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ction Technology of Pineapple In Tr Dr Jai Prakash Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, IARI New Delhi Email:

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Page 1: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Production Technology of Pineapple In Tripura

Dr Jai PrakashDivision of Fruits and Horticultural

Technology, IARI New DelhiEmail: [email protected]

Page 2: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Introduction• Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the commercial fruit

crops of India and its cultivation is the age-old practice in North Eastern Hill Region of India.

• The beauty and virtue of this “Golden Queen” have been extolled by many poets all over the Globe. Pineapple has all qualities required for being an ideal fruit crop for North Eastern India.

• The name ‘Ananas, which later became the generic name, is derived from Tupi Indian name ‘Nana’.

• Pineapple is a unique fruit for its beauty of appearance, delicate fragrance and excellent flavour.

Page 3: Pineapple Jai Prakash
Page 4: Pineapple Jai Prakash

COMPOSITION AND USES

• Pineapple is considered as one of the most important tropical fruits. It is an important part of people particularly in south, east and North Eastern India.

• Pineapple fruit is rich source of sugar, vitamins and minerals. Pineapple is a good source of vitamin A and vitamin C and is fairly rich in vitamin B1 and B2.

• It contains enzyme bromelin and several odorous lactones have been found in Pineapple.

• The fruit contains moisture 85.0%, sugar 13%, protein0.6%, and mineral matter 0.05%.

Page 5: Pineapple Jai Prakash

• The presence of proteolytic enzymes like bromelain in pineapple juice was demonstrated in 1891 as stated in Lotz-Winter.

• The highest concentration of bromelain is found in ripe pineapple fruit pulp and in the stems. Bromelain is commonly used in food production, in pharmaceutical industries and in diagnostic laboratories.

• After juice extraction pineapple fruit also possess a valuable ament of waste. Several by products are also prepared by waste e.g. alcohol, calcium citrate, citric acid and vinegar. Preparation of manosidase oxalic acid and pineapple gum and flavours is also possible.

• The pineapple fruit is used for preparing candy. The leaves yield 2-3% of strenge white silky fibrous, 38-90 cm length, which is used for making a fine fabric called pina cloth.

Page 6: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Pineapple production 2009 (FAOSTAAT)

Country Area (ha)

Production (MT)

Productivity (MT/ha)

Philippines 96081 2198 000 23.14

Thailand 50,000 1894000 37.24,

Costa Rica 67,000 1870000 29.49

Indonesia 64,615 1558000 25.26

Chile 85,800 1477000 15.24

Brazil 1,17,500 1471000 7.65

India 39000 1341000 31.41

Nigeria 15,000 898000 42.33

Page 7: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Major pineapple producing state in India

State Area (000ha)

Production (000MT)

Productivity (MT/ha)

West Bengal 13.4 372.1

27.76

Assom 12.4 191.9 15.47Karnataka 2.7 138.6 51.33Bihar 4.5 121.1 26.91Tripura 6.2 115.8 18.67Kerala 12.5 102.4 8.19Manipur 12.0 100.7 8.39Meghalaya 9.6 85.0 0.88Others 12.5 170.4 13.63Total 85.8 1308.0 15.24

Page 8: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Constraints of Pineapple production

• Rainfed production system and erratic precipitation.

• Predominance of queen and Kew on farms.

• Lack of techniques among the growers.

• Peoples perception regarding pineapple cultivation.

• Poor organic matter & low moisture containing soils.

• Free grazing of animals especially during dry period.

• Poor communication for marketing during glut.

• Processing industry problem.

Page 9: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Smooth CayenneSmooth Cayenne pineapple originated before 1820 and was the type indigenous Venezuelans cultivated. The Spanish call it Cayena Lisa. Since then, this type became a leading pineapple in several countries. Modern cultivars that arose from breeding or selection of natural mutations of the Smooth Cayenne include Hilo, St. Michael, Giant Kew, Perolera, Charlotte Rothschild, Bumanguesa, Monet Lirio, Esmeralda, Typhone and Palin. These cultivars are grown throughout the world. Some are more widespread in various regions based on disease resistance, flavor or harvest scheduling.

Red SpanishRed Spanish pineapple is commonly grown as a commercial cultivar in the West Indies, Mexico and Venezuela as well as in Florida. Breeders crossed Red Spanish and Smooth Cayenne pineapples to create modern cultivars that are grouped in the Red Spanish class. Cabezona, Valera, Valera Amarilla, Valera Roja, Castilla, Cumanesa, Morada and Monte Oscuro are names of cultivars in this class.

