pisanje eseja udžbenik

8/16/2019 Pisanje eseja udžbenik

1/73

Universily oundation

ludy

Essay

Writing

Eourse

Eook


2/73

SkillsMeF

Gettingorganised

Learn

some

basic

principles

of academicwriting:

essay

structure;analysing

ssay

questions;

brainstorming

deas

and ssues.

Getting

started

Understand how

to

plan

your

writing. Learn

to

create

effective introductions

and write thesis

statements.

The

body

of the

essay

Practise

arranging

our

arguments

n a logical

sequence. earn

effective

paragraphing.

ractise

upporting

our

arguments.

Summaries

nd

conclusions

Learn how

to close

your

argument

and draw

conclusions.

Academic

style

and register

Practise

using

appropriate

anguage:

ormalvs.

nformal

style

and some

important

aspects

of academic

written anguage.

Guidelinesor the future

Remember

ome mportant

points:

ecturer

expectations;

roducing

a detailed

essayoutline.

Study

a model

essay.


3/73

Eelling

rganised

At the end of

this unit

you

will:

.

understand

more about the requirements

of writ ing an academic

essay;

o

have earnt

how to

produce

a clear outline.

Basic

principles

of

essay

writing

There are severaldifferent

ypes of academicessay.

For example,

you

might have o write:

.

a descriptiveessay

.

an argumentessay

.

an analytical

ssay

.

an evaluative ssay

.

a

personal

experience

essay

.

a reflectiveessay

Some essays

may be a mixture

of differentapproaches

and types, but

you

need o be clear

what sort of

essay

you

are

writ ing.

Using

Ta,J(

pe(

al expeclenc,e, desc(iba

a

chafacteri ion and give examPles.

The

mo.=t elticierrr

form of transport

is the train.

Disctlss

numbar of Dritish

households.

-fne

Eocopean Union

is alreadq far

too big. Discrtss.

Learning a

ta age B

one

of

tlne besf

forms of


4/73

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5/73

=l

Analysing

he essay

question

Discuss

he

problems ssociated

ith traffic ongestion. uggest

ossible olutions

nd evaluate

heir

effectiveness.

problemsassociated

ith traf f iccongest ion.

a)

What

exactly

s traffic congestion?

b)

Wherewould

you

find trafficcongestion?

c)

What are he maincausesof

trafficcongestion?

d)

: i

. t . l l , i , : - .

:

t , ' , i ' : .

, : ' : t ' . . - l i . - ,

Discuss

. . f r ' r i r . ' . r .

the

i ' : 1 r ' :


6/73

Suggestossible

olutions

ndevaluate

their

effectiveness

Brainstormingnvolves ree association,r rapidlygeneratingdeason a topic.Try hese wo differentways

of brainstorming .

Free writing

This s where

you quickly

write

down every dea

you

have

hat

could be relevant

o the topic.

You

can write

a list or draw

a spidergram. he

aim s to

produce

ots of ideas,

o the

form is not imporlant.

You

do not

need o worry

about

correctspell ing

r

grammar

it is the ideas

hat

are mportant.

Group brainstorming

This s where

all

he

members

of a

group

contribute

heirown ideas

on

the topic,

bouncing'

their deas

of f

each other.

Transporting

oodsby road.

Start

ndividually.

hink

about he

topic

Banningorries

rom

owns

and cities.Accept

any deas

that

come nto

your

head.

b) Work n

groups.

Appoint

a chairperson

o write

down ideas.

Then

brainstormhe

toprc.

a)


7/73

Organising

our

ideas

Now

that

you

have a set

of

ideas,

hey need

putting

ogether

n

an

organised

way. One

method

is to use

a

mind

map to try

to represent

our

deas

n a

visual orm.

This

can

be

very useful

when

you

want o

quickly

see the relationship etweenyour maintopic, main deasand supporling deas(seeessay itle, ask2'2)'

Youwrite

he main

opic

in the

middleof

the

page

and

place

he

main

deasaround

t, connected

with lines

or arrows.

Similarly,

ou

write

he supporting

deasaround

he main deas,

onnected

with linesor

arrows'

4.

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h*

r::il'l*:

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fr:i''

Solufions

Thesis

sfatement

-lne

essaj r,oill

discrlgs

fhe

main

Problems

as5ociated dith

conSestion

and

afremP-r

fo

find a range

of

aocV-able

solul-iong.

Probtems

a==,ocid+ed

r.pifh

trafflc

conge

on

Definition

of

traffic

conqestion

an area

is

fillt

oc


8/73

Using

your

mind

maps, work in

groups

to discuss the

possible

content of

your

essay,

he

introduction and

main

points.

Sludenlnoles for Unil


9/73

Eelling

larled

At

the

end

of

this

unit

you

will:

.

be better

equipped to start

writing an essay;

.

understand

how to write a thesis statement;

.

have

ideas on how to make the

introduction interesting for the

reader.

Task I what o

inctude

Once

you

have begun o organise

your

ideas n a logical

way,

you

need to decide:

o

how to structure

your

essay;

o

how

(and

where)to

nclude hese deas.

For

example,

ou

need o

makedecisions bout he

mainsections

of

your

essay.

1.1

You might want

to include he following

points

in

your

essay on traffic

congestion.

Think about

the i mportance of each

item in the

list.

Label

hem I,

U or

Nl

(important,

useful,not

important).

Add

any other

items or

topics

you

can think of.

a)

A

definition

f trafficcongestion.

b)

An

explanation

of the causes of

traffic congestion.

c) Yourviews on

traffic congestion.

e)

A list of solutions

o the

problem.

f) Examplesof traffic

problems

n

your

hometown.

g)

Arguments n favour

of or against

possible

olutions.

1"2

Decide

n which order he

ideas

should

appear n the essay.

Which ones wil lyou

need o

spend most

time on? Compare

your

ideas

with

another student.

TaSlf A Information

athering

In academicwriting t

is not enough o use

your

own

ideaswithoutany supporting

vidence.

t is essential

to include elevantnformation

rom academic ources

o

give

hem

academic

weight'.Youshould

obtain

this

information

y

thoroughly

esearchinghe topic, usinga

variety

of sources.

It

is important o makeclear

notes

of

any nformation

ou

find. You

can

then use his

nformation,

it h

references,o supporl

your

argument.

See

TASK,Module

10: Research

&

Referencing.)

eep a record of

al l

your

sourceswhen

you

collect

he information,

as

it is easier

o

do this at

the time, rather

han later.

h)

i)

i)


10/73

*"1 *iscuss

possible

sources with

another

student"

Write

what

you

think will

be

your

four

main

ssurces

*f infcrm=ti*n.

Sources of information

2.2 Number the fall*wing

points

in the

order of diff iculty

or

you.

Finding

appropriate eferences

Paraphrasing

n

your

own

words

Understanding ow much use to makeof external

sources

Referencing

n an

appropriate

way

2.3

Discuss

your

answers

as

a class.

TaSk il Arousing

nterest:

he introduction

The introductionacts as a window to the rest of your writing.A good introductionshould makeyour reader

want to read

your

work. You

can encourage

nterest

by

using a variety

of

different echniques.

For example,

you

can

use one or more

of the following:

a) a surprisingor interesting

act

b) a

question

c) a

quotation

d) a definit ion

e) some important

background

nformation


11/73

= l

tr

ara

= E

3.1

Which

of the

above,

a)

-

e),

has the author

used

in the introduction

o

an essay

entitled:

Theeducation

ystem

n yourcountry?

Accordingo

a recent

urvey,

significant

roportion

f

the

population

n my country

has

serious

literacv roblems.

g.2

Look at

the four

essay

itles

below.

Think

of a

sentence

o use as

an

introduction

o

each

one,

using

any of

the

above,

a)

-

e).

Try

o interest

he

readerso

as

to encourage

him/her

o

read

the

rest of the

essay'

a)

Family

tructure

n

Your

ountry

b)

Thecriminal

ustice

ystem

n

your

country

c)

lmports

nd

exports

o and rom

your

country

d)

Transportation

n

Your

ountry

TaSk

4

writing

a

thesis

statement

An

introduction

hould

also

contain

nformation n

how

you

will develop

he

topic

in the essay

itle'

Youwrite

this

in the thesis

statement,

a statement

of

your

standpoint

or

the view

aken

n the essay.

t should

be

concise

and

convincing.

