piezonuclear fission reactions in rocks : evidences from ... reactions conference...the atom...

The Atom Unexplored May 4th, 2012

Politecnico di Torino, Facoltà di Ingegneria

Sala del Consiglio

PiezonuclearPiezonuclear FissionFission ReactionsReactions in in RocksRocks::

EvidencesEvidences fromfrom MicrochemicalMicrochemical AnalysisAnalysis, ,

Neutron Neutron EmissionEmission, and , and GeologicalGeological

TransformationTransformation

Alberto CarpinteriAlberto Carpinteri

Chair of Solid Mechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Italy

President, National Research Institute of Metrology, Italy

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Prof. G. Lacidogna, Dr. A. Manuello, Dr. O. Prof. G. Lacidogna, Dr. A. Manuello, Dr. O. BorlaBorla, Dr. S. Invernizzi, Dr. S. Invernizzi

Prof. R. SandroneProf. R. Sandrone

Dept. of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering

DeptDept. of . of EnvironmentEnvironment, Land and , Land and InfrastructureInfrastructure EngineeringEngineering

Prof. M. Ferraris, Dr. F. Prof. M. Ferraris, Dr. F. SmeacettoSmeacetto, Prof. C. , Prof. C. PirriPirri, ,

Dr. S. Dr. S. GuastellaGuastella

Prof. F. M. Prof. F. M. CurCuràà, Dr. R. Sesana, Dr. R. Sesana

DeptDept. of . of MechanicalMechanical and and AerospaceAerospace EngineeringEngineering

Dept. of Applied Science and Technology

(Continued)

National Institute of Nuclear Physics, INFN

Dr. G. Niccolini, Dr.Dr. G. Niccolini, Dr. A. A. TroiaTroia, Dr. M. , Dr. M. BergoglioBergoglio, ,

Dr. R. Dr. R. MalvanoMalvano, Dr. P.G. , Dr. P.G. SpazziniSpazzini, Dr. A. , Dr. A. PiccatoPiccato,,

Mr. F. AlasiaMr. F. Alasia

Prof. F. Prof. F. CardoneCardone

Prof. C. Prof. C. PirriPirri, Dr. A. Chiodoni, Dr. A. Chiodoni

Italian Institute of Technology, IITItalian Institute of Technology, IIT

National Research Institute of Metrology, INRIMNational Research Institute of Metrology, INRIM

National Research Council, CNRNational Research Council, CNR

Dr. A. Dr. A. ZaniniZanini, Dr. O. , Dr. O. BorlaBorla

Ing. M. Ing. M. SepielliSepielli

ItalianItalian National National AgencyAgency forfor New Technologies, New Technologies,

Energy and Energy and SustainableSustainable EconomicEconomic DevelopmentDevelopment, ,

ENEAENEA

•• DiebnerDiebner, K. , K. FusionsprozesseFusionsprozesse mitmit hilfehilfe konvergenterkonvergenter stosswellenstosswellen –– einigeeinige

aeltereaeltere und und neuereneuere versucheversuche und und ueberlegungenueberlegungen, , KerntechnikKerntechnik 3, 893, 89--93 (1962).93 (1962).

•• DerjaguinDerjaguin, B. V., et al., , B. V., et al., ““Titanium Titanium fracturefracture yields neutrons?yields neutrons?””, , NatureNature, 34, 492 , 34, 492

(1989).(1989).

•• PreparataPreparata, G., , G., ““A new look at solidA new look at solid--state state fracturesfractures, particle emissions and , particle emissions and

««coldcold»» nuclear fusionnuclear fusion””, , Il Il NuovoNuovo CimentoCimento, 104 A, 1259, 104 A, 1259--1263 (1991).1263 (1991).

•• FujiiFujii, M. F., et al., , M. F., et al., ““ Neutron emission from Neutron emission from fracturefracture of piezoelectric of piezoelectric

materials in deuterium atmospherematerials in deuterium atmosphere””, , JpnJpn. J. Appl. Phys.,. J. Appl. Phys., Pt.1, 41, 2115Pt.1, 41, 2115--2119 2119

(2002).(2002).

