1

SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY

Vasad, Gujarat - 388306

Approved By AICTE & Affiliated to GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

PILOT CONTROLLED LIGHTING

A Project Report Submitted at

SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY In partial fulfillment of

the degree of Bachelor of Engineering

in

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

Under the guidance of

Sqdn.Ldr.T.N.Munshi Capt. Umang Jani Mr.I.G.VohraAsst. Professor, Asst. Professor, Lab. Technician,

Department of Aeronautical Engineering,

Department of Aeronautical Engineering,

Department of Aeronautical Engineering,

SVIT, Vasad. SVIT, Vasad. SVIT, Vasad.

Submitted by: Ravi Ravaliya(080410101201)

With

Milan Vegda(0808410101063)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “PILOT CONTROLLED LIGHTING” has been carried out by RAVI RAVALIYA (080410101201) & MILAN VEGDA (080410101063) under my guidance in fulfillment of the degree of bachelor of engineering in aeronautical engineering (8th semester ) of Gujarat technological university, Ahmadabad during the academic year 2011-2012.

Guides :

1. Capt. Umang Jani

(Asst. Prof. Department of Aeronautical Engg. SVIT, Vasad)

2. Sqn. Ldr. T.N. Munshi

(Asst. Prof. Department of Aeronautical Engg. SVIT, Vasad)

3. Mr. I.G. Vohra

(Asst. Prof. Department of Aeronautical Engg. SVIT, Vasad)

Dr. Dipali Thakkar

Head of the Department,

Aeronautical Engg. Dept.

SVIT, Vasad.

3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have taken efforts to complete this project satisfactorily but this wouldn’t have been possible

without the support and guidance of many individuals whose constant supervision and support

provided the way forward in accomplishing the project goals. The in depth edge and experience

of the faculty advisors helped a lot in understanding the project definition, the problems and its

causes and the possible ways to rectify them. We take this opportunity to extend our deepest

regards to all who supported and guided us.

Also we would like to extend our deepest regards to the authorities of the

AHMEDABAD AERONAUTICS AND AVIATION LIMITED, MEHSANA for providing us

the problem statement without which this project could not had been

a reality. The support extended by the faculty advisers both internal and external was

commendable and encouraging.

In addition the guidance provided by all the respective individual in the project proved to

be a great source of knowledge in the whole course of the project and provided a wide and

elaborates view and understanding about the project.

Finally we extend our deepest regards to the institute’s authorities and especially our

department for allowing us to continue with the project.

4

ABSTRACT

Our project is mainly related to approach lighting system on the run-way. This lights generally

operated by the ATC(Air Traffic Control) or under the control of the ATC. In very busy runways

ATC does not have to worry about this lights to ON and OFF this lights. Due to high traffic this

lights are always ON. But when it comes to low traffic run-ways and emergency landing

runways we can’t put this lights always in ON condition. And sometimes due to failure of the

radio control in the ATC or the system which operates this lights, there won’t be any control on

this lights. So we are designing one system or radio controller which is to be fitted in the pilot

cockpit which allows the pilot to control those lights by transmitting radio signal and by that

Operating those approach lights on the run-way .He(Pilot) can also increase or decrease the

intensity of the light from the cockpit.

This system is called PILOT CONTROLLED LIGHTING STSTEM.

5

ROLL DISTRIBUTION

Mlan Vegda:

To analyze the different instruments which can be used in the project and select proper instruments and do a designing of a model of the project.

Ravi Ravaliya:

Assemble all instruments to make up the whole system and analyze the circuits which are to be used in the project.

6

GENERAL IDEA

Pilot Controlled Lighting

Pilot Controlled Lighting (PCL), also known as Aircraft Radio Control of Aerodrome

Lighting (ARCAL) or Pilot Activated Lighting (PAL), is a system which allows aircraft pilots

to control the lighting of an airport or airfield's approach lights, runway edge lights,

and taxiways via radio. At some airfields, the aerodrome beacon may also be ARCAL controlled.

ARCAL is most common at non-towered or little-used airfields where it is neither economical to

light the runways all night, nor to provide staff to turn the runway lighting on and off. It enables

pilots to control the lighting only when required, saving electricity and reducing light pollution.

The ARCAL frequency for most aerodromes is usually the same as

the UNICOM/CTAF frequency, although in some rare cases, a second ARCAL frequency may

be designated to control the lighting for a second runway separately (an example of this is

runway 01/19 at the airport in Sydney, NS). To activate the lights, the pilot clicks the radio

transmit switch on the ARCAL frequency a certain number of times within a specified number of

seconds. There are two type of ARCAL systems, type J and type K. Type J systems are activated

by keying the microphone 5 times within 5 seconds, while type K is initially activated by

clicking 7 times within 5 seconds. Once activated, the intensity of type K systems may then be

turned to low, medium, or high intensity settings by keying the microphone 3, 5, or 7 times

within 5 seconds respectively. If runway identification lights are also controlled by type K

ARCAL, they may be turned off by keying the microphone 3 times.

When either type of system is activated, a 15-minute countdown starts, after which the lights turn

off. While the lights are on, whenever a lighting command is issued, whether it changes the

lighting intensity or not, the 15-minute countdown is reset. At some airfields, the lights may flash

once to warn pilots that the lights are about to go off, before turning off two minutes later.

When using ARCAL, it is strongly recommended that aircraft on final approach to the airfield

issue a fresh lighting command, even if the lights are already on (especially if the lights were

activated by another aircraft). This is so that the lighting does not turn off at a critical moment

(such as when crossing the runway threshold).

7

Approach lighting system

The approach lighting system

Approach lighting

An approach lighting system, or ALS, is a lighting system installed on the approach end of an

airport runway and consisting of a series of lightbars, strobe lights, or a combination of the two

that extends outward from the runway end. ALS usually serves a runway that has an instrument

approach procedure (IAP) associated with it and allows the pilot to visually identify the runway

environment and align the aircraft with the runway upon arriving at a prescribed point on an

approach.

The earliest approach lighting systems were far removed from the current sophisticated

generation of ALS's and were developed before/during World War II. They were commonly

referred to as the Flare Path, the name being derived from the fact often flares were burned

alongside the active runway to provide the pilot with an illuminated reference for approach and

8

landing where an electrical system had not yet been installed. The first fixed runway lighting

possibly appeared in 1930 at Cleveland Municipal Airport (now known as Cleveland Hopkins

International Airport) in Cleveland, Ohio ,Modern approach lighting systems are highly complex

in their design and significantly enhance the safety of aircraft operations, particularly in

conditions of reduced visibility.

The required minimum visibility for instrument approaches is influenced by the presence and

type of approach lighting system. In the U.S., a CAT I ILS approach without approach lights will

have a minimum required visibility of 3/4 mile, or 4000 foot runway visual range. With a 1400

foot or longer approach light system, the minimum potential visibility might be reduced to 1/2

mile (2400 runway visual range), and the presence of touchdown zone and centerline lights with

a suitable approach light system might further reduce the visibility to 3/8 mile (1800 feet runway

visual range).

The runway lighting is controlled by the air traffic control tower. At uncontrolled airports, Pilot

Controlled Lighting may be installed which can be switched on by the pilot via radio. In both

cases, the brightness of the lights can be adjusted for day and night operations. In the event

of radio failure, the control tower can communicate with the aircraft via aviation light signals.

Depth perception is inoperative at the distances usually involved in flying aircraft, and so the

position and distance of a runway with respect to an aircraft must be judged by a pilot using only

two-dimensional cues such as perspective, as well as angular size and movement within the

visual field. Approach lighting systems provide additional cues that bear a known relationship to

the runway itself and help pilots to judge distance and alignment for landing.

9

1) RUNWAY LIGHTING:

IN our working model we are using LED light of different color as per visibility and safety requirement on the runway.

2.1)DIFFERENT RUNWAY LIGHTINGS

Runway Approach Lights(Yellow) Runway Threshold Lights(Green) Runway Edge Lights(Yellow) Runway Centre Lights(White) Runway End Lights(Red)

2.1.1 Runway approach lighting

An approach lighting system is a lighting system installed on the approach end of airport run way and consisting of a series of light bar, strobe light from the run way end .ALS usually serves a runway that has an instrument approach procedure associated with it and allows the pilot to visually identify the runway environment and align the aircraft with the runway upon arriving at prescribed point on the approach.

10

2.1.2 RUNWAY THRESHOLD LIGHTS:

Threshold lights are used to ensure that pilots of both landing and departing aircraft know exactly where the runway begins and ends respectively. This helps to prevent crashes due to planes overshooting or undershooting the runway. It’s color is generally green and can be changed according to situating.

2.1.3RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS:

Runway edge lights are used to help pilots land safely during periods of darkness or low visibility. They outline the edge of runway in white or yellow lights. yellow indicates that there is less than 2,000 feet of runway.

2.1.4RUNWAY CENTER LIGHT

The runway centerline lighting system consists of a single light installed at uniform intervals along the runway centerline to provide a continuous lighting reference from threshold to End of the runway. The lights start from 75 ft (25m0 from the landing threshold and extend to within 75 ft of the end of the runway-the lights themselves are at 50-ft (15m) intervals. When viewed from the landing threshold, the runway centerline lights are white until the last 3000 ft (900m) of the runway.

2.1.5RUNWAY END LIGHT

Runway edge lights and runway end lights are almost identical to each other. Runway threshold light are green in color while runway end lights are red in color and both are placed on the two end of runway.

11

2) Requirements:

System should be able Control the lights on the runway.

Operate almost 50 LED lights in runway.

System should be capable of increase and decrease the lights on the runway.

System should at least remain ON for 5 MIN. and after that it should automatically get shut off.

System should be capable of increase and decrease the lights on the runway.

To accomplish all the above requirements will have to use the RF module by which we can obtain the wireless communication and by that we can control the lights on the runway.

12

3) RADIO CONTROLLER :

There are mainly three parts RF module:

RF transmitter module RF receiver module RF trance receiver module

In our project we are only concerned about the simplex transmission and hence we are not using any trance receiver circuit. In our project as it only used for the duplex transmission.

Here we are using ATMEGA8 microcontroller unit for our system.

13

4) Different components used in the system:

1.Wooden made runway.

2.LED lights on the Runway.

3.Microcontroller Unit.

5.1.Wooden made runway:

We have prepared runway of wood as shown below.

5.2.LED lights on the Runway.

14

We have used normal LED’s lights to demonstrate the lightings of the runway. We have used LED’s lights white , red, green and yellow colored lights as per visibility and the safety requirements. In our project runway approach lights and the run way edge lights are yellow runway threshold lights are green , runway center light are white and runway edge lights are red.

15

5.3 Microcontroller CIRCUITS :

16

SELF MADE TRANMITTER CIRCUIT ON GPB

17

TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT MADE IN PROTEUS:

18

5.4 RECEIVER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

19

SELF MADE RECEIVER CIRCUIT ON GPB :

20

RECEIVER CIRCUIT MADE IN PROTEUS:

21

6.) DIFFERENT COMPONENTS USED IN THE TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT :

1) 12V power supply.

2) 7805 voltage regulator.

3) resistor of different values.

4) Variable resistor.

5) ON & OFF switches.

6) Capacitors.

7) Crystal.

8) RF 315MHz transmitter Receiver in both circuit.

9) LED’s of different color

10) Microcontroller ATMEGA8

11) Transistor .

6.1 POWER SUPPLY:

9v adapter power supply to the transmitting circuit.

12 v battery to operate the receiving circuit.

5V D.C supply to LED’s

22

6.2 7805 voltage regulator.

7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output.

The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.

23

6.3 RESISTORS:

Here in our project we have used resistors of different values such as 10k , 100k and 330k as per our requirements and this resistor values are almost fixed in this kind of RF module circuit.

6.4 VARIABLE RESISTOR:

A Variable resistor is a potentiometer with only two connecting wires instead of three. However, although the actual component is the same, it does a very different job. The pot allows us to control the potential passed through a circuit. The variable resistance lets us adjust the resistance between two points in a circuits.

A variable resistance is useful when we don’t know in advance what resistor value will be required in a circuit. By using pots as an adjustable resistor we can set the right value once the circuit is working.

24

6.5 ON AND OFF SWITCHES:

ON and OFF switches are used to start and shutoff the circuit.

6.6 CAPACITOR:

Here we are using the capacitor of capacitance 22pF. Which general in the radio controller circuit. It is generally used to control the frequency generated by the crystal oscillator.

6.7 CRYSTAL:

A Crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around then became known as “crystal oscillators”.

On the both and of the crystal we are connecting the capacitor of capacitance of 22pF for controlling the frequency generation from the crystal oscillator.

25

6.8 RF 315MHz TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER :

It converts digital signal into the analog signal and then it transmit it by the help of antenna. another RF 315MHz RX will be provided at the receiving and of the circuits .

The signal which are received by the antenna will go to the RF 315MHz and it will again converted into the digital signal and will be supplied to the microcontroller.

6.9 TRANSISTOR:

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and power. It is composed of a semiconductor material with a at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled power can be higher than the controlling (input) power , a transistor can amplify a signal.

26

6.10 MICROCONTROLLER ATMEGA8:

Features

• High-performance, Low-power Atmel

AVR

8-bit Microcontroller

• Advanced RISC Architecture

– 130 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution

– 32 × 8 General Purpose Working Registers

– Fully Static Operation

– Up to 16MIPS Throughput at 16MHz

– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments

– 8Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory

– 512Bytes EEPROM

– 1Kbyte Internal SRAM

– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM

– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C

(1)

– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits

In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program

27

True Read-While-Write Operation

– Programming Lock for Software Security

• Peripheral Features

– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler, one Compare Mode

– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture

Mode

– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator

– Three PWM Channels

– 8-channel ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package

Eight Channels 10-bit Accuracy

– 6-channel ADC in PDIP package

Six Channels 10-bit Accuracy

– Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface

– Programmable Serial USART

– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface

– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator

– On-chip Analog Comparator

• Special Microcontroller Features

– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection

28

– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator

– External and Internal Interrupt Sources

– Five Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, and

Standby

• I/O and Packages

– 23 Programmable I/O Lines

– 28-lead PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, and 32-pad QFN/MLF

• Operating Voltages

– 2.7V - 5.5V (ATmega8L)

– 4.5V - 5.5V (ATmega8)

• Speed Grades

– 0 - 8MHz (ATmega8L)

– 0 - 16MHz (ATmega8)

• Power Consumption at 4Mhz, 3V, 25°C

– Active: 3.6mA

– Idle Mode: 1.0mA

29

PIN DIAGRAM OF ATMEGA8

30

6.11 PIN DESCRIPTION :

Description presented here is just about the basic functions of pin-pin ATmega8. Alternative functions / special will be discussed in another paper.

VCCDigital supply voltage. Magnitude of the voltage range between 4.5 to 5.5 V for the ATmega8 and 2.7 to 5.5 V for ATmega8L.

GNDGround. Zero reference digital voltage supply.

PORTB (PB 7 .. PB0)

PORTB is a port I / O two-way (bidirectional) 8-bit with internal pull-up resistor can be selected. This port output buffers have symmetrical characteristics when used as a source or sink. When used as an input, the pull-pin low externally will emit a current if the pull-up resistor is activated it. PORTB pins will be in the condition of the tri-state when RESET is active, although the clock is not running.

PORTC (PC5..PC0)

PORTC is a port I / O two-way (bidirectional) 7-bit with internal pull-up resistor can be selected. This port output buffers have symmetrical characteristics when used as a source or sink. When used as an input, the pull-pin low externally will emit a current if the pull-up resistor is activated it. PORTC pins will be in the condition of the tri-state when RESET is active, although the clock is not running.

PC6/RESETIf RSTDISBL Fuse programmed, PC6 then serves as a pin I / O but with different

31

characteristics .. PC0 to PC5. If Fuse RSTDISBL not programmed, then serves as input Reset PC6. LOW signal on this pin with a minimum width of 1.5 microseconds will bring the microcontroller into reset condition, although the clock is not running.

PORTD (PD7..PD0)

PORTD is a port I / O two-way (bidirectional) 8-bit with internal pull-up resistor can be selected. This port output buffers have symmetrical characteristics when used as a source or sink. When used as an input, the pull-pin low externally will emit a current if the pull-up resistor is activated it. PORTD pins will be in the condition of the tri-state when RESET is active, although the clock is not running.

RESET

Reset input pin. LOW signal on this pin with a minimum width of 1.5 microseconds will bring the microcontroller into reset condition, although the clock is not running. Signal with a width of less than 1.5 microseconds does not guarantee a Reset condition.

AVCC

AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the ADC, PC3 .. PC0, and ADC7 .. ADC6. This pin should be connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, AVCC should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter to reduce noise.

AREF

Analog Reference pin for the ADC.

ADC7

..ADC analog input. There is only on ATmega8 with TQFP and QFP packages / MLF.

32

7.WORKING OF THE SYSTEM:

Hear we are using 9V battery as external power supply. This power supply goes to 7805 voltage regulator for regulating the voltage to 5V and supply it to controller. We have programmed the controller as for our requirement.

Variable resistor is used to vary the voltage from 0-5 V and according to that input from the variable resistor, the controller will send the signal to the transmitter and which will further transmit it to the receiving antenna from the transmitting antenna as analog signal as shown in the figure 5.3.

Receiving antenna which is supposed to be on the ground will receive the signal from the transmitting antenna and receiver will convert that analog signal into digital signal.

Here we have given external supply of 12V to run the receiving circuit. Digital signal will be fed into controller (ATMEGA8) by receiver. Controller is programmed as per our requirement and then will act according to that and transmit the analog signal to the buzzer which will buzzer as the system start and it will buzz for about 10 sec as it is programmed in the controller and it will automatically shuts off after 10 sec. controller will also send signal to the LED’s which will start on the voltage which has been sent from the transmitter circuit and intensity of the LED’s will be according to that voltage .

If we want to increase the intensity we can used the variable resistor to vary the voltage by using the slider and sliding upward to increase the voltage and hence increase the intensity of the LED’s lights.

33

8.OUTCOME OF THE PROJECT OR THE SYSTEM (CONCLUSION)

We can save considerable amount of electricity by installing this system on the A/C and Runway.

We can decrease the manpower required for controlling the light s on the runway from ATC(Air Traffic Control).

In low visibility condition by using this system we can increase the lights on the runway and make efficient precision landing.

By completing this project or the system we will be able to control the approach lights.

There are lot of run-ways(Emergency run-ways) in the world where the approach lights are

always ON, which cause the high consumption of electricity. By using this system pilot can turn

off this lights after landing and by that we can save considerable amount of electricity. Pilot will

be able to control this lights and increase or decrease the intensity of the lights. e.g. When

there is low visibility on the run-way pilot won’t be able to see those lights appropriately, in

this case he can increase the intensity of light by using this system and land safely on the run-

way.

34

SOFTWARES USED :

Proteus 7.6 sp4 – For circuit design

Arduino – For Coding

REFERENCE :

www.wikipedia.org

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_Controlled_Lighting

www.bestwindsocks.com/HTML/Pilot-lighting.html

Answers.yahoo.com >…..> Cars & Transportation > Aircraft