Your

hesis

s the controlling

dea

of

your

essay

hat

you

will develop

n the

main

body

Younormally ollow he thesisstatementwith a clear ndicationof how you will structure he main body of

your

essay

n support

of

your

thesis

statement'

4.1 The

controlling

deas

can be

stated

in

many different

ways.

ldentify

he controlling

deas

of the

followin

g

thesis

statements.

a)

Thecriminal

ustice

ystem

n my country

unctions

n a

variety

f

ways.

b)

Although

he Big

Bang

Theory

s widely

accepted,

t will

probably

never be

proved,

and

it

therefore

eavesa

number

of difficult

and

unanswered

questions.

c)

The

key to coping

with

the rise

n

sea

levels

s education

on

its effects

and

the accurate

forecasting

of

its hazards.

4.2 How

do

you

think

the

rest of

the essay

will be developed

n each

case?

What

areas

will be

covered?

Continue

each

statement

with a sentence

outlining

the

structure

of the

essay'

beginning:'This

essaq

Ditl

... ' .


12/73

4.3

Look

back at the ideas

you

brainstormed

n

Unit

1

on traffic

congestion.What s

your

own

view about

possible

solutions o the

problems?

dentifu

your

main

dea and write it

as

the

controlling dea n a single

sentence.This will

be

your

thesis

statement.

l

Whatwill

you

focus

on?

How will

you

develop

your

thesis n the

main body of

your

essay?

Write

a follow-on sentence

beginning:'Thisessaq

trlitl

..',

4.4

An introduction

hould

generally

ove rom

he

general

o the

specific. he ollowing

xamples

an

introductiono an essayabout he

problems

ssociated ith

urbanovercrowding.

5.1

Arrange he five sentences n the correctorder.

Tagk 5

An

effectiventroduction

d)

e)

5.2

a)

b)

c)

As a resultof this migration,

odern-day

ities

ace

a number

f serious

roblems

relatedo

overcrowding.

People

were herefore

rawn owards

iving n owns

and

cities

or

simpleeconomic

reasons.

The

purpose

f this essay

s to identify

olutionso these

problems

f urban

overcrowdingnd

attempt o

evaluateheir easibility.

Themost

critical

roblems

nclude omelessness,

nadequate

ealthcare

nd education,

unemployment,

nd knock-on

ffects

uchas rising

rimeand drugabuse.

The wentieth

entury aw

a major ncreasen

the world's

population

nd,at

the

same

time, he

emergencef

a society

rivenby the orces

of economics

nd

ndustry.

Discuss he following

hree

questions

with

another tudent.

a)

Mark he

general

tatements

. How

do theyattempt

o interest

he reader?

b)

Mark he

hesis tatement

ith a tick.

Howdo

you

expect he rest

of the essay o

be organised?

c) Whatare he minimum umber

f

paragraphs

ou

wouldexpect

n his essay?What

can

you

predict

bout heir

content?


13/73

=?

Is it likely

to interest

he reader?

Why?

Does t startwith a generalstatementelated o the topic andgraduallybecomemorespecific?

Is there

a thesis

statementhat

tells the

readerwhat

the essaywill

be about?

Can

you

easily

identify

it?

Does he ntroduction

give

an overview

of the

essay tructure?

Are ideasclearly

inked betweensentences

r

is it sometimes

onfusing?

Does

t include

a definition?

Do

you

think a definition

s necessary

r would

be

helpful?

Stcen s

Weav-Y\esses

The advantaqes and

disadvantaoes

of

qenet ical lv

modif ied

crops

New

devefopments

in the

field of

genetically

modified

(GM)

agriculture

ar e

reported almost

daily as excj-ting

new discoveries

are

made.

These

new


14/73

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content

*r:*

str*e:ti.:r*

*siti:

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rariti*9.

Food additivesshould be banned. Discuss.

What

are

the main benefitsof investingmoney n

space

research?

Euthanasiahouldbe made egal.Discuss.

Outline he different

ypes

of alternative nergysources.

What would

you

do to improve he lives of the elderly n

your

country?

Essaywriting:

points

o remember

o

Planning nd organisationrekeyskills.

.

Keepa closeeye on

your

itle: always

answer

he

question.

.

Word

processing

s very useful.For

example,

ou

can change ext or movesectionsaboutvery

easily.SeeModule7: lntroduction o lT SkrT/s.)

.

Keepa note as

you go

alongof all

references

r sources hat

you

use.

.

Redrafting

s

an essential kill.

ffi*rudmre*fiGG€€

sr

€$sx**

a

a

a

a

a


15/73

The

body

of lhe

essay

At the

end

of

this

unit

you

will:

o

have a clear

idea

of

how to structure

the main

part

of an academic

essay;

.

know

how to

plan

and

write effective

paragraphs.

Remember,

f

you

want to

write a successfulacademic

essay,

you

need o

have he following:

.

an outline

plan

.

a c lear structure

.

a strong

ntroduction

.

logical

and

meaningful

aragraphs

.

a development

f an argument

r discussion

.

a conclusion

The organisation

f

your

essay

will depend o some

extenton what sort of

essay

you

are

writing.

The body

of

your

essay can

be arranged

n various ogical

ways, for example:

.

Reasons or and reasons

against

.

Causes

ollowed by effects

o

Problems ollowedby

solutions

Eachmain

dea shouldbe

presented

eparatelyn a

new

paragraph.

Each

paragraph

n the

body

of

your

essay

will

usually

egin

with a topic sentence

iatin

the main deaof the paragraph.

The topic sentence

should be

followed by severalsentences

which support

he main

dea

To add support

or evidence,

ou

shoulduse examples,

iguresor statistics.

Youshould

alwaysuse

quotations

o suppotl

your

deas.

You

should

have

a strong

concluding entence

n each

paragraph

o

link he reader

back

to the

topic sentence r

provide

a link

o the next

paragraph

r section.

Paragraph rganisation

c)

d)

e)

f)

a)

b)


16/73

The irst

episoden

the Coca-Cola tory

s an important

art

of the rise

of capitalismn the

UnitedStates

of America. owards

he end

of the nineteenth

entury, merica

radually

egan

o transformtself rom

a nationof farmers

o a city-basedndustrialised

ociety.Thendustrial

evolution

as

epitomised y

new

communicat ions

nd hearr ival

ndspread

f the rai lways.his

produced

newkind

of

capitalism, distinctive merican

ariety

where

he ethos entred

irmly

on the image

f

individual

immigrant truggle. heworldof US business ason itsway.One of the most mportant hanges hich

helped

usinessuccess as

populat ion

rowth. he

American opulat ion

lmost oubledn

size

between 880and 1910,

and a largeproportion

f the ncrease

as

created y the new

mmigrants

from Europe

nd he rest

of the world.

Success

ame rom ambition

and hard

work,and

anybody ould

make arge

amounts f moneyprovided

hey riedhard

enough.Helped

by

the success f some,

immigrantslocked

o the USA.By 1890,

herewere

already ver4,000

Americanmil l ionaires

nd

Andrew

Carnegie, ho

had made

a

fortune

rom

railways

nd ron and

steel,wasspreading

he "Cospel

of Wealth". herewere,

however,

omedisadvantages

o the new business

nvironment.

n manyparts

of the USA, herewas

more hanan

element

f the Wild West.

Conmen,

hieves nd

swindlers ame

o

the new ownswhich wereappearing,ooking or suitable ictims. secondmajordisadvantageas

thatCokewas

originally patentmedicine,

ndonly

about wo

percent

f the medicines

hichwere

produced

verbecamewell-known

most

nventors

nd salesmen

ailed

miserably.hirdly,

lthough

largeprofits

ould be made rom

all kinds

of medicines,

any

of which

oftencostalmostnothing

o

produce,

y the late1880s

he market or

medicines

asalready

aturated. atent

medicines,

herefore,

werenot

an easy ommercial

rea o break

nto.Another

mportant

spect

f the story s

hat he world

of medicine as

notadvanced

tthis ime.