FRACTURE OF FISSILE AND DEUTERATED

MATERIALS

•• TaleyarkhanTaleyarkhan, R.P., West, C.D., Cho, J.S., , R.P., West, C.D., Cho, J.S., LaheyLahey, R.T., , R.T., NigmatulinNigmatulin, R.I, , R.I,

Block, R.C. Evidence for nuclear emissions during acoustic Block, R.C. Evidence for nuclear emissions during acoustic cavitationcavitation. .

ScienceScience. 295, 1868. 295, 1868––1873 (2002).1873 (2002).

•• CardoneCardone, F. & , F. & MignaniMignani, R. , R. PiezonuclearPiezonuclear reactions and Lorentz reactions and Lorentz

invariance breakdown. invariance breakdown. Int. Jour. Modern Phys. EInt. Jour. Modern Phys. E, 15, 911, (2006)., 15, 911, (2006).

•• Cardone, F., Cherubini, G., Cardone, F., Cherubini, G., PetrucciPetrucci, A. , A. PiezonuclearPiezonuclear neutronsneutrons. . Phys. Phys.

LettLett. A. A, 373(8, 373(8--9), 8629), 862––866 866 (2009)(2009)..

•• CardoneCardone, F. & , F. & MignaniMignani, R., , R., PetrucciPetrucci, A., A. PiezonuclearPiezonuclear decaydecay of of

ThoriumThorium. . Phys. Phys. LettLett. A. A, 373(22),, 373(22), 19561956––1958 (2009)1958 (2009)..

•• Cardone, F., Cherubini, G., Cardone, F., Cherubini, G., MignaniMignani, R., , R., PercontiPerconti, W., , W., PetrucciPetrucci, A., , A.,

Rosetto, F., Spera, G. Rosetto, F., Spera, G. NeutronsNeutrons fromfrom PiezonuclearPiezonuclear ReactionsReactions. . FondationFondation

Louis de BroglieLouis de Broglie, 34(2), (2009)., 34(2), (2009).

CAVITATION OF LIQUID SOLUTIONS

•• Carpinteri, A., Carpinteri, A., CardoneCardone, F., Lacidogna, G. , F., Lacidogna, G. ““Energy Energy emissionsemissions fromfrom failurefailure

phenomenaphenomena: : MechanicalMechanical, , electromagneticelectromagnetic, , nuclearnuclear””, , Experimental MechanicsExperimental Mechanics, ,

50, 123550, 1235––1243, (2009).1243, (2009).

•• Carpinteri, A., Carpinteri, A., CardoneCardone, F., Lacidogna, G. , F., Lacidogna, G. ““PiezonuclearPiezonuclear neutrons from brittle neutrons from brittle

fracture: Early results of mechanical compression testsfracture: Early results of mechanical compression tests””, , Strain, Strain, 45, 33245, 332––339, 339,

(2009).(2009).

•• CardoneCardone, F., Carpinteri, A., Lacidogna, G. , F., Carpinteri, A., Lacidogna, G. ““PiezonuclearPiezonuclear neutrons from neutrons from

fracturing of inert solidsfracturing of inert solids””, , Physics Letters A, Physics Letters A, 373, 4158373, 4158––4163, (2009).4163, (2009).

•• Carpinteri, A., Carpinteri, A., BorlaBorla, O., Lacidogna, G., Manuello A. , O., Lacidogna, G., Manuello A. ““Neutron emissions in Neutron emissions in

brittle rocks during compression tests: brittle rocks during compression tests: MonoticMonotic vs. cyclic loadingvs. cyclic loading””, , Physical Physical

Mesomech.Mesomech., 13, 264, 13, 264––274,274, (2010).(2010).

•• Carpinteri, A., Chiodoni, A., Manuello, A., Sandrone, R. Carpinteri, A., Chiodoni, A., Manuello, A., Sandrone, R. ““Compositional and Compositional and

microchemicalmicrochemical evidence of evidence of piezonuclearpiezonuclear fission reactions in rock specimens fission reactions in rock specimens

subjected to compression testssubjected to compression tests””, , StrainStrain, 47(2), 47(2), 267, 267––281, (281, (2011).2011).