Page 10: Pineapple Jai Prakash

QueenThe Queen or "common rough" pineapple is more compact in size and more tolerant of cold. Cultivars in the Queen class are still grown worldwide. Names of cultivars are Natal Queen, James Queen, Egyptian Queen, MacGregor, Alexandria, Kallara Local, Ripley and Calcutta.

AbacaxiAbacaxi pineapples are often regarded as the most fragrant and delicious of all. They bruise easily and don't make good commercial plants for canning, but are ideal for fresh markets.

Today, Abacaxi types are numerous in Brazil, the Bahamas and South Florida. Sugarloaf, Black Jamaica, Eleuthera, English, Brecheche, Sugar Slice, Caicara, Chocona, Congo Red, Santa Marta, Criolla and Panare are names of pineapple cultivars derived from the original Abacaxi pineapple slection.

Page 11: Pineapple Jai Prakash

CULTIVARS

• A large number of varieties are grown in different parts of India.

• Cayenne group: Smooth Cayenne, Hilo, Kew Giant Kew and Charlotte Rothschild

• Queen group: Common queen, Mauritius, Ripley queen, Alexandra and Mac Gregor.

• Spanish group: Red Spanish, Singapore and Masmerah.

• Indigenous Group: Jaldhup, Lakhat, Baruipur Local and Haricharanvita

Page 12: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Cultivars• Kew• Plants are vigorous;

leaves have short sector of spines at the tip and margins; fruits weigh about 1.5- 2.5 kg; eyes are broad and shallow making it more suitable for canning;

Dr. JAI PRAKASH, Scientist (Horticulture)

Page 13: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Queen• Most popular cultivar of

Tripura.• Plants- dwarf and compact;

leaves- short, spiny along the margins; fruits weigh about 0.8 to 1.3 kg; peduncle-short, fruitlets or eyes are small, deep set; fruits although less juicier than the Cayenne group are less fibrous; TSS- 13 to 19º Brix and acidity 0.6 to 0.8%.

Page 14: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Mauritius• Fruits medium sized and

are of 2 types- yellow and red.

• Yellow types- Oblong, fibrous and medium sweet.

• Red types- Oblong, less fibrous and sweeter than the yellow types.

• Leaves-yellowish green, spiny throughout the margin and the crown is also spiny in both types.

Page 15: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Amritha• It is a selection from a cross of Kew x Ripley Queen and developed from Kerala Agriculture University, Trichur.

• The leaves are short stiff, spiny along the margins, and thickly covered with a whitish bloom on both surfaces.

• Frits are similar to queen and suitable for table purpose. It ripes 10days late compare to queen. Fruit weight 0.8-1.1kg. Peduncle is short, fruit lets or eyes are small, prominent, deep set.

• The total soluble solids content varies from 16 to 180 brix and acidity between 0.5 and 0.6%.

Page 16: Pineapple Jai Prakash

PQM-1• Fruits medium sized and

suitable for table & canning purpose, fruit weight 0.9-1.4kg and late maturity.

• Orange colour, Oblong, fibrous and medium sweet.

• Leaves-reddish green, spiny throughout the margin and the crown is also spiny, TSS 14-17.4brix

Page 17: Pineapple Jai Prakash

MD-2 (PRI Hybrid 73-114)

• A unique hybrid develped from Pineapple Research Institute Hawai in the 1990-95.

• The PRI hybrid 73-114 is a sibling of hybrid 73-50 and the parents were PRI hybrids 58-1184x59-443.

• The hybrid composition is ‘Smooth Cayenne’17, ‘Smooth Guatemala’6, ‘Pemambuco’4, Ruby (Spanish Clone) and Queen 1.

• The marketing right belongs to Delmonte Gold group of companies.

Page 18: Pineapple Jai Prakash

MD-2 fruits at ripening

 MD-2 is a hybrid that originated in the breeding programme of the now-defunct Pineapple Research Institute in Hawaii, which conducted research on behalf of Del Monte, Maui Land & Pineapple Company, and Dole.

Page 19: Pineapple Jai Prakash

CO-2A new plant variety of the Bromeliaceae, or pineapple, family, Ananas comosus, has been developed as an interspecific cross between Pineapple Research Institute hybrid clone 58-1184 and Pineapple Research Institute (PRI) hybrid clone 59-443, and has been named hybrid CO-2. This hybrid clone generally resembles the parent varieties, but is distinguished therefrom in that this plant produces a sweeter, more viamin C rich fruit, which is low in parasitic fruit diseases, and tolerant or resistant to the physiological disorder called internal browning. This plant has more uniform yellow color, good fruit appearance after refrigerated storage, and produces acceptable crop yields of saleable fresh pineapple

Page 20: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Propagation• Pineapple is commercially

propagated by suckers in India.