Nineteenth-centuryAmerican

octors erenornumerous,

nor were heyvery

good

anaesthetics

ere

stil l o

be

invented

nd

someof

the

primitive

methods

sed

by the

medical

profession ere

errifying,

il l ing

morepatients

han hey

saved). hiswas

he

reason

why manypeople urned o alternativeemedies,he so-called atentmedicines,o solve heirhealth

problems. y he

end of the century,

herewere

housands

f cures

n offer or every maginable

ailment,rom he

common old

o

malaria,

l l of which equired

xtensive

dvert isingn

newspapers

andpubl icplaces

o

promote

heir

uperior alues

ver heir

competitors.

oconclude,t is

not

surprisinghat manywould-be

ycoonswere

attracted

y the risingnumbers

f consumers nd hat

he

field

of

patent

medicines as

an attractive

tarting oint

or some.

n 1869,

Dr

John

Pemberron,

Ceorgia harmacist,

ad moved

o Atlanta

earching

o

make

his ortune

by

the discovery f

the

perfect

patent

ure. n 1886,

f ter ong ears

f research,

e inal ly aunched

isnew nvent ion.

t was nto

his

very

crowded nd overcompetit ive

arket

hat

Coca-Cola as

o emerge

sa highlysuccessfulroduct.


17/73

=3

YASI(

A

Linking

words and

phrases

It is important

o develop

and

link

your

ideas

n each

paragraph

so

the

readercan

follow

your

line of

argumentclearly.

The Coca-Cola

essay

uses

words and

phrases

o help

the reader

ollow

the sequence

of

events.

g.J

&4atel':

"i*ursrds

and

phrase-=

=

i**

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:=

::=* =*:=*

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==

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Firstly

Secondly

Thirdly

Fourthly

Finally

L**k

=t

t** f=i *sr-g

i ::* ='"'*r*= ** :==E=1-:

**:==

* €3:*ir

?l:**ti*?='

Showing

imilarity

Comparing

or contrasting

Addingsomething

Giving

easons

Showing

cause

and

effect

Giving

an example

l**t*:

There

s a

large

varietyof link

words and

there are

complex

rules

regarding

heir

use. You

shouldconsultyour tutor on a good sourceof reference

o learn

more about

how to use

them

effectively.


18/73

The

topic sentenceand supporting

sentences

The opic sentence

s

usually t

the

beginning f a

paragraph,

ut it does not have o be. When

you

write

a

paragraph,

ou

should ry to develop his

nit ial

dea

and

not change

or add

too manynew ideas.

The benefits

of

immigration

to

industr ial isedountr ies.

a)

lmmigration s a

very

difficult subject o discu ss ecause here are many possible ifferent iewpoints.

b)

One of themajorproblems f immigrations hatpeople n the host ountrymaydisagree ith such

a

policy.

lmmigration an offerseveral learadvantagesor industrialised

ountries.

Example A

There

are

obviousadvantageso learning

English n Britain.Everyday thereare

opportunit ies

o

practise

isteningo

and speakingwith Brit ish

people.

n the first

place,

students an experiencehe

culture

irst-hand,which s a

great

help when rying o

understandhe language. his s especially

true f

they

choose

o live

with a

British

amily

as exchange tudents, or example. n addit ion, f

students

attenda language chool ull-t ime,

he teacherswill be nativespeakers. n this case,not

only

will students'speaking

nd

listening

kills mprove, ut attention

an be

given

o developing

reading

nd

writ ing

skillsas

well.

ExampleB

lmmigrationo industrialisedountries

oses

a

number

of diff icult hallengesor incoming amilies.

Theymay need o learn

a

new anguage,

hey may ace racism

and discrimination nd

they

frequently ave

problems

adjusting o the new

culture.

n France,

or example, t is il legal or Muslim

schoolgirls

o wear headscarveso

school.Already,ive Muslim

schoolgirls

ave

beenexpelled rom

school or wearingheadscarves. he

ban

s

perceived

y

many

as intolerant, ndermininghe

integration f France'sMuslims.Feminists

ay

he lslamic

carf s a repressive ymbol,but many

FrenchMuslims ay he

ban

s racist

and against heir human ights.

Everyone

as he right o

freedomof thought,conscience

nd

religion;

his right ncludes reedom o manifest heir religion

r

belief

n teaching,

ractice,

worship

and observance"

Article

8, The

Universal

Declaration

f

Human

Rights) . '

c)


19/73

E3

Paragraph

Topic

entence

Supporting

entence(s)

B) Thesis statement

What s the ocus

here?

Paragraph

1

Topic sentence

Supporting entence(s)

C)

Thesis statement

What s the ocus

here?

Paragraph

1

Topic sentence

Supporting

entence(s)

3.3

There are three

thesis statements below.

Write a topic sentence

for each of

them. Then

write

a suppoding

sentence

or two for the

paragraph.

Remember to

focus on the main

idea. The

first has been done

for

you.

A) Thesis

statement

Y-€

peopte

ulho

live af horne rrrhite

studging

at

univer5itS

Y]6ve

*vecat

advantages.

First

of all, tkreq can

focr:g on theic sludies

rr#hout

dorrbing

abouf

domestic matters.

SJudents

tiving

arrn3

fronr

knme have to

learn hor..l

'fo

do

-their

oun

laundrS and ma3

uoell

have to

shop and cooV-

la fnemselves.

Those

ulho

live af

horne do naf have such

ccllc.e(ns.

Tkre

catres and effec+s

of

globat

darming trrilt

be

brief

ouHined in thig essatj.

Pgcsonal

cornpute(s kravg

revolufionised

c,ommunicafion

and

brr.sirress

P(dcftc'es

in

the

pa5f

J J


20/73

Organising

n

essay

a)

How

would

you

structure

our

essay?

e.g.,Feasons

or

and

reasons

against,

causes followed

by effects,

problems

followed

by

solutions

b) What

are he main

points

hat

you

would nclude

n the

essay?

c) Whatsort of researchwillyou have o do on this opic?

1) There s

too much

advertising

n television.

2l Discuss

he

advantages

nd

disadvantages

f English

s

a

world anguage.

3) How has

education

mproved

ver

he

last

one

hundred

years?

4l Marketing

s the

most mporlant

aspect

of

a business's

activit ies.Discuss.

5) Every ndividual

as

a responsibility

o

prevent

lobal

warming.

Paragraph

begins

s-fofla ts

ot

advanced

at thi.=

time.

-fttece

r,aece, hot^:eve(,

s,ofi\e

disadva

qes

to

the neD

business

environment.

fiela

of

pafenf medicines

Das

an

One

of the

most impo

nf

changes

r.,"rhich

hetped

business

so)Cess

(,as

populafion

capitalisrn in fhe

United

States

of America


21/73

=3

4.3

4.4

Choose

one

title

and

make a

plan

for it,

listing

the

topics

you

would

cover

in

each

paragraph'

practise

writing

the

first

paragraph

for

your

essay.

Make

sure

you

staft

with

a

clear topic

sentence


22/73

taries

and

rsions

At the end of this

unit

you

will:

.

have

a clear

idea

of how to finish

an academic

essay

with

a successful

conclusion.

The mainaim of the conclusion s to

show the reader hat

you

have

successfully

nswered he

question

hat was

set. t

does

not include

any

new nformation, ut it

summarises

he

main

points

made n the

body

of

the essay. t should

draw

your

argument o a

closeand

it

also needs o

link

back

o the thesis

statement

n

vour

ntroduction.

Restating

he thesis

You need o rep eat he main deas n the

conclusion,

ut

you

do not want to

simply

write

he same

sentences

gain.One way

of

linking

back o the thesis

statement s to rewrite t

(that

s, o

paraphrase

he

ideas

and

the language). ou

can use synonyms

o do this, or

you

can

rearrange

he orderand

also change

some of

the

grammar.

Lack f

investment

n publ ic ransport

the

maior

ooint

hat

wi l l

be discussed

is

having er ious

onsequencesor

ravel lers

n Bri tain

oday;h is s

in

thisessay.

Original

55non

lacV-

o{

coneq{ence5

t(avelle(s

major

Poinf

di5,uJ55,e-d


23/73

=4

Rewrite the sentence,

using

synonyms and different

word order

to make a

good

concluding

statement.Think

about the

grammar

that needs

to

change

{e.9.,

willbe

is not appropriate

or

a

conclusion).

TaSk

?