FRACTURE OF INERT AND NON-RADIOACTIVE

SOLIDS

•• Carpinteri, A., Manuello, A. Carpinteri, A., Manuello, A. ““GeomechanicalGeomechanical and Geochemical evidence of and Geochemical evidence of

piezonuclearpiezonuclear fission reactions in the Earthfission reactions in the Earth’’s Crusts Crust””, , StrainStrain, 47(2), 47(2), 282, 282--292, 292,

((2011).2011).

•• Carpinteri, A., Lacidogna, G., Manuello, A., Carpinteri, A., Lacidogna, G., Manuello, A., BorlaBorla O. O. ““Energy emissions from Energy emissions from

brittle fracture: Neutron measurements and geological evidences brittle fracture: Neutron measurements and geological evidences of of piezonuclearpiezonuclear

reactionsreactions””, , Strength, Fracture and Complexity, Strength, Fracture and Complexity, 7, 137, 13--31, (2011).31, (2011).

•• Carpinteri, A., Lacidogna, G., Carpinteri, A., Lacidogna, G., BorlaBorla, O., Manuello, A., Niccolini, G. , O., Manuello, A., Niccolini, G.

““Electromagnetic and neutron emissions from brittle rocks failureElectromagnetic and neutron emissions from brittle rocks failure: Experimental : Experimental

evidence and geological implicationsevidence and geological implications””, , SadhanaSadhana,, 37(1), 5937(1), 59––78, (2012).78, (2012).

•• Carpinteri, A., Lacidogna G., Manuello A., Carpinteri, A., Lacidogna G., Manuello A., BorlaBorla O. O. ““PiezonuclearPiezonuclear fission fission

reactions in rocks: Evidences from reactions in rocks: Evidences from microchemicalmicrochemical analysis, neutron emission, analysis, neutron emission,

and geological transformationand geological transformation””, , Rock Mech. and Rock Eng.Rock Mech. and Rock Eng. (2012), (2012), doidoi: :

10.1007/s0060310.1007/s00603--011011--02170217--7.7.

(Continued)

LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT

S

Load vs. time and cps curve for P1 test specimen of Load vs. time and cps curve for P1 test specimen of CarraraCarrara marble.marble.

Brittle Fracture Experiment on Carrara Marble specimen

Load vs. time and cps curve for P3 test specimen of granite.Load vs. time and cps curve for P3 test specimen of granite.

Brittle Fracture Experiment on granite specimen

Granite (Fe Granite (Fe ∼∼ 1.5%)1.5%)

NEUTRON EMISSION FROM CAVITATION OF

LIQUIDS AND FRACTURE OF SOLIDS

BasaltsBasalts (Fe (Fe ∼∼ 15%)15%)

Magnetite Magnetite (Fe (Fe ∼∼ 75%)75%)

MarbleMarble

LIQUIDSLIQUIDS −−−−−−−− CavitationCavitation

NEUTRON NEUTRON

EMISSIONEMISSION

Iron chlorideIron chloride

SOLIDSSOLIDS −−−−−−−− FractureFracture

101011 timestimes the Background the Background LevelLevel

2.52.5 timestimes the Background the Background LevelLevel

up to up to

101022 timestimes the Background the Background LevelLevelup to up to

101033 timestimes the Background the Background LevelLevelup to up to

up to up to

Background LevelBackground Level

MATERIALMATERIAL

SteelSteel 2.52.5 timestimes the Background the Background LevelLevelup to up to

The equivalent neutron dose, at the end of the test on basaltic The equivalent neutron dose, at the end of the test on basaltic rock, was 2.62 rock, was 2.62 ±± 0,53 0,53 µµµµµµµµSv/hSv/h

(Average Background Dose = 41.95 (Average Background Dose = 41.95 ±± 0,85 0,85 nSv/hnSv/h).).

Effective Neutron DoseEffective Neutron Dose

Average Background DoseAverage Background Dose≅≅ 5050

Cyclic Loading Experiments on Basaltic Rocks

ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY:

COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF PRODUCT

ELEMENTS

A quantitative analysis was performed on the collected spectra iA quantitative analysis was performed on the collected spectra in order to recognize n order to recognize

specific variations in each element between external and fracturspecific variations in each element between external and fracture surfaces.e surfaces.

Two different kinds of samples were examined: (i) polished thin Two different kinds of samples were examined: (i) polished thin sections for the sections for the

external surface; (ii) small portions of the fracture surface.external surface; (ii) small portions of the fracture surface.

PhengitePhengite: Fe concentrations: Fe concentrations

External Surf.:

Fe content = 6.20%

Fracture Surf.:

Fe content = 4.00%

––2.20%2.20%

Fe content decrease

External Surf.:

Al content = 12.50%

Fracture Surf.:

Al content = 14.50%

++2.00%2.00%

Al content increase

PhengitePhengite: Al concentration: Al concentration

The Si, Mg, and K concentrations are reported for external and fThe Si, Mg, and K concentrations are reported for external and fracture surfaces. racture surfaces.

In this case, no appreciable variations can be recognized betweeIn this case, no appreciable variations can be recognized between the average n the average

values.values.

PhengitePhengite: Si, Mg and K concentrations: Si, Mg and K concentrations

Trends of the other chemical elements constituting the mineral cTrends of the other chemical elements constituting the mineral chemistry in hemistry in phengitephengite

are considered.are considered.

56 2726 13Fe 2Al 2 neutrons→ +

The results of these quantitative analysis represent a direct evThe results of these quantitative analysis represent a direct evidence that idence that

piezonuclearpiezonuclear reactionreaction

has occurred in the rock specimens.has occurred in the rock specimens.

PhengitePhengite

BiotiteBiotite: Fe concentrations: Fe concentrations

External Surf.:

Fe content = 21.20%

Fracture Surf.:

Fe content = 18.20%

––3.00%3.00%

Fe content decrease

Fracture Surf.:

Al content = 9.60%

++1.50%1.50%

Al content increase

External Surf.:

Al content = 8.10%

BiotiteBiotite: Al concentrations: Al concentrations

Fracture Surf.:

Si content = 19.60%

++1.20%1.20%

Si content increase

External Surf.:

Si content = 18.40%

BiotiteBiotite: Si concentrations: Si concentrations

Fracture Surf.:

Mg content = 2.20%

++0.70%0.70%

Mg content increase

External Surf.:

Mg content = 1.50%

BiotiteBiotite: Mg concentrations: Mg concentrations

56 28 24

26 14 12Fe Si Mg 4 neutrons→ + +

Therefore, the Fe decrease (Therefore, the Fe decrease (−−3.00%) in 3.00%) in biotitebiotite is counterbalanced by an is counterbalanced by an

increase in Al (+1.50%), Si (+1.20%), and Mg (+0.70%). Consideriincrease in Al (+1.50%), Si (+1.20%), and Mg (+0.70%). Considering these ng these

evidences, in analogy to the previous results, it is possible toevidences, in analogy to the previous results, it is possible to conjecture that conjecture that

another another piezonuclearpiezonuclear reaction has been occurred in the reaction has been occurred in the biotitebiotite crystalline phase crystalline phase

during the tests:during the tests:

BiotiteBiotite

External Surf.: Fe content = 18.40%

Fracture Surf.: Fe content = 14.40%–– 4.00%4.00%

Fe content decrease

Basalt (Olivine): Fe concentrationsBasalt (Olivine): Fe concentrations


Fracture Surf.: Fe content = 20.50%

+ 2.20%+ 2.20%

Si content increase

Basalt (Olivine):Basalt (Olivine): Si concentrationsSi concentrations


Fracture Surf.: Fe content = 22.80%

+ 1.60%+ 1.60%

Si content increase

Basalt (Olivine):Basalt (Olivine): Mg concentrationsMg concentrations

56 28 24

26 14 12Fe Si Mg 4 neutrons→ + +

Therefore, the Fe decrease (Therefore, the Fe decrease (−−4.00%) in olivine is counterbalanced by an 4.00%) in olivine is counterbalanced by an

increase in Si (+2.20%) and Mg (+1.60%). Considering these evideincrease in Si (+2.20%) and Mg (+1.60%). Considering these evidences, in nces, in

analogy to the previous results, the following analogy to the previous results, the following piezonuclearpiezonuclear reaction is reaction is

conjectured :conjectured :

OlivineOlivine

External Surf.:

O content = 45.80%

Fracture Surf.:

O content = 36.80%

––9.00%9.00%

O content decrease

CarraraCarrara Marble: Marble: O concentrationsO concentrations

XX--ray Photoelectron Spectroscopyray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

CarraraCarrara Marble: Ca concentrationsMarble: Ca concentrations

External Surf.:

Ca content = 13.40%

Fracture Surf.:

Ca content = 9.80%

––3.60%3.60%

Ca content decrease

CarraraCarrara Marble: Mg concentrationsMarble: Mg concentrations

External Surf.:

Mg content = 0.70%

Fracture Surf.:

Mg content = 0.30%

––0.40%0.40%

Mg content decrease

CarraraCarrara Marble: C concentrationsMarble: C concentrations

External Surf.:

C content = 40.10%

Fracture Surf.:

C content = 53.10%

+13.00+13.00

%%

C content increase

The Ca, Mg and O decreases (The Ca, Mg and O decreases (−−3.60%), (3.60%), (−−0.40%) and (0.40%) and (−−9.00%) in marble are 9.00%) in marble are

counterbalanced by an increase in C (+13.00%). It is possible tocounterbalanced by an increase in C (+13.00%). It is possible to conjecture that conjecture that

the following the following piezonuclearpiezonuclear reactions have been occurred:reactions have been occurred:

He3CCa42

126

4020 +→

2CMg12

6

24

12→

HeCO4

2

12

6

16

8+→

MarbleMarble

EARTH CRUST

EVOLUTION

• Volodichev, N.N., Kuzhevskij, B.M., Nechaev, O. Yu., Panasyuk M., and

Podorolsky M.I., “Lunar periodicity of the neutron radiation burst and seismic

activity on the Earth”, Proc. of the 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference,

Salt Lake City, 17-25 August, 1999.

NEUTRON EMISSIONS FROM EARTHQUAKES

• Kuzhevskij, M., Nechaev, O. Yu., Sigaeva, E. A. and Zakharov, V. A., “Neutron

flux variations near the Earth’s crust. A possible tectonic activity detection”,

Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 3: 637-645 (2003).

• Sigaeva, E., Nechaev, O., Panasyuk, M., Bruns, A., Vladimirsky, B. and Kuzmin

Yu., “Thermal neutrons’ observations before the Sumatra earthquake”,

Geophysical Research Abstracts, 8: 00435 (2006).

•Kuzhevskij, M., Nechaev, O. Yu. and Sigaeva, E. A., “Distribution of neutrons

near the Earth’s surface”, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 3: 255-

262 (2003).

• Sobolev, G.A., Shestopalov, I.P., Kharin, E.P. “Implications of Solar Flares for the

Seismic Activity of the Earth”. Izvestiya, Phys. Solid Earth 34: 603-607 (1998).

As reported in the literature, an average thermal neutron flux up to 100 cm–2 s–1

(103 times the background level) was detected in correspondence to

earthquakes with a magnitude of the 4th degree in Richter Scale (Volodichev N.N.,

et al. (1999)).

Global seismic activity and neutron flux measurements in the period 1974-1988.

Laboratory of Geophysical Precursors, Oblast' Murmansk, Apatity, Kola Peninsula,

Russia (Sobolev et al. 1998).

(Continued)

•• Based on the disappearance of iron atoms (Based on the disappearance of iron atoms (−−25%)25%) and the appearance of and the appearance of

aluminium atoms after the experiments, our conjecture is that thaluminium atoms after the experiments, our conjecture is that the e

following nucleolysis or piezonuclear following nucleolysis or piezonuclear ““fissionfission”” reaction could have reaction could have

occurred:occurred:

•• The present natural abundance in the EarthThe present natural abundance in the Earth’’s Crust of s Crust of aluminumaluminum ((∼∼8%) 8%)

and iron and iron ((∼∼4%)4%) are possibly due to the above piezonuclear fission are possibly due to the above piezonuclear fission

reaction.reaction.

•• This reaction would be activated where the environment conditionThis reaction would be activated where the environment conditions s

(pressure and temperature) are particularly severe, and mechanic(pressure and temperature) are particularly severe, and mechanical al

phenomena of fracture, crushing, fragmentation, comminution, erophenomena of fracture, crushing, fragmentation, comminution, erosion, sion,

friction, etc., may occur.friction, etc., may occur.

56 2726 13Fe 2Al 2 neutrons→ +

EVOLUTION AND LOCALIZATION OF METAL

ABUNDANCES IN THE EARTH CRUST

•• If we consider the evolution of the percentages of the most abunIf we consider the evolution of the percentages of the most abundant dant

elements in the Earth Crust during the last 4 billion years, we elements in the Earth Crust during the last 4 billion years, we realize realize

that Iron and Nickel have drastically diminished, whereas that Iron and Nickel have drastically diminished, whereas AluminumAluminum

and Silicon have as much increased:and Silicon have as much increased:

•• It is also interesting to realize that such increases have develIt is also interesting to realize that such increases have developed oped

mainly in the tectonic regions, where frictional phenomena betwemainly in the tectonic regions, where frictional phenomena between en

the continental plates occurred. the continental plates occurred.

59 28

28 14Ni 2Si 3 neutrons→ +

56 28 24

26 14 12Fe Si +Mg 4 neutrons→ +

Most severe tectonic activity (Most severe tectonic activity (∼∼∼∼∼∼∼∼2.52.5××101099 years ago)years ago)

(*)(*) World Iron Ore producers. Available at World Iron Ore producers. Available at http://www.mapsofworld.com/minerals/worldhttp://www.mapsofworld.com/minerals/world--ironiron--oreore--

producers.html.producers.html.

(**) (**) World Mineral Resources Map. Available at World Mineral Resources Map. Available at http://www.mapsofworld.com/worldhttp://www.mapsofworld.com/world--mineralmineral--map.htmlmap.html. .

Iron reservoirs

More than 40 Mt/year

from 0 to 40 Mt/year

Iron reservoirs

More than 40 Mt/year


Localization of iron minesLocalization of iron mines


(*)(*) World Iron Ore producers. Available at World Iron Ore producers. Available at http://www.mapsofworld.com/minerals/worldhttp://www.mapsofworld.com/minerals/world--ironiron--oreore--

producers.html.producers.html.

(**) (**) World Mineral Resources Map. Available at World Mineral Resources Map. Available at http://www.mapsofworld.com/worldhttp://www.mapsofworld.com/world--mineralmineral--map.htmlmap.html. .

Localization of Localization of AluminumAluminum minesmines

3.8 3.8 BillionBillion yearsyears ago: ago:

Fe (Fe (−−−−−−−−7%) + Ni 7%) + Ni ((−−−−−−−−0.2%) = 0.2%) =

=Al=Al (+3%) + Si (+2.2%) + Mg (+2%)(+3%) + Si (+2.2%) + Mg (+2%)


Fe (Fe (−−−−−−−−4%) + Ni 4%) + Ni ((−−−−−−−−0.8%) =0.8%) =

=Al=Al (+1%) + Si (+2.3%) + Mg (+1.5%)(+1%) + Si (+2.3%) + Mg (+1.5%)

Tectonic plate formation (Tectonic plate formation (∼∼∼∼∼∼∼∼3.83.8××101099 years ago)years ago)

56 27

26 13Fe 2Al 2 neutrons→ +

56 28 24

26 14 12Fe Si + Mg + 4 neutrons→

59 28 27

27 14 13Co Si + Al + 4 neutrons→

(1)

(2)

(3)

EarthEarth’’s Crust evolutions Crust evolution

59 28

28 14Ni 2 Si + 3 neutrons→

59 23 35

28 11 17Ni Na + Cl + 1 neutron→

(5)

(4)

56 40 12

26 20 6Fe Ca + C + 4 neutrons→

(6)

Map of the salinity level in the Mediterranean Sea expressed in Map of the salinity level in the Mediterranean Sea expressed in p.s.up.s.u. .

The Mediterranean basin is characterized by the highest sea saliThe Mediterranean basin is characterized by the highest sea salinity level in the nity level in the

World.World.

Nickel depletionNickel depletion and salinity level increase in the and salinity level increase in the

Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea

Seismic map of the major earthquakes that have occurred over Seismic map of the major earthquakes that have occurred over

the last fifteen years in the Mediterranean Fault area.the last fifteen years in the Mediterranean Fault area.

59 23 35

28 11 17Ni Na + Cl + 1 neutron→


Ca (Ca (−−−−−−−−2.5%) + Mg(2.5%) + Mg(−−−−−−−−3.2%) = 3.2%) =

= K (+1.4%) + = K (+1.4%) + NaNa (+2.1%) + O (+2.2%)(+2.1%) + O (+2.2%)


Ca (Ca (−−−−−−−−1.5%) + Mg(1.5%) + Mg(−−−−−−−−1.5%) = 1.5%) =

=K=K (+1.3%) + (+1.3%) + NaNa (+0.6%) + O (+1.1%)(+0.6%) + O (+1.1%)

Great Oxidation Event

&&&& Origin of Life

Alkaline &&&&

Alkaline-Earth

Elements

(7)24 23 1

12 11 1Mg Na + H→24 16 1 4

12 8 1 2Mg O + 2H +He 2n→ +

40 39 1

20 19 1Ca K + H→40 16 1

20 8 1Ca 2O + 4H + 4 n→

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12

)

40 12 4

20 6 2Ca 3C + He→

(8)

Atmosphere evolution, Ocean formationAtmosphere evolution, Ocean formation

and origin of Lifeand origin of Life

24 12

12 6Mg 2C →

(7)24 23 1

12 11 1Mg Na + H→24 16 1 4

12 8 1 2Mg O + 2H +He 2n→ +

40 39 1

20 19 1Ca K + H→40 16 1

20 8 1Ca 2O + 4H + 4 n→

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12

)

40 12 4

20 6 2Ca 3C + He→

(8)



24 12

12 6Mg 2C →

Primordial Primordial

AtmosphereAtmosphere

Magnesium depletionMagnesium depletion in the Earth Crust and in the Earth Crust and

Carbon concentration in the primordial Carbon concentration in the primordial

atmosphereatmosphereThe assumed virtual Mg increase (∼∼∼∼3.5%) can be confirmed by the Carbon content in the

primordial atmosphere:

Assuming a mean density of the Earth Crust equal to 3.6 g/cm3 and a thickness of ~60 km,

the mass increase in Mg (∼∼∼∼3.5×1021 kg) implies a very high atmospheric pressure due to

the transformed carbon.

Primordial atmospheric

pressure due to

piezonuclear C content =

∼∼∼∼650 atm

Primordial atmospheric

pressure reported by

other authors = ∼∼∼∼650 atm

(Liu, 2004)

24 12

12 6Mg 2C →

56 24 28

26 12 14Fe Mg + Si + 4 neutrons→

Liu, L., Liu, L., ““The inception of the oceans and COThe inception of the oceans and CO22--atmosphere in the early history of the Earthatmosphere in the early history of the Earth””.. Earth Earth

Planet. Sci. Planet. Sci. LettLett.,., 227, 179227, 179––184 (2004) 184 (2004)

24 12

12 6Mg 2C →(7)

24 23 1

12 11 1Mg Na + H→

24 16 1 4

12 8 1 2Mg O + 2H +He 2n→ +

40 39 1

20 19 1Ca K + H→

40 16 1

20 8 1Ca 2O + 4H + 4 n→

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12

)

40 12 4

20 6 2Ca 3C + He→

(8)



Ocean Ocean

FormationFormation

Calcium depletionCalcium depletion in the Earth Crust and ocean in the Earth Crust and ocean

formationformation

Global decrease in Ca ( –4.0%) is counterbalanced by an increase in K (+2.7%) and

in H2O (+1.3%).

40 39 1

20 19 1Ca K + H→40 16 1

20 8 1Ca 2O + 4H + 4 neutrons→

Considering a mean density of the Earth Crust equal to 3.6 g/cm3 and an average

thickness of ~60 km, the partial mass decrease in Ca is about 1.41 ×1021 kg.

Considering a global ocean surface of 3.607 ×1014 m2, and an average depth of 3950 m,

we obtain a mass of water of about 1.35 ×1021 kg.

Partial decrease in

Ca 1.41 ×1021 kg

Mass of H2O in the

oceans today

1.35 ×1021 kg

28 14

14 7Si 2 N→

28 12 16

14 6 8Si C + O→

28 16 1 4

14 8 1 2Si O + 2H + 2He + 2 neutrons→

27 12 14

13 6 7Al C + N + 1 neutron→

(14

)

(15

)

(16

)

28 12 4

14 6 2Si 2C + He→

(17

)

(13

)

Greenhouse Gas formationGreenhouse Gas formation

SOLAR SYSTEM

EVOLUTION

FROM THE EARTH TO THE SOLAR SYSTEM:

PIEZONUCLEAR REACTIONS ON MARS?

MarsMars OdisseyOdissey, Nasa , Nasa

20012001MarsMars Global Global SurveyorSurveyor, Nasa , Nasa

199619961. Knapmeyer M. et al. “Working Models for Spatial Distribution and Level of Mars

Seismicity” J. of Geophys. Res., 111, E11006,, (2006). 1. Hahn, B., McLennan, S., “Gamma-Ray Spectometer Elemental Abundance Correlation with

Martian Surface Age: Implication for Martian Crustal Evolution”. Lunar and Planet.

Sci. 37,1904 (2006).

Gamma-Ray Spectrometer:

Elemental Abundance

for H, Si, Fe, Ni, Cl, K, Th

Neutron Emissions

Seismicity monitoring by

the laser altimeter analysis

1.Mitrofanov, I. et al., “Maps of Subsurface Hydrogen from the High Energy Neutron Detector, Mars

Odyssey”, Science, 297, 78-81, (2002).

Faults

Iron

(≥ 15%)

Neutrons

(> 0.18 cps)

Faults vs Iron

Faults

Iron (≥≥≥≥ 15%)

Faults

Neutrons (> 0.18 cps)

Faults vs Neutrons

Iron (≥≥≥≥ 15%)

Neutrons (> 0.18 cps)

Iron vs Neutrons

59 56 1

28 26 1Ni Fe 2H 1 n→ + +

Element evolution on Mars and Element evolution on Mars and piezonuclearpiezonuclear

reactions reactions

1.Hahn B. C., McLennan S. M. (2006) Gamma-Ray Spectometer Elemental Abundance Correlation

with Martian Surface Age: Implication for Martian Crustal Evolution. Lunar and Planetary Science

XXXVII.

Ni decrease ∼∼∼∼ Fe increase ∼∼∼∼ 1.0%

K Cl

Ar

Billion yearsCon

cen

trati

on

(m

ass

%)

39 35 119 17 1

K Cl 2H 2 n→ + +

39 36 1

19 18 1K Ar H 2 n→ + +

Billion yearsCon

cen

trati

on

(m

ass

%)Mars Crust Mars Crust

A small quantity of the K decrease may be responsible for the Ar concentration

evolution in the Mars athmosphere.

Mars Atmosphere

Ar

Qu

an

tity

(3

6×

10

12

g)

Billion years

Potassium Chlorine

Argon 36

Two Two piezonuclearpiezonuclear fission reaction jumps typical of the Earth Crust:fission reaction jumps typical of the Earth Crust:

26 27 28 12 13 14 6 7 8Fe , Co , Ni Mg , Al , Si C , N , O→ →

Explanation for:Explanation for: Sudden variations in the most abundantSudden variations in the most abundant

elements (including Naelements (including Na1111, K, K1919, Ca, Ca2020))

Great Oxidation Event (2.5 Billion years Great Oxidation Event (2.5 Billion years

ago) and origin of oceans and lifeago) and origin of oceans and life

Very high Carbon content in the primordial Very high Carbon content in the primordial

atmosphereatmosphere

Production of neutrons (Production of neutrons (RnRn, CO , CO ) during ) during

earthquakesearthquakes22

CONCLUSIONS

Localization of the resources on the EarthLocalization of the resources on the Earth’’s Crusts Crust

Evolution of the planets of the Solar System: Evolution of the planets of the Solar System:

Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn (and the Sun itself)Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn (and the Sun itself)

ShortShort--term prediction and monitoring of term prediction and monitoring of earthquakesearthquakes

Clean nuclear Clean nuclear energy productionenergy production (?)(?)

Evaluation of natural production of black carbon and CO with thEvaluation of natural production of black carbon and CO with their eir

effects on global effects on global pollutionpollution22

AccelerationAcceleration in the in the disposaldisposal of of radioactiveradioactive wasteswastes

POSSIBLE APPLICATION FIELDS

piezonuclear fission reactions in rocks : evidences from ... reactions conference...the atom...

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