• However, it can also be propagated by slips and crowns but fruiting will be after two year of planting

• Stem pieces can be also used.

• Tissue culture: axillary and terminal buds from crown.

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Page 22: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Planting, HDP (across the slope and terrace)

Plant Population/ha.

Plant to plant within a row. (cm)

Row to Row

(cm)

Trench-Trench (cm)

Yield (t/ha)

43,500 30 60 90 45.2

53,300 25 60 90 51.6

63,700 22.5 60 or 45 75 or 90 61.0

22000 45-60 90-120 15-18

55000 60 60 75

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Triangular system of planting

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Manuring

FYM 25 to 30 tonnes/ ha N 200 Kg/ ha

P 100 Kg/ ha K 200 Kg/ ha

Application of fertilizers in three split doses is recommended. 1st: Onset of monsoon (June-July). 2nd: End of monsoon (Sept-Oct). 3rd: Feb-March as per rainfall.

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Use of Different grades (weight) of Suckers cv. Queen

Weight

of

sucker

(g)

Time

of

planting

Flowering Time

Fruit maturity

Weight

of

Fruit

(g)

TSS

(0brix)

Fruit Yield

(t/ha)

900 15-30

September

March May-June

650 16.5 31.36

600 15-30

September

June-July October 1055 14.8 41.25

300 15-30

September

July-August

December-January

1020 16.2 39.45

Page 29: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Off season fruiting Main season fruiting

Page 30: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Recommendation of AICRP on Tropical fruits induce flowering in cv Kew

Sept- Jan NAA 20 ppm (Planofix 2ml/ 4.5 lts of water) + 2% Urea.

March- May

Ethrel 10 ppm + 2% Urea +0.04 % Sodium carbonate.

All months

Ethrel 25 ppm + 2% Urea + 0.004% Sodium carbonate.

Page 31: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Why Ethrel for induction of flower

☼Several recommendations of chemicals are in India and abroad to induce the flower in pineapple plants with different combination and concentrations.

☼It is accepted globally that each chemical i.e. Planofix, a-naphthaleneacetic acid or B naphylacetic acid, Sodium carbonate, calcium carbide, B-hydroxyethyl hydrazine, Ethrel or Ethephon used to induce the flowering in and each of them produced ethylene in plant system

☼ Each chemical excluding stimulate ethylene production in plants which directly available in Ethrel and due to this its efficacy is much higher which prove it as best chemical to induce flower in pineapple and it is permitted by USDA also.

☼As per WHO, calcium carbide is no longer permitted for application in fruit industry in any form due to its carcinogenic effect on human health.

Page 32: Pineapple Jai Prakash

PAN Pesticides Database - Chemicals

• Chemical Identification and Use for Ethephon

Basic Identification Information About This Chemical

• Chemical Name:EthephonU.S. EPA PC Code:099801 • CA DPR Chem Code:1626 • Molecular Structure: • Use Type: Plant Growth

Regulator Chem Class: Organophosphorus

Page 33: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Stage of chemical application• Ethrel can induce the flowering at any stage of the

plant growth with different concentration but fruit size and quality will be reduced drastically if applied at early stage.

• However optimum size of plant should forced to induce flowering at right stage to get marketable size of fruits and without any adverse effect on ratoon crops.

• Hence, stage of plants are denoted by the active leaf number in plant of pineapple i.e. 30-32 leaves in Queen, 34-36 leaves in Kew, 32-34 leaves in PQM-1, 30-32 leaves in Mauritius under Tripura condition

Page 34: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Time of application • After concluding various experiments on time

of chemical application and its efficacy to induce flower in pineapple,

• The evening application 3.00PM on wards enhance the efficacy of chemical poured in the heart of pineapple plant are sprayed uniformly in dense orchard.

• The plantation exists under Agro-forestry respond better even during 10.00AM to 3.00PM. due to partially opening of stomata of leaves otherwise it is closed during sunlight.

Page 35: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Method of Application • Ethrel concentration should be prepared and poured in

the heart of the plant (for small area and under low density).

• Where plant density is 43500 or higher the foliar application is better with foot sprayers or rock sprayers to cover a large area.

• The 30-40ml solution is sufficient to induce the flowering on physiologically mature plant of pineapple and it start flowering in 50-55 days after application in most of the month except December-January due to low temperature which, delay flowering by 7-10 days.

• The application of chemical should be avoided if there is rainfall before six hour of application and it should be repeated if rain was noticed within 10 hours after chemical application.

