769 780 13 Batman 20.773 935 675 652 692 739 14 Denizli 353 592 734 735 718 695 15 Konya 165 305 945 76 44 343
Others 11.796 1.950 2.290 2.312 2.051 2.151 TURKEY 2.823.338 112.000 150.000 88.600 80.000 107.650
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PROVINCES
Number of trees
Bearing Trees
Non-Bearing
Production
(Tonnnes)
Şanlıurfa 15.685.845 11.018.310 4.667.535 30 574
Gaziantep 19.796.353 16.188.714 3.607.639 9 936
Adıyaman 4.758.284 3.789.780 968.504 8 460
Kilis 578.634 520.770 57.864 3 115
Diyarbakır 223.355 135.512 87.843 1 978
Mardin 321.606 178.157 146.449 1 661
Batman 339.040 108.710 230.330 652
Şırnak 22.972 7.360 15.612 29
TOTAL 41.726.089 31.947.313 9.781.776 56 405
TURKEY 50.122.390 38.116.209 12.006.181 88 600
Pistachio tree number and yield in some cities Southeast Anatolia Region (in 2013 yılı)
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Pistacia spp. Pistacia vera is native to north Afghanistan, northeast Iran
and central Asian republics. The largest concentration of Pistacia species is found in West Asia and in Mediterranean region. Except Pistacia vera, the other genus called as wild. The wild pistacia widely distributed from the Eastern Mediterranean through the Southeast Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan to the whole area of Northern and western Pakistan.
In these part of world wild pistachio such as P. terebinthus, P. atlantica, P. khinjuk, etc. Pistachio trees are like forest in Afghanistan. These suitable source to use as source of germplasm.
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Pistacia spp. general information
• Decidious (Except P. Lentiscus)
• Male and female flowers are borne
separate trees (Dioecious)
• No any incompatibility between the males
and females
• They can be used as rootstocks
• They are different traits as rootstocks.
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TURKEY’S PRODUCTION-2013
Siirt 18.831 ton
Şanlıurfa 30.574 ton Gaziantep
9.936 ton
Adıyaman 8.460 ton
Kaynak; TUİK 2014 Batman 652 ton
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TÜRKİYE SİYASİ HARİTASI
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The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio
• Pollination • Irrigation • Fertilization • Pruning • Pest and Disease Management • Variety • Rootstock • etc.
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o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o x o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
8 Dişi 1 Erkek Dikim sistemi ( x : Erkek Ağaç, o : Dişi Ağaç )
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What are the traits of a good male pistachio tree? 1. Growth must be strong and upright; 2. The flowering period must be synchronized; 3. Flowering period of the male should be long enough to overlap the flowering period of females; 4. The number of clusters must be high; 5. Flower clusters must be big sized; 6. The amount of pollen production in each cluster must be high; 7. Yield potential must be high; 8. The germination rate of pollen must be high; 9. The pollen's viability in vivo must be long; 10. It must not show alternate bearing (Ak et al., 1998; Ak, 2001).
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The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio
• Pollination • Irrigation • Fertilization • Pruning • Pest and Disease Management • Variety • Rootstock • etc.
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Irrigation • Scion lenght and number
• Leaf number and size
• Alternate Bearing
• Yield
• Fruit size
• Splitting rate
• Blank fruit rate (Goldhamer,1995)
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IRRIGATION • Turkey • Syria No irrigation • Iran Furrow irrigation method
between the rows. Rootstock : P. vera Badami Cultivar (Resistant
to Phytophthor) • U.S.A. Furrow, Drip ve Mini sprink Rootstock : UCB I, PG II
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Soil
Types
YIELD PER TREE (Kg)
Irrgated
Orchard
Non-Irrigated
Orchard
Average
Poor 21.80*
(12.58)**
15.90
(9.22)
18.85
(10.90)
Fertile 31.00
(17.04)
25.87
(13.50)
28.44
(15.27)
Average
26.40
(14.81)
20.88
(11.36)
23.64
(13.09)
*: Fresh fruit weight (15 tree average) **: Sun dried fruit weight.
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Furrow Irrigation
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•Yielding will be increased 38%
•Under modern conditions, 220 kg/da yield,
•In dry conditions 80-100 kg/da yield
•3-5 year early bearing • High quality, regular yielding
WHY SHOULD WE IRRIGATE PISTACHIO TREES?
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• In Turkey pistachio was
growing under arid, stony
and sloping marginal
areas.
33
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Plantation under dry conditions
8 x 8 m 16 tree/da 10 x 10 m 10 tree/da
6 x 4 m 41 tree/da 7 x 3 m 47 tree/da
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6 x 4 m 41 tree/da 7 x 3 m 47 tree/da
Pistachio Plantation in irrigated conditions
35
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Different method of irrigation developped by farmers
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Effect of irrigation and cultivar on yield
Irrigated Siirt 262 kg/da Uzun 179 kg/da Dry Siirt 103 kg/da Uzun 59 kg/da
%46
%74
%272
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Fruit Development
(Ayfer, 1967)
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16.06.2004 30.07.2004
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Correct = Wrong Irrigation
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Irrigated pistachio tree 51
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The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio
• Pollination • Irrigation • Fertilization • Pruning • Pest and Disease Management • Variety • Rootstock • etc.
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Soil and Leaf analyzing is necessary for Suitable Fertilization
For this reason soil and leaf sampling form and time is very important.
Soil Sampling 61
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For leaf;
The best time is Meyveye Ben Düşme Zamanı just shown below. Generally it is 16-31 July.
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GÜBRELEME Banda uygulama
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Traktörle bant açma
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The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio
• Pollination • Irrigation • Fertilization • Pruning • Pest and Disease Management • Variety • Rootstock • etc.
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Before pruning and after
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The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio
• Pollination • Irrigation • Fertilization • Pruning • Pest and Disease Management • Variety • Rootstock • etc.
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Pest and Disease
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77 Antepfıstığı Pisillidi
(Agonoscena spp.)(Hom:Psyllidae)
Mücadelesi Bileşik yaprakta 25-30 nimf
Ergin boyu ortalama
1.5 mm
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78
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79
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The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio
• Pollination • Irrigation • Fertilization • Pruning • Pest and Disease Management • Variety • Rootstock • etc.
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PISTACHIO VARIETIES GROWN IN TURKEY
• In Turkey, there are main 8 domestic varieties
which are : • Uzun, • Kırmızı, • Halebi, • Siirt, • Beyazben, • Sultani, • Değirmi and Keten Gömleği and • 5 foreign varieties which are Ohadi, Bilgen,
Vahidi, Sefidi and Mümtaz
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Registrated new cultivars
2 female
Tekin Barak Yıldızı
4 male Uygur Kaska Öztürk Atlı
Tekin
Tekin
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Tekin
84
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0
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Average yield (kg/da) under irrigated conditions (10-14 years old average)
Plantaion Distances: 7 m x 5 m (28 tree/da) Rootstock: Pistacia khinjuk
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The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio
• Pollination • Irrigation • Fertilization • Pruning • Pest and Disease Management • Variety • Rootstock • etc.
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Rootstocks for Pistachio
• Pistacia vera, L. • P. khinjuk, Stocks • P. atlantica, Desf. • P. terebinthus, L. • Generally 11 Pistacia spp. And hybrids.
All of them can be used as rootstock to Pistachio except P. lentiscus
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P. vera seedling and budding
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The importance of Pistachio for Turkish economy
In Turkey
282 000 ha area, 108 000 tonnes production
200 000 family, (1.2 Billion income for economy
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Yield of Siirt Cultivar on Some Pistacia rootstocks (kg/tree)
0123456789
P.vera P.khinjuk P.atlantica P.terebinthus
5,93 b6,6 ab
8,27 a
6,14 ab
Verim (kg/ağaç)
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Training of farmers
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Some research RESULTS shows that;
Fertilization 38 %
Irrigation 35 %
Pruning 17 %
Cultivar 40 %
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Harvesting
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Two different stage
1. Early (Boz)
To obtain deep green kernel for Baklava, ice crema, or sweet things etc.
It is harvested 20-35 days before normal harvest period.
2. Normal harvest to consume as table pistachio or snack.
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How to dry of fruits?
CORRECT WRONG On the convey
Openarea
UNDER SUN
İn shade
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The RESULT • 1. Irrigation problem is solving (+fertilization) • 2. Cultivar is changing • 3. Processing system is changed. No aflatoxin • 4. More information for the farmers • 5. Good Agricultural Practice is accepted by the farmers.
(Especially pesticide usage is low) • The result: High yield, GAP fruits, High incomes. It
needs a good marketing…
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Sanliurfa