Organising

he concluding

aragraph

Rearrange he

following sentences

o f orm an effective conclusion

or an

essay

on

the topic

of

Urban overcrowding.

a)

Government

pol ic ies

aimed

at solving these

problems

are too

o f ten

verv s imp ]e measures

tha t o f fe r on ly

shor t - t e rm

so lu t ions .

b)

In conclusion,

urban overcrowding

causes

problems

on al l

levels.

c)

It

is a model

which

aims

for

improved

social

condit ions

and

offers

a

high

qual i ty

of l i fe

for c i ty dwel lers,

whatever their

number.

d)

This essay

has

argued

for the

implementat ion of

a

long-term

pol icy

which

needs

to

provide

an economical ly

sustainable,

resource -e f f i c ien t

mode l o f c i t y des ign .

e)

The creat ion

of such a

model

wi l l

help to

resolve

many of the

current

and

future

problems

of

urban l i fe.

TaSk 3 rinishwith a clearstatement

Remember hat

your

conclusion

needs

o

be clear

and

relevant o the

questionyou

are answering.

A strong

conclusionshould

referback

to the int roduction. deally,

t needs o leavea strong

mpression

on

the reader.

Read he

following thesis statement

and

the concluding sentences

of the same

essay.

Discuss

the following

questions.

a)

What is the subject

of the essay?Think of

a title

for

it .

b)

How is he conclusion

imilar o and different

rom he introduction?

1 . 2

2.',|

3 .1

Wriling Unit

4

-

Summaries

nd conclusions


24/73

Thesis

statement: The

growth

of a

'fast

food'

culture n this

countryhas

generated

unexpected

roblems,

ncluding

ising

obesity

levels

and, more mportantly,

he loss

of our

gastronomic

eritage. his

essay

will

examine

the role

of fast ood in the

development

f an

increasinglynhealthy ritain.

Conclusion:

Fast ood

outlets

annot

entirerv

be blamed or

our

ncreasingly

nhealthy

dietaryhabits.Fast

ood

evidently esponds

o

a need n

our modern

society,

and

reflects

changes n

our modern ifestyle.

t is,

rather,

our ifestyle hich

needs

changing f

we hope

to

becomea healthier ation.

Advanfages

Disadvantages


25/73

T

Lecturer

expectations

4.1

Tutors and

lecturers

have clear

ideas of what

they

want to see

in the

conclusion

to an

academic

essay.

Look

at the

list below

and check

that

you

understand

the

expectations.

ldentify

whether

you

think

you

are

strong

or

weak

in these areas.

;r:ti:

,i:r,l

xx

I am

good,

OK,

uoeaL

at

.. .

' r * ' * r ' "

- * "

J

a retevarrt

concluding

statemenf


26/73

Hcademic

lyle

and

regisler

At the

end

of this unit

you

will:

.

be

more familiar

with the languageof essays and able to

identify some of

the

features of academic style;

.

have

practised

using

formal, objective

anguage.

Formal

or

informal egister?

Academicessaysusually

equire formalstyle.You

need o rememberwhat o avoid

n an academicessay

fnformal/spoken: Geography?

Well, think it's basically

just

some sort of

mix of

physical

and social

sciences and

how they interact together.

You know, like, for example, how

global

warming

has an

effect on the economy,

um, of a region

...

but

you

can also ook at these things

individually

oo ... er

... so

you

could

just

study

things ike sea-level

isewhich'd be

physical,

oryou

could

look

at

... say

... how

people,

human

beings,adapt themselves

o the environment, hat's

human.

Formal/written:

Geography

s the study of the surface of

the Earih, the location and

distribution of

its

physical

and cultural

eatures,and

the interrelationof these eaturesas

they affect

humans. n the study

of

geography,

wo main branches

may be distinguished,

physical

geography

and

human

geography.

?ea+oce

Informat/spoV-en

examples

Format/uor

n

exarnpleg

Use ol contra

ons,

isnt, dont,

.

Use ol fillerg,

Vr)ell,

c, elc.

Use of pds3lve

volce

Impersonal

and ob1ective

Pergonal and

subiective

Punctu on


27/73

a) | don't believe his is trueat all. t sounds ike nonsense.

b) New regulations

will

come into effect next

year.

c)

The study was conductedwith

a

group

of school-age hildren.

d) We'redefinitely

oing

o have o follow hose

stupid new rulesnext

year.

e) Further nalysis

s required

efore

conclusions an be drawn.

D

lt really

puzzles

me why

some studentsdon't

get

better

grades.

g)

Our experiments

ere

OK

-

they

ust

proved

hat his

argument idn't stand up.

h) He'll have o havea better ook at the findings

beforemakinghis mind up.

i) lt has beenproved hat he claimsare unfounded.

j)

We went down

to

a schooland chattedwith some

of

the kids.

k) lt isn't

clear

why

quite

a

lot

of studentsdon't

get

really

good grades.

l) A major

aspect

of the investigation

nvolved esearchnto

social

housing rends.

Gautious

anguage

Another ypical eatureof academicwriting s the need o be carefulor

cautious.Unless

ou

are

quoting

a

fact

or a statistic,

r

there s

evidence

which shows

100%

certainty, tatements nd

conclusions re often

qualified

n some way to

make hem

essassedive

r

positive.

he reason s

partly

English cademic tyle,but it is

also

o

avoid

making

any alse

claims.

This

use of ca utious

anguages

sometimes alled

hedging'.

l , . r : : , - l

I

;l i

Some colleges nd universitiesn this countryhave arge

numbersof

international

tudents.

Some colleges nd universitiesn this country

appear

o

have argenumbersof international

students.

Insteadof cominghere, nternational

tudents houldstudy n theirown country.

It

could be

argued hat, ns tead

of cominghere, nternational

tudents houldstudy n their

own counrry.

This s a

misapplication

f

government olicy.

This would

seem

o

be a misapplicat ion

f

government olicy.

A } D

i i

B ) i )

iD

c ) D

iD


28/73

=5

D)

i)

This

s true.

ii) To a certain

extent,

his may

be true.

E)

i) Erlichman's

indings

prove

hat he amount

of

independent

tudy

s directly

elated

o

highe

oerformance

evels.

ii) Erlichman's

indings

uggest

hat

he amount

of independent

tudy

might

be

directly

elated

to higherperformanceevels.

F)

i) Inflation

will not

rise

next

year.

ii) Evidence

ndicates

hat nflation

will

probably

not rise

next

year.

G)

i)

The

survey

demonstrates

hat

English

choolchildren

on't

l ike earning

more

oreign

languages.

ii) The

survey

ends

o

indicate

hat

English

choolchildren

re

apparently

ot

in

favourof

learning

more

oreign

anguages.

H) i)

There

are situations

where

his is

the only

solution.

ii)

Thereare

undoubtedly

ituations

where

his would

seem

o be

the

only

possible

olution.

Hedging

fea+oce

Exampte

hedging

vecbs

Some colleges

appeaf

to

have

Use

of modal

vecbs

Qualif3ing

exP(

e3

3lon3

hc^ec+lves

and

adverbg

Se-l

exp(es3lons

""ltrw,

W

fi

Register

n

use

Informal

English

uses

everyday

spoken

orms

(colloquialisms)

hat

are

inappropriate

or

formal

written

English.

t is

important

not

to

mix styles

n academic

writing.

. l ] i t . i ' i . i f . : : : i 1 , | . i : . - i l ; j i , . . i i : . . ] { l , , : i . i t l ' ' j i . ; . . .

l , . - : i . : : i . : : : l i , n : {1 ' : . ; i : i l { : i . ; : l l j i l ; . : : i i f ' - : i l i r . . i , i ; l . :F i : i j : g i . l : ; . : t : : l q l ; : : l t

q';r'i.l.o,l:.r-',:,;-'i,: :l i i l iY''f ::itl i l[ '+g'=icii] +F]i:t': Ii if+';{jt{lf{*


29/73

A

massive

hange onewhich eally elped

usinesswasmorepeople

rr iving

n

the USA. here ere

two timesas manypeoplewho got here

between 880and 1910,

and otsof themcame rom all sorts

f

different laces ike Europe.

f you

wanted

o be successfulou had o work reallyhard;however, ou

could

get rich quickly f you

did this.Lotsof immigrants ade t

and because f this, otsmorewannabe

mil l ionairesurned p n theUS.By 1890,Americamaybe adaround ,000mil l ionaires.neof the

bestwasAndrew

Carnegie,

ho got rich

hrough rainsand ron

and steel.His message as

called he

'Cospel

of

Wealth'.

appropriate

ocabulary

nd

grammatical

tructures;

cautious

anguage

Unit

,

Task

,

page

29).

Another ind

of useful lternativeuel s electricity.his sn't

eallya veryefficientuel right

now,because

the

echnologys

somewhat

imited;

however,t 's air

o say hat recent dvancesn the production

f

electric arscould maybe

make

hisa reality n

the

uture.

But t is possibleor

cars

powered

with

electricityo

releaseittle

or

no

emissions,

o

f we want

hisalternativeuel

o become reality,

e'l l

need t in lots

of cars.

Maybe

hen t ' l l make

some ortof a difference.f we want

his o

happen,.e.,

o

knock big chunkoutof thepollut ion roblem

l l around heworld,

t ' l l akea

whi le.

a

a


30/73

THsK

is a flexible

earning

resource

hat has

been carefully

designed

o

develop

he

key

transferable skills that promote students' success in university and college study.

Whether

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a

student

or a

teacher,

the

TASK

series

provides

a tried

and

tested

teaching

and

learning

ool suitable

or a

broad

range of

academic

disciplines.

The

Eomplele

HSK

eries

comprises:

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31/73

:

.

i ' : : : t

, i t : : ,

' l '

.:

FesearEh

EourseBook


32/73

SkXXXspp

Why research?

Understand

the need to

use other sources of information to

strengthen

your

essays.

The researCIh

roeess

Familiarise

yourself

with the range

of sources of information and consider

their

strengths and

weaknesses.

lf$ritinga bib*isgnaphy

Understand the use and importance

of a bibliography and learn the basics of

writing one in the APA system.

Keferring

o otlren

ss&*rses

m

ycun

esself

Understand the uses of

quotations

and

citations and

familiarise

yourself

with

the APA system of referencing.

Plagiarism

Understand

what

plagiarism

is and how to recognise

it

in

a

piece

of

writing

so

that

you

can use other sources in

your

writing in

an acceptable way.

UsinEsuppsr{ingargumsnts

ldentify relevant information

in

your

research notes

and understand

how to use

it in

your

essay to support

arguments

in

an acceptable way.


33/73

Whyresearch?

At the

end of

this

unit

you

will:

o

understand the need

to refer to

other sources;

.

be aware of different

conventions

and attitudes

to

research

in different cultures.

Ywwk

X

why research?

9 {

j - :

i*:*gi**

yr:*

&r*

g*{*g

t*:*vit*

*r} *ss*y

*s: h*ix*i*s$r:**s.

ln

gr*xpx

*f

3*S,

*g:*nd'i* rxi**t*s

*1s**xxi:r.g

r**:* *s*****.

a) What s homelessness?

b) How big

a

problem

do

you

think t is?

c) What causeshomelessness?

d)

What

mpactdoes t have

on individuals

nd society?

e)

What

can be done o

address he

problem?

&i*iv

*is*u;*

*h*

f*it'**;i*g

qu*sti**s

rv ?l:

**r'wir*f*

*|nss.

a) How much

did

you

know

about homelessness

efore

your

discussion?

b) What have

you

learnt rom

the

discussion?

c)

What

extra nformation

r

ideas

would

you

need o know

o write an

essayon

homelessness?

d)

What

sourcesof information

ould help

you

write his

essay?

YmXk

tr

Supporting

vidence

nd

arguments

f f9;a t l€

*SSS';

: i .

3e

i:*. t t

?e *

: i i

' , : i :eri ire

t i r*

3*s1u*{'S

* th*S*

qX*Sli**:X.

a) How big is the

problem

of

homelessness?

b) What are its main

causes?

c) What are its

effects?

d)

Can

homelessness

e alleviated?


34/73

W h a t a r e t h e c a u s e s

a n d

i m p a c t s

o f h o m e l e s s n e s s ?

l r r z A n d r c r * S f r r d p n t

l

One o f t he

wor fd 's mos t

p ress ing

prob lems

is

tha t

o f

h ^ * ^ l T h r ^ ^ ^ h f r L ^ . r ^ L - ^ L ^ ^ ' ^

I I L I L L U r u : i : i r r e s : i

.

r r r f

e C e n t

y e a f

S

,

L r r e r e

r r d - s

l ) e e r r

c t

dramat ic

r ise in

the number

of

peopfe

who

have found

themse lves ] i v i nq on the s t ree ts .

D a n n l a h a n n m a 1 . a m o l o s s

f n r m ^ n \ z

r F a q 1 . . 1 n q i n c l r r d i n c

n n r r e r f v - a 1 a g k

O f

v

l r r u r r j

a r Y

I , v

v

s

L _ t "

,

e m p fo y m e n t , a s h o r t a g e o f a f f o r d a b fe h o u s i n g ,

d o m e s t i c v i o l e n c e , m e n ta l

i l l n e s s a n d d r u g a d d i c t i o n .

H o m e l e s s n e s s

h a s

a

p r o fo u n d

e f f e c t

o n t h o s e w h o e x p e r i e n c e i t . I t i s

l i k e l y t o

h a v e

a

n e g a t i v e

i m p a c t

o n

p h y s i c a l -

a n d m e n ta f h e a l t h ,

s e n s e o f

i d e n t i t y a n d s o c i a l i n t e g r a t i o n . f n

t h e c a s e

o f

h o m e l e s s

c h i l d r e n ,

academic

per formance

may be impai red

as wel1 .

Homelessness

i s

c fear l y becoming

an u rgen t

p rob lem,

g i ven

the

inc reas ing

number of

people

who

are

af fected

and the

sever i ty of i ts impact on

ind i v idua l s

and

soc ie t y . To

address the

prob lem,

i t s r oo t ca uses need

to

be ta rge ted ,

ra ther

than

jus t

i t s symptoms.

Otherw ise , t he

prob lem

of

homelessness w i l l s imp ly be

perpe tua ted .

*"*

**

y*ur gr${;p$}

d $*eis*

tfu* f*ii*rruing

:;u*s{ti*t}s

:}nd

wri.it* :***s.

a)

What new nformation ave

you

learnt

about homelessness?

b)

Has he writershown

a

good

knowledge

f the topic?

c)

Do

you

agree

with the

definition f homelessness?

d)

How

convincing

s the

argument n this essay?

H o m e l e s s n e s s c a n b e d e f i n e d

a s

n a n n l a r ^ 7 h n l : c l z r a c r r ' 1 : r : a n o c c

' l ' ] r i

e n r n l r l c m c : n

a f f

e C t a

w i d e

r r r u y v v

i n a l r r r l i n n n h i T d r o n f l ' r a a 1 r l a r l r z

w h o l e f a m i l i e s .

the condi t ion

of

F n : d a n r r a 1 - a l - r n r r c

* -

- , - * - 1 n 9 .

- : n d a n F n a n n l a

e n d i n

q ^ m a

- ^ a o c

th* e;:ey

yrhere

ycl;

c*', : i* *air i

sl t$3prl i ' f i*g

g:ei i*gx

n*

e*iil::a:'+

sJlih

a

ilar:?ter.

W*rlq i*i*ivi*3xxlfy.

Jstel*rlim*

he

part*

*9

*vid****

t*

x*r**gth*n th* *s$*?.

T*r**

x"s


35/73

-

-

tr

3 I

TaSk ffi Academic

ultures

3.1 Yhm m*l*wrirnlg

*rnry:**ts

w*r* m*cis

by f*ur intr1*rnxt[it*m;:]*

tu"j**t* *?

*ritixh

uxi-v*rslti*s.

ffi*xd

*h**t th*ir *rps'r1tr'1rr,rr*

5nrj

-{Isc#ss

ih*

qu**t}*n*

f:*l*w

wlth

y*r:r p****r-

Have

you

had similarexperiences?

What

are

he maindifferences

etweenuniversity rit ing n the

UK and

in thesestudents'

countries?

How

do

the international

tudents eel about hesedifferences?

What

advice

would

you give

hem?

Kris:

In my

countfy,we

don't

do much

writ ingat undergraduate

evel.We

go

to

lectures,ake

notesand

learn

he information. t the end of the

year

we

havean exam,but it's spoken. n England, ou have o do so manyessay

At first

found t

strange,

ut now

I like t as the essays

make me think

about he topics we

are

studying

and I can use he essays

o help me

revise or

exams.

Bo :

I

am a science

student,

and the

way we write our reports

s

so different

o

how

people

do it here n

the

UK.

One

hing s the length. n the UK, writers

add

a

lot

of stuffwhich s

totally

rrelevant

nd boring.

The beginnings nd

the

ends of the repo rtsare ull

of

quotations

rom

other

people's

esearch

In my

countrv,we talk about he

problem,

he

methodology

nd

the

solution. here s no

point

alking

about other

people's

work. t 's n the

library

nd a

good

student

knows

t already.t is boring o mention

t

again

Edward:

I

didn't

write

a bibliography

a

ist

of sources) ntil

was writ inga long

essay n my final

year.

Before hat,

my tutorsdidn't require ne.

After had

finishedwrit ing he

essay,

just

put

all he

books

I had used n a big

pile

on

my desk

and

wrote

out

their

details n a list.My

only

problem

when I 'm

writ ing n

English s that I have o keep

stopping

o

add a

reference nd

makesure he book s in my bibliographyoo. Sometimes,t makesme

forget my ideas.

Phan:

In my

country,we are aughtnot to

stealother

people's

deasor writ ing.So

when

we do university rit ing,

we write a listof all

he

books

we have

use

in

a bibliography. e

don't

give

a referencen thb text of our essay. t 's

enough o mention he

books n our bibliographies. lso, f the idea s well

known

or

if it

comes rom a

lecture,

we

don't

mention t in

a bibliography

because

he tutorsand studentsknow where he idea s from.At first,

kept orgetting

his ype of thing

n

my

bibliographies,ut now I am

beginningo change.

a)

b)

c)

d)


36/73

KXwdwm&

w&mmfwr

&$mX&


37/73

The

esearch

roEess

At

the end of

this unit

you

will:

.

be aw'are

of

a range of sources of

information;

.

be aHe

to

identify the

strengths

and

weaknesses of different

sourcesl

.

be able

to note down bibliographical

details for books

and

websites.

1 " X

b)

c)

d)

e)

0

g)

TmWkX

Researchptions

14{eirkc'l

}r*at$}s

*{ 3*{r.

L**k;:rt th* *i*t

of **ur*es

sf l*:f*rrnatiEl*'t *l*w

atlrde*is*ul*s

xh}*h

*t"**)s

{pl*

have alr*xdy

usec3.&dd t* thq}

*ixt

*ny

*t*ler

$s{.rr6e$


38/73


39/73

a-

-

tr

=

TXWM

fi

Preparing esearch

uestions

Now

you

are

going

o write

a

list of sources

a

bibliography)

hat

could be

used o strenothen ndrewStudent's ssavon homelessness.

ll*mk

ha*k e?

y**r

m*t*s

{n

?b*k

*"ff in

L}*tit

r. *d*ntify whx*

*r:f*c'*ilatl*nw*u*e* :* {"*s*fli&,

For example:

Definitions

of

homelessness,

r2eof the

problem

Txn*t

*:**e

:';*t' *s *rt* tfur** n*s*nr*h

qxesti*:ns

xnd wrlt*

*h*ffi i:efq:,w. -*xxv* plill{$*xft*r *a*h

qu*sti*rir

t*

aa:lle

'r*t*s *xrd

**a;*r**s $mtsr ls"*"

For

example:

How has homelessness

een defined bv

other

writers? What

nformation ndicates fhe size of

the

problem?

?e*aech

4uestion

l:

Nofeg:

Selerence s,o$(cesi

Research

q$esllon

Ll

Notesr

?efetenc,e =,cro(ces:

?e*-accVt

cl:ros'illcrl

5:

Ncrte-=,

?etereruz =oJ(czs:

* .1

k.*


40/73

TaSIC

n lnformationor

a bibliography

thr are

going

to find

some sources o answer

your

research

questions

and write a bibliography. his s

a

unplete

list of sourceswhich have been used

to

prepare

an essay,

and it usuallyappearsat the end

of an

css.ty. t is important o keep a note of the bibliographicalnformation.Without his information, ou cannot

use

the

source

n

your

essay.

et To find the necessary bibliographical

inforrnation for

a book,'look on the title

page

and the

printing

history

page

{usually

on the first few

page$

of a book}"

Below

are examples of these.

TheHomelessrob lem

James

Smythe

The U

u

niversi ty f Lonbr jdge

Firs t

published

2004

by lJniversity f Lonbridge Press

University f

Lonbridge Press

PublishingHouse

Queens

Road

London

N 7

5R R

Second

edition 2006

tsBN 337 48372 4

Copyright OJames Smythe

2003

The right ofJames Smythe o be ide ntif ied as the

author

of this

work has

been assertedby him in

accordance with the

Copyright, Designsand PatentsAct 1988.

Find he following bibliographicalnformationand then compareyour answerswith a parher.

a) Author's ull

name

b) Dateof

publication

c)

Title

d) Edition

e) Placeof

publication

fl

Publisher


41/73

-

-

tr

3

3.2

A bihli*gr*g:hgrm[x* in*lud*s any websites

yor;

useci

o researeh

y{:}ur

ssi3y.

Homelessness:

perpetual

roblem

FrancesMartin

Social orrespondent

Article

astupdated 9/9/05

4:58

PM

Friday 19th September

2005

Homelessness

ontinueso

bea

major

roblern

n Western

ocieties,

espitehenumber

f

aqenfii€serjicateeJa

hslplflg

eopl*

n

neecl,

rr e{:snt

ear$-

here

"ra$

rren

}een

..

Find he followingbibliographicalnformation

nd

then

compare

our

answers

with

a

partner.

a) Author's ull name

b) Date he information as lastupdated

c)

Title

d)

Web

address:

http://

You rvliEht

need

to Xqlok

anef&illyel $ne;*rhem

a

wvehsite

qras ast

updeted"

"fype

the f*llcwing

intq:l s*;ans*'r

x"lgine

nei sec *'r*w"u

ash

qlyle

$ organis*c*:h*n*slsss*last

upc$at*d.

&s*r

ycur

{L}t$r'sr;n *hrariam*r

l're$g:lth th*

bib]i*graphlcnld*tails

yoLl

nc*el s fi*w*

f,or

ther

tgrex t:lf

mf*r'm*tieln

*urce. Alternativ*ly,

th*

*mt*rnet

s

a

good

soure* sf

ir"lf*rrnat iern n

writing hfr li*gn*xphi*x"

e e

&.4


42/73

TaSk 4 Researching

Use a

library

to

find

two books and two websites

which help answer the research

questions

you

wrote

in Task 2.2. During his task, think abou t

the

reliability

and authority bf

your

sources.

Look

back at

the research

questions

you

wrote in 2.2

and add brief

notes

after each one. Keep a record of the

bibliographical

etailsof

your

sourceon the same

page

as

your

notes.

Frorn

your

notes, write down the bibliographical

details

for

your

sources

in the table

on the

next

page.

Tips

4 . 1

4.2

i , *

lt@l

'==- iE#

5@d@.

:3r.:-: .-a:

: 4 . s r*6b& tu-

Ldls h( Nfr:lr

r=,e'd ri.F ..'b

:**.8ffi5;**

q & r

a.Gl

,:,we&rb

$ emdth6h@l$

Esgtts.ffi?

It6 b cRr b

J6r

ix

a) Most librariesnow make use of electronicsearchengines. f you are not familiarwith them, ask

librarianor help.

b)

You can use a searchenginesuch

as Google or

Yahoo

o find relevant

sites.

http://google.co.uk

http://yahoo.co.uk

c)

You can also use web directories.

http://www.

ycos.co. k/d /

http://d .yahoo. om/

d) Subject

gateways

are also a

good

source of

information.

The sources

are

divided up according

to academic ubjects.

htto //www. ntute.ac. k/

e)

You can also make use of the links

provided

by Society Guardian

at:

http://society.guardian.co.uk/homelessness/page/0,8149,527295,00.htm1

Or by

the

UK

government

t:

http://www.odpm.gov.uk/stellenVgroups/opdmhomelessness/documents/sectionhomepage/

odpm

homelessness

age.hcsp

http

//www.

om

mun ties.

ov.

u

k/i

ndex.asp?d=1149659

66slts

Auttrols

famil3

name and iniJlal

Date

of

p0blication

TrHe Edihbn

%'cx. ot

pubticafion

Publisher


43/73

\4ebsrtes

Arrhorg

familj

name and initial

\,0hen

la5t

*ti*-e

)a-re

qr:tr

. ^ - - o < < p . f

*t^.?

S"Je

bJeb addras.*

\ofrP:l

I

a'ro,l I

$$&ax$wsxg

fiw&ryffisxr

&*;ry*&


44/73

B3

Wriling

a bibliography

At

the end of this unit

you

will:

o

understand he

purpose

of a bibliography;

.

be able to

produce

a bibliographyusing the APA

System.

TWWffigWhy

nclude

a bibliography?

',.1

?*

gr*xg**

*f **$, *p*xrd * rn xx*e*

*iu*u**ixg *i8: i*gnxphi**.

a)

How much experience ave

you

had

of writingbibliographiesn the past?

b) Why

is

a bibliography seful

or

the

reader?

c)

Why is writing

a bibliography seful

for vou.

he writer?

t.* N*w fhi*rk *&:*uf rvh*n

y**

f*a*nd

$**y**s t* x*r*ngth*x

&*l*r*rrySt****t's *ssi3y *xl

il:*rx*6*ss$r**s" ii}is*xss

lh*

f*i**rv*n6

qur**ti*n*

wit$:

3r*xr

*1***.

a)

How

did

you

use

he

bibliographies

ou

found n the

sources or the homelessness

ssay?

b) Why s it important or a bibliographyo be completeand accurate?

-}i$-WWM

ffiffiiOliographies

nd

he APA

System

3"1 Th*r* ffit"* fi{}ny di*?*r"*n{ yxf*rxs

*f *}ttllli*m,*n*li h*y *ft**

diff*r {r*n* *r:* m*;x*im*li* ***trj*

*n*t*'e*r.

*: his *x*r*ls*

y*$

if;riil

pr**tix*

***

*f

*h* ffi*st avi*i*{y

l**d *ct*x

-

th* &F,&

System,

Yh*

*xxrx6* *

h*ll*w

sh*ws

t8:i*

*vst**x:.

Bibliography

Morris,

.

&

Winn, M.

(1990).

Housing

nd social nequality. ondon:

ongman.

O'Dwyer,C.

(1994).

Homelessness:what's

he

problem?2nd

d. London:

Shelter.

Ratcliffe,P.

(1997a).

Housing n Bradford,

BradfordHousingForum.

Oxford: Oxford Unir,,ersih

re:s.

Ratcliffe,P.

(1997b).

Race, thnicityand housing

differentialsn Britain.

London:

Blackrrell.

Scottish omes.

(1997).

Home

owners n

Scotland.

Edinburgh:

niversity f Edinburgh.


45/73

c)

2.2

2.3

0*:f'a Uiui'ography

o

answer

he following

questions:

a)

:What

is the name of the book which was

written by

CarolineO'Dwyer

b)

When was Housrngand

social nequality

published?

d) What does

2nd ed. mean in the entry

'tor

Homelessness.' hat's the

problem?

e)

Where was Home owners

n

Scotland

published?

f) What did Jenny Morris and MaftinWinn write?

g)

What do the lettersa and b

mean n the

entries

orthe

books

written by

Peter'Ratcliffe?

h) lf

a book

has wo authors, ow s the entry

written?

i) lf

the

book

s writtenby a corporate uthor

e.g.,

n organisation,

government

epartment),

what nformation

omes irst n he

entry?

D

Inwhich

order

hould ntries e

placed?

Look at the examples

n

the bibliography n

page

15.

What are he

rulee or writing a

bibliographical

ntry

or a book?Consider he order

of

inforrnation nd

punctuation.

Take

he book sources

you

found n

Unit

2, Task4.2.

Using

he rules

you

havediscovered,

write bibliographical

ntries

or

your

sources.


46/73

: t " * € g , * r r . J g . *

YreWM

fi Bibliographies

nd

electronic

ources

There s an increasing

mount

of

information

vailable

n the Internet.

his kind

of

information

an be

a

valuable ource,

but it is important

o use t

correctly.

Before

ou

use an

electronic ource n

your

essay,

ou

need

o

decide f it is

reliable. he

publishing

f

a

book

is

a much more

careful

process

han

he

publishing

f a website.

You

should

use

rellable

ites, or

example he

official itesof

universities r well-known

ompanies.

As the three

examples elowshow,

he bibliographical

ules or

electronic

ources

differslightly rom

books.

It is i mportant o

give

he address

of the

page,

not

ust

the

address

of the website.You

can

copy this rom

the browserwindow.

Grassian, E.

(2000).

Thinking

critically

about World Wide

Web

resources.

Retrieved

October 24,

2006, rom http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/college/help/critical/index.ht

Department

or communities

and local

government

n.d.).

Overview

of homelessness

afa.

Retrieved

24

October,2006, rom http://www.communities.gov.utdindex.asp?id=1

56292

Society Guardian.

(2005).

The most

usefuluzebsifes

n homeles,sness.

Retrieved24

OcIober,2006, rom

http://society.guardian.co.uk/homelessness/page/O,8149,527295,00.htm1

*,1 *s* th* bi*i *grxpi:;

* i :* .;* i . . : =l::=qi

i-= i: : : i ' : : ing

qi:esiiets.

When

was Thinking

critically about

World

Wide Web resources

written?

When did the writer

of the

bibliography isit

the

sile Thinking

critically

about World Wide

Web

resources?

Why

does Overviewof homelessness

afa not have

a

family

name

and initial

as an author?

When was the

site The most

usefuluzebsifes

n homeles.sness

ast

updated?

What information

uggests hat

Thinking

ritically

about World

Wide Web resources

s

a reliable

source?

What does

(n.d.)

mean n lhe

Overview

of homelessness

ata enlw?

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)


47/73

3:2

. l ' l

. . , ;

t :

l ' , '

tock at

th* examples

of

Ini*rnet $ource

entni*s

in

tNre

bib*iography

:n

pag*

17"

What

are the

rules

{or writlng a

biblicgraphieal

entry

for a

w*bsite

page?

Take the

lnternet sources

you

found

in

UnI*

*,

Tesk 4.2, and

put

th*rn

int* the

fonxat

shelrarn

*hove"

Work in groups of 3-5. Discuss the follovr'singuestions and wrii€ notes.

a)

Why do

you

include

he date

you

accessed

a

website n a bibliography?

b)

How

reliableare

the

websites

you

chose

to use

for the homelessness

ssay?

3.4

5&wdsm*

s*es

mr &fmX&


48/73

Feferrinq

o

olher

sourEes

your

essay

i;:iffi'ilffi ',"T,::tjl:yruHil"."ffi'Jifiressay

cit ing and

quotlng

are wo methods

of referring

o other

sources

n

your

essays.

KwwMX

Gitins

According

to ShaLs

&Yrc,sr.

(200a),

peopte

are

homelessness.

E4

Shaks hosh

Tuesday

uly

8,2005

The

Cuardian

Homelessness

e-ski l ls

nd solates

eople.

he

obvious esponses o givehomelesseople omes ..

Cit ing s reporting

deas

or

information

rom

another

source

using

your

own words.

This

differs rom

copying

verbatim

(exactly

word for

word)

and without

acknowledgement,

or

two reasons.

irst,

ou

can

select

and

summarisemportant

points

rom

he

source.

Secondly,

ou

make

t

clear rom whom

and where

you

got your

deas.

To avoid

copyinganother

writer's

words

direcfly

nt o

youressayby mistake, ood note-takingechniques

important.

Usingkeywords,

ymbols

and

paraphrasing

at the note-taking

tageall make

t less ikely

o

copy by

mistake. t

is also vitalto

write

down the

bibliographical

details

of the

source accuratelv.

Look

at this

example.

Bibliographical

entry

for the

source:

Grassian,

E.

(2000).

Thinking

critically

about

wortd wide

web

resources.

Retrieved

October 24,

2006,

rom

http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/college/help/critical/index.h

igolated

and de-skitled

bq

J

, 'w. .

t,

a H .

-

- \ r -

" ' -

t -

' { < ' -

L

t \ , ,

* q

/ .

L ' 4h

/


49/73

g4

{ {

, " t

Exact

sentence

from the source:

'The

WorldWide Web

has

a

lot to

offer,but

not

all

sources

are equally

aluable r reliable.'

Citing the source

in

an essay

According

o

Grassian

2000),

nternet ources ary

n

accuracyand usefulness.

Or

ln her evaluation f

websites,Grassian

2000)

rgues hat Internet ources

ary n

accuracy

and

usefulness.

Sisaus* the*e

questions

with

your partner.

a) How original

s

Grassian's

dea?

b) Why

has the

essay

writer used Grassian's dea n the

essay?

c) How

has he essaywritershownwhose dea s

given?

d) Why doesn't

he essaywriter nclude

Grassian's

nit ial

E.)?

e)

How has the essay

writer

shown

the readerwhere o find

Grassian's

dea?

0

What changesdid

the

essay

writer

make

n

order

o

avoid copying Grassian's

ext word

for word

l*'l

gnoups

*f 3*S, discuss

tl**

fo$owing;

quexti*res."

a)

Why s the APAstyle

widely

used?

b)

Have

you

useda similar ystembefore?

c)

Why is it better o add

the

author and date

information

o

your

essay at

the

same

time as

you

write

your

essay,

ather han after

you

have inishedwriting t?

| , &

Ymmke

Quotins

Quoting

s

another

methodof reporting he ideas rom

another ource.Unlikeciting,

ou

may

use

he

exact

words of the sou rce'swriter.Similar

o

citing,however,

you

make

sure

your

readerunderstands ho the

words

belong

o

and

in which source hey appear.

As

a

rule,

quotations

are used

less often than

citations.One reason

or

quoting

s when

you

feel the

authorexpresses n

idea

or

opinion n

such away

that it

is

particularly

uccinct,

memorable

r

interesting. or

example:

Quoting

the source in an essay

A numberof studies

Anderson

Thompson, 005; Fitzpatrick, 000)have ound hat

young

homeless

eople's

efinitions f

homelessness

iffer

rom

he definit ion sed by

the

government,

which s discussed bove.One

nterviewee

ays,

l

think

I was

homeless, ot because was

living

the street, basicallybecause

we, me

and

my

sister,

were

livingat a different

house every

week

and

basically ivingout of a bag in that house' Anderson Thompson2005,p.21).

f-lowb:srerr

ilg'stii\

su

iJc{atr

P'efE


50/73


51/73

:=

tr

=

4

2"4

a)

How

are

the layout

and

punctuation

of a long

quotation

different

rom hose of a short

quotation?

b)

What s the maximum ength

of a

quotation?

c) lt is usual or a

quotation

o be followed

by a

page

number n the in-text eference, ut

in this

example here sn'tone.When s it

possible

not to

give

a

page

number?

$r:

gr"*upx

*f $*S, d}**Lxss ,x* fot{a*wifig

**stie*ns"

a) What is the differencebetween he following

uses of the same

source?

Accordingo Weller

1949, .87), 'East,

west,home s

best... '

Weller

1949)

elieves

hat it

doesn'tmatterwhere

one

ravels

o, i n the end

most

peopleprefer

theirhomes.

b)

Why s

citingusually

preferable

o

quoting?

c) What s

your

utor's

view ikely

o be if

you

link ogether

ong but

accurately

cknowledged

quotations

with a few words of

your

own

in

your

essay?

d) What s

your

utor ikely o think f

you

don't represent sourcewriter's deasor opinions

accuratelyn

your

writing?

e)

What may happen f

you

don't acknowledgehat an idea

or a

quotation

elongs

o

another

writer?

WWWkW

Citing

and

quotingpractice

{ } .

W*rk individaafly"L*sk

*t

y*r.*r

s*r*r"*** x}:c:}ut"x*me}**:xn**s.

Underline twr:

in*p,*rtant

:*ints

;l*':dempy hsrv:

v*r*r*xtin'*

w*rc*

*r

w*rc*} }c'}**h*

*r*x below. Make notes

in

t "re*eix q}*" eise

kc*yw*r*{w nd *ynr*:**ts x*'t**}'l*nge t&'** *ngx;,lgc

*f the source text

a*

rcueh as

g:l*ssihtc,

t-Sxiing

**r

**t*s, vrrite tsv*

,*itsti*l'ts.

Yry t*

use both book and *r:t*rn*t

*l*ur**::*"

Citation,

The

r,oords in

the =,oc(cel

Your

note.s:

-


52/73

Citafion'

The

uoords

in

fhe soac@;

Y^f

lqt"r:

Citation

:

3"9

Wark w*th

ysnlr

psrtner"

*ie*uss

tl"l* tx>llowing

$sst,sn$.

a)

Do

your partner's

itations hange

he meaning f the source?

b)

Has

your padner

clearly hanged

he language f the source?

c)

Has

your

partnergiven

an

accurate

n-text reference?

Work indivldually.

Find two *xan'lples

in

ycur

$curces that

you

could

quote

in

an essay

on

honrelessness.

Write tlrern in the bsxes belCIw

a* t t*y would *Bpsar

in

your

es$ay.

?ry to use

botlr bcok and

Internst

$surc€$"

.....

_-:..

:Quafafion,

Citation:

The r.oords

in

fhe s,oo(cel

Your nafes:

3.3

Qtlotation:


53/73

=4

S.d& \rVsrkwlth

y*ur

par&ren

*i**u::s

t*"1*mf]owrix'lg

a;**ti*ns.

a)

Why has

your parlner

decided

o

quote,

rather

han

paraphrase,

hese

parts

of

the

source ext?

b)

Has

your partner

acknowledged

he

sourceaccurately?

4"1

KWWK

&

Referencing

ractice

Wclrklng

n

gro*ps

cf 3-5, read

the

p*ssag*

b*l*:;wa*c*

unde*r ff*

th*

sectians which have not

been

properly

r*ferenceeJ.

h*n

e$rnpare

your

work.

In a recent

articleon homelessnessn

London,

an expert

analysed

the reasons

ehind he

growing

numbers

of homeless

eople

n

the

city and

concluded

hat

drug

abusewas the

primary

ause

of homelessness

mongst

young

people.

This

claim

s,

however,

uestioned

y another

academic

on

the website

www.homeless.co.uk.

ccording o

the

secondauthor, he

first

author's tatement

hat drug abuse

s common

amongsthomeless

people

under he

age of 20 is not

supporrted

y

the

statistical

evidence

rovided

by the National

Statistics

Bureau.

Sludexx&firc&wwfwrWm&&&


54/73

-

I

tr

=

Plagiarism

At the end of this

unit

you

will:

r

understand what

plagiarism

is;

.

understand how to use

sources

in

your

writing;

.

be

able to recognise

plagiarism

in

a

piece

of

writing.

TaXK Xwhat

s

ptagiarism?

1 4

, t

*r:

gr*a:ps

*f i3*5,dis**ss

y$l,r

enswers

te

the follcwing

questions.

a)

Why is it necessary o refer o other

sources

when

writing an

essay

or report?

b)

What

do

you

understand

y

the term

plagiarism'?

The

originof

the word

plagiarism'

is

a Latinword meaning

a

thief'. Plagiarisms

a

type

of

academic

heft, n which deas

and/or anguage re stolen rom

someoneelse.

n its most

obvious

form,

plagiarism

nvolves he word-for-word

opyingof large

sectionsof another

person's

material

with no indication f

the

original ource.Because

f

the lack

of in-text ef erence,he

plagiarist

s

claiming

he ideasand language s his

or her own.

In a less extreme orm,

the

plagiarist

copies

shorter

phrases

rom

a sourceand

links hese ogetherwith

his or

her

own words.This s

also

plagiarism f there s no in-text reference o show that the ideascome

from

another

source or if there are no

quotation

marks

around

shofter

quotations

o show hat he words belong o

someoneelse. n

scientific

subjects,

plagiarism

ould also be copying

another

person's

pisanje eseja udžbenik

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