Page 36: Pineapple Jai Prakash
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Inducing fruiting through chemicals

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Staggered planting and application of Ethrel as influenced the flowering and fruiting of pineapple  

Weight of sucker (g)

Time of Planting

Time of application

Concent- ration

Flowering Time

300-450g April 15 –30 Nov. 100ppm January

300-450g May 15 –30 Dec. 100ppm February

300-450g June 15-30March 100ppm May

300-450g July 15-30April 150ppm June

300-450g August 15-30May 150ppm July

300-450g September 1-15July 200ppm 20-30Aug

300-450g October 1-15 August 200ppm 20-30 Sept

Main Crop Sept.-Oct. ----- --------- Feb- March

Page 41: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Flowering and fruiting of pineapplecont……  

Weight of sucker (g)

Fruit maturity Fruit weight (g)

TSS (0brix)

Yield (t/ha)

300-450g 20 March-15 April 950 17.5 34.56

300-450g 20 April-5 May 1020 17.8 36.16

300-450g September 1150 14.5 43.52

300-450g October 1050 15.0 36.52

300-450g November 985 15.2 35.55

300-450g Dec-Jan 850 15.0 33.57

300-450g Jan-Feb 750 16.2 32.39

Main Crop May to June 740 15.2 31.99

Page 42: Pineapple Jai Prakash
Page 43: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Dr. JAI PRAKASH, Scientist (Horticulture)

Page 44: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Improvement of fruit quality Pinching: Removal of crown leaves 1.5-2.0 cm after 30 days of fruit set. The maximum fruit weight (1.34 kg) was recorded under 30 days followed by (1.20 kg) in 40 days and minimum (890g) under control.

Slips should be removed immediate after emergence; if number of slips will increase then fruit size and quality will decreases.

Encourage the growth of suckers it have positive impact over fruit quality and size.

Foliar feeding of N, Zn and Boron (1.5, 0.5 & 0.1% respectively) after 20 days of fruit set.

Page 45: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Over slipping

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Pinching and Non-pinching

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Sunburn/sun scaling

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Management of Sun burn by use of shade net

100% fruits were free from sun burn

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Mutilple crown

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• Black-rot or Soft-rot• A delay of some days between harvest and utilization

of the ripe fruits leads to the development of black-rot or soft-rot. The fungus makes its entry through wounds caused during picking and packing.

• Infestation starts at the stalk-end of the fruit, resulting in small, circular, water-soaked spots that are very soft. Gradually, fruit rots and emits foul.

• Mangement : Dipping of fruits for 5 minutes in Thiabendazole (100 ppm) or Benomyl (3000 ppm) minimise rotting. Avoiding injury to the fruit during harvest and transit prevents disease occurrence.

Page 55: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Heart-rot (Phytophthora parasitica)

• The disease causes complete rotting of the central portion of the stem.

• The top leaves turn brown and basal portion of leaves shows sign of rotting with foul odour.

• Poor physical condition of the soil and inadequate drainage are responsible for spread of the disease.

• Managemnt: Affected plantations should be sprayed with Chlorthalonil 20g or Zineb 20g/10 litre of water.

• Good soil drainage and use of healthy planting material at helps in minimising the spread of the

• disease

Page 56: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Leaf and Fruit-rot (Cyratostomella paradoxa)

• Base or butt rot of planting material occurs when they are not dried and packed with little aeration.

• Fungus also destroys older plants by entering through wounds caused in the collar region while weeding or other operations. In severe conditions the entire plant may turn dark and rot within two or three days

• Management: The disease can be controlled by dipping planting materials in 0.3% Dithane Z-78 or by spraying on leaves. Copper fungicide should not be used in pineapple as they cause leaf scorching.

• The diseased plants must be destroyed and suckers for propagation should never be collected from

• the infested area.

Page 57: Pineapple Jai Prakash

Mealy bugs: the pink pineapple mealy bug

Page 58: Pineapple Jai Prakash

MealybugsMealybugs (Pseudococcus brevipes and P. neobrevipes) attack leaf bases and cause wilt. The leaves turn orange-brown and wither due to root rot. Prevention requires spraying and dusting to control the fire ants (Solenopsis spp. ) which carry the mealybugs from diseased to healthy plants.

Management: is difficult because there are many weeds and other local plants acting. as mealybug hosts. Some success was achieved in Florida in combating mealybugs with the parasitic wasp, Hambletonia pseudococciaa Comp., though the general use of insecticides limits the activity of the wasp.

Page 59: Pineapple Jai Prakash
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Post harvest Storage

• Temperature in a range of 7.5-12oc

• With RH 70-95%.

• But recent recommendation are more specific i.e. 0-4oc with 90-95% RH for a week only beyond that there may be sever CI and Internal browning.

Page 61: Pineapple Jai Prakash

